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46-547: The Special Far Eastern Army , later the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army (Russian: Осо́бая Краснознамённая Дальневосто́чная а́рмия (ОКДВА) , romanized : Osóbaya Krasnoznamonnaya Dal'nevostóchnaya ármiya ( OKDVA ) ) was a military formation of the Red Army, active from 1929 to 1938 and under command of Vasily Blyukher . It was activated on 6 August 1929, originally with

92-671: A combat or revolt symbol in Europe goes back to the turn of the second millennium and before. In the Middle Ages, ships in combat flew long red streamers called baucans to signify a fight with no quarter . Prior to the French Revolution and in some contexts since, red banners were seen as symbols of defiance and battle. In Eastern Arabia , tribal federations used red standards as their flags. These federations later developed into sheikhdoms and emirates . The red standard

138-465: A name for himself in 1843, having been inspired to have his troops wear the famous Red Shirts . The Ottoman Empire used a variety of flags, especially as naval ensigns , during its history. The star and crescent came into use in the second half of the 18th century. A buyruldu ( lit.   ' decree ' ) from 1793 required that the ships of the Ottoman Navy use a red flag with

184-678: A red flag, with a red star symbolising the party and hammer and sickle to symbolise the workers and peasants respectively, became the official flag of Soviet Russia, and, in 1923, of the Soviet Union . It remained so until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. During the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949), the flag of the Chinese Communist Party became a red flag with a hammer and sickle, while

230-427: A single physical copy of the award was transferred from the winner of one competition to the winner of the next (held annually or quarterly). Any of several levels of the award could have been awarded, depending on the level of the socialist competition: all-Union, union-republican , oblast -wide, industry-wide, enterprise/institution-wide, etc. Similar awards existed in several communist states . A new article, 190,

276-752: A symbol of republicanism throughout the 19th century and was adopted as national flag by a number of states following the Revolutions of 1848 . It was also adopted by the Kingdom of Sardinia (inherited by the Kingdom of Italy 1861). The flag of Germany (black-red-gold) originates from the uniform colours of the Lützow Free Corps during the Napoleonic Wars , which contained volunteers from many German states and became famous through propaganda. Prominent veterans and later students became

322-503: A triband are of equal length and width, though this is not always the case, as can be seen in the flags of Colombia and Canada . Symbols on tribands may be seals , such as on the Belizean flag , or any manner of emblems of significance to the area the flag represents, such as in the flags of Argentina , India and Lebanon . A triband is also a tricolour if the three stripes on the flag are all different colours, rather than two being

368-851: The 18th and 19th Rifle Corps assigned, in response to the Sino-Soviet border conflict regarding the ownership of the Chinese Eastern Railway . Following the Soviet victory in the Civil War the Soviet forces in the Far East became the Special Far Eastern Army of the Far Eastern Republic . Circa 1932 the 3rd Kholkoz Rifle Division OKDVA was established, and the 57th Rifle Division joined

414-583: The Order of the Red Banner , such as the Soviet Army , Soviet Navy , and MVD Internal Troops , were referred to with the honorific title "of the Red Banner" (Russian: Краснознамённый , romanized:  Krasnoznamyonny ), as in " Red Banner Pacific Fleet ", " Guards Red Banner Submarine S-56 ", or " Twice Red Banner Alexandrov Soviet Army Choir ". Civilian establishments that were awarded with

460-469: The Order of the Red Banner of Labour were also sometimes addressed with the "Red-Banner" honorific . The Transferable Red Banner (Russian: переходящее Красное знамя ) was an award for Soviet collectives in various workplaces that won socialist emulation contests. The term "transferable" means that for a given kind of competition at a given establishment (enterprise, school, institute, clinic, etc.) or category of establishments (e.g., type of industry ),

506-700: The Parthenopean Republic 1799 (blue-yellow-red), and the Principality of Lucca and Piombino 1805 (blue-white-red). Thus providing the format for many of modern Europe's national flags, from the flag of Italy , to the flag of Germany , flag of Ireland , flag of Belgium , flag of Romania , flag of Bulgaria , flag of Moldova , and others around the world such as the flag of India , flag of Cameroon , flag of Chad , flag of Ivory Coast , flag of Gabon , flag of Guinea , flag of Mali , and flag of Nigeria . The green-white-red tricolour remained

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552-832: The Supreme Court of the United States held that such laws are unconstitutional. In Australia , red flags were similarly banned in September 1918 under the War Precautions Act 1914 . This ban was an arguable cause of the Red Flag riots . The ban ended in Australia with the repeal of the Act in 1920. [REDACTED] Media related to Red flags at Wikimedia Commons Tricolour (flag) Outside of

598-568: The flag of the People's Republic of China became a red flag with a large star symbolising the party and four smaller stars symbolising workers, peasants, the urban middle class, and rural middle class, respectively. During the Cold War , many communist states , such as Vietnam , also adopted red flags, while others, such as Cuba , chose to keep their previous flags. Red national flags with symbolism unrelated to socialism have also been adopted;

644-718: The flags of the Netherlands ), used from 1579 by William I of Orange-Nassau in the Eighty Years' War , establishing the independence of the Dutch Republic from the Spanish Empire . Its red-white-blue successor is the oldest tricolour flag still in use. The flag of the Netherlands inspired both the French and Russian flags, which in turn further inspired many tricolour flags in other countries. Though not

690-579: The 19th century by the Qajar dynasty and the Russian Empire , respectively. During the brief Second Spanish Republic , a red-yellow-purple tricolour was adopted as its official flag. Today, it is still used by Spanish republicans. The Indian independence movement in 1931 also adopted a tricolour (loan-translated as Hindi, तिरंगा Tiraṅgā ) in the traditional symbolism of "national unification" and republican "self-rule" ( Purna Swaraj ), adopted as

736-704: The Champ-de-Mars in the people's blood in [17]91 and [17]93, whereas the Tricolore flag went round the world along with the name, the glory and the liberty of the homeland!" Following the unexpected defeat of France by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War , French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized major cities and created the Lyon Commune and Paris Commune . The Lyon Commune

782-559: The Dutch tricolour, it never had any republican implications. The political ideology of the unification of an ethnic nation state associated with tricolour flags since the 19th century has resulted in the design of new "tricolours" expressing specific nationalisms in the 20th century, the Pan-African colours adopted in the 1920s for Pan-Africanism , chosen in numerous African flags during decolonisation (green-yellow-red, taken from

828-714: The Sheikhdom of Kuwait , Bahrain , and Qatar . In China, both the Nationalist Party -led Republic of China and the Communist Party -led People's Republic of China use red fields for their flags, referencing their revolutionary origins. Streets, buildings, businesses and product brands named after the red flag are common in China as a result of recuperation . For example, a famous line of limousine cars manufactured by China FAW Group Corporation has

874-798: The United States). The red flag gained wide popularity in Russia during the Russian Revolutions of 1917, having been used as a symbol of revolutionary struggle in both the February Revolution and October Revolution ; red was the political color of socialists on several opposed sides in the revolutions, such as the Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries . During the Russian Civil War (1917–1922),

920-719: The army. The District was first briefly formed in 1935 from those forces, but then reverted to the title Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army (OKDVA), under Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Blyukher , while still functioning as a military district. The Army became the Soviet Far East Front in June 1938, after Blyukher's torture and death at the hands of the NKVD during the Great Purge . It

966-781: The brand name of Red Flag . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , Pilal in Akto County , Kizilsu , Xinjiang , China was renamed as Hongqi Commune ( 红旗 公社 ), meaning 'red flag commune'. In 1968, Baykurut Commune in Ulugqat County , Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China was also renamed as Hongqi Commune. The red flag was the emblem of the British Labour Party from its inception until the Labour Party Conference of 1986 when it

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1012-635: The core of the republican movement of early 1800s which adopted the colours. At the time the flag was known as Dreifarb , a German calque of Tricolore . It was a symbol of opposition against the German Kleinstaaterei and the desire for German Unification . It was at first illegal in the German Confederation , but was adopted as the national flag at the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848/9. The flag of Belgium

1058-554: The first tricolour flag, one of the most famous, known as Le Tricolore , is the blue, white and red (whence also called Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge ) flag of France adopted in 1790 during the French Revolution . Based on a 1789 design of the Cockade of France , it was easy to construct and also stood in a visual opposition to complicated royal banners of the Ancien Regime . With the formation of French client republics after 1795,

1104-570: The formation of an independent republic in the period of the French Revolution to the Revolutions of 1848 , with the exception of the Irish tricolour, which dates from 1848 but was not popularised until the Easter Rising in 1916 and adopted in 1919. The first association of the tricolour with republicanism is the orange-white-blue design of the Prince's Flag ( Prinsenvlag , predecessor of

1150-612: The highest church tower in Béxar. William B. Travis , a commander of the Alamo defenders, responded with a blast from the Alamo's largest cannon. During the Uruguayan Civil War (1839–1851), the victorious liberal faction of " Colorados " ( lit.   ' Reds ' ) used red flags. This prolonged struggle received considerable attention and sympathy from liberals and revolutionaries in Europe; Giuseppe Garibaldi first made

1196-405: The name, which requires three bands of colour, there are no other requirements for what a triband must look like, so there are many flags that look very different from each other but are all considered tribands. Some triband flags (e.g. those of Armenia and Ghana ) have their stripes positioned horizontally, while others (e.g. that of Italy ) position the stripes vertically. Often the stripes on

1242-480: The oldest symbols of socialism. Socialists adopted the symbol during the Revolutions of 1848 . It was first used as the flag of a new authority by the Lyon Commune and Paris Commune in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). The flag of the Soviet Union , introduced during the Russian Revolution , as well as the flags of many subsequent communist states , were explicitly inspired by

1288-578: The original Commune banners; it remains in place in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin. In the Haymarket affair , during which a bomb blast killed a police officer at a May Day rally for an eight-hour workday in Chicago , anarchists flew red flags. This event, considered to be the beginning of the revival of the international labour movement, is still commemorated annually in many countries as International Workers' Day (though not in

1334-585: The people against the revolt of the court." The plain red flag has since been associated with left-wing politics . In 1797, British sailors mutinied near the mouth of the River Thames and hoisted red flags on several ships. Two red flags soaked in calf's blood were flown by marchers in South Wales during the Merthyr Rising of 1831. It is claimed to be the first time that the red flag

1380-532: The plain red flag. Many socialist and socialist-adjacent political parties, including those of democratic socialists and social democrats , have adapted and adopted a red flag as their symbol. The plain red flag was an official symbol of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom until the late 1980s. It was the inspiration for the socialist songs " The Red Flag " and " Bandiera Rossa ". Red color as

1426-545: The red flag of Nepal , for instance, represents its national flower. The red flag was one of the first anarchist symbols prior to the October Revolution , after which red flags started to be associated with Marxism-Leninism , Bolshevism , and state socialism . Recent and current Arabian red flags include those of Muscat and Oman , the individual emirates of the United Arab Emirates ,

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1472-809: The revolutionary tricolour was exported and adopted more widely in Europe, by the Republic of Alba 1796 (red-blue-yellow), the Cisalpine Republic 1797 ( Transpadane Republic , green-white-red), the Cisrhenian Republic 1797 (green-white-red), the Anconine Republic 1797 (blue-yellow-red), the Roman Republic 1798 (black-white-red), the Helvetic Republic 1798 (green-red-yellow; canton of Neuchatel 1848),

1518-547: The same colour. Examples of tricolour flags include those of the Netherlands and France . A tricolour ( BE ) or tricolor ( AE ) is a type of triband design which originated in the 16th century as a symbol of republicanism , liberty , or revolution . The oldest tricolour flag originates from the Netherlands , whose successor later inspired the French and Russian flags. The flags of France , Italy , Romania , Mexico , Ireland and Paraguay were all adopted with

1564-463: The sentiment of nationalism or ethnic identity than anti-monarchism, the flag of Hungary (1848), the flag of Romania (1848), the flag of Ireland (1848), the flag of Estonia (1880s), the flag of Lithuania (1905), and the flag of Armenia (1918). By contrast, the flag of Russia was adopted by the Tsardom of Russia in the late 17th century and while it may or may not have been inspired by

1610-584: The star and crescent in white. In 1844, a version of this flag with a five-pointed star was officially adopted as the flag of the Ottoman Empire . During the 1848 revolution in France , socialists and radical republicans demanded that the red flag be adopted as France's national flag. Led by poet-politician Alphonse de Lamartine , the government rejected the demand: "[T]he red flag that you have brought back here has done nothing but being trailed around

1656-413: The triband design used by the Solomonic dynasty for the Ethiopian Empire since 1897). The Pan-Arab colours adopted in Arab nationalism 1916 are a comparable concept, even though they combine four, not three, colours. Also in the 20th century, Pan-Iranian colours for Iranian nationalism and Pan-Slavic colours for Slavic nationalism were adopted based on the triband design of the flags used during

1702-537: The world. The flag has been flying for over a century. After the suppression of the 1848 revolution , red flags and other insignia dominated by the colour red were banned in Prussia , as would later be the case in France after the demise of the Paris Commune . During the persecution of communists and socialists amid the Red Scare of 1919–1920 in the United States, many states passed laws forbidding displays of red flags, including Minnesota , South Dakota , Oklahoma , and California . In Stromberg v. California ,

1748-419: Was added to the Soviet criminal code in the 1960s. It permitted imprisonment for anti-Soviet agitation (part 1), for participation in unauthorized meetings (part 2), and for defamation of the Soviet coat of arms or the Red Banner (part 3). The building to have had a red flag flying for the longest period of time is the Victorian Trades Hall in Melbourne, Australia , the oldest trade union building in

1794-429: Was adopted as one of the early Islamic flags . The prominent Arab military commander Amr ibn al-As used a red banner. The red cap was a symbol of popular revolt in France going back to the Jacquerie of 1358. The color red became associated with patriotism early in the French Revolution due to the popularity of the tricolour cockade, introduced in July 1789, and the Phrygian cap , introduced in May 1790. A red flag

1840-400: Was established in September 1870 and lasted for roughly eight months, while the Paris Commune was established in March 1871 and crushed by the French Army after two months, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Paris Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921, members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of

1886-419: Was introduced in a similar context, in 1831, its colours taken from the flag used in the Brabant Revolution of 1789. The first national flag of the New World inspired by this symbolism was the flag of Mexico , adopted when the First Mexican Empire gained independence from Spain in 1821. After 1848, the young republican nation states continued to pick triband designs, but now more prevalently expressing

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1932-502: Was raised over the Champ-de-Mars in Paris on July 17, 1791, by Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette , commander of the National Guard, as a symbol of martial law, warning rioters to disperse. As many as fifty anti-royalist protesters were killed in the fighting that followed. Inverting the original symbolism, the Jacobins protested this action by flying a red flag to honour the "martyrs' blood" of those who had been killed. They created their own red flags to declare "the martial law of

1978-423: Was replaced by a red rose , itself a variant of the fist and rose , then in wide use by left of center parties in Europe. The more floral red rose design has subsequently been adopted by a number of other socialist and social-democratic parties throughout Europe. Members of the party also sing the traditional anthem " The Red Flag " at the conclusion of the annual party conference. In February 2006, "The Red Flag"

2024-401: Was reportedly disestablished on 30 June 1938. Red Banner In politics , a red flag is predominantly a symbol of left-wing ideologies, including socialism , communism , anarchism , and the labour movement . The originally empty or plain red flag has been associated with left-wing politics since the French Revolution (1789–1799). The red flag and red as a political colour are

2070-491: Was sung in Parliament to mark the centenary of the Labour Party's founding. The flag was regularly flown above Sheffield Town Hall on May Day under David Blunkett 's Labour administration of Sheffield City Council during the 1980s. Various socialist newspapers have used the name The Red Flag. In the Soviet Union , the Red Banner ( Russian : Красное знамя ) was a widely used revolutionary symbol. Military units, institutions, and organizations that were awarded with

2116-414: Was waved as a banner of workers' power. The red flags of Merthyr became a potent relic following the execution of early trade unionist Dic Penderyn (Richard Lewis) in August 1831, despite a public campaign to pardon him. During the Battle of the Alamo in March 1836, General Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico signified no quarter by displaying a plain blood-red flag ( approx. 10 feet square) from

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