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130-606: Until 2010, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone comprised four of the nine districts of Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province , namely Luohu , Futian , Nanshan , and Yantian , with a total area of 493 km. In 2010, it was expanded to include the rest of the city, substantially increasing the geographical size of the SEZ. Before Shenzhen became a special economic zone in 1980, it existed as

260-443: A Chinese megalopolis , is a core for high technology , manufacturing and foreign trade . In this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP : Guangzhou and Shenzhen , the first special economic zone in the country. These two are among China's most populous and important cities, and have become two of the world's most populous megacities and leading financial centres in

390-607: A city in Guangdong , China. A special economic zone , it is located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of Guangdong, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Dongguan to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, and Macau to the southwest. With a population of 17.5 million in 2020, Shenzhen is the third most populous city by urban population in China after Shanghai and Beijing . The Port of Shenzhen

520-691: A distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called Taishanese (or Toishanese). During the 1850s, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , whose leader Hong Xiuquan was born in Guangdong and received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary in Guangdong, was allied with a local Guangdong Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) . Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the centre of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun Yat-sen ,

650-591: A form of Chinese opera popular in Cantonese speaking areas. Related Yue dialects are spoken in most of the western half of the province. The area comprising the cities of Chaozhou , Shantou and Jieyang in coastal east Guangdong, known as Chaoshan , forms its own cultural sphere. The Teochew people here, along with Hailufeng Min people in Shanwei , speak Hokkien , which is a Min dialect closely related to mainstream Southern Min (Hokkien) and their cuisine

780-413: A high urban population make Shenzhen a large port megacity . The logistics industry accounts for around 10.1 percent (178.27 billion RMB) of the city's nominal GDP in 2015, which was an increase of 9.4 percent. Shenzhen Port's first foreign trade blockchain cargo release platform was launched recently. Shenzhen had prioritized the cultural industry in according to the 13th Five-Year Plan, establishing

910-647: A huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring in mainland China , and a range from 100,000 to 560,000 refugees resided in the county. In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by the State Council investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County. In May, the investigation team wrote the "Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report" and proposed to turn Bao'an County and Zhuhai into commodity export bases. In August 1978,

1040-526: A merchant vessel's captain murdered a corrupt governor who had used his position to steal from the merchant. Together with Guangxi , Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit (political division Circuit), or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang dynasty . The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit ( 廣南東路 ) in 971 during the Song dynasty (960–1279). "Guangnan East" ( 廣南東 )

1170-471: A population of 30,000. In May 1980 the Central Committee designated Shenzhen as the first SEZ in China, which was promoted by then- paramount leader Deng Xiaoping as part of China's reform and opening-up . Its objective is to be an experimental ground for the practice of market capitalism within a community guided by the ideals of socialism with Chinese characteristics . On 26 August,

1300-412: A small city containing only 310,000 residents and less than 30,000 workers. By the end of 2000, however, the population had grown to 4.33 million and its labor force to 3.09 million. By 2007, the official population count reached 8.6 million, of which only 2.1 million people were permanent residents, but it is difficult to estimate the exact population because of millions of unaccounted migrant workers, and

1430-691: A sub-provincial city, the National People's Congress (NPC) in 1981 granted legislative powers to Shenzhen and other Special Economic Zones, giving the city the privilege to make its own laws and regulations. The Standing Committee of the NPC also granted Shenzhen voted and passed the "Decision on Authorizing the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government to respectively formulate laws and regulations for implementation in

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1560-532: A wider sense, for the phylogenetically related residents and Chinese dialects outside the provincial capital. The Neolithic era began in the Pearl River Delta ( 珠江三角洲 ) 7,000 years before present (BP), with the early period from around 7000 to 5000 BP (c. 5050–3050 BC), and the late period from about 5000 to 3500 BP (c. 3050–1550 BC). In coastal Guangdong, the Neolithic was likely introduced from

1690-448: Is China's most populous province and its 15th-largest by area, as well as the third-most populous country subdivision in the world . Guangdong's economy is the largest of any provincial-level division in China, with a GDP of 13.57 trillion RMB ($ 1.9 trillion in GDP nominal) in 2023, contributing approximately 10.6% of mainland China's economic output. It has a diversified economy, and

1820-592: Is also one of the leading provinces in research and education in China. It hosts 160 institutions of higher education , ranking first in the South Central China region and second among all Chinese provinces/municipalities, after Jiangsu . As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the world's top 20 cities (Guangzhou 8th and Shenzhen 19th) by scientific research output. " Guǎng " ( traditional Chinese : 廣 ; simplified Chinese : 广 ) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with

1950-670: Is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1980s approach to urbanization. In December 1990, under the authority of the China Securities Regulatory Commission , the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading. In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations. In 1996 and early 1997,

2080-423: Is dry. The annual precipitation averages at around 1,933 mm (76 in), some of which is delivered in typhoons that strike from the east during summer and early autumn. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2 °C (32 °F) on 11 February 1957 to 38.7 °C (102 °F) on 10 July 1980. Like all governing institutions in mainland China , Shenzhen has a parallel party-government system, in which

2210-484: Is geographically separated from the north by a few mountain ranges collectively called the Nan Mountains (Nan Ling). The highest peak in the province is Shikengkong with an elevation of 6,240 feet (1,900 meters) above sea level. Guangdong borders Fujian to the northeast, Jiangxi and Hunan to the north, Guangxi autonomous region to the west, and Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions to

2340-711: Is governed by a one-party system like the rest of China. The Governor is in charge of provincial affairs; however, the Communist Party Secretary, often from outside of Guangdong, keeps the Governor in check. According to Freedom House 's China Dissent Monitor, Guangdong accounted for 17% of dissent events in the first quarter of 2024 – over 100 events despite heavy Censorship in China . In 2024, Freedom House rated China as below zero on political rights (−2 out of 40). Hong Kong and Macau , while historically parts of Guangdong before becoming colonies of

2470-570: Is larger than all, except California. By PPP terms, as of 2022, Guangdong's economy ranked between Turkey and Italy with a GDP of $ 3.35 trillion and US$ 3.06 trillion respectively, the 11th and 12th largest in the world respectively. After the communist revolution and until the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms in 1978, Guangdong was an economic backwater, although a large underground, service-based economy has always existed. Economic development policies encouraged industrial development in

2600-654: Is now Dongguan city, although a military garrison remained. During the Song dynasty , Nantou and the surrounding area became an important trade hub for salt and spices in the South China Sea . The area then became known for producing pearls during the Yuan dynasty . In the early Ming era, Chinese sailors of a fleet would go to a Mazu temple in Chiwan (in present-day Nanshan District ) to pray as they go to Nanyang ( Southeast Asia ). The Battle of Tunmen , when

2730-696: Is now one of the richest in the nation, with the most billionaires in mainland China, the highest GDP among all the provinces, although wage growth has only recently begun to rise due to a large influx of migrant workers from neighboring provinces. By 2015, the local government of Guangdong hopes that the service industry will account for more than 50 percent of the provinces GDP and high-tech manufacturing another 20 percent. In 2021, Guangdong's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 534 billion RMB (US$ 79.4 billion), 5.28 trillion RMB (US$ 785.6 billion), and 7.09 trillion RMB (US$ 1.05 trillion), respectively. Guangdong contributes approximately 10.6% of

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2860-419: Is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China. In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ( Qinzhou , Lianzhou (now Hepu County ), Fangchenggang and Beihai ) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. Hainan Island was originally part of Guangdong, but it was separated into its own province in 1988. Guangdong faces

2990-708: Is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast south to the tip of India via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . As of August 2023, Shenzhen has the seventh-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters of any city in the world and

3120-400: Is populated predominantly by Yue Chinese speakers, though the influx in the last three decades of millions of Mandarin -speaking immigrants has slightly diminished Cantonese linguistic dominance. This region is associated with Cantonese cuisine . Dim Sum is one famous example of Cantonese cuisine, dividing Cantonese food into small portions and served with small dishes. Cantonese opera is

3250-490: Is set against the backdrop of the classic novel, Journey to the West . Guangdong Guangdong , previously romanized as Kwangtung or Canton , is a coastal province in South China , on the north shore of the South China Sea . The provincial capital is Guangzhou . With a population of 126.84   million (as of 2021) across a total area of about 179,800 km (69,400 sq mi), Guangdong

3380-514: Is the world's fourth busiest container port . Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of Bao'an County , which was established in imperial times. After the Opium Wars , the southern portion of Bao'an County was occupied by the British government and became part of British Hong Kong , while the village of Shenzhen was next to the border. Shenzhen turned into a city in 1979. In

3510-547: Is the home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization and the Guangdong Free-Trade Zone . Shenzhen is ranked as an Alpha- ( global first-tier ) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Its nominal GDP has surpassed those of its neighboring cities of Guangzhou and Hong Kong and is now among those of the cities with

3640-509: Is the source of the name "Guangdong" ( 廣東 ; 广东 ). As time passed, the demographics of what is now Guangdong gradually shifted to ( Han ) Chinese dominance as the populations intermingled due to commerce along the great canals. From the fall of the Han dynasty onwards, it shifted more abruptly through massive migration from the north during periods of political turmoil and nomadic incursions. For example, internal strife in northern China following

3770-564: The 2011 Summer Universiade and the China Hi-Tech Fair. A large portion of Shenzhen's population are migrants from all over China, and the city's population structure skews younger than most places in China. The earliest known recorded mention of the name chen could date from 1410, during the Ming dynasty . Locals call the drains in paddy fields "Zhen" ( Chinese : 圳 ; lit. 'ditch', 'drain'). Shenzhen

3900-683: The 26th Universiade , an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes. In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly established Guangdong Free-Trade Zone . On 18 August 2019 the central government in Beijing unveiled reform plans covering economic, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen, labeling Shenzhen a pilot demonstration zone for socialism with Chinese characteristics. Shenzhen roughly follows

4030-540: The Asia-Pacific region. Guangdong surpassed Henan and Shandong to become China's most populous province in January 2005, registering 79.1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year; the total population was 126,012,510 in the 2020 Chinese census , accounting for 8.93 percent of mainland China 's population. This makes it

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4160-674: The CCP Committee Secretary , officially termed the Chinese Communist Party Shenzhen Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the Mayor. The CCP committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary). Despite being a sub-provincial city , Shenzhen as a SEZ still wields a lot of autonomy from the central government. In addition to being promoted to

4290-529: The Cantonese , Hakka , Teochew dialects have proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than Mandarin-speaking Chinese. Additionally, many Taishanese-speaking Chinese emigrated to Western countries, with the results that many Western versions of Chinese words were derived from the Cantonese dialects rather than through the mainstream Mandarin language, such as " dim sum ". Some Mandarin Chinese words originally of foreign origin also came from

4420-510: The Eastern Jin administration split up Nanhai and established a new Dongguan Commandery  [ zh ] (东官郡). The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County, one of its six counties, was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590, the Sui administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757, the Tang administration renamed the county Dongguan, and moved its seat to what

4550-750: The Huiyang District Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the "Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen". On 18 October, the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-level prefecture-level city with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and

4680-695: The Lo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong. In 1953, four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China , the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen, since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou. From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw

4810-658: The Nationalist government 's final footholds in Mainland China , with Guangzhou temporarily serving as the Kuomintang 's provisional capitol. The People's Liberation Army seized control of the province after the retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan . The new Chinese Communist Party administration issued harsh taxes, requisitioning between 22 and 60 percent of grain annually. However,

4940-411: The Pearl River Delta , bordering Hong Kong to the south, Huizhou to the north and northeast, Dongguan to the north and northwest. Lingdingyang and Pearl River to the west and Mirs Bay to the east and roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Guangzhou . As of the end of 2017, the resident population of Shenzhen was 12,528,300, of which the registered population

5070-574: The Qin dynasty , immigrants from the Central Plains moved in and formed a local culture with a unique style. With the outward movement of the Guangdong people , the Hakka and Cantonese languages , music , cuisine , opera and tea ceremony have spread throughout the nation, Southeast Asia , and other countries. Guangdong was also the birthplace of the father of modern China and the founder of

5200-639: The Qin dynasty . Under the Qin Dynasty, Chinese administration began and along with it reliable historical records in the region. After establishing the first unified Chinese empire , the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu , near what is now part of Guangzhou. The region was an independent kingdom as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han . The Han dynasty administered Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam as Jiaozhi Province ; southernmost Jiaozhi Province

5330-631: The Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997. By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong. There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while

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5460-480: The South China Sea to the south and has a total of 4,300 km (2,700 mi) of coastline. The Leizhou Peninsula is on the southwestern end of the province. There are a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula. The Pearl River Delta is the convergent point of three upstream rivers: the East River , North River , and West River . The river delta is filled with hundreds of small islands. The province

5590-632: The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) approved the "Regulations of the Guangdong Special Economic Zone." In March 1981 Shenzhen was promoted to a sub-provincial division . There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies. To enforce law and order in

5720-597: The Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea , particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou. Macau , on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in 1557. In the 19th century, the opium traded through Guangzhou triggered the First Opium War , opening an era of Western imperialists' incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau , which

5850-687: The Teochew people in Chaoshan and the Hakka people in Huizhou , Meizhou , Heyuan , Shaoguan and Zhanjiang . Shaozhou Tuhua is spoken in Shaoguan and Leizhou Min is spoken in the Leizhou Peninsula. There is a small Yao population in the north. Other smaller minority groups include She , Miao , Li , and Zhuang . Guangdong has a highly unbalanced gender ratio that is among

5980-781: The Yantian International Container Terminals , the Chiwan Container Terminals, the container terminals of the Shekou Industrial Zone , the China Merchants Port , and Shenzhen Haixing . The Port of Shenzhen is therefore capable of handled a record volume of containerization . With rising trade increased cargo shipments in 2005, the container port was ranked as the world's fourth-busiest container port . High port traffic levels combined with

6110-553: The death penalty with a two-year reprieve for accepting bribes up to US$ 5.4 million. Shenzhen has direct jurisdiction over nine administrative Districts and one New District : Shenzhen was originally Bao'an County . On 5 March 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolved the county and set up the city of Shenzhen in its place initially with six districts: Luohu ( 罗湖 ), Nantou ( 南头 ), Songgang ( 松岗 ), Longhua ( 龙华 ), Longgang ( 龙岗 ), and Kuiyong ( 葵涌 ), with

6240-501: The "Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income" and agreed to pilot the first special economic zones (SEZ) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen . In November, Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration. Hundreds of small villages nearby, such as Yumin Cun, were incorporated into Shenzhen. In 1980, Shenzhen had

6370-564: The "floating population", is due to Guangdong's booming economy and high demand for labor. If Guangdong were an independent nation, it would rank among the twelfth largest countries of the world by population . In 2021, Guangdong's population is 74.6% urban and 25.4% rural. Guangdong is the ancestral home of large numbers of overseas Chinese . Most of the railroad laborers in Canada , the Western United States and Panama in

6500-610: The 19th century came from Guangdong, especially the Siyi area. Many people from the region also traveled to California and other parts of the United States during the gold rush of 1849 , and also to Australia during its gold rush a decade or so later. The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese . Within the Han Chinese, the largest subgroup in Guangdong are the Cantonese people . Two other major groups are

6630-449: The Bao'an County Committee, however, defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen, claiming that people in the world know more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County. On 23 January 1979, the Guangdong provincial administration and the district of Huiyang announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into effect by the State Council on March 5 of that year. Also,

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6760-443: The China International High-tech Achievements Fair, which showcases high-tech products and provides for dialogue and investment for high-tech. As a result, Shenzhen is dubbed by media outlets as "China's Silicon Valley " or the "Silicon Valley of Hardware" for the world. Shenzhen is home to a number of large financial institutions, such as China Merchants Bank and Ping An Insurance and its subsidiary Ping An Bank . Since

6890-541: The Chinese Women Working Network and sociology professor at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , suggests that the rapid economic development of Shenzhen and the advancement of its position in the global economy are dependent on extracting female workers from the rural areas, and considers this process to be a precarious employment system in which women face inhumane working conditions and receive low wages for extensive hours. SEZs were authorized to develop their own legislation. The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

7020-414: The Guangzhou People's Intermediate Court charged former Shenzhen Deputy Mayor Wang Ju with bribery and abuse of power and sentenced him to 20 years in prison. In June 2005, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court charged sentenced Luohu District Public Security Director An Huijun to 15 years in prison for accepting bribes. In May 2011, the Zhengzhou Intermediate Court sentenced former mayor Xu Zongheng to

7150-422: The Ming won a naval battle against invading Portuguese , was fought south of Nantou. To prevent a rebellion from Ming loyalists under Zheng Chenggong , better known as Koxinga, on the Chinese coast, the recently established Qing administration resettled coastal residents inland and re-organized coastal counties. As a result, Bao'an County lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboring Dongguan and

7280-434: The Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen . He declared a military government there in the Warlord Era . The two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau fall within the scope of Guangdong's cultural influence, and its culture still has profound influences on the Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia , with the vast majority of the Chinese diaspora in the two countries claiming ancestry from Guangdong. Guangdong

7410-601: The Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association (深圳市时尚文化创意协会) and planning the 4.6 square-kilometer Dalang Fashion Valley (大浪时尚创意城). On 7 December 2008, UNESCO approved Shenzhen's entrance into the Creative Cities Network , and awarded the Shenzhen the title of "United Nations Design Capital." Altogether, the cultural industry in turn contributes to 5.8 percent (102.116 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015. Shenzhen-based video game developer Game Science released Black Myth: Wukong , which achieved significant commercial success on its August 20, 2024 release. The game

7540-466: The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone" in order to give fully strengthen Shenzhen's legislative powers without interference from the central government. There were several cases of high-ranking Shenzhen officials that were arrested on charges relating to corruption. In December 2002, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court sentenced Zhao Yucun, former Commissioner of Shenzhen Customs, to life imprisonment for taking bribes of 9 million RMB . In November 2003,

7670-448: The Southern Song court by Mongol naval forces in The Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song dynasty (960–1279). During the Mongol Yuan dynasty , large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi . Its present name, "Guangdong Province" was given in early Ming dynasty . Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world. European merchants coming northwards via

7800-404: The State Council dissolved the "second line," and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size. On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone." In August 2011, the city hosted

7930-410: The State Council, Shenzhen re-organized Longhua New District as Longhua District and Pingshan New District as Pingshan District on 11 October 2016 and Guangming New District as Guangming District on 24 May 2018, therefore becoming their own jurisdictions. Shenzhen was the first of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to be established by then paramount leader Deng Xiaoping . Back to Apr 1979, Shenzhen

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8060-433: The Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Dōnglù ( 廣南東路 ; 广南东路 ; 'East Circuit in Southern Guang') and Guǎngnán Xīlù ( 廣南西路 ; 广南西路 ; 'West Circuit in Southern Guang'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngdōng Lù ( 廣東路 ; 广东路 ) and Guǎngxī Lù ( 廣西路 ; 广西路 ). "Canton", though etymologically derived from Cantão (the Portuguese transliteration of "Guangdong"), usually by itself refers to

8190-427: The United Kingdom and Portugal, respectively, are special administrative regions (SARs). Furthermore, the Basic Laws of both SARs explicitly forbid provincial governments from intervening in local politics. As a result, many issues with Hong Kong and Macau, such as border policy and water rights, have been settled by negotiations between the SARs' governments and the Guangdong provincial government . Guangdong and

8320-408: The United Kingdom, and leased the New Territories from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Xin'an was briefly occupied by a British force under the command of Henry Arthur Blake , the governor of Hong Kong , for half a year in 1899. From the 3,076 square kilometres (1,188 sq mi) of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, 1,055.61 square kilometres (407.57 sq mi) of

8450-407: The administrative boundaries of the historical Bao'an County . The southern portion of Bao'an County became part of British Hong Kong after the Opium Wars , while the village of Shenzhen was on the border. Shenzhen railway station was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway , and Shenzhen's economy grew and it became a city by 1979. Shenzhen is located within

8580-434: The area that is now Shenzhen over 600 years ago. The Hakka people also have a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated. In 214 BC, when Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin dynasty , the area was submitted to the jurisdiction of the established Nanhai Commandery , one of the three commanderies that were set up in Lingnan , and was assimilated into Zhongyuan culture. In 331 AD,

8710-399: The benefits that their daughters may receive, such as gaining essential skills to be successful in city life, and increasing quality of life through the development of self-identity. While these daughters have the potential to develop these highly desired skills, they must also face a variety of environmental factors and working conditions associated with this lifestyle. Although some question

8840-448: The city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes. Notable rivers in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen River , Maozhou River and Longgang River. Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer , due to the Siberian anticyclone it has a warm, monsoon -influenced, humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) though it is fairly close to a Tropical one. Winters are mild and relatively dry, due in part to

8970-514: The city merged Shekou Management Area and Nantou Management Area to form the Nanshan District , renamed Shangbu Management Area to the Futian District , and merged Luohu Management Area and Shatoujiao Management Area to form the Luohu District . In December 1992, Bao'an County was dissolved again, with its area taken by Shenzhen and split into two new districts: Bao'an District and Longgang District , though economic privileges within special economics zones did not pertain to them as they were outside

9100-484: The city receives 1,853 hours of bright sunshine annually. The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months, when the city also experiences very humid and hot conditions. Despite this, extreme heat is rare, there are only 2.4 days of 35 °C (95 °F)+ temperatures. The region is prone to torrential rain as well, with 9.7 days that have 50 mm (1.97 in) or more of rain, and 2.2 days of at least 100 mm (3.94 in). The latter portion of autumn

9230-455: The city would establish six districts: Luohu , Nantou, Songgang, Longhua , Longgang and Kuiyong. On 31 January 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party approved a plan to establish the Shekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen with the purpose "to lead domestic, overseas, and diversified operations, industrial and commercial integration, and trading" based on the systems of that of Hong Kong and Macau . The Shekou Industrial Zone project

9360-619: The city's establishment as a SEZ, a number of foreign banks had established offices in the city, including Citibank , HSBC , Standard Chartered , and Bank of East Asia . In total, the financial industry accounts for 14.5% of the city's nominal GDP in 2015 (254.282 billion RMB), which was a 15.9% increase over the previous year. By the end of 2016, the total assets of the financial industry amounted to 12.7 trillion RMB (banking industry assets were 7.85 trillion RMB, security companies assets were 1.25 trillion RMB, and insurance industry assets were 3.6 trillion RMB), making Shenzhen's financial industry

9490-440: The city, the Shenzhen government erected a border known as the second line ( Chinese : 二线关 ), which consisted of barbed wire and checkpoints between the city and the rest of China. Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned. In January 1990,

9620-496: The city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line border. Much of Shenzhen's urban development in the 1980s focused in the area around the old border crossing and the market town. According to academic Richard Hu, whose research focuses on urbanization , in official discourses on urbanization in China , Shenzhen

9750-534: The county was ceded to the British. In response to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them. In the same year the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public. The last stop on the Chinese side was Shenzhen railway station , helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to

9880-408: The early 1980s, economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in the city becoming the first special economic zone of China due to its close proximity to Hong Kong, attracting foreign direct investment and migrants searching for opportunities. In thirty years, the city's economy and population boomed and has since emerged as a hub for technology, international trade, and finance. Shenzhen

10010-425: The early 1990s and has since spread to neighboring provinces, and also pulled their populations inward. The economic growth of Guangdong province owes much to the low-value-added manufacturing which characterized (and in many ways still defines) the province's economy following Deng Xiaoping 's reforms. Guangdong is not only China's largest exporter of goods, it is the country's largest importer as well. The province

10140-410: The economic output of Shenzhen the third largest out of Chinese cities, trailing behind Shanghai and Beijing . In addition, Shenzhen's GDP growth between 2016 and 2017 of 8.8% surpassed that of Hong Kong and Singapore , with 3.7% and 2.5% respectively. With a market capitalization of US$ 2.5 trillion as of 30 November 2018, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is the 8th largest exchange in

10270-619: The existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks. On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ. In early 2011, the provincial government of Guangdong approved the establishment of the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in the city and SEZ of Shantou , Guangdong that will last until 2040 with

10400-467: The fifth-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. Shenzhen's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in 2035 (together with Beijing , Shanghai and Guangzhou in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$ 57,000 (ranking first in mainland China) in 2030, which is comparable to Tokyo and Seoul. Shenzhen

10530-473: The greater Guangzhou area are served by several Radio Guangdong stations, Guangdong Television , Southern Television Guangdong , Shenzhen Television , and Guangzhou Television . There is an English programme produced by Radio Guangdong which broadcasts information about this region to the entire world through the WRN Broadcast . The central region, which is also the political and economic center,

10660-522: The highest of all provinces in China. According to a 2009 study published in The British Medical Journal , in the 1–4 age group, there are over 130 boys for every 100 girls. Religion in Guangdong (2012) According to a 2012 survey only around 7% of the population of Guangdong belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhists with 6.2%, followed by Protestants with 1.8% and Catholics with 1.2%. Around 90% of

10790-495: The humidity makes it feel hotter in summer. Frost is rare on the coast but may happen a few days each winter. In 2022, Guangdong's GDP was 13.57 trillion RMB ($ 1.9 trillion in GDP nominal, $ 3.78 trillion in PPP ), with a per capita GDP of CN¥102,465 ( US$ 15,234 in nominal or US$ 25,016 in PPP ). It is the richest province in South Central China region and the seventh richest among all provinces by GDP per capita. Guangdong has been

10920-641: The influence of the South China Sea , and frost is very rare; it begins dry but becomes progressively more humid and overcast. However, fog is most frequent in winter and spring, with 106 days per year reporting some fog. Early spring is the cloudiest time of year, and rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April; the rainy season lasts until late September to early October. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in March to 53 percent in October,

11050-593: The influence of urban culture. Ultimately, migration can allow young women to feel more confident and self-aware whilst providing the opportunity to increase their own social status through the acquisition of savings and personal property. It also means that they can marry later than non-migrants, thereby avoiding marrying into agricultural families that support patriarchal traditions. In contrast, married female migrants are expected to continue living under restrictive gender roles. While urban life may offer poorer schooling, many mothers still advocate this lifestyle because of

11180-402: The interior provinces which were weakly joined to Guangdong via transportation links . The government policy of economic autarky made Guangdong's access to the ocean irrelevant. Deng Xiaoping's open door policy radically changed the economy of the province as it was able to take advantage of its access to the ocean, proximity to Hong Kong, and historical links to overseas Chinese . Guangdong

11310-612: The largest province by GDP since 1989 in Mainland China . Its GDP exceeded that of Australia ($ 1.70 trillion) and South Korea ($ 1.67 trillion), the world's 12th and 13th largest economy , respectively. If it was a country, Guangdong would be the 12th-largest economy as of 2022 and the 11th most populous . Compared to country subdivisions in dollar terms, Guangdong's GDP in nominal is larger than all but four country subdivisions : California , Texas , New York State , and England . Compared to country subdivisions in PPP terms, Guangdong's GDP

11440-426: The local party boss Fang Fang tried to moderate Chinese land reform policy in order to protect successful businesses in the Pearl River Delta , landholdings by overseas Chinese seeking to eventually return to the country, and commercial relations with British Hong Kong . In response Mao Zedong purged Fang and thousands of cadres from the province in 1952, sending Tao Zhu to implement a much harsher program under

11570-458: The means by which Shenzhen achieved economic advancement, others see the economic rise as an unprecedented "growth miracle" in human history. According to the World Bank, China has become one of the most important members of the global economy and a leader in international trade and investment, and its growth has brought more than 400 million people out of poverty. In 1997, Shenzhen was declared

11700-536: The middle Yangtze River area (Jiao 2013). In inland Guangdong, the neolithic appeared in Guangdong 4,600 years before present (BP). The Neolithic in northern inland Guangdong is represented by the Shixia culture ( 石峽文化 ), which occurred from 4600 to 4200 BP (c. 2650–2250 BC). Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue"), the region first became part of China during

11830-554: The most populous first-level administrative subdivision of any country outside South Asia . The vast majority of the historical Guangdong Province is administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC). Pratas Island in the South China Sea is part of Cijin District , Kaohsiung , Taiwan (ROC); the island was part of Guangdong Province before the Chinese Civil War . After the unification of Lingnan region during

11960-561: The national model city for environmental protection, and in 2002 received the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award of Global 500 Roll of Honor based on the city's efforts to yield gains concerning both the economy and the environment. From this perspective, it appears that Shenzhen has been able to develop its economy successfully while preventing environmental damage. However, extensive environmental degradation has also taken place in Shenzhen;

12090-605: The original foreign language by way of Cantonese. For example, the Mandarin word níngméng ( simplified Chinese : 柠檬 ; traditional Chinese : 檸檬 ), meaning "Lemon", came from Cantonese, in which the characters are pronounced as lìng mung . In the United States, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the county-level city of Taishan (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak

12220-532: The population is either irreligious or may be involved in Chinese folk religion worshipping nature gods, ancestral deities , popular sects , Taoist traditions , Buddhist religious traditions & Confucian religious traditions . According to a survey conducted in 2007, 43.71% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , the traditional Chinese religion of the lineages organised into lineage churches and ancestral shrines . Guangdong

12350-472: The province include Chaozhou , Chenghai , Nanhai , Shantou , Shaoguan , Zhanjiang , Zhaoqing , Yangjiang , and Yunfu . Guangdong has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa inland, Cwa along the coast). Winters are short, mild, and relatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and very wet. Average daily highs in Guangzhou in January and July are 18 and 33 °C (64 and 91 °F), although

12480-617: The provincial capital Guangzhou . Historically, Canton was also used for the province itself, but often either specified as a province (e.g. Canton Province), or written as Kwangtung in the Wade–Giles system and now most commonly as Guangdong in Pinyin . The local people of the city of Guangzhou (Canton) and their language are called Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese can also be used, in

12610-410: The purpose of economic development. The zone would be managed by Shenzhen and another Cantonese city, Shanwei . The zone is under the jurisdiction of Shenzhen instead of Shantou, with residents living there considered to be permanent residents of Shenzhen. The Shenzhen government later established two new districts on 27 October 2011, Longhua New District and Dapeng New District . With approval of

12740-439: The rapid urbanization process has taken a large toll on water quality. Shenzhen also suffers from serious air pollution due to industrial emissions, high levels of automobile traffic and construction work. Since the development of Shenzhen has greatly influenced other economic zones within China, it is feared that similar effects may result in these other locations as well. While the implementation of environmental policies may reduce

12870-542: The rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between the 740s–750s and 800s–810s. As more migrants arrived, the local population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced. As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court fled southwards from its capital in Hangzhou . The defeat of

13000-551: The region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name " Guang " ultimately came from Guangxin ( 廣信 ; 广信 ), an outpost established in Han dynasty near modern Wuzhou , whose name is a reference to an order by Emperor Wu of Han to "widely bestow favors and sow trust". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong ( 兩廣 ; 两广 ; liǎng guǎng ) During the Song dynasty,

13130-582: The same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time, Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting of APEC China 2001 on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port. In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness. On 1 July 2010

13260-486: The seat based in Luohu. In October 1981, Bao'an County was re-established, with its region now based outside Shenzhen. In June 1983, the districts were dissolved and re-established instead as five management areas ( 管理区 ): Shekou ( 蛇口 ; south-west Shenzhen), Nantou ( 南头 ; west Shenzhen), Shangbu ( 上步 ; central Shenzhen), Luohu ( 罗湖 ; east-central Shenzhen), and Shatoujiao ( 沙头角 ; far-east Shenzhen). To enforce law and order in

13390-568: The second line border are referred to as guannei ( 关内 ; 'within the border') while districts that are outside the second line and do not have special economic privileges such as Bao'an and Longgang are referred to as guanwai ( 关外 ; 'outside the border'). The Shenzhen government later established two new districts as part of the guanwai : Guangming New District in August 2007 and Pingshan New District in June 2009. On 1 July 2010,

13520-459: The second line border was dissolved, and the Shenzhen SEZ was expanded to cover the entire city. Therefore, the four guanwai districts Bao'an District, Longgang District, Guangming New District, and Pingshan New District, would be given special economic privileges like the guannei districts. The area of the Shenzhen SEZ also increased from 396 square kilometres (153 sq mi) to 1,953 square kilometres (754 sq mi). Since June 2015,

13650-625: The second line border. At this point, Shenzhen has five districts: Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, Bao'an, and Longgang. In March 1998, Shenzhen's government created the Yantian District from the eastern portions of the Luohu District (the original area of the Shatoujiao Management District), and within the second line border. Yantian, Luohu, Futian, and Nanshan together as the special economic districts within

13780-401: The severity of these consequences, it is predicted that mending the damage that has already happened will take substantial time and effort. All members of society must face the environmental degradation that has occurred; however, it is the migrant workers who face the harshest impact because they live in crowded and heavily restricted factory dormitories. Shenzhen Shenzhen is

13910-451: The slogan "Every Village Bleeds, Every Household Fights." During Reform and Opening Up , Guangdong was supported by the central government to be "one step ahead" of the rest of the country. Most major cities in Guangdong underwent liberalizing economic reforms in the mid-1980s. Since Reform and Opening Up, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with Hong Kong , which borders it. It

14040-556: The south. Hainan is offshore across from the Leizhou Peninsula . Pratas Island , which were traditionally governed as part of Guangdong, are part of Cijin District , Kaoshiung , Taiwan (ROC). The PRC continues to claim Pratas Island as part of Guangdong under the district of Chengqu, Shanwei . Cities around the Pearl River Delta include Dongguan , Foshan , Guangzhou , Huizhou , Jiangmen , Shenzhen , Shunde , Taishan , Zhongshan , and Zhuhai . Other cities in

14170-514: The strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931 Chen Jitang and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino. During World War II , the Japanese occupied Shenzhen and Nantou , forcing the Bao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County. In 1941, the Japanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through

14300-504: The ten largest economies in the world. Shenzhen also has the eighth most competitive and largest financial center in the world, the seventh-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters, fifth-highest number of billionaires , the second largest number of skyscrapers , the 19th largest scientific research output , and several higher education institutions , including Shenzhen University , Southern University of Science and Technology , and Shenzhen Technology University . Shenzhen railway station

14430-439: The third largest in China. Shenzhen is one of the world's top ten financial centers as of 2019, jumping five places to ninth place as determined by "variety of areas of competitiveness, including business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial sector development and reputation." SF Express and China International Marine Containers (CIMC) have their headquarters in Shenzhen. The Port of Shenzhen comprises

14560-424: The third-most in China after (Beijing and Shanghai) within its city limits. Shenzhen's industry is described by its Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be upheld by its four-pillar industries: high tech , finance , logistics , and culture . Shenzhen is a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2020 the city was ranked as the 4th Fintech powerhouse in

14690-437: The thriving town each erecting their own houses of worship. A foreign quarter sprang up along the river where many traders of diverse backgrounds including Arabs and Singhalese took up residence. The port's importance declined after it was raided by Arabs and Persians in 758 and the foreign residents were at times troubled by the corrupt local officials, sometimes responding violently. During one incident in 684, for example,

14820-599: The total national economic output. Now, it has three of the six Special Economic Zones : Shenzhen , Shantou and Zhuhai . The affluence of Guangdong, however, remains very concentrated near the Pearl River Delta . Guangdong officially became the most populous province in 2005. Official statistics had traditionally placed Guangdong as the fourth-most populous province of China with about 80 million people, though an influx of migrants, temporary workers, and newly settled individuals numbered around 30 million. The massive influx of migrants from other provinces, dubbed

14950-455: The true population could have reached 12-14 million. Less than 30 percent of the population are permanent residents. These are mainly state officials, entrepreneurs, technicians and skilled workers who have traveled from major cities. The other 70 percent are temporary residents, mainly migrant laborers from rural areas who lack official household registration and citizenship. The majority of migrants in Shenzhen are female. Pun Ngai, president of

15080-475: The world. In the 2021 Global Financial Centres Index , Shenzhen was ranked as having the 8th most competitive and largest financial center in the world and 6th in Asia & Oceania region (after Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, and Tokyo). As of 2020, Shenzhen is ranked as an Alpha- ( global first-tier ) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . According to Forbes , Shenzhen has

15210-707: The world. In 1913, the Republic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from another county of the same name in Henan Province. During the Canton–Hong Kong strike , the All-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen. Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by

15340-525: The world. Shenzhen is primarily known for its high-tech industry, which has a value of 585.491 billion RMB (US$ 82.9 billion) in 2015, a 13 percent increase compared to last year. Out of the nominal GDP of 1,750.299 billion RMB in 2015 the high-tech industry generated 33.4 percent. Shenzhen is home to a number of prominent tech firms, such as Huawei , Tencent , DJI , and ZTE . Other tech firms include personal computer manufacturer Hasee , Hytera , OnePlus , and BYD Company . Shenzhen annually holds

15470-493: Was 4,472,200, the actual administrative population was over 20 million. It makes up part of the Pearl River Delta built-up area with 44,738,513 inhabitants, spread over 9 municipalities (including Macau ). The city is elongated measuring 81.4 kilometers from east to west while the shortest section from north to south is 10.8 kilometers. Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within

15600-569: Was also from Guangdong. During the early 1920s of the Republic of China , Guangdong was the staging area for the Kuomintang (KMT) to prepare for the Northern Expedition , an effort to bring the various warlords of China back under a unified central government. The Whampoa Military Academy was built near Guangzhou to train military commanders. At the end of the Chinese Civil War Guangdong became one of

15730-842: Was incorporated into Dongguan in 1669. After the Qing dynasty was defeated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the First Opium War and the Second Opium Wars , Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula were ceded to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the Convention of Peking . On 21 April 1898 the Qing government signed a "Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders" with

15860-492: Was known as the starting point of ancient China's Maritime Silk Road . It is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of Chinese and foreign corporations. Guangdong has benefited from its proximity to the financial hub of Hong Kong , which it borders to the south. Guangdong also hosts the largest import and export fair in China, the Canton Fair , in Guangzhou. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone ,

15990-577: Was led by Hong Kong-based China Merchants Group under Yuan Geng 's leadership and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China. At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee of Guangdong Province discussed and proposed to the Central Committee to set up a "trade cooperation zone" in Shenzhen, Zhuhai , and Shantou . In the same month, the Central Working Conference decided on

16120-434: Was named after a deep ( Chinese : 深 ; lit. 'deep') drain that was located within the area." The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid- Neolithic period. Human have inhabited the area throughout the past 6,700 years. Historic counties were first established in the area 1,700 years ago. The historic towns of Nantou and Dapeng , were built on

16250-400: Was one of the first provinces to receive permission from the central government to receive foreign investment. In addition, until the 1990s when the Chinese taxation system was reformed, the province benefited from the relatively low rate of taxation placed on it by the central government due to its post-Liberation status of being economically backward. Guangdong's economic boom began with

16380-470: Was reformed as a Special Export Zone to create a favorable investment environment and introduce advanced technology and management experience, later renamed to Special Economic Zone in May 1980. As of 2022, Shenzhen has a nominal GDP of 3.24 trillion RMB (HK$ 2.87 trillion), which surpassed neighboring Hong Kong 's GDP of HK$ 2.11 trillion and Guangzhou 's GDP of 2.88 trillion RMB (HK$ 2.68 trillion), making

16510-583: Was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway . The city is a leading global technology hub. In the media Shenzhen is sometimes called China's Silicon Valley . The city's entrepreneurial, innovative, and competitive-based culture has resulted in the city being home to numerous small manufacturers and software companies. Several of these firms have become large technology corporations, such as Huawei , Tencent , and DJI . As an important international city, Shenzhen hosts numerous national and international events every year, such as

16640-631: Was the most active SEZ for legislative experiments from 1979-1990 and its legislation had a significant role in shaping national economic law on foreign trade and investment during that period. While Pun and others are critical of the system that has been implemented, empirical studies suggest that migration may promote women's autonomy — specifically when considering unmarried women migrants. Although these women may face challenges and discrimination at times, they often gain freedom from traditional expectations of women's familial and social roles, primarily by being separated from older family members and because of

16770-574: Was then a Portuguese colony , Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (modern day area of Zhanjiang ) to the French . Due to the large number of people that emigrated out of the Guangdong province, and in particular the ease of immigration from Hong Kong to other parts of the British Empire (later British Commonwealth ), many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in Guangdong and/or Cantonese culture. In particular,

16900-926: Was used as a gateway for traders from the west—as far away as the Roman Empire. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, the Guang Province, in 226 CE. Canton was a prosperous port city along a tropical frontier region beset by disease and wild animals, but rich in oranges, banyan , bananas, and lychee fruits. They traded slaves, silk and chinaware with Persians , Brahmans and Malays in exchange for their renowned medicines and fragrant tropical woods. Shi'a Muslims who had fled persecution in Khorasan and Buddhists from India lived side by side in

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