States
39-562: States People Centers Other The Sulaymani branch of Tayyibi Isma'ilism is an Islamic community, of which around 70,000 members reside in Yemen , while a few thousand Sulaymani Bohras can be found in India. The Sulaymanis are sometimes headed by a Da'i al-Mutlaq from the Makrami family. It is not correct that this branch is headed by one from the Makrami family always as
78-539: A Christian and Aksumite stronghold. After accepting the city's capitulation, he massacred those inhabitants who would not renounce Christianity. Estimates of the death toll from this event range up to 20,000 in some sources. A surviving letter (where he is called Dimnon ) written by Simeon , the bishop of Beth Arsham in 524 AD, recounts Dhū Nuwās's persecution in Najrān (modern al-Ukhdūd in Saudi Arabia ). The massacre
117-525: A century earlier. According to the Arab Muslim historian Ibn Isḥāq , Najrān was the first place where Christianity took root in South Arabia. According to contemporary sources, after seizing the throne of the Ḥimyarites in ca. 518 or 523, Dhū Nuwās , a Jewish king, attacked the mainly Christian Aksumite garrison at Zafar , capturing it and burning its churches. He then moved against Najrān,
156-484: A large demonstration took place outside the Holiday Inn, where Governor Mishʻal resided. After the governor refused for hours to meet the petitioners, an exchange of fire between security forces and armed demonstrators left two Ismāʻīlīs dead and, according to some government accounts, killed one policeman as well. Believing their religious identity to be under attack, Ismāʻili men erected defences around Khushaywah ,
195-544: A religious and ethnic minority with historic roots in Najrān Province of southwestern Saudi Arabia, face increasing threats to their identity as a result of official discrimination. Official discrimination in Saudi Arabia against Ismāʻīlīs encompasses government employment, religious practices, and the justice system. Government officials exclude Ismāʻīlīs from decision making and publicly disparage their faith. With
234-594: Is a reformist sect within Mustaali Ismai'li Shi'a Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic and social issues. At present, the largest Tayyibi faction/sub-sect is the Dawoodi Bohra , whose current leader is Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin . Taher Fakhruddin is also a claimant to the title of Dai al Mutlaq since 2016, although it
273-536: Is also recounted in a celebratory manner in an inscription ( Ja 1028 ) commissioned by one of the army commanders of Dhu Nuwas. According to the Siyar of ash-Shaybani , the Christians of Najrān made an agreement to pay Muhammad an annual tribute of 2,000 pieces of clothing, in return for which they were promised protection. The agreement was renewed under the caliphs Abū Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. In 641, however,
312-414: Is famous for its archeological significance. Old Najrān was surrounded by a circular wall, 220 by 230 meters, built of square stone with defensive balconies. It contained several unique buildings. There is also a cemetery south of the external wall. Excavations of this site have uncovered glass, metals, pottery, and bronze artifacts. Square and rectangular buildings have also been found. At Al-Ukhdūd which
351-490: Is south of Najrān city, carvings from those days and human bones can be seen. A museum displays, among other items, a bronze lion head. Najrān's landmarks include the "Rass" stone, a 2-meter-high granite stone. Najran has three different geographic landscapes: oases, mountains, and the desert (on its eastern side). Najran has a hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh ), typical of the Arabian Peninsula. Rainfall
390-721: Is the only surviving sect of the Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism , the other being the extinct Hafizi branch. Followers of Tayyibi Isma'ilism are found in various Bohra communities: Dawoodi , Sulaymani , and Alavi . The Tayyibi originally split from the Fatimid Caliphate -supporting Hafizi branch by supporting the right of at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim to the Imamate . Upon the death of the twentieth Imam, al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (d. AH 526 (1131/1132)), his two-year-old child at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (b. AH 524 (1129/1130))
429-473: Is very sporadic, and consists of light individual rainfall. Despite its location in far southern Saudi Arabia, Najran's average temperature is approximately 3.3 °C or 5.9 °F cooler than that of the Saudi capital Riyadh , due to it being 700 metres or 2,300 feet higher in altitude. Najran is home to Najran University and Najran College of Technology. There are many sports centers and complexes within
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#1732783927120468-559: Is widely accepted that Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin is the leader of the Dawoodi Bohras, in all aspects and administration. Najran Najran ( Arabic : نجران Najrān ), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia . It is the capital of Najran Province . Designated as a new town , Najran is one of the fastest-growing cities in the kingdom. Its population grew from 47,500 in 1974 to 90,983 in 1992, 246,880 in 2004, and 381,431 in 2021. The city's population mostly originates from
507-595: The incense trade route . The history of Najrān can be traced back to 4,000 years ago. It was once occupied by the Romans ; in fact, it was the first Saudi city to fall to the Romans on their way to the kingdom of Saudi' . Najrān's most prosperous trading time was during the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. In ancient times it was known as Al-Ukhdūd . Similar to other ancient place names in Arabia, Najrān may have originally been
546-622: The Ḥijāz towards Egypt and the Levant , and those leading to the northeast towards Gerrha near the Persian Gulf . The Roman prefect of Egypt Aelius Gallus led a costly, arduous, and ultimately unsuccessful expedition to conquer Arabia Felix , and won a battle near Najrān in 25 BC. He occupied the city and used it as a base from which to attack the Sabaean capital at Ma'rib . This is according to Strabo , who called it 'Negrana'. When
585-562: The Ḥimyarites conquered the Sabeans in AD 280, they probably also took control of Najrān. Sometime during the 3rd century, the people of Najrān sided with the Abyssinians, who sent a governor named Sqlmqlm in inscriptions. The Ḥimyar King Ilsharah Yahdib crushed this rebellion. The north Arabian Lakhmid king Imru’ al-Qays ibn 'Amqu attacked Najrān in AD 328. Under the influence of Axum ,
624-549: The 13th century. Najrān had a Jewish community dating back to pre-Islamic times, historically affiliated with the Banu al-Harith , who were Yemenite Jews that had conquered the city and ruled until the Christian invasion of Yemen. With the Saudi conquest of Najrān in 1934, persecution increased, and some 200 Jews of Najrān fled south to Aden between September and October 1949. The Saudi king ibn Saud demanded their return, but
663-399: The Christians in Najrān thrived and started an alliance with Aksum again at the beginning of the 6th century. The town of Najrān was already an important centre of arms manufacture during the lifetime of Muhammad . However, it was more famous for leather rather than iron . Christianity was likely introduced into Najrān, as in the rest of South Arabia, in the 5th century AD or perhaps
702-476: The Christians of Najrān were accused of usury and ordered to leave the city. Under the reign of the Caliph ‘Umar , the Christian community of Najrān was deported to Mesopotamia, where they settled near Kufa in a place they called Najānīya. In the following period, Najrān lost its importance. According to the report of Ibn al-Mujavir, however, Jews and Christians still made up two thirds of the population of Najran in
741-645: The D'ai al Mutlaq could be from other families and communities. Examples: the first Da'i was Dhuayb Bin Mousa (Hamdan), Dawud Bin Ajab Shah (Indian), Sulayman Bin Al Hassan (Indian) and some of his brothers and sons were Indians. It is, however, true for the very recent Da'is have came from the Makrami family, with exception of the late Da'i Abdullah bin Mohammad, who was not from the Makrami family. Founded in 1592,
780-796: The Haraz mountains. In India they live mainly in Baroda, Ahmadabad, and Hyderabad and are guided by a representative (mansub) of the Da'i al-Mutlaq residing in Baroda. The following is a list of religious leaders ( da'i al-mutlaq ) of the Sulaymani Isma'ilis. For the 26 predecessors, see List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra . See Sulayman bin Hassan for more information. Tayyibi Isma%27ilism People Centers Other Tayyibi Isma'ilism ( Arabic : الطيبية , romanized : al-Ṭayyibiyya )
819-742: The Sulaymani as Jazeera-e Sind ; these Sulaymani communities have been in the Jazeera-e Sind from the time of Fatimid Imam-Caliph Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah when he sent his Daʻīs to Jazeera-e Sind. There are also some 900–1000 Sulaymanis mainly from South Asia scattered around the world, in the Persian Gulf States, United States , Canada , Thailand , Australia , Japan and the United Kingdom . The Sulaymanis split off from
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#1732783927120858-629: The Sulaymanis are mostly concentrated in Yemen but are also found in Pakistan and India . The denomination is named after its 27th Daʻī, Sulayman bin Hassan . The total number of Sulaymanis currently are around 300,000, mainly living in the eastern district of Jabal Haraz in northwest Yemen and in Najran , Saudi Arabia . Beside the Banu Yam of Najran , the Sulaymanis are in Haraz, among
897-758: The Tayyibi community, following a succession dispute upon the death of Dawood Bin Ajabshah in 1589. While most of the Tayyibis in India recognised Dawood Bin Qutub as his successor and thus forming the Dawoodi Bohras , the Yemeni community followed Sulayman bin Hassan . Starting from 1677, Sulayman's successors almost always came from the Makrami family. The da'i s made Najran their headquarters and ruled
936-628: The Wahhabiyah or Wahhabism in Najd and invaded Hadramawt. He is also known as the author of an esoteric Qur'an commentary, virtually the only religious work of a Sulaymani author published so far. Since Najran came under Saudi rule, the religious activity of the da'is and their followers has been severely restricted. In the Yemen the Sulaymaniyah are found chiefly in the region of Manakha and
975-450: The Yemeni king Aḥmad bin Yaḥyá refused because these refugees were Yemenite Jews. After settling in the Ḥashid Camp (also called Mahane Geula) they were airlifted to Israel as part of the larger Operation Magic Carpet . Some groups of Najrān Jews escaped to Cochin , as they had a very good relationship with its rulers and maintained trade connections with Paradesi Jews . The Ismailis ,
1014-406: The ancient tribes of Hamdan (Wailh & Yam). Najranis are Muslims, with Ismailis forming a plurality. Hanbali , Shafi'i , and Maliki Sunnis form the second-largest religious group in the city. The Arabic term Najrān meaning: As Local tradition claims that the land derived its name from the first man to settle in the area, Najran ibn Yahjub ibn Yarub ibn Qahtan ibn houd. Najran
1053-485: The area, supported by the Banu Yam , until their power waned under the successive rules of the Ottomans and Saudis. The leadership of the Sulaymaniyah, whose Indian community was small, reverted to the Yemen with the succession of the thirtieth Da'i al-Mutlaq , Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Fahd Al-Makrami, in 1677. Since then the position of the dai al mutlaq has remained in various branches of the al Makrami family except for
1092-591: The arrival of Mishʻal bin Suʻūd as the governor of Najrān in 1996, tensions between local authorities and the Ismaʻili population increased, culminating in a watershed confrontation between armed Ismaʻili demonstrators and police and army units outside Najrān's Holiday Inn hotel on April 23, 2000. Three months earlier, police had closed all Tayyibi Ismaʻili mosques on a religious holiday. On April 23, after security forces and religious morality police arrested an Ismāʻīlī cleric,
1131-509: The death of Abdullah , Zoeb bin Moosa appointed Yaqub as the wali ("representative" or "caretaker") of the Tayyibi organization ("dawah") in India. Yaqub was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honor. He was the son of Bharmal, minister of the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja . Fakhruddin, son of Tarmal, was sent to western Rajasthan . One Da'i after another continued until
1170-635: The inhabitants of the Jabal Maghariba and in Hawzan, Lahab and Attara, as well as in the district of Hamadan and in the vicinity of Yarim. In India there are between 3000 and 5000 Sulaymanis living mainly in Vadodara , Hyderabad , Mumbai and Surat . In Punjab, Pakistan and there is a well-established Sulaymani community in Sindh . Some ten thousand Sulaymanis live in rural areas of Punjab known to
1209-708: The latter the Sulaymani of Yemen. In 1621, the Alavi Bohra split from the Dawoodi bohra community. There is also a community of Sunni Bohra in India. In the fifteenth century, there was a schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Mustaali Ismaili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had
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1248-552: The mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754. The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840. They have further split into two more branches, the Atba-e-Malak Badar and Atba-e-Malak Vakil . The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
1287-495: The name of the whole oasis, including all towns and villages. The old name of the ruins now known as "al-Ukhdūd", which may have been the central town, probably corresponds to Ramat. According to Greek and Roman sources, Najrān was a focal point of the Incense Route . All routes that left ancient Yemen to the north or west had to meet at Najrān, where the routes branched into two general directions: ones leading north through
1326-531: The seat of the Ismaʻili religious leader Da'i al-Mutlaq . Khushaywah, which includes the Manṣūrah Mosque complex, was also the spiritual capital of Sulaymani Ismaʻilis, a community with followers in India and Pakistan as well as Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The army surrounded the Ismaʻili positions and placed the city under its control. The standoff ended later the same day without further bloodshed. Najrān city
1365-573: The support of the Mughal governor of Gujarat. Thus this new group is known as Jafari Bohras, Patani Bohras or Sunni Bohra . In 1538, Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi convinced the Patani Bohras to cease social relations with Ismaili Bohras. The cumulative results of these pressures resulted in a large number of Bohras converting from Ismaili Shia fiqh to Sunni Hanafi fiqh. The Hebtiahs Bohra was a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from
1404-515: The time of the forty-sixth dai, an Indian. The Makrami da'is usually resided in Badr in Najran , Saudi Arabia . With the backing of the tribe of the Banu Yam they ruled Najran independently and at times extended their sway over other parts of the Yemen and Arabia until the incorporation of Najran into Saudi Arabia in 1934. The peak of their power was in the time of the thirty-third Da'i al-Mutlaq , Isma'il ibn Hibat Allah (1747–1770), who defeated
1443-524: The twenty-fourth Da'i, Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman , in Yemen. Due to prosecution by a local ruler, the dawah then shifted to India under the twenty-fifth Da'i, Jalal bin Hasan. In 1592, the Tayyibi broke into two factions in a dispute over who should become the twenty-seventh Da'i: Dawood Bin Qutubshah or Sulayman bin Hassan . The followers of the former, primarily in India, became the Dawoodi Bohra ,
1482-642: Was a centre of cloth-making, and the kiswah, or the cloth of the Ka'aba , was originally made there. Najran were always a center for religious beliefs, following the three main religions consecutively. Firstly, A Jewish community then later on A Christian community existed in Najran. According to Najran Jewish tradition, the Jews of Najran traced their origin to the Ten Tribes . Najran was also an important stopping hub on
1521-512: Was appointed the twenty-first Imam. As he was not in a position to run the Dawah , Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi , his Hujjah, established the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq , who acted as his sword . The Da'i had now been given absolute authority and made independent from political activity. Da'i Zoeb bin Moosa used to live in and died in Hoos, Yemen. His ma'zoon ("associate") was Khattab bin Hasan. After
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