61-712: The Sulaimankhel ( Pashto : سليمان خېل ), or Suleiman Khel , are a Pashtun sub-tribe of the Khilji tribe . As they are primarily Nomadic People. In the early 20th century, the tribe was recognized as generally pastoral. In 1924, Sulaimankhel took part in the Khost Rebellion standing beside King Amanullah Khan led by the Dustukhel sub-tribe of Sulaimankhel. The population of this tribe mainly lives in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India. Alikhel, Umer Khel,
122-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian
183-703: A device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Pashtun diaspora Pashtun diaspora ( Pashto : بهر میشت پښتانه) comprises all ethnic Pashtuns . There are millions of Pashtuns who are living outside of their traditional homeland of Pashtunistan ,
244-547: A historic region that is today situated over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan . While the (erstwhile) Pashtunistan is home to the majority of Pashtun people, there are significant local Pashtun diaspora communities scattered across the neighbouring Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab , particularly in their respective provincial capital cities of Karachi and Lahore . Additionally, people with Pashtun ancestry are also found across India ; particularly in Rohilkhand ,
305-702: A minority of the Chitral district, which is mainly inhibated by Kho and Kalasha people who speak Khowar. The following table outlines the Pashtun population in different provinces of Pakistan : Smaller Pashtun communities outside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan can be found in the districts of Attock and Mianwali in the Punjab Province. These and other communities of Pashtun ancestry who have long-settled in Punjab and Sindh region are often referred to as
366-665: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in
427-836: A region in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh ; and in the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Outside of South Asia , significant Pashtun diaspora communities are found in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf (primarily in the United Arab Emirates ), the United States , the United Kingdom , Netherlands , Iran , Australia , Canada , and Russia . The Pashtun people, who are classified as an Iranian ethnolinguistic group , are believed to have settled in
488-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that
549-520: Is a brother tribe of the Slemakhel tribe. Former Paktika governor Gulab Mangal said Sulaimankhel provided most of the Taliban's and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan recruits in the province. As a result, the level of activity of anti-coalition militias remains high in areas controlled by Sulemankhel. The prejudice of some sub-tribes against the Taliban may be explained, in part, by their proximity to
610-784: Is although named after the Baloch, but Pashtuns are the majority there and the Baloch population is in fact less than Pashtuns in the Balochistan province. However most of the land of Baluchistan is covered by Balochs and Brahuis while Pashtuns are concentrated only in the north of the province. Pashtuns make up a minority of the total population of Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pashtuns are mostly found In Battagram and Torghar District , Pashtun tribes speak Pashto language while Jadoons, Tareens and Dilazaks of Abbottabad & Haripur District speak Hindko language and sometimes Pashto as their second language. Pashtuns also make up
671-601: Is home to some 100,000 Pashtuns, making it one of the most populous overseas Pashtun communities in the world and the most populous one in the West. Pashtun diaspora in UK have made their presence felt through their restaurants with traditional names like Bab-eKhyber, Hujra, Kabuli pulao etc. and Music. Its one of the most vibrant Pashtun diaspora in the west. Pashtuns have been present in California at least since agricultural labor
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#1732783132439732-564: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged
793-466: Is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of
854-765: The Sheen Khalai meaning 'blue skinned' (referring to the color of Pashtun women's facial tattoos ), migrated to Unniara, Rajasthan , India after partition . Prior to 1947, the community resided in the Quetta , Loralai and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of Baluchistan . Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the Attan dance. The larger number of people claiming Pashtun ancestry in India are Urdu speaking. Despite
915-658: The Durranis , but many were brought by Maharajah Gulab Singh for service on the frontier. Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the Line of Control in Kupwara District . In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs. A further small, scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with
976-582: The Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In the 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with
1037-641: The Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near
1098-519: The 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica , the number of Pashtuns in the British India was nearly 3.5 million, but the speakers of Pashto numbered less than 1.25 million. Most of this population were allotted, along with their respective provinces, to Pakistan after the partition of India , in 1947. Today, the Pashtuns in India can be divided into those who speak Pashto and those who speak Urdu / Hindi and other regional languages. However,
1159-883: The 1980s and 90s, Pashtuns began settling in Perth , Melbourne , Sydney and other major cities of Australia. Pashtuns in Bangladesh are descendants of Pashtun emigrants who settled into Bangladesh during the Pathan rule of the Bengal Sultanate under the Karrani dynasty . Additional Pashtun communities of South Asia are also the Pathans of Sri Lanka , who are believed to have origins from Pathans who settled in Batticaloa , initially arriving for trade. Since
1220-457: The 3rd century AD to refer to the Pashtuns, and is now used to describe every citizen of Afghanistan. Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan , comprising 46-65% of the total Afghan population . Approximately 2 million Afghan refugees live in the neighboring Pakistan . The majority of them are Pashtuns who were born in that country. The Pashtuns are scattered all over Afghanistan, they can be found in almost every province of
1281-770: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as
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#17327831324391342-711: The Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and the Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially
1403-1110: The Afghan-Iran border, in the Khorasan Province of Iran. The settling of Pashtuns in Iran goes back to the 18th century during the Durrani reign . Timur Shah Durrani , an ethnic Pashtun, the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani and King of Afghanistan, was born in Mashhad , in the Khorasan province of Iran, which was part of the Durrani empire at that time. About 300,000 Pashtuns migrated to the Persian Gulf countries between 1976 and 1981, representing 35% of Pakistani immigrants. Many Pashtuns have migrated from their homeland in South / Central Asia to Europe . The United Kingdom
1464-759: The Kashmir Valley speak Pashto , and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have been built over time. The most interesting are the Kukikhel Afridis of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dresses and carry swords and shields. The Afridis and the Machipurians, who belong to the Yusufzai tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under
1525-712: The Pakistani border, influx of insurgents and extremist politics. Umer Khel is also one of the well-known tribes of Pakistan along with a few other tribes. They have allied with the Hotaki in the past, and their traditional rivals include the kharoti. The main subdivisions of Slemankhel include, (Sultankhel),(Gulwal) (Khazarkhel), (Nazarkhel), (Alizai), (Dustukhel), (Slemanzai),(Srazkhel), (Ahmadzai), (Jalalzai), and (Kasarkhel). included. Other subdivisions include (Alikhel), (Nizamkhel), and (Dinnarkhel), with Shakhel, who live primarily in northwestern Paktika , being more cooperative with
1586-501: The Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it
1647-529: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in
1708-658: The Pashtuns speaking Urdu/Hindi are in majority the. Khan Mohammad Atif, a professor at the University of Lucknow , estimates that "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan". There are many Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, they are at least more than 100,000, for it is known that in 1954, over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian citizenship. They still follow their traditional justice system of Jirga . Those settled and living in
1769-583: The Pathans. There are also large communities of Pathans such as Niazi and others who live in Khanewal , Kasur areas of Punjab, and the Multan area, which was formerly a part of the Durrani Empire . Pathan communities live in different district of Azad Kashmir too. There, they are mainly settled in the districts of Poonch , Sudhnuti and Bagh . In Poonch and Sudhnuti they constitute more than 70% of
1830-680: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are
1891-589: The Sulaimankhel tribe's in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Many Sulemankhel Kochis also live in Kunduz, Nangarhar, Kabul, Peshawar, Attock, Haripur, Quetta, Kandahar, Maidan, Helmand, Lahore, Karachi, and Herat. . All of the subtribes of Sulemankhel are known for their strict following of Pakhtunwali . Most prominent Sulemankhel subtribes strictly follow its practice of Pashtunwali and are known for dispute resolution. Haji Allah Nazar Dustukhel Chief of Dustukhel's laid
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1952-576: The ancient Pashtun regions of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. Some identify themselves as Bangash , Yusufzai , Ghouri and Durrani . Moreover, a significant number of descendants of Rohillas had migrated to Pakistan after the partition of India , in 1947. The Pashtuns make up 30% of the Muhajir community in Karachi . In India's Rohilkhand region, Pashtuns had made large settlements between 14th century and 20th century. In fact, according to
2013-511: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If
2074-470: The central government and coalition forces. Nizamkhel and Shakhel also continue to be more supportive of the government, which may be partially explained by their conflict with Jalalzai. Sulaimankhel also has a strong presence in Swat, Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Quetta, Gwadar, Peshawar, Ghazni, Zabul, Paktia, Ghost, Logar, Wardak, Kabul, Nangarhar and Helmand. Haji Maula Nazar Dustukhel is the current chief of
2135-429: The country. Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan and a stronghold of the Pashtun culture . The city of Lashkargah in the south, Farah in the west, Jalalabad in the east, and Kunduz in the north are other prominent cultural centres whose populations are predominantly Pashtuns. Most Pashtuns are based in Pakistan. Pashtuns are one of the largest ethnic minorities in Pakistan, making up to 18% of
2196-416: The country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of
2257-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with
2318-671: The early 1900s there have been many generations of Pashtuns who migrated from Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pashtun settlements in Thailand have been common throughout the provinces. There is even a Thai-Pashtun Friendship Association and they are fiercely independent, as a result they often are well treated and respected by the Thai locals. Countries like Indonesia , Singapore , Brunei and Malaysia , Myanmar also have similar cases of Pashtun settlements, which those who are of descent are quickly assimilated to
2379-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as
2440-562: The establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to the commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana
2501-451: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still
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2562-503: The foundation and brought amendments in the system to be up to date according to the new era. It's a pre-Islamic tradition, also known for being the strongest tribesmen, dating back to Alexander's defeat of the Persian Empire in 330 BC, possibly survived in the form of traditional dances, while literary styles and music. Sulaimankhel tribe follows the principles of Pushtunwali tradition rigidly. Tribe has frequent blood feuds. Most of
2623-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or
2684-549: The latter part of the 19th century several thousand men from Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, Sind, Rajasthan, Egypt, Persia, Turkey and Punjab, but collectively known as "Afghans", were recruited during the initial British development of the Australian Outback , especially for the operation of camel trains in desert areas. These consisted of men who were not allowed to bring their families with them, many married local Aborigines and are now known as Ghans . During
2745-715: The local Indian ethnic minority community while those recent migrants or settlers belong to the Pakistani diaspora , since most of the migrants came from Pakistan . There may be some Pashtun communities living in parts of China , Taiwan and Japan . Some people living in Guyana and Suriname claim to be of Afghan descent. Most of them moved to South American countries during the Indian immigration. Many Pashtuns from Afghanistan came to Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Panama , Colombia , Paraguay and Peru as refugees during
2806-477: The loss of most of the Raj -era Pashtun population, India still has a community of Hindustani speakers who can trace some of their ancestry to ancient Pashtun settlers. They are often referred by the Hindustani pronunciation of the word Pashtun, "Pathan". Major Indian Pathan tribes lived in the following areas. While many persons belonging to these tribes moved to the Afghan-Pakistan border, others chose to stay and thus, descendants of these tribes still reside in
2867-500: The majority of Pashto -speaking individuals residing in the states of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh India; who also have adopted local languages of the respective areas they live in, as their second language. These Pathans, numbering around 14,161, have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. A small Hindu community, known as
2928-420: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečә́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e.
2989-546: The parts of India listed below: There are major Pashtun settlements in Saharanpur , Farrukhabad , Bihar and Kolkota . Hundreds of thousands of Pashtuns serving as migrant workers reside in the Middle East , particularly in the United Arab Emirates , Saudi Arabia , Qatar , Kuwait , Oman and other Arab countries. Many of them are involved in the transport business, while others are employees of construction companies. There were over 100,000 Pashtuns living in Iran in 1993. The Pashtuns there are mainly concentrated in
3050-478: The population still lacks proper education which results in a high illiteracy. Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] ) is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and
3111-583: The population. Kashmiri Pashtuns mainly consist of the Sadozai tribe, which is locally known as Sudhan . Approximate population of Sadozais in AJK is 1 million. Sadozai tribe has a strong hold in the Rawalakot city of Azad Kashmir . A small number of other Pashtun tribes in Kashmir include Durrani , Tareen , Lodhi , Yousafzai , Shinwari and Afridi tribes, whose populations extend from Azad Kashmir to India's Jammu and Kashmir . They speak local languages. In addition to this, some Urdu -speaking communities in Pakistan also trace their ancestry to
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#17327831324393172-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of
3233-402: The sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian, the literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while
3294-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes
3355-537: The total population of Pakistan. Pashtuns form the majority ethnic group in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan . With as many as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in the Sindh province hosts the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns population in the world Some important Pashtun cities of Pakistan include Peshawar , Quetta , Zhob , Loralai , Killa Saifullah , Attock , Swat , Mardan , Charsada , Mingora , Bannu , Parachinar , and Swabi . The province of Baluchistan
3416-423: The traditional Pashtunistan region around the early 1st millennium CE . According to Ethnologue , the total Pashtun population currently stands at around 30 million, but some sources give slightly lower or higher figures. Among Indic communities in the Indian subcontinent , Pashtuns are commonly referred to by the word Pathan . The ethnonym Afghan (of Persian origin) has been historically used since
3477-417: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in
3538-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto
3599-586: Was imported in the early 20th century. Since the late 1970s and onwards, Pashtuns began immigrating to the USA in large numbers and are well established there. Pashtuns in the United States are famous for running top Afghan cuisine restaurants and as owners of the fast-food restaurant chain Kennedy Fried Chicken that is based in New York City . 1,690 persons characterized their ethnicity as "Pashtun" in Canada's 2006 census. However, in question 17 of Canada's Statcan census form most Pashtuns don't put their ethnicity as Pashtuns but rather Afghan or Pakistani. In
3660-468: Was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936
3721-453: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended
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