133-768: The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious denomination within the Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam . They number approximately one million worldwide and have settled in over 40 countries around the world. The majority of the Dawoodi Bohra community resides in India, with sizable congregations in Pakistan, Yemen, East Africa, and the Middle East. They also have a growing presence in Europe, North America, and Australia. The present leader
266-433: A Bohra's adult life. The Dawoodi Bohra follow a Fatimid-era tabular calendar which matches the lunar cycle of 354 days (and hence requires no adjustments). The odd-numbered months have 30 days and the even-numbered months have 29 days—except in a leap year when the 12th and final month, Zil Hajj , has 30 days. This contrasts with other Muslim communities, which base the beginnings of specific Islamic months on sightings of
399-578: A believer to the duties owed to Allah, including an oath of allegiance : a vow to accept the spiritual guidance of the Da'i al-Mutlaq wholeheartedly and without reservation. This ceremony, akin to baptism in Christianity , is mandatory to enter the fold of the faith. The mithaq is first taken at whatever age a child is deemed to have reached maturity: most commonly, thirteen years for girls, fourteen or fifteen for boys. These vows are renewed throughout of
532-565: A centre for raids against the Crusader territories, and a guard of the route from Palestine into Egypt. Medieval Muslim historians often blame al-Amir for these disasters, but in reality he played no role in the Fatimid government during those years; the caliph was confined to the palace and public ceremonies, while al-Afdal ruled almost as a sultan via his own secretaries, first Mukhtar Taj al-Ma'ali and then al-Qa'id al-Bata'ihi . In 1115,
665-409: A crocheted white cap with a gold design. Men, adhering to the customs of Muhammad , are expected to grow a full beard. The women wear a two-piece dress called rida, distinct from hijab , purdah , and chador . Its distinguishing features are bright colors, decorative patterns and lace, and the fact that it does not cover a woman's face. The rida is of any colour except black. A flap called pardi
798-458: A journey from Mecca , through the deserts of modern-day Iraq, to Kufa . The Bohras believe that Husayn's sacrifice was foretold by Muhammad, and that he was destined to change the course of Islam as a result of his martyrdom . Remembrance of the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, often linked to the hagiography of John the Baptist and Jesus Christ , is among the most important events of the year for
931-448: A medium to articulate Islamic values and heritage. Though Arabic remains community's dominant liturgical language, Lisan al-Dawat is its language of sermons and its medium of official and day-to-day communication. The Dawoodi Bohras wear distinct attire. The men traditionally dress in a predominantly white, three-piece outfit: kurta , a form of tunic; saaya , an overcoat of equal length; and izaar , loose-fit trousers; with topi ,
1064-565: A meeting of officials in Cairo in which the Nizari claims to the Nizar's being the rightful successor of Caliph al-Mustansir ( r. 1036–1094 ) were publicly denounced, and the legitimacy of al-Musta'li's succession affirmed, by none other than a person presented as Nizar's only sister. A proclamation to that effect, the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya , was issued on this occasion, publicly read from
1197-582: A political power with the Fatimid Caliphate in the 10th through 12th centuries. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God , as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad , whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity". The Isma'ili and the Twelvers both accept the same six initial Imams; the Isma'ili accept Isma'il ibn Jafar as the seventh Imam. Isma'ili thought
1330-438: A power base of his own in the army, and relied on the caliph as his patron; and the revival of al-Amir's public role, lavishly orchestrated by al-Bata'ihi himself, only served to strengthen the caliph's authority and self-confidence. Finally, the pledge extracted by al-Bata'ihi from the caliph, intended to safeguard him, may have backfired, as al-Amir perceived it as a personal humiliation. Haydara died in prison, but al-Bata'ihi
1463-744: A schism in the community. A majority of Bohras acknowledged Dawood Bin Qutubshah as the rightful successor and henceforth came to be known as Dawoodis (or Da’udis.) Over the next few centuries, the Bohra headquarters moved within India with the changing location of the Dai. The centre of the Da’wah has been in six places: Ahmedabad (eight Dais, from 1567/974 to 1655/1065); Jamnagar in the Kathiawar region of Gujarat (five Dais, from 1655/1065 to 1737/1150); Ujjan in
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#17327723259421596-445: A spirit of self-sacrifice, forbearance, and adherence to their faith. During the ʿAshara Mubāraka , the Bohra communities all over the world host a series of majālis twice a day, one each in the morning and in the evening, recounting Husayn ibn Ali's sacrifice, which forms the central theme of the discourse. The majālis led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq on occasion attract hundreds of thousands of followers. To facilitate marriages among
1729-785: A town in Gujarat, was one of the Bohras who travelled to Yemen to seek knowledge from the Dai. Najmuddin arrived in Yemen while still in his youth and first studied under Hasan bin Nuh al-Bharuchi. He was eventually appointed the 23rd Dai as his successor and became the first from the Indian community to lead the Tayyibi Da’wa as the 24th al-Mutlaq. When Najmuddin died in CE 1567/H 974, the central headquarters of
1862-462: A written pledge from al-Amir to communicate any denunciations or accusations directly to him. The document was to be valid until al-Bata'ihi's death, and the caliph furthermore undertook to look after the vizier's offspring after that. In the aftermath of the assassination of al-Afdal, the threat of the Nizaris, who were implacably hostile to the rule of al-Amir and his father, was a major concern of
1995-414: Is 80 feet above the plinth: the number signifies the age of Taher Saifuddin , who is buried there. The sanctum of the mausoleum is 51 × 51 feet, which symbolises Saifuddin's position as the 51st Dai al-Mutlaq. The entire Quran is inscribed in gold on its walls, whilst Bismillah is engraved 113 times in precious stones, and four doors, one on each side of the wall, are clad with silver. The inner side of
2128-477: Is a branch or sect of Shia Islam . The Isma'ili ( / ˌ ɪ z m ɑː ˈ ɪ l iː / ) get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor ( imām ) to Ja'far al-Sadiq , wherein they differ from the Twelver Shia , who accept Musa al-Kazim , the younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imām . After the death of Muhammad ibn Isma'il in the 8th century CE,
2261-560: Is also funded in large part by the Da'i al-Mutlaq. The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq has appointed committees at the city level to oversee the management of this corpus. The Bohras use these loans to finance their enterprises, acquire homes, and pursue higher education. The rite of initiation for the Bohras is the mithaq . This ceremony is a covenant between the believer and God , effected through God's representative on earth. The mithaq binds
2394-675: Is an age-old practise of the community in which they congregate on major dates in the Islamic calendar. The Bohra community during their gatherings, eat in groups of eight or nine people, seated around a big metal plate called a thaal. Dawoodi Bohras are a subset of the Taiyebi sect of the Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism , itself a branch of Shia Islam. Reverence for the Fatimid Imams, whose lineage traces back to Mohammed's daughter Fatima
2527-553: Is considered to have played an important role in shaping the community's social and economic progress. Community members seek and abide by his counsel in different aspects of life. The 1st Dai, Dhu'ayb bin Musa, was appointed in 1138 (532 H ) in Yemen by Queen Arwa bint Ahmed when the 21st Imam went into seclusion. Over the next 400 years, 23 Dais established the Dawat in Yemen. The seat of the Dawat then transferred from Yemen to India, where
2660-420: Is folded to one side to allow a woman's face to be visible, but it can be worn over the face when desired. Joining each other for meals is a well-known Dawoodi Bohra custom. Families and friends gather around sharing the meal from a large circular tray called thaal . The thaal is raised upon a kundali or tarakti made of wood or metal, on top of a safra , a large cloth that covers the floor. Each course of
2793-601: Is fundamental to Bohras' beliefs. The Fatimids , descendants of the Prophet Mohammed, ruled over North Africa and Egypt, Hejaz, and the Levant between the 10th and 11th centuries. They flourished during what Maurice Lombard called the Golden Age of Islam , and were patrons of arts, learning, and scientific discovery. The 14th Imam, al-Mui’zz , founded the city of Cairo and established Al-Azhar University , one of
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#17327723259422926-635: Is harming a gift from God. After being set free by Yazid, Zaynab bint Ali , the daughter of Fatimah and Ali and the sister of Hasan and Husayn, started to spread the word of Karbala to the Muslim world, making speeches regarding the event. This was the first organized daʿwah of the Shia, which would later develop into an extremely spiritual institution for the Ismāʿīlīs. After the poisoning of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 713,
3059-778: Is heavily influenced by Neoplatonism . The larger sect of Ismaili are the Nizaris , who recognize Aga Khan IV as the 49th hereditary Imam, while other groups are known as the Tayyibi branch. The community with the highest percentage of Ismailis is Gorno-Badakhshan , but Isma'ilis can be found in Central Asia , Afghanistan , India , Pakistan , Yemen , Lebanon , Malaysia , Syria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Jordan , Iraq , Kuwait , East Africa , Angola , Bangladesh , and South Africa , and have in recent years emigrated to Europe , Russia , Canada , Australia , New Zealand ,
3192-503: Is in reference to Dawood Bin Qutubshah , the 27th Da'i al-Mutlaq , who emerged as the leader of the majority following a schism in 1588. Dawoodi Bohras culture is a blend of Yemeni, Egyptian, Pakistani , and Indian cultures. Their language Lisan al-Dawat , written in Perso-Arabic script, derives from Arabic , Urdu , Persian , Sanskrit , and Gujarati . Lisan al-Dawat, which takes its basic structure from Gujarati developed as
3325-641: Is the 53rd al-Dai al-Mutlaq, Mufaddal Saifuddin who assumed office in January 2014. The Dawoodi Bohras are a close-knit Muslim community. Their faith is founded on the conviction that there is only one deity, Allah that the Islamic prophet Mohammed is the last of the Prophets and, that the Holy Quran is the message of Allah. They follow the sharia-mandated tenets of Islam, such as reciting the Quran, performing
3458-479: Is the language of the Bohras. The language is based on a Neo-Indo-Aryan language, Gujarati , but incorporates a heavy amount of Arabic , Urdu , and Persian vocabulary and is written in the Arabic script naskh style. The Bohras' cultural attire is known as Libas al-Anwar and men usually grow a full beard. Prominent religious festivals include Eid-e-Milad an-Nabi, Eid al-Fitr , Eid al-Adha and Muharram . The majlis
3591-505: Is the most important of the seven pillars of Islam according to the Dawoodi Bohra faith. The other six pillars are tahaarat (purity in body and thought), salah (daily ritual prayers), zakaat (offering a portion of one's income in the cause of Allah ), sawm (fasting in the month of Ramadan ), hajj (a ritual pilgrimage to Mecca ), and jihad (striving in the way of Allah). The Bohras build mosques wherever they live to congregate for prayers and majalis (religious congregation) for
3724-537: Is your opinion and we are in the palm of your right hand." The early followers of Ali seem to have taken his guidance as "right guidance" deriving from Divine support. In other words, Ali's guidance was seen to be the expression of God's will and the Quranic message. This spiritual and absolute authority of Ali was known as walayah , and it was inherited by his successors, the Imams. In the 1st century after Muhammad,
3857-479: The zikr of Allah and his prophets, imams, and da'is. During the seclusion of the Imam, his vicegerent, al-Dai al-Mutlaq was appointed to lead the community and administer, with complete authority, its secular and religious affairs. The Dai preaches Quranic precepts, which are the foundation of the faith, and guides the community on the path of salvation. Over the nine centuries that this office has existed, each Dai
3990-800: The Assassins . After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo had his general, Saladin , seize Egypt in 1169, forming the Sunni Ayyubid dynasty . This signaled the end of the Hafizi Mustaali branch of Ismailism as well as the Fatimid Caliphate. Very early in the empire's life, the Fatimids sought to spread the Isma'ili faith, which in turn would spread loyalty to
4123-812: The Black Stone from the Kaaba in Mecca in 930 under Abu Tahir al-Jannabi . Following the arrival of the Al-Isfahani, they changed their qibla from the Kaaba in Mecca to the Zoroastrian-influenced fire. After their return of the Black Stone in 951 and a defeat by the Abbasids in 976 the group slowly dwindled off and no longer has any adherents. The political asceticism practiced by
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4256-553: The Gujarati word vohrvu or vyavahar , meaning "to trade". Their heritage is derived from the traditions of the Fatimid imams ; direct descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima , who ruled over North Africa between the 10th and 11th century CE . Whilst adherence to traditional values is important for the community, they are also known for their mercantilism and forward outlook. Lisan ald-Da'wat
4389-565: The High Middle Ages . The Fatimids promoted ideas that were radical for that time. One was a promotion by merit rather than genealogy. Also during this period, the three contemporary branches of Isma'ilism formed. The first branch ( Druze ) occurred with the al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah . Born in 985, he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. A religious group that began forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismailism and refused to acknowledge his successor. Later to be known as
4522-683: The Kingdom of Jerusalem in July 1124. In 1123, the Luwata Berbers invaded Egypt and reached as far as Alexandria , before they were driven back and forced to pay tribute. In the same year, the Zirid emir of Ifriqiya , Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali , also sent envoys to Cairo to announce his return to recognizing Fatimid suzerainty, and sought Fatimid assistance in repelling a possible Norman invasion. Al-Amir also paid attention to courting
4655-508: The Levant apart from Ascalon . Al-Amir took care to strengthen relations with the fellow Musta'li Isma'ili Sulayhid realm of Yemen , and issued a statement of Musta'li orthodoxy, the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya , in 1122, refuting Nizari claims to legitimacy. His assassination by Nizari agents in 1130, leaving only his infant son al-Tayyib as heir, threw the Fatimid regime into a succession struggle during which it almost collapsed. Fatimid rule
4788-565: The Ramadan fast by two months. In February/March 1130, al-Amir finally had a son, who was named al-Tayyib . His birth was celebrated with public festivals, and letters were sent abroad announcing his birth, and his designation as successor . On 7 October 1130, al-Amir was assassinated by Nizari agents. He left only his six-month-old son, al-Tayyib, to succeed him, with no designated regent or serving vizier. Al-Amir's murder not only undid his attempts to once again concentrate power in
4921-803: The Taiyabi and the Hafizi , the former claiming that the 21st Imam and son of al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah went into occultation and appointed a Da'i al-Mutlaq to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Isma'ili had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Isma'il. The latter claimed that the ruling Fatimid caliph was the Imām. However, in the Mustaali branch, Dai came to have a similar but more important task. The term Da'i al-Mutlaq ( Arabic : الداعي المطلق , romanized : al-dāʿī al-muṭlaq ) literally means "the absolute or unrestricted missionary ". This da'i
5054-564: The United States , and Trinidad and Tobago . Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shia sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali , cousin of Muhammad , to have both political and spiritual control over the community. This also included his two sons, who were the grandsons of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima . The conflict remained relatively peaceful between
5187-419: The caliphal palace , al-Amir moved quickly to imprison al-Afdal's sons and confiscate al-Afdal's enormous fortune, houses, and estates, while the moveable items were brought from the vizieral palace to his own palace. During their long rule over Egypt as quasi-sultans, al-Afdal and his father, Badr al-Jamali , had accumulated an enormous treasure, "the extent of which no one knew apart from God", according to
5320-557: The mystical path and nature of God , along with the "Imam of the Time" representing the manifestation of esoteric truth and intelligible divine reality, with the more literalistic Usuli and Akhbari groups focusing on divine law ( sharia ) and the deeds and sayings ( sunnah ) of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams who were guides and a light to God. Isma'ilism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shia Islam, climaxing as
5453-421: The 13th-century encyclopaedist Ibn Khallikan . It was considered to have been larger than that of any previous king, and it took forty days to move it. As al-Amir had been left out of government and was unfamiliar with its intricacies, he selected al-Afdal's long-time chief of staff, al-Qa'id al-Bata'ihi, as vizier. The sources that blame al-Amir for al-Afdal's murder also implicate the ambitious al-Bata'ihi in
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5586-574: The 24th Dai, Yusuf bin Sulayman Najmuddin , became the first Dai to assume office from this region. Despite territorial and political upheavals through different periods, the Dais persevered and continued to lead the faithful and preserve the faith. The current leader of the Dawoodi Bohra community is the 53rd al-Dai al-Mutlaq, Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin , who lives in India. As of 2021, there are an estimated 1 million Dawoodi Bohras around
5719-563: The 2nd century does the Sunni jurist al-Shafi'i first argue that only the sunnah of Muhammad should be a source of law, and that this sunnah is embodied in hadith s. It would take another one hundred years after al-Shafi'i for Sunni Muslim jurists to fully base their methodologies on prophetic hadith s. Meanwhile, Imami Shia Muslims followed the Imams' interpretations of Islam as normative without any need for hadith s and other sources of Sunni law such as analogy and opinion. After
5852-619: The 53rd, is Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin, and he and his devout followers tread the same path, following the same tradition of the Aimmat Fatimiyyeen. The Sulaymani are mostly concentrated in Yemen and Saudi Arabia with some communities in the South Asia . The Dawoodi Bohra and Alavi Bohra are mostly exclusive to South Asia, after the migration of the da'wah from Yemen to India. Other groups include Atba-i-Malak and Hebtiahs Bohra . Mustaali beliefs and practices, unlike those of
5985-463: The 9th month of the Islamic calendar, the Dawoodi Bohras like rest of Islamic world, observe a mandatory fast from dawn to dusk. The Bohras congregate in their local mosques for daily prayers (particularly for the evening prayers), and break the day-long fast with the iftaar ( lit. ' fast breaking ' ) meal together. Ramadan is a month of heightened spirituality activity for
6118-656: The Bohras first eat mithaas (sweet dish), followed by kharaas (savoury dish), and then the main course. Food wastage is frowned upon. Those seated at the thaal are encouraged to take smaller portions and expected to finish those. The Bohra cuisine, influenced by Gujarati , Persian , Yemeni , and Egyptian cuisines, is known for its unique taste and dishes such as bohra-style biryani , dal chaawal palidu (rice, lentils, and curry), kheema samosa (minced mutton samosa ), dabba gosht ( steamed-mutton-in-a-box ), and masala bateta (spicy potatoes). Islam prohibits riba ( lit. ' usury ' ) and interest ;
6251-452: The Bohras that ends with Eid al-Fitr . In the month of Zil Hajj the Bohras undertake hajj and all celebrate Eid al-Adha at its conclusion. In line with Shia traditions, on the 18th of Zil Hajj, the day Muhammad publicly anointed Ali ibn Abi Talib his successor, the Bohras mark celebrate Eid i-Ghadir by , observe fasting, and offering special prayers. Special prayers and congregations are also held during other major events such as
6384-529: The Bohras. Known as ʿAshara Mubāraka ( lit. ' the Blessed Ten ' ), the Dawoodi Bohras congregate for a series of ten majālis ( lit. ' congregations ' ) in the beginning of the month of For them, Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom epitomizes the values of humanity, justice, and truth. They consider his sacrifice and stand against tyranny, to offer lessons in bravery, loyalty, and compassion. These values, they believe, inculcate in them
6517-460: The Da'i al-Mutlaq. Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office. The office of da'i continued in Yemen up to 24th da'i Yusuf who shifted da'wat to India. . Before the shift of da'wat in India, the da'i's representative were known as Wali-ul-Hind. Syedi Hasan Feer was one of the prominent Isma'ili wali of 14th century. The line of Tayyib Da'is that began in 1132 is still continuing under
6650-646: The Da'i teachings, a group that mingled Persian nationalism and Zoroastrianism surfaced known as the Qarmatians. With their headquarters in Bahrain , they accepted a young Persian former prisoner by the name of Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani , who claimed to be the descendant of the Persian kings as their Mahdi, and rampaged across the Middle-East in the tenth century, climaxing their violent campaign by stealing
6783-628: The Da'i, and even acted as Da'i themselves. After raising an army and successfully defeating the Aghlabids in North Africa and a number of other victories, al-Mahdi Billah successfully established a Shia political state ruled by the Imāmate in 910. This was the only time in history where the Shia Imamate and Caliphate were united after the first Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib. In parallel with
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#17327723259426916-452: The Dawoodi Bohra, Taher Saifuddin, the 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq, started Rasm-e Saifee in Jamnagar c. 1952 and later institutionalised it c. 1963 . During Rasm-e Saifee multiple nikah are solemnized at the hands of the Da'i al-Mutlaq and his representatives. Saifuddin's son and successor, Mohammed Burhanuddin , founded the International Taiseer al-Nikah Committee (ITNC), which now organizes Rasm-e Saifee throughout
7049-407: The Dawoodi Bohras follow the practice of Qardan Hasana ( lit. ' good loan ' ), which means interest-free loans. Based on the ideal of benefitting the borrower (as opposed to the lender), this model has played an important role in the economic growth of the community. Qardan Hasana contributions from the Bohras are voluntarily made to an institutionally-maintained loan corpus, which
7182-540: The Da’wah were transferred from Yemen to Gujarat by his Indian successor, Jalal bin Hasan . When the 26th al-Dai al-Mutlaq died in CE 1589/H 997, he was succeeded by Dawood Bin Qutubshah . However, three years later, Sulayman bin Hasan, a high-ranking dignitary in Yemen, claimed the succession to the leadership of the community for himself. This succession dispute was brought before the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1597. A special tribunal decided in favour of Dawood Bin Qutubshah. However, this did not dissolve tensions, leading to
7315-685: The Druze, they believe Al-Hakim to be the manifestation of God and the prophesied Mahdi, who would one day return and bring justice to the world. The faith further split from Ismailism as it developed unique doctrines which often class it separately from both Ismailism and Islam. Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam al Mustansir. She appointed Da'i in Yemen to run religious affairs. Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abadullah (in about 1067 CE (460 AH)) were also sent to India in that time. They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan , India. The second split occurred following
7448-456: The Fatimid Isma'ili mission (the da'wa ) had suffered setbacks: much of the Levant had been lost to the Sunni Seljuk Turks , while al-Afdal's coup that installed al-Musta'li on the throne resulted in the breaking away of the Nizari Isma'ilis from Fatimid allegiance. As the historian Michael Brett writes, the struggle against the Crusaders "had given the dynasty fresh purpose". Despite al-Afdal's continuous campaigns, most of Palestine
7581-400: The Holy Quran. A fundamental tenet of the Dawoodi Bohra faith is that there will always be an imam on earth, descended from the Prophet through his grandson Imam Husain , to carry on the task of leading the faithful. When the imam chooses to withdraw from public view, he is represented by the Al-Da'i al-Mutlaq (unrestricted missionary) who, like the imam, preserves and protects the faith until
7714-420: The Imamate in Egypt. One of their earliest attempts was taken by a missionary by the name of Hassan-i Sabbah . Hassan-i Sabbah was born into a Twelver family living in the scholarly Persian city of Qom in 1056 CE. His family later relocated to the city of Tehran, which was an area with an extremely active Isma'ili Da'wah. He immersed himself in Ismāʿīlī thought; however, he did not choose to convert until he
7847-435: The Imāms during the period after Muhammad ibn Ismail was to be short-lived and finally concluded with the Imāmate of Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, who was born in 873. After decades of Ismāʿīlīs believing that Muhammad ibn Ismail was in the Occultation and would return to bring an age of justice, al-Mahdi taught that the Imāms had not been literally secluded, but rather had remained hidden to protect themselves and had been organizing
7980-458: The Isma'ili Imams according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas where they would be able to be safe from the recently founded Abbasid Caliphate , which had defeated and seized control from the Umayyads in 750 CE. At this point, some of the Isma'ili community believed that Muhammad ibn Isma'il had gone into the Occultation and that he would one day return. A small group traced the Imamate among Muhammad ibn Isma'il's lineal descendants. With
8113-427: The Ismāʿīlīs argue that either the death of Ismaʻil was staged in order to protect him from Abbasid persecution or that the Imamate passed to Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil in lineal descent. For some partisans of Isma'il, the Imamate ended with Isma'il ibn Ja'far. Most Ismailis recognized Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil as the next Imam and some saw him as the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached about. However, at this point
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#17327723259428246-416: The Levant shortly after. While early Venetian raids on the Nile Delta were defeated, in 1123 the Venetians defeated the Fatimid fleet off Ascalon , and the Fatimid army sent to capture Jaffa was routed by the Crusaders at the Battle of Yibneh . With Tyre now again cut off and in danger of falling to the Crusaders, the Fatimids had to accept renewed Turkish control; left unsupported, the city capitulated to
8379-432: The Nile. Having ignored the matter for so long, al-Amir's own reputation was left tarnished from the affair, as well as from his extravagance and profligacy: it is said that the palace consumed 5,000 sheep per month, and the rich gifts he made to his favourites were remarked upon. The caliph saw himself obliged to make public gestures of contrition by freeing slaves, giving alms, and, on the advice of his jurists, extending
8512-416: The Nizari Isma'ili tradition, Hasan was "an Entrusted Imam" ( Arabic : الإمام المستودع , romanized : al-imām al-mustawdaʿ ) Husayn was the "Permanent Imam" ( Arabic : الإمام المستقر , romanized : al-imām al-mustaqar ). The Entrusted Imam is an Imam in the full sense except that the lineage of the Imamate must continue through the Permanent Imam. However, the political Caliphate
8645-413: The Nizari and Druze, are regarded as compatible with mainstream Islam, representing a continuation of Fatimid tradition and fiqh . In the 1040s, the Zirid dynasty (governors of the Maghreb under the Fatimids) declared their independence and their conversion to Sunni Islam , which led to the devastating Banu Hilal invasions. After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria
8778-407: The Sunni madhhabs . However, following al-Sadiq's poisoning in 765, a fundamental split occurred in the community. Ismaʻil ibn Jafar , who at one point was appointed by his father as the next Imam, appeared to have predeceased his father in 755. While Twelvers argue that either he was never heir apparent or he truly predeceased his father and hence Musa al-Kadhim was the true heir to the Imamate,
8911-483: The aftermath of a severe drought in Kathiawar. The 43rd Dai, Abdeali Saifuddin, invited 12,000 of his followers to Surat, and provided food, work and lodgings for all of them. His only conditions were that they learn and practice vocational skills, and he gave them their earnings when it was time for them to leave Surat. Many from this group decided to use this capital to venture forth to trade in East Africa. A century on from Abdeali Saifuddin, Taher Saifuddin acceded to
9044-412: The caliph's hands instead of over-mighty generals and ministers, but also, given the fragility of succession, endangered the very survival of the Fatimid dynasty . Al-Tayyib was quickly sidelined, and his fate is unknown; modern historians speculate that he died in infancy or was killed. A new regime was installed under the regency of al-Amir's cousin, Abd al-Majid, which at first claimed to rule in
9177-403: The caliphal palaces, while al-Afdal arrogated most ceremonial functions to himself. Under al-Afdal's rule, the Fatimid state was chiefly occupied with the conflict with the Crusaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . This holy war also served as the main legitimization device for al-Afdal's rule and for the dynasty itself. During the previous decade, both the Fatimid state (the dawla ) and
9310-527: The cities, where they would be able to blend in with the rest of the population. While he was unable to do this, he nonetheless defeated their forces in subsequent battles. Regardless of these defeats, the Kharijites survived and became a violently problematic group in Islamic history. After plotting assassinations against Ali, Mu'awiya, and the arbitrator of their conflict, a Kharijite successfully assassinated Ali in 661 CE. The Imāmate then passed on to his son Hasan and then later his son Husayn . According to
9443-562: The citizens of the empire. However, he was stopped by Yazid's army in Karbala during the month of Muharram . His family was starved and deprived of water and supplies, until eventually the army came in on the tenth day and martyred Husayn and his companions, and enslaved the rest of the women and family, taking them to Kufa. This battle would become extremely important to the Shia psyche. The Twelvers as well as Musta'li Isma'ili still mourn this event during an occasion known as Ashura . The Nizari Isma'ili, however, do not mourn this in
9576-525: The conversion of his student as well as the mental and spiritual well-being. The Da'i was a guide and light to the Imam. The teacher-student relationship of the Da'i and his student was much like the one that would develop in Sufism . The student desired God, and the Da'i could bring him to God by making him recognize the Imam, who possesses the knowledge of the Oneness of God. The Da'i and Imam were respectively
9709-420: The day Muhammad first began his Da'wah ( lit. ' mission ' ), the night of Isra and Mi'raj , the birthday of Muhammad , the urs mubarak ( lit. ' remembrance day ' ) of prominent community leaders, and the birthday of the current Da'i al-Mutlaq. The grandson of Prophet Muhammad Husayn ibn Ali was martyred along with his family and companions on the plains of Karbala while on
9842-516: The death of al-Mustansir Billah in 1094 CE. His rule was the longest of any caliph in both the Fatimid and other Islamic empires. After he died, his sons Nizar , the older, and al-Musta'li , the younger, fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizar was defeated and jailed, but according to Nizari sources his son escaped to Alamut , where the Iranian Isma'ilis had accepted his claim. The Musta'li line split again between
9975-422: The death of Imam Hasan, Imam Husayn and his family were increasingly worried about the religious and political persecution that was becoming commonplace under the reign of Mu'awiya's son, Yazid . Amidst this turmoil in 680, Husayn along with the women and children of his family, upon receiving invitational letters and gestures of support by Kufis, wished to go to Kufa and confront Yazid as an intercessor on part of
10108-450: The deed, or at least in concealing al-Afdal's death until al-Amir could arrive at the vizieral palace to designate al-Bata'ihi as al-Afdal's successor. After supervising the transfer of al-Afdal's treasures, al-Bata'ihi was formally proclaimed vizier on 13 February 1122, and given the honorific al-Ma'mun ('the trusted one'), by which he is known. Al-Bata'ihi formally assumed the same plenipotentiary powers that al-Afdal had possessed, and
10241-559: The designation by al-Amir before he had died. Al-Hafiz' succession broke a continuous line of father-to-son succession of ten generations, something extremely rare in the Islamic world and much remarked upon by medieval authors. Al-Hafiz' accession thus represented an unprecedented departure from the accepted norm, and caused yet another schism in Isma'ilism, as the Musta'li sect was divided into those who accepted al-Hafiz's succession (the " Hafizis ") and those who did not, upholding instead
10374-550: The dome proclaims, "Allah holds the sky and earth together which none else can." The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, known as Dawat-e-Hadiyah , manages the affairs of the close-knit Dawoodi Bohra community through a distributed network of Jamaat committees. The Dawat-e-Hadiyah head office is at Badri Mahal in Fort , Mumbai . Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB States People Centers Other Isma'ilism ( Arabic : الإسماعيلية , romanized : al-Ismāʿīliyya )
10507-623: The dynasty's claim of descent from ʻAlī and Fāṭimah , the empire was named "Fatimid". However, this was not without controversy, and recognizing the extent that Ismāʿīlī doctrine had spread, the Abbasid Caliphate assigned Sunni and Twelver scholars the task to disprove the lineage of the new dynasty. This became known as the Baghdad Manifesto , which tries to trace the lineage of the Fatimids to an alleged Jewish blacksmith . The Fatimid Caliphate expanded quickly under
10640-514: The earliest text of the Ismaili school of thought is said to be the Umm al-kitab (The Archetypal Book), a conversation between Muhammad al-Baqir and three of his disciples. This tradition would pass on to his son, Ja'far al-Sadiq , who inherited the Imāmate on his father's death in 743. Ja'far al-Sadiq excelled in the scholarship of the day and had many pupils, including three of the four founders of
10773-551: The faith and authoring seminal works. The 19th Dai, Idris Imaduddin , wrote numerous works, including a comprehensive and detailed history of the Fatimid faith. Meanwhile, the community in Gujarat had maintained ties with their Dais in Yemen, who closely supervised their affairs and regularly welcomed Bohra delegations from Gujarat. During this time, the community grew in size, especially in Cambay, Patan, Sidhpur, and Ahmedabad. Yusuf bin Sulayman Najmuddin , originally from Sidhpur ,
10906-603: The first Da'i al-Mutlaq . Succession to the office of al-Da'i al-Mutlaq happens through nass , whereby each Da'i appoints a successor in his own lifetime. As of 2024 the chain of succession was uninterrupted. The roots of the community's establishment in India go back to the Fatimid era, when Al Mustansir Billah , the 18th Imam, sent a Dai named Abdullah from Yemen to initiate the Da’wah on his behalf. Abdullah arrived in Cambay (modern day Khambhat , Gujarat) in AD 1067/H 460 and soon won many converts, including local rulers. Abdullah
11039-823: The first succession crisis of the Shia arose with Zayd ibn ʻAlī 's companions and the Zaydīs who claimed Zayd ibn ʻAlī as the Imām, whilst the rest of the Shia upheld Muhammad al-Baqir as the Imām. The Zaidis argued that any sayyid or "descendant of Muhammad through Hasan or Husayn" who rebelled against tyranny and the injustice of his age could be the Imām. The Zaidis created the first Shia states in Iran, Iraq, and Yemen. In contrast to his predecessors, Muhammad al-Baqir focused on academic Islamic scholarship in Medina , where he promulgated his teachings to many Muslims, both Shia and non-Shia, in an extremely organized form of Daʿwah. In fact,
11172-670: The five daily prayers (Salah), and fasting during the month of Ramadan, and the mandatory Hajj pilgrimage to Makkah and the Prophet's shrine in Medina. At the core of their faith is the belief that the Ahl al-Bayt , members of the Prophet Mohammed's family, are the rightful imams and successors of the like all Shia Muslims, they hold that Ali bin Abi Talib, the Prophet Mohammed's legatee, succeeded him and provided an interpretation and explanation of
11305-506: The government, in view of the widespread network of agents they had established. Reports received in Cairo claimed that the chief Nizari leader, Hasan-i Sabbah , celebrated al-Afdal's murder and awaited the same fate for al-Amir and al-Bata'ihi. A hunt for Nizari agents was launched by the vizier, who established an extensive espionage network of his own to counter Nizati infiltration of Cairo. In addition, in December 1122 al-Amir convened
11438-521: The imam's return. After the 21st Imam chose seclusion in 1132, the Al-dai al-mutlaq operated from Yemen and subsequently from India, for over the last 450 years. The Dais are considered to have played an important role in shaping the lives of Dawoodi Bohras and contributing to the community's progress over the last nine centuries. Mostly self-reliant, the Bohras are typically well-educated traders, businesspersons, and entrepreneurs. The word "Bohra" comes from
11571-687: The imamate of the vanished al-Tayyib (the " Tayyibis "). The Hafizis were mostly concentrated in the Fatimid-controlled territories in Egypt, Nubia, and the Levant, while the Tayyibis resided in the Yemen, where Queen Arwa took up a leading role in forming a separate Tayyibi da'wa that survives to the present day. The Tayyibis hold that al-Tayyib was entrusted by al-Amir to a certain Ibn Madyan, and that Ibn Madyan and his helpers hid
11704-476: The increasingly ill and feeble al-Afdal appointed his own son, Sama' al-Mulk Husayn , as his deputy and heir-presumptive, but after a failed assassination attempt in 1118 the vizier withdrew all privileges from his sons, whom he suspected of being involved, thus ending the prospect of a dynastic succession. Al-Afdal's tutelage ended with his assassination on 11 December 1121, on the eve of the Eid al-Fitr . The deed
11837-443: The job of supervising the departments citing his lack of experience in such matters. Soon, one of the department heads, the former Coptic Christian monk Ibn Qusa, rose to prominence due to his ability to provide the caliph with money through confiscations from Christians, Jews, and eventually Muslims as well, which caused much resentment among the latter. His ascendancy lasted for three years, from October/November 1126 to 1129, and he
11970-463: The loss of Tyre; that the secretary Ibn Abi Usama convinced al-Amir that the vizier conspired with Ja'far, al-Amir's only full brother, to depose him; or that al-Bata'ihi was the true instigator of the fake Nizari coinage struck in Yemen. The truth is rather that al-Amir, like other caliphs in the past, had begun resenting the power of his over-mighty vizier. The vizier was also a victim of his own policies: unlike Badr and al-Afdal, al-Bata'ihi lacked
12103-588: The main sect known as Dawoodi Bohra (see list of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra ). The Musta'li split several times over disputes regarding who was the rightful Da'i al-Mutlaq, the leader of the community within The Occultation . After the 27th Da'i, Syedna Dawood bin Qutub Shah, there was another split; the ones following Syedna Dawood came to be called Dawoodi Bohra, and followers of Suleman were then called Sulaimani. Dawoodi Bohra's present Da'i al Mutlaq,
12236-404: The meal is served one after the other for those seated at the thaal to share. The meal begins and ends with a taste of salt, traditionally said to cleanse the palate and prevent diseases. Bohras usually wear a topi (cap)during the meal and eat with their hands. A common etiquette is for the host to offer to wash their guests' hands using a chilamchi lota (basin and jug). At community feasts,
12369-496: The monarch out from his seclusion into the public eye". Most importantly, al-Amir ensured that all tax income and precious textiles would be kept in the caliphal palace, and distributed from there. As ruler, al-Amir is portrayed in the sources as "unusually intelligent and knowledgeable", and was said to have memorized the Quran . The changed balance of power was apparent to al-Bata'ihi, who sought to secure his position by extracting
12502-443: The moon crescent. Dawoodi Bohras observe all significant occasions on the Muslim calendar, such as Muharram, Ramadan, Eid al Fitr and Eid al Adha and Mawlid al Nabi. They also observe some occasions particular to their sect, such as the death anniversaries of previous dais and the birthday of the current dai. These occasions typically bring together members of the community for educational sermons and communal meals. During Ramadan ,
12635-523: The name of an unborn son by one of al-Amir's concubines. Within a fortnight, an army mutiny brought al-Afdal's last surviving son, Kutayfat , to power. Kutayfat abolished the Fatimid imamate and imprisoned Abd al-Majid, but was himself assassinated by Fatimid loyalists in December 1131. With no other heir available, Abd al-Majid took over as imam and caliph with the regnal name al-Hafiz li-Din Allah in January 1132, proclaiming that he had secretly received
12768-401: The office of al-Dai al-Mutlaq as the 51st Dai, He is credited with revitalising the community by restructuring its organisation on modern lines. He shifted the community headquarters from Surat to Mumbai, which had become a major centre of trade and commerce in India. His emphasis on acquiring higher education across disciplines saw many young Dawoodi Bohras go on to settle in different parts of
12901-541: The oldest universities in the world. Before the empire's decline, Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah , the 20th Fatimid imam, directed his grand emissary, Arwa bint Ahmad , the Sulayhid queen of Yemen, to establish the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq ( lit. ' unrestricted missionary ' ) to act as vicegerent for his son, the 21st Imam Al-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim and to lead the faithful. Arwa bint Ahmad appointed Zoeb bin Musa as
13034-428: The palace. In December 1121, al-Afdal was murdered, officially by agents of the rival Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, although some medieval accounts blame al-Amir and al-Afdal's chief secretary, al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi , instead. Al-Amir and al-Bata'ihi moved quickly to forestall a succession by one of al-Afdal's sons, imprisoning them and moving the vast treasures al-Afdal had amassed into the caliphal palace. Al-Bata'ihi
13167-582: The partisans of Ali and those who asserted a semi-democratic system of electing caliphs, until the third of the Rashidun caliphs , Uthman was killed, and Ali, with popular support, ascended to the caliphate. Soon after his ascendancy, Aisha , the third of Muhammad's wives, claimed along with Uthman's tribe, the Umayyads , that Ali should take qisas (blood for blood) from the people responsible for Uthman's death. Ali voted against it, as he believed that
13300-404: The post of hujjah long before by Imām Mustansir at the death of her husband. She ran the da'wat from Yemen in the name of Imaam Tayyib. She was instructed and prepared by Imam Mustansir and ran the dawat from Yemen in the name of Imaam Tayyib, following Imams for the second period of Satr. It was going to be on her hands, that Imam Tayyib would go into seclusion, and she would institute the office of
13433-481: The present-day state of Madhya Pradesh (two Dais, from 1737/1150 to 1779/1193); Burhanpur , Madhya Pradesh (one Dai, from 1779/1193 to 1785/1200); Surat in the present-day state of Gujarat (eight Dais, from 1785/1200 to 1933/1351) and Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra, where the current Dai resides. Starting in the early 19th century, some community members emigrated in search of better livelihoods. The first wave of Bohra traders to migrate to East Africa did so in
13566-631: The pulpits of the mosques, and then sent to the Nizari communities in Persia. In spring 1122, the Fatimid fleet managed to recover control of the Levantine port city of Tyre from its Turkish governor, appointed by Toghtekin , the Sunni Turkish ruler of Damascus . This triumph was short-lived, as a Venetian fleet under Doge Domenico Michiel attived to support the Crusader states of
13699-455: The purpose. Another military detachment was sent to Yemen in late 1125 (after al-Bata'ihi's downfall) and brought back the disgraced envoy in chains. After public humiliation through the streets of Cairo, Ibn Najib al-Dawla was thrown in prison. On 3 October 1125 al-Amir suddenly ordered al-Bata'ihi, his brother Haydara al-Mu'taman, and his chief aides arrested. Various reasons were put forward for this: that al-Amir did not forgive al-Bata'ihi
13832-489: The relationship of esoteric Shia with early Islamic mysticism. Likewise is the book an important source of information regarding the various movements within tenth-century Shīa leading to the spread of the Fatimid-Isma'ili da'wa throughout the medieval Islamicate world and the religious and philosophical history of post-Fatimid Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism in Yemen and India. While many of the Isma'ili were content with
13965-582: The remaining pro-Fatimid, Musta'li Isma'ili communities abroad, especially in Yemen , led by the Sulayhid queen Arwa . Al-Afdal had sent an envoy, Ali ibn Ibrahim ibn Najib al-Dawla , in 1119 to bring the Yemeni Isma'ilis into closer alignment with Cairo; after al-Afdal's death, the Fatimid engagement in Yemen intensified further, with the dispatch of military forces. This allowed Ibn Najib al-Dawla to pursue his own policies regardless of Queen Arwa, but he
14098-555: The same way because of the belief that the light of the Imam never dies but rather passes on to the succeeding Imām, making mourning arbitrary. However, during commemoration they do not have any celebrations in Jama'at Khana during Muharram and may have announcements or sessions regarding the tragic events of Karbala . Also, individuals may observe Muharram in a wide variety of ways. This respect for Muharram does not include self-flagellation and beating because they feel that harming one's body
14231-501: The side of Mu'awiya held copies of the Quran against their spears and demanded that the issue be decided by Islam's holy book. Ali accepted this, and an arbitration was done which ended in his favor. A group among Ali's army believed that subjecting his legitimate authority to arbitration was tantamount to apostasy, and abandoned his forces. This group was known as the Khawarij and Ali wished to defeat their forces before they reached
14364-594: The situation at the time demanded a peaceful resolution of the matter. Though both parties could rightfully defend their claims, due to escalated misunderstandings, the Battle of the Camel was fought and Aisha was defeated, but was respectfully escorted to Medina by Ali. Following this battle, Mu'awiya I , the Umayyad governor of Syria, also staged a revolt under the same pretences. Ali led his forces against Mu'awiya until
14497-509: The spiritual mother and spiritual father of the Isma'ili believers. Ja'far bin Mansur al-Yaman's The Book of the Sage and Disciple is a classic of early Fatimid literature, documenting important aspects of the development of the Isma'ili da'wa in tenth-century Yemen. The book is also of considerable historical value for modern scholars of Arabic prose literature as well as those interested in
14630-523: The status and location of the Imams not known to the community, the concealed Isma'ili Imams began to propagate the faith through Da'iyyun from its base in Syria. This was the start of the spiritual beginnings of the Daʿwah that would later play important parts in the all Ismaili branches, especially the Nizaris and the Musta'lis. The Da'i was not a missionary in the typical sense, and he was responsible for both
14763-656: The subsequent Imams. Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa , Sicily , Palestine , Syria , the Red Sea coast of Africa, Yemen , Hejaz and the Tihamah . Under the Fatimids, Egypt flourished and developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean , which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during
14896-445: The teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning ( batin ) of the Islamic religion. With the eventual development of Usulism and Akhbarism into the more literalistic ( zahir ) oriented, Shia Islam developed into two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismaili, Alevi , Bektashi , Alian , and Alawite groups focusing on
15029-456: The term 'sunnah' was not specifically defined as " Sunnah of the Prophet", but was used in connection to Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and some Umayyad Caliphs. The idea of hadith , or traditions ascribed to Muhammad, was not mainstream, nor was hadith criticised. Even the earliest legal texts by Malik b. Anas and Abu Hanifa employ many methods including analogical reasoning and opinion and do not rely exclusively on hadith . Only in
15162-502: The throne in 1094 and was the de facto ruler of the Fatimid state. Al-Musta'li died on 11 December 1101, and on the same day, at the age of five, al-Amir was proclaimed caliph by al-Afdal. Al-Afdal was already al-Amir's maternal uncle, and further strengthened the familial ties with the young caliph by marrying him to his own daughter. This was a departure from usual practice, as the Fatimid caliphs had until then had children with concubines and never legally wed . The formal marriage
15295-493: The traveling Bohras. A Bohra mausoleum typically has white exteriors with a golden finial at the apex of the dome. The interior is usually lit up in incandescent light and Quranic verses are inscribed on its walls. These mausoleums embody several meanings in the form of their structure and build. As an example, Raudat Tahera , an austere structure in Mumbai, has a range of intricacies its design. The inner height of Raudat Tahera
15428-569: The world, resulting in thriving new communities. As Muslims, the Dawoodi Bohras believe in Tawhid , Islam's central monotheistic concept of a single, indivisible God ( Allah ). They recite the Shahada (Islamic holy creed): "There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, Ali is the guardian of Allah". Walayah – devotion to Allah, Muhammad , his family , and his descendants –
15561-462: The world. The majority reside in the India and Pakistan . A sizeable diaspora is spread across Europe, North America, the Middle East, and East Africa. The Bohras are primarily traders and businesspersons, while some are industrialists and skilled professionals. The word Bohra takes root in the Gujarati word vohrvu , in reference to their traditional occupation as traders. The prefix Dawoodi
15694-515: The year at various religious events. Burhanuddin's successor, Mufaddal Saifuddin , continues to uphold the tradition. It is customary among the Bohras to visit mausoleums, mosques, and other places of religious importance in Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, Iraq, and India. In most places, a community-administered complex ( mazaar ) provides accommodation, business centers, dining, and various recreational activities to
15827-502: Was the first Wali ( representative) in India. The seclusion of al-Tayyib led to the establishment of the office of al-Dai al-Mutlaq in Yemen. The Indian community which had pledged allegiance to the Fatimids continued to remain loyal to the Dais in Yemen. This resulted in a secession with the Hafizis, led by Al-Tayyib's uncle, Abd al-Majid. Twenty-three Dais operated from their mountain bases in Yemen for nearly four centuries, preserving
15960-444: Was a capable administrator, but his position was much weaker vis-à-vis the caliph than his old master's: al-Amir resumed many of the old caliphal ceremonial functions that al-Afdal had arrogated to himself, and he henceforth had a voice in government. As historian Michael Brett writes, "The relationship itself was one of alliance, in which the minister was entrusted as before with the responsibilities of government, in return for bringing
16093-544: Was appointed as the new vizier, but al-Amir took an increasing role in government, and was prominently featured in spectacular public ceremonies. Finally, in 1125, al-Amir dismissed and imprisoned al-Bata'ihi, ruling thenceforth without a vizier. Despite al-Afdal's and al-Bata'ihi's repeated military efforts against the Crusaders in Palestine , al-Amir's reign saw the progressive loss of the Fatimid coastal strongholds in
16226-412: Was awarded grand titles such as 'Holy Father', 'Lord of the [Coptic] Patriarchate', 'Father of Fathers', and even ' Thirteenth Apostle '. His end came when his exactions extended to the court eunuchs, who informed al-Amir of popular discontent, and that an uprising was brewing if nothing was done. Thereupon Ibn Qusa was arrested and beaten to death with shoes; his corpse was nailed to a plank and thrown into
16359-619: Was challenged by first Turkish invasions, then the First Crusade , so that Fatimid territory shrunk until it consisted only of Egypt. Damascus fell to the Seljuk Empire in 1076, leaving the Fatimids only in charge of Egypt and the Levantine coast up to Tyre and Sidon . Because of the vehement opposition to the Fatimids from the Seljuks, the Ismaili movement was only able to operate as a terrorist underground movement, much like
16492-486: Was evidently an attempt by al-Afdal to secure the succession of any progeny of this union over other children of the caliph. A decree, dictated by al-Afdal, renewed his appointment as vizier with plenipotentiary powers and ensured his ascendancy over the child-caliph. The first twenty years of al-Amir's reign were thus dominated by al-Afdal, who controlled government and restricted al-Amir to a few ceremonial duties. Like his father before him, al-Amir lived mostly confined in
16625-439: Was executed along with Ibn Najib al-Dawla on the night of 19/20 July 1128. Al-Amir did not appoint a new vizier, becoming the first Fatimid caliph since al-Hakim ( r. 996–1021 ) to personally lead the government, while relying on the heads of the various administrative departments for professional expertise. This was partly due to the lack of suitable candidates; the chief qadi , Abu'l-Hajjaj, refused to take on
16758-453: Was heavily defeated while attempting to capture Zabid in 1124, with most of his Fatimid-supplied troops perishing. His independent activities and arrogant manner met with suspicion and then resistance from the Yemeni chieftains, who began to conspire against him and warned Cairo that he was engaged in Nizari propaganda; fake coins with the name of Nizar ibn al-Mustansir were even produced for
16891-460: Was lost to the Crusaders, along with the Levantine coastal cities of Tartus (1102), Acre (1104), Tripoli (1109), and Sidon (1111). Egypt itself was briefly invaded by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1117. The Fatimids largely fell back on the coastal city of Ascalon , which developed into a major fortress and outpost ( ribat ) of the holy war: for the next half-century it was to remain
17024-408: Was officially blamed on Nizari agents , but both medieval historians and modern scholars are skeptical: given his own resentment at the subordinate figurehead role to which al-Afdal had relegated him, al-Amir is suspected of having been the true instigator of the assassination. While engaging in a public display of grief for his vizier and father-in-law and arranging a public burial ceremony in
17157-940: Was overcome with an almost fatal illness and feared dying without knowing the Imām of his time. Afterward, Hassan-i Sabbah became one of the most influential Da'is in Isma'ili history; he became important to the survival of the Nizari branch of Ismailism, which today is its largest branch. Legend holds that he met with Imam al-Mustansir Billah and asked him who his successor would be, to which he responded that it would be his eldest son Nizar (Fatimid Imam) . Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah States People Centers Other Abu Ali al-Mansur ibn al-Musta'li ( Arabic : أبو علي المنصور بن المستعلي , romanized : Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī ; 31 December 1096 – 7 October 1130), better known by his regnal name al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah ( Arabic : الآمر بأحكام الله , romanized : al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh , lit. 'The Ruler Who Executes God's Decrees')
17290-444: Was restored with the succession of al-Amir's cousin al-Hafiz li-Din Allah in 1132, which led to the division of Musta'li Isma'ilism into the rival Hafizi and Tayyibi branches. The future al-Amir was born on 31 December 1096 as Mansur, the oldest son of the ninth Fatimid imam - caliph , al-Musta'li ( r. 1094–1101 ). His mother was a sister of the all-powerful vizier , al-Afdal Shahanshah , who had raised al-Musta'li to
17423-423: Was soon taken over by Mu'awiya, the only leader in the empire at that time with an army large enough to seize control. Even some of Ali's early followers regarded him as "an absolute and divinely guided leader", whose demands of his followers were "the same kind of loyalty that would have been expected for the Prophet". For example, one of Ali's supporters who also was devoted to Muhammad said to him: "our opinion
17556-399: Was the only source of the Imam's knowledge after the occultation of al-Qasim in Musta'li thought. According to Taiyabi Ismaili tradition, after the death of Imam al-Amir, his infant son, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim , about 2 years old, was protected by the most important woman in Musta'li history after Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. She was Arwa al-Sulayhi , a queen in Yemen. She was promoted to
17689-421: Was the tenth Fatimid caliph , ruling from 1101 to his death in 1130, and the 20th imam of the Musta'li Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam . Al-Amir succeeded his father, al-Musta'li , at the age of five. For the first twenty years of his reign, al-Amir was a puppet of his uncle and father-in-law, the vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah , who ruled the Fatimid state and confined al-Amir, like al-Musta'li before him, to
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