38-669: Singhanavati ( Thai : สิงหนวัติ , RTGS : Singhanawat ) was a Tai semi-legendary kingdom based along the Kok River in the Chiang Rai Basin in northern Thailand , existed from 691 BCE to 638 CE. It was centered in Yonok Nahaphan ( Chiang Saen District , Chiang Rai ) and then moved to Vieng Prueksa [ th ] ( Fang District ) after the old capital was submerged below Chiang Saen Lake due to an earthquake in 545. Singhanavati evolved into
76-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of
114-565: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form
152-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
190-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
228-576: Is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary
266-764: Is considered its peak, the influenced area reached present-day Yunnan in the north and the upper Chao Phraya River valley in the south, while the east met the Annamite Range and the Salween River in the west. The last king of the Singhanavati Kingdom was Thukkitakuman [ th ] . During his reign, Yonok was submerged into the Chiang Saen Lake because of an earthquake in 545. The survivors, led by Khun Lung, went east to settle at Vieng Prueksa [ th ] and
304-587: Is considered the beginning of the Ngoenyang Kingdom and continued through the founding of the Lan Na Kingdom at the end of the 13th century. During this period, in the south of Vieng Prueksa, another principality Haripuñjaya was founded in the Ping River valley in 629 by the legendary Suthep, who has then invited Monic princess, Camadevi , from the southern kingdom of Lavo to rule
342-523: Is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form
380-669: The Añjana's Era ), the Buddhist Era , and the Shaka era , but the given years in the chronicles were not directly specified. After the chronicle that gave more details than the preexisting was found in the Wat Ban Rong Bong in 2022, it was concluded that the events mentioned in the legend of Singhanavati happened before 638 CE and all historical records related to the legend were then revised. The Singhanavati Kingdom subjugated
418-551: The Ngoenyang Kingdom in 638, which continued to the formation of Lan Na in 1292. There is evidence of human habitation in present-day Chiang Saen district in the Neolithic age but no other contemporary evidence to connect them with the pre-historic period and the modern northern settlements. Few prehistoric artifacts were found to be linked with the ancient Haripuñjaya Kingdom, but further historical and archaeological study had additionally been needed to illustrate. Before
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#1732783138320456-466: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along
494-521: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on
532-626: The Theravada , the relationships between the southern principality, Tambralinga , during the reign of Chandrabhanu (r.1230–1262) and the Siamese leaders in the north of the Kra Isthmus was speculated to have begun after the foundation of Phetburi (Pipeli). which was expected to be one of the reasons that Srivijaya lost influence over Tambralinga. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ),
570-470: The 22nd king after Phaya Sunthorathet, whose name was Phra Phanom Chaiyasiri ( Thai : พระพนมไชยศิริ , Pra Poa Noome Thele seri), obliged all his people to follow him to Nakhon Thai (Locontai; but "Diplomatic guide" referred to Sukhothai ( Thai : ศุโขทัย , Soucouttae)). This prince did not always reside at Nakhon Thai, but instead, he built and inhabited the city of Phetburi (Pipeli). Four other kings succeeded him; of which Ramadhiboti (Rhamatilondi),
608-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
646-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
684-464: The area, which was considered the period when the city was submerged below the Chiang Saen Lake due to an earthquake. Formerly, most historians suggested that the city of Yonok Nagaphan was probably established in 545 CE and fell around 1107–1109. This due to the complicated era systems mentioned in the chronicles which comprised three systems: the Boran era ( lit. ' Ancient era ' ; probably
722-477: The army went to suppress the King Khom troops as far as the territory of Chakangrao in the south, along with establishing a new town in 396 to be an outpost to prevent enemy invasion in the old Umongasela area and renamed it Chai Prakan . While the throne at the capital Yonok was given to his older brother, Thukkitakuman [ th ] . His son Chaiyasiri , continued to rule Chai Prakan; however, after
760-476: The city in 662; thus Lavo began expanding its influence in the north. Simon de la Loubère 's record refers to the first Siamese king, named Phra Pathom Suriyathep Norathai Suvarna Bophit ( Thai : พระปฐมสุริยเทพนรไทยสุวรรณบพิตร , Pra Poat honne sourittep-pennaratui sonanne bopitra). The chief place where he kept his court was called Chai Buri Mahanakhon ( Thai : ไชยบุรีมหานคร , Tchai pappe Mahanacon), and his reign began in 757. Ten other kings succeeded him,
798-545: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
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#1732783138320836-509: The establishment of Singhanavati, the area was previously occupied by Austroasiatic peoples , especially the Khmu people . The preexisting principal city-state located on the right bank of the Mekong River opposite to the present-day Chiang Saen was believed to be another legendary kingdom, Souvannakhomkham ( สุวรรณโคมคำ ), which its descendant later moved to Umongasela ( อุโมงคเสลา ) in
874-561: The fall of Yonok, Chayasiri, along with many of his subjects, moved south to settle in the present-day Nakhon Thai , Phitsanulok Province . According to Simon de la Loubère , Chaiyasiri, who was speculated to be the Singhanavati lineage, is said to have built the city of Pipeli [ th ] in Phetchaburi Province , but the dates are not related. Before the reign of Pangkharat [ th ] , which
912-524: The last of the four, began to build the city of Ayothaya in 1351, and there he established his court. “By which it appears, that they allow to the City of Ayutthaya the Antiquity of 338 years. The King Regent is the twenty-fifth from Ramadhiboti , and this year 1689, is the 56th or 57th year of his age. Thus do they reckon 52 Kings in the space of 934 years, but not all of the same blood lineage.” Through
950-421: The last of whom was named Phaya Sunthorathet Mahathepparat ( Thai : พญาสุนทรเทศมหาเทพราช , Ipoja sanne Thora Thesma Teperat), removed his royal seat to the city of That Nakhon Luang ( Thai : ธาตุนครหลวง , Tasco Nacora Louang; but Diplomatic guide referred to Yasothonpura Nakhon Luang ( Thai : ยโศธรปุระนครหลวง , Yassouttora Nacoora Louang)) which he had built but the location is uncertain. Later in 1188,
988-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
1026-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
1064-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
1102-483: The preexisting Umongasela, and other nearby states to extend its territory. However, during the reign of Pangkharat [ th ] in the mid-4th century, the seat at Yonok was forcibly lost to King Khom from Umongasela. Pangkharat fled to Vieng Si Tuang ( เวียงศรีทวง ; present-day Wiang Phang Kham, Mae Sai district ) but had to send tributes to Yonok annually until his son, Phrom (361–438), took back Yonok in 377 and expelled Khom from Umongasela. Phrom also led
1140-463: The present-day Fang after Souvannakhomkham was submerged into the Mekong River . According to the legend of Singhanavati, the city of Yonok Nagaphan was established near the submerged Souvannakhomkham by Prince Singhanavati who immigrant from southern China in 691 BCE, 148 years before the death of Buddha , which was the transition of the late Bronze Age to the Iron Age . This migration legend
1178-436: The remaining principalities, which consisted of fourteen chiefdoms, formed the chamber to select new rulers. The chiefdoms lasted for 93 years with the said elective monarchy. After this period, the records mention the development of high land communities at Doi Tung led by Lavachakkaraj [ th ] , who later became the ruler of Vieng Prueksa in 638. Lavachakkaraj also renamed the city of Vieng Prueksa to Hiran which
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1216-575: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as
1254-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
1292-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
1330-441: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Mae Sai district Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1368-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
1406-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
1444-479: Was supported by a bronze drum found in the wetland near Chiang Saen that was probably the submerged Yonok city; the artifacts were also discovered scattered along the river basins from southern China , Mekong valley , and northwestern Vietnam . However, in the 2009 archaeological excavations performed by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, no ancient structures dating before 545 CE were found in
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