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83-692: The Parthenopean Republic is named after Parthenope , an ancient Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples . On the outbreak of the French Revolution King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Queen Maria Carolina did not at first actively oppose reform; but after the fall of the French monarchy they became violently opposed to it, and in 1793, joined the first coalition against France, instituting severe persecutions against all who were remotely suspected of French sympathies. Republicanism , however, gained ground, especially among

166-475: A republic under French auspices to avoid anarchy . On 12 January 1799, Pignatelli signed in Sparanise the surrender to the French general Jean Étienne Championnet . Pignatelli also fled to Palermo on 16 January 1799. When the news of the surrender to the French reached Naples and the provinces, the lazzaroni rebelled. Though ill-armed and ill-disciplined, they resisted the enemy with desperate courage. In

249-467: A "second Cumae", similar to the city from which they came; for example, the continuation of cults such as that of Demeter and the faithful resumption of the organisation in phrenias confirm this. This chronology is confirmed by archaeological finds. The original center of Parthenope on the Pizzofalcone hill was simply called Palaipolis (Latin: Palaepolis ), the "old city", and survived as

332-879: A desperate battle at the Ponte della Maddalena , entered the city. For weeks the Calabresi and lazzaroni continued to pillage and massacre, and Ruffo was unable, even if willing, to restrain them. However, the Royalists were not masters of the city, for the French in Castel Sant'Elmo and the Republicans in Castel Nuovo and Castel dell'Ovo still held out and bombarded the streets, while the Franco-Spanish fleet might arrive at any moment. Consequently, Ruffo

415-427: A maritime power began to diminish to the advantage of its nearby competitor Puteoli . The promotion of Neapolis to a Roman municipium meant the loss of part of its autonomy, although the administration of Greek tradition still remained in force. Neapolis sided with Marius in the civil war of 82 BC, and was consequently devastated by the armies of his opponent Sulla . The war deprived Neapolis of its fleet and of

498-505: A population of 30,000 and was sustained by its holdings in the interior; commerce was mainly delegated to foreigners, mainly from Pisa and Genoa . Apart from the church of San Giovanni a Mare , Norman buildings in Naples were mainly lay ones, notably castles ( Castel Capuano and Castel dell'Ovo ), walls and fortified gates. After a period of Norman rule, in 1189 the Kingdom of Sicily

581-509: A process which eventually led to the end of the independence of Naples. Last of the rulers of such independent southern Italian states, Sergius VII was forced to surrender to Roger II of Sicily in 1137; Roger had had himself proclaimed king of Sicily seven years earlier. Under the new rulers, the city was administered by a compalazzo (palatine count), with little independence left to the Neapolitan patriciate. In this period Naples had

664-454: A second peripheral pole of Neapolis. The new city complex was designed on a rectangular grid of streets. It was built on a plateau sloping from north to south which allowed space for a new city. Swamps made routes to the hinterland difficult and prevented its possession of extensive agricultural lands ( ager ) that most of Campania benefitted from, and made Neapolis focus on the sea and trade for its livelihood. The city eventually became one of

747-467: A vast villa estate here covering large parts of what would become the later city. The famous district of Posillipo takes its name from the ruins of Villa Pausílypon , meaning, in Greek, "a pause, or respite, from worry". Romans connected the city to the rest of Italy with their famous roads, excavated galleries to link Naples to Pozzuoli, enlarged the port, and added public baths and aqueducts to improve

830-700: A volcanic eruption of Mount Epomeo ). The immediate occupation of Ischia by Neapolis indicates the tensions between the city and the Syracusans. The Athenians soon created a network of commercial relations in the Tyrrhenian sea. Their interest in Campania, but also in Sicily and the Adriatic, was due to the need for foodstuffs especially cereals to satisfy the needs of an increasing population. The results of

913-459: Is based on a tradition going back to the end of the 17th century. In the procession , the young males of the island, dressed in the traditional dress of the "Confraternity of the Turchini", carry allegorical wagons (called "mysteries") of religious character for a fixed distance, from the village of Torre Murata to the port of Marina Grande. The "mysteries", often highly artistic, are prepared by

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996-658: Is docking in the port. In 2013, Fabrizio Borgogna launched the Procida Film Festival, an international contest for young movie directors, writers and lovers. There are many religious traditions on the island tied to the period of Holy Week before Good Friday . The most evocative of these are the Procession of the Apostles of Holy Thursday and the Procession of the Mysteries of Good Friday. The last one

1079-531: Is long and varied, dating to Greek settlements established in the Naples area in the 2nd millennium BC . During the end of the Greek Dark Ages a larger mainland colony – initially known as Parthenope – developed on the Pizzofalcone hill in the 8th century BC, and was refounded as Neapolis in the 6th century BC: it held an important role in Magna Graecia . The Greek culture of Naples

1162-806: Is mentioned by the Roman satirist, Juvenal , in Sat. 3, 5, as a barren place. Later, during Roman rule , Procida became a renowned resort for the patrician class of Rome. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine reconquest in the Gothic Wars , Procida remained under the jurisdiction of the Duke of Naples . The continual devastation first by the Vandals and Goths , and later by

1245-576: The strategos of Sicily . At that time the Duchy of Naples controlled an area corresponding roughly to the present day Province of Naples , encompassing the area of Vesuvius , the Campi Flegrei , the Sorrentine peninsula, Giugliano , Aversa , Afragola , Nola and the islands of Ischia and Procida . Capri was later part of the duchy of Amalfi In 661 Naples, with the permission of

1328-540: The Austrian general Karl Mack . On 29 November, this army entered Rome, which had been evacuated by the French, wishing to restore Papal authority. However, after a sudden French counter-attack, his troops were forced to retreat and were eventually routed. A contemporary satirist said of the King's conquest of Rome: "He came, he saw, he fled". The King hurried back to Naples. Although the lazzaroni (the lowest class of

1411-629: The Bay of Naples on a Neapolitan frigate, the Sirena . At four o'clock that afternoon, he went aboard the British Foudroyant , which was to be his headquarters for the next four weeks. Of some 8,000 political prisoners, 99 were executed, including Prince Gennaro Serra , who was publicly beheaded, the intellectual Mario Pagano , who had written the republican constitution; the scientist, Domenico Cirillo ; Luisa Sanfelice ; Gabriele Manthoné ,

1494-688: The Cathedral of Naples . After the Sicilian Vespers (1284), the kingdom was split in two parts, with an Aragonese king ruling the island of Sicily and the Angevin king ruling the mainland portion; while both kingdoms officially called themselves the Kingdom of Sicily, the mainland portion was commonly referred to as the Kingdom of Naples . The Hungarian Angevin king Louis the Great captured

1577-656: The Eastern Roman Empire Duchy of Naples 840–1137 Kingdom of Sicily 1137–1194 Kingdom of Sicily 1194–1254 ∟ personal union with the Holy Roman Empire [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Sicily 1254–1282 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1282–1442 [REDACTED]   Crown of Aragon 1442–1458 ∟ [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1458–1501 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1501–1504 ∟ personal union with

1660-637: The First French Republic [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1799–1806 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Naples 1806–1815 ∟ client state of the First French Empire [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1815–1816 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1816–1861 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946 [REDACTED]   Italian Republic 1946–present The history of Naples

1743-522: The Kingdom of France [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1504–1647 ∟ Spanish viceroyalty [REDACTED] Most Serene Republic of this Kingdom of Naples 1647–1648 ∟ protectorate of the Kingdom of France [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1648–1714 ∟ Spanish viceroyalty [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1714–1734 ∟ ruled by Austrian monarchy [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Naples 1734–1799 [REDACTED] Parthenopean Republic 1799 ∟ client state of

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1826-534: The Norman conquest of Southern Italy , Procida experienced feudal dominion; the island, with a mainland annexe (the future Mount of Procida), came under the control of the Da Procida family which continued to hold the island for more than two centuries. The most famous member of the family was John III of Procida , counsellor to Emperor Frederick II and leader of the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers . In 1339,

1909-531: The Peloponnesian War ended in disaster and together with the plague, which substantially undermined the economy of Attica , relations between Neapolis and Athens underwent an attenuation. At the end of the 5th century BC the political and social equilibrium of Neapolis was severely threatened by the Samnites , an Oscan -speaking tribe expanding towards the more fertile plains. In 423 BC Capua ,

1992-702: The Phlegraean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy . The island is between Cape Miseno and the island of Ischia . With its tiny satellite island of Vivara , it is a comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Naples , in the region of Campania . The island derives its name from the Latin name Prochyta . Προχύτη/Prochýtē means 'poured out' in Ancient Greek . According to another theory, Prochyta comes from

2075-769: The Renaissance and the Enlightenment was a major centre of culture. It was also a capital of the Baroque , beginning with the artist Caravaggio 's career in the 17th century, and the artistic revolution he inspired. During the Neapolitan War , the city rebelled against the Bourbon monarchs, spurring the early push towards Italian unification . Today, Naples is part of the Italian Republic ,

2158-592: The Saracens in order to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento . Later, Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas led its Muslim conquest of Naples and managed to sack it and take huge amount of its wealth. After Neapolitan dukes rose to prominence under the Duke-Bishop Athanasius and his successors (among these, Gregory IV and John II participated at the Battle of

2241-410: The Saracens , pushed the population to resettle in a fortified village typical of medieval times. The population was sheltered by a cape, naturally defended by walls that peaked on the sea that were later fortified, thus acquiring the name of Terra Murata ("walled land"). Testimonies from this period are from those who staffed the watchtowers on the sea, which became the symbol of the island. With

2324-567: The aristocracy . In 1796, peace with France was concluded, but in 1798, during Napoleon's absence in Egypt and after Nelson's victory at the Battle of the Nile , Maria Carolina induced Ferdinand to go to war with France once more. Nelson himself arrived at Naples in September 1798, where he was enthusiastically received. The Neapolitan army had 70,000 men hastily summoned under the command of

2407-532: The fiefdom , together with the Island of Ischia, was handed over to the Cossa family, of French origin, loyal followers of the Angevin dynasty then reigning in Naples. Baldassare Cossa was elected Antipope in 1410 with the name of John XXIII . In this period a deep economic transformation of the island began, as agriculture was slowly abandoned in favour of fishing. During the rule of Charles V , Emperor of Spain,

2490-485: The Ancient Greek verb prokeitai , meaning 'it lies forth', because of the appearance of the island seen from the sea. Procida is located between Capo Miseno and the island of Ischia . It is less than 4.1 square kilometres (1.6 sq mi). Its coastlines, very jagged, are 16 km (9.9 mi). The Terra Murata hill is the highest point on the island (91 metres (299 ft)). Geologically , Procida

2573-659: The Attic presence in the city were numerous: the great development in the port area and even closer ties with centres located in flat areas suitable for the cultivation of wheat (Alifae, Capua, Nola, Cumae, Dicearchia). One obstacle stood between Athens and the thriving Campanian market: the Syracusan attempts to dominate the Tyrrhenian Sea even after the end of tyrants. In 413 BC the Athenian expedition against Syracuse in

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2656-477: The Garigliano in 915), Naples declined in importance in the 10th century until it was captured by its traditional rival, Pandulf IV of Capua . In 1027, duke Sergius IV donated the county of Aversa to a band of Norman mercenaries led by Rainulf Drengot , whose support he had needed in the war with the principality of Capua . In that period he could not imagine the consequences, but this settlement began

2739-494: The Greek citizens led surrender to the Romans. However, Rome left the city with wide autonomy and allowed its customs, its language and its traditions of Greek origin to survive, preferring rather to make a sort of solidarity pact and thus creating what was called foedus Neapolitanum with particular attention to its already strong and important maritime role. In 280 BC, after the battle of Eraclea, when Pyrrhus realised that there

2822-824: The Oscan elites to the main public offices of the city. However, due to this behaviour, Neapolis profoundly damaged its relations with Cumae. In the second half of the 4th century, during the First Samnite War, Neapolis made an alliance with the Samnites against Rome, which had already taken Capua. In 327 the Second Samnite War resulted from tensions which arose from Roman actions in Campania and partly from actions by Neapolis. Although Livy 's history may be biased, he said that Neapolis attacked Romans who lived in Campania and, after Rome's request for redress

2905-475: The Pizzofalcone promontory allowing control of sea traffic in the area. Little archaeology for Parthenope has come to light, but a necropolis of the 7th century BC was discovered in via Nicotera. A ceramics waste dump dated to the Archaic Age was discovered in via Chiatamone where it had slid from the hill of Pizzofalcone. A tuff wall of the 6th c. BC was found in via S. Giacomo, near the town hall, which

2988-459: The Tyrrhenian Sea and even Baiae was a strong competitor for tourism and thermal bathing. Under Augustus the city began to recover and the city became a flourishing centre of Hellenistic culture that attracted Romans who wished to perfect their knowledge of Greek culture . The Neapolitan Isolympic Games ( Italika Romaia Sebasta Isolympia ), or Sebasta' were initiated by Augustus in 2 AD as an equivalent to those at Olympia and became one of

3071-404: The armistice; while Captains Bell and Troubridge wrote that they had Nelson's authority to state that the latter would not oppose the embarcation of the Republicans. Although these expressions were equivocal, the Republicans were satisfied and embarked on the vessels prepared for them. However, on 28 June, Nelson received despatches from the court (in reply to his own), in consequence of which he had

3154-649: The city by entering through its aqueduct. With the changing tide of the war in the 540s, it was starved into surrender by the Ostrogoth Totila , who then treated it leniently. During Narses 's expedition during the 550s, it was captured by the Empire once again. When the Lombards invaded and conquered much of Italy in the following years, Naples remained loyal to the Eastern Roman Empire. At

3237-600: The city in February 1443. The new dynasty enhanced commerce by connecting Naples to the Iberian peninsula and made Naples a centre of the Italian Renaissance : artists who worked in Naples in this period include Francesco Laurana , Antonello da Messina , Jacopo Sannazzaro and Angelo Poliziano . The court also granted land holdings in the provinces to the nobility; this, however, had the effect of fragmenting

3320-415: The city several times. The kingdom had been divided in two, but Naples grew in importance: Pisan and Genoese merchants were joined by Tuscan bankers, and with them came outstanding artists such as Boccaccio , Petrarca , and Giotto . See also Kingdom of Naples In 1442 Alfonso V of Aragon conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king, Rene , and made his triumphal entry into

3403-650: The city's patron gods , the Dioscuri . Neapolis was soon able to replace Cumae in maritime trade and to take control of the stretch of sea from the Cumaean gulf to the Neapolitan gulf. Its commercial success was made possible thanks to the decline of the tyranny of the Deinomenids in Syracuse (466 BC) and the abandonment of Pithecusae ( Ischia ) by the Syracusan garrison, due to a violent earthquake (or more likely

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3486-444: The defeat of Frederick's son, Manfred , in 1266 Naples and the kingdom of Sicily were assigned by Pope Clement IV to Charles of Anjou , who moved the capital from Palermo to Naples. He settled in his new residence in the Castel Nuovo , around which a new district grew up, marked by palaces and residences of the nobility. During Charles' reign new Gothic churches were also built, including Santa Chiara , San Lorenzo Maggiore and

3569-544: The emperor Constans II , was ruled by a local duke, Basilius , whose allegiance to the emperor soon became merely nominal. In 763 the duke Stephen II switched his allegiance from Constantinople to the Pope . In 840 Duke Sergius I made the succession to the duchy hereditary, and thenceforth Naples was de facto totally independent. At this time the city was mainly a military centre, ruled by an aristocracy of warriors and landowners, even though it had been forced to surrender to

3652-570: The empress imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples before her release in May 1192. In 1194 Henry started his second campaign upon the death of Tancred, but this time Aligerno surrendered without resistance, and finally Henry conquered Sicily, putting it under the rule of Hohenstaufens. Frederick II Hohenstaufen founded the university in 1224, considering Naples as his intellectual capital while Palermo retained its political role. The university remained unique in southern Italy for seven centuries. After

3735-469: The foremost cities of Magna Graecia and long retained its Greek culture even after defeat by the Romans. Neapolis had an acropolis (area of Sant'Aniello in Caponapoli), agora (area of Piazza San Gaetano ) and necropolis (various examples remain, the most famous of which is the necropolis of Castel Capuano). It also eventually had strong walls (5th century), an odeon , a theatre and the temple of

3818-402: The geographical position of the future city of Parthenope. The city of Parthenope was founded by Cumae , the earliest Greek city on mainland Italy, at the end of the 8th century BC. Parthenope was named after the siren in Greek mythology, said to have washed ashore at Megaride, having thrown herself into the sea after she failed to bewitch Ulysses with her song. The settlement was built on

3901-422: The great Etruscan stronghold-granary, was conquered by the Samnites and the original Oscan-speaking citizens were given more freedom. In 421 BC Cumae also had to capitulate after a heavy and bloody siege. Many of its fleeing inhabitants found refuge within the walls of Neapolis who thus paid their debt of gratitude to the founders. Neapolis managed to safeguard its own safety and political sovereignty by admitting

3984-565: The island of Procida , but after a few engagements with the Republican fleet commanded by Francesco Caracciolo , an ex-officer in the Bourbon navy , it was recalled to Palermo, as the Franco–Spanish fleet was expected. Ruffo, supported by Russian and Turkish ships under the command of Admiral Ushakov , now marched on the capital, whence the French, except for a small force under Méjean , withdrew. The scattered Republican detachments were defeated, only Naples and Pescara holding out. On 13 June 1799. Ruffo and his troops reached Naples, and after

4067-405: The island of Ischia, and compromised its trade to the advantage of Puteoli. However, the city continued to function as a regional port, as evidenced by the abundant archaeological finds in Piazza del Municipio. Then in 50 BC the city supported Pompey in the Civil war with Julius Caesar . Having again chosen the losing side the city declined economically. Misenum became the major naval base on

4150-439: The island was granted to the D'Avalos family. Pirate raids continued during this period. Particularly notable was one in 1534, led by the infamous Turk admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa . In 1744, King Charles III of Spain made Procida a royal game reserve . In this period the Procidan fleet reached its zenith, backed by a period of flourishing shipbuilding. The population rose to approximately 16,000. In 1799, Procida took part in

4233-440: The kingdom. After the brief conquest by Charles VIII of France in 1495, the two kingdoms were united under Aragonese rule in 1501. In 1502 Castilian general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba entered in the city. Although Fernández de Córdoba was Castilian, he conquered under the command of Ferdinand II of Aragon . Ferdinand and his wife Isabella I of Castile ruled their kingdoms jointly in personal union during their marriage. But

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4316-497: The leadership of Richard, Count of Acerra , Nicholas of Ajello , Aligerno Cottone and Margaritus of Brindisi before the Germans suffered from disease and were forced to retreat. Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia and Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne died of disease during the siege. In light of this Tancred achieved another unexpected achievement that his contender Constance, now empress, was captured at Salerno while those cities surrendered to Germans resubmitted to Tancred. Tancred had

4399-479: The marine industry, although the tourist industry has also grown. Several writers have set their novels in Procida. These include Graziella written by Alphonse de Lamartine , who came to Procida from Bourgogne at the beginning of the 19th century while in the French army; and Arthur's Island (1957) by Elsa Morante . Procida has been chosen as a film set for numerous films (more than 30 films) including The Postman and The Talented Mr. Ripley . Procida

4482-438: The meantime, the Jacobin and Republican parties of Naples surged, and civil war broke out. On 20 January 1799, the Republicans under General Championnet conquered the fortress of Castel Sant'Elmo , and the French entered the city the next day. The casualties were 8,000 Neapolitans and 1,000 French. On 21 or 23 January 1799, the Parthenopean Republic was proclaimed. The name referred to an ancient Greek colony Parthenope on

4565-473: The minister of war under the republic; Massa, the defender of Castel dell'Ovo; Ettore Carafa , the defender of Pescara , who had been captured by treachery; and Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel , court-poet turned revolutionary and editor of il Monitore Napoletano , the newspaper of the republican government. More than 500 other people were imprisoned (222 for life), 288 were deported and 67 exiled . The subsequent censorship and oppression of all political movement

4648-429: The most important games events in the west. As Italian archaeologist Amedeo Maiuri said: The games were held every 5 years and attracted contestants from all over the empire. Augustus attended in 14 AD. The pleasant climate made it a renowned resort, as recounted by Virgil and manifested in the numerous luxurious villas that lined the coast from the Gulf of Pozzuoli to the Sorrentine peninsula. Lucullus built

4731-406: The neighbouring Lombards much of its inland territory. Naples was not a merchant city as were other Campanian sea cities such as Amalfi and Gaeta , but had a respectable fleet that took part in the Battle of Ostia against the Saracens in 849. In any event, Naples did not hesitate to ally itself with infidels if it proved advantageous to do so: in 836, for example, Naples asked for support from

4814-466: The newly formed Kingdom of Italy . The 20th century saw a crisis in Procidan shipbuilding due to competition with industrial conglomerates . In 1907 Procida lost its mainland territory, which became independent and is commonly called the Mount of Procida ( Monte di Procida ). In 1957, the first underwater aqueduct in Europe was built in Procida. In the last few decades, the population has slowly begun to grow. The economy remains in great part tied to

4897-399: The northern part of the city. The first palæo-Christian basilicas were built next to the entrances to the catacombs. The greatly popular patron of the city, San Gennaro (St. Januarius), was decapitated in nearby Pozzuoli in 305, and, since the 5th century, he has been commemorated by the basilica of San Gennaro extra Moenia . The Cathedral of Naples is also dedicated to St. Gennaro. It

4980-402: The partnership of the Catholic Monarchs ceased with Isabella's death in 1504, and Ferdinand expelled the Castilians from leadership in Aragonese possessions in Italy, including Naples. The conquest began nearly two centuries of rule of the almost omnipotent viceré (" viceroys ") in Naples. Procida Procida ( Italian: [ˈprɔːtʃida] ; Neapolitan : Proceta ) is one of

5063-472: The people) were devoted to the Bourbon dynasty and ready to defend it, he embarked on Nelson's Vanguard and fled with his court to Palermo in a panic. Prince Francesco Pignatelli Strongoli took over the city and the fleet was burned. The wildest confusion prevailed, and the lazzaroni massacred numbers of persons suspected of republican sympathies, while the nobility and the educated classes, finding themselves abandoned by their King, began to contemplate

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5146-410: The quality of life in Naples. The city was also celebrated for its many feasts and spectacles. Further set-backs occurred with the earthquakes of 62 and 64 AD and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. According to legend, the saints Peter and Paul came to the city to preach. Christians had a prominent role in the late years of the Roman Empire , and there are several notable catacombs , especially in

5229-412: The revolts that led to the proclamation of the Neapolitan Republic . With the return of the Bourbon dynasty a few months later 12 Procidans were beheaded. The Napoleonic Wars brought several episodes of devastation due to the island's strategic position in the naval engagements between the French and the English . In 1860, after the fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , the island became part of

5312-427: The same area. The Gaudo culture can be observed in the Eneolithic tombs of Materdei. Discoveries of ceramics in the vicinity of Pizzofalcone hill, adjacent to the Port of Naples and dating from the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age , suggest the presence of a site engaged in coastal activities, likely of a productive nature. In the second millennium BC, a first Mycenaean settlement arose not far from

5395-484: The site of the future city of Naples. The Republic had no real domestic constituency and existed solely due to the power of the French Army. The Republic's leaders were men of culture, high character and birth, such as Gennaro Serra , Prince of Cassano Irpino but they were doctrinaire and impractical, and they knew very little of the lower classes of their own country. The new government soon found itself in financial difficulties, owing to Championnet's demands for money (he

5478-489: The summer, a literary award dedicated to Elsa Morante and her novel, Arthur's Island , is presented. Procida has been chosen from among several Italian candidate cities to be the Italian Capital of Culture 2022 . On 18 January 2020, the Italian Minister for Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism, Dario Franceschini announced the reasons that led to this choice: the cultural project has well-structured local and regional public and private support, giving importance to

5561-448: The third largest municipality (central area) by population after Rome and Milan , and has the second or third largest metropolitan area of Italy . The earliest traces of human habitation date back to the Middle Neolithic period, as evidenced by traces of the Serra d'Alto culture found near the Santa Maria degli Angeli a Pizzofalcone basilica . Traces dating back to the Chalcolithic and Early/Middle Bronze Age were also found in

5644-413: The time of the Lombard invasion, Naples had a population of about 30,000-35,000. In 615, under Giovanni Consino, Naples rebelled for the first time against the Exarch of Ravenna , the emperor's plenipotentiary in Italy . In reply, the first form of duchy was created in 638 by the Exarch Isaac or Eleutherius (exarchic chronology is uncertain), but this official came from abroad and had to answer to

5727-406: The treaty was signed, not only by himself but by the Russian and Turkish commandants and by the British captain Edward Foote , it must be respected, and on Nelson's refusal, he said that he would not help him to capture the castles. On 26 June 1799, Nelson changed his attitude and authorised Sir William Hamilton , the British minister, to inform the cardinal that he (Nelson) would do nothing to break

5810-424: The vessels brought under the guns of his ships, and many of the Republicans were arrested. Caracciolo, who had been caught whilst attempting to escape from Naples, was tried by a court-martial of Royalist officers under Nelson's auspices on board the admiral's flagship, condemned to death and hanged at the yard arm. The last jacobin stronghold, Pescara , surrendered on June 30. On 10 July 1799, King Ferdinand entered

5893-402: The young people and generally, nobody except them would have, at least in theory, seen them before the procession. After the procession, they are taken apart or destroyed. Every summer, there is an election of the Graziella ("Little Graceful"), a young woman that wears the customary clothes of the island, referring to the history told in Alphonse de Lamartine 's novel, Graziella . Also during

5976-552: Was a part of the port and may have had both boundary and defensive purposes. When the colony began to be more frequented due to the abundance and amenity of the places, the Cumaens, worried that their city would be abandoned, decided to «destroy» it. Neapolis (New City) was founded by the Cumaen aristocracy expelled by the tyrant Aristodemus after the victory of Aricia in 507 BC. The oligarchs decided to establish Neapolis as

6059-602: Was also the site of filming for scenes in Cleopatra , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . Specifically, the harbour of Procida was shown in scenes related to Cleopatra's barge, which was intended to represent the harbour of the ancient city of Tarsus in Asia Minor. In anachronistic Hollywood fashion, the baroque dome of the church in Procida can be seen in the background as the golden Egyptian barge of Cleopatra

6142-513: Was created by the eruption of four volcanoes , now dormant and submerged. Some Mycenaean Greek objects from the 16th to 15th centuries BC have been found on Procida. Traces have also been found on Vivara , an islet off the southwest coast of Procida. The first historically attested Greek settlers arrived from the Aegean to this island during the 8th century BC, followed by other Greeks of Magna Graecia coming from nearby Cuma . The island

6225-489: Was desperately anxious to come to terms with the Republicans for the evacuation of the castles, in spite of the Queen's orders to make no terms with the rebels. After some negotiation, the parties concluded an armistice and agreed on capitulation ( onorevole capitolazione ), whereby the castles were to be evacuated, the hostages liberated and the garrisons free to remain in Naples unmolested or to sail for Toulon . The capitulation

6308-890: Was far more debilitating for Naples. After news of these events arrived in Britain, Charles James Fox made a speech in the House of Commons on 3 February 1800 criticising what he alleged to be British acquiescence to Ferdinand's repression of Neapolitan republicans. Parthenope (Naples) Parthenope 8th century–507 BCE Neapolis 507–326 BCE Neapolis 326–89 BCE ∟ ally of Roman Republic Roman Republic 199–89 BCE ∟ municipium of Neapolis Roman Republic 89–27 BCE Roman Empire 27 BCE–395 CE Western Roman Empire 395–476 Kingdom of Italy 476–493 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–535 Eastern Roman Empire 535–661 Eastern Roman Empire 661–763 ∟ Duchy of Naples 661–763 Duchy of Naples 763–840 ∟ client state of

6391-739: Was important to later Roman society. When the city became part of the Roman Republic in the central province of the Empire , it was a major cultural centre. It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples (661–1139), of the Kingdom of Sicily , of the Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. The city has seen the rise and fall of several civilisations and cultures, each of which has left traces in its art and architecture, and during

6474-796: Was in Naples, in Lucullus's villa in what is now the Castel dell'Ovo , that Romulus Augustulus , the last nominal western emperor, was exiled after being deposed in 476. Naples suffered much during the Gothic War (535–552) between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines . In 536, it was garrisoned by Goths and decided to resist the Byzantine commander Belisarius 's invasion. However, in the resulting Siege of Naples (536) , his troops captured

6557-517: Was in a succession dispute between Tancred, King of Sicily of an illegitimate birth and the Hohenstaufens , a German royal house , as its Prince Henry had married Princess Constance the last legitimate heir to the Sicilian throne. In 1191 Henry invaded Sicily after being crowned as Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and many cities surrendered, but Naples resisted him from May to August under

6640-566: Was later relieved for graft ); it failed to organise an army (and was therefore dependent on French protection) and met with little success in its attempts to "democratise" the provinces. Meanwhile, the court at Palermo sent Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo , a wealthy and influential prelate, to Calabria to organize a counter-revolution. He succeeded beyond expectation with his "Christian army of the Holy Faith" ( Esercito Cristiano della Santa Fede ). A British squadron approached Naples and occupied

6723-597: Was no possibility of an agreement with the Romans, he counter-attacked, advancing his army towards the north. He diverted to Neapolis with the intent of capturing it or inducing it to rebel against Rome. The failed attempt wasted time to the advantage of the Romans; when he reached Capua, he found it already garrisoned. In 211 BC, during the Second Punic War , Capua was severely punished by the Romans due to its alliance with Hannibal , and its domination of Campania waned in favour of Neapolis. From 199 BC its role as

6806-479: Was rebuffed, it declared war and the two consular armies headed for Campania. In 326, after having devastated the Ager Campanus , the Roman army led by the consul Publilius Philo marched on the city and besieged it. In the meantime, about four thousand Samnites and Nolan soldiers had arrived to defend Neapolis. The Romans set up camp between the old and new cities and after a year long siege, betrayal by

6889-446: Was signed by Ruffo, and British, Russian and Turkish officers, as well as, for the Republicans, the French commander. While the vessels were being prepared for the voyage to Toulon all the hostages in the castles were liberated save four; but on 24 June 1799, Nelson arrived with his fleet, and on hearing of the capitulation he refused to recognise it except insofar as it concerned the French. Cardinal Ruffo indignantly declared that once

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