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126-573: The Sunday Times Golden Globe Race was a non-stop, single-handed , round-the-world yacht race , held in 1968–1969, and was the first non-stop round-the-world yacht race. The race was controversial due to the failure of most competitors to finish the race and because of the apparent suicide of one entrant, Donald Crowhurst ; however, it ultimately led to the founding of the BOC Challenge and Vendée Globe round-the-world races, both of which continue to be successful and popular. The race

252-669: A NATO exercise in the North Atlantic mounted a search operation in the region of the Azores . However, on 6 April he finally managed to make contact with a British tanker using his signal lamp , which reported the news of his position, 1,200 nautical miles (1,400 mi; 2,200 km) from home. This created a sensation in Britain, with Knox-Johnston now clearly set to win the Golden Globe trophy, and Tetley predicted to win

378-439: A Westsail 32 , which has a sail area of only 59 m (640 sq ft), despite these two boats having virtually the same displacement (weight), at around 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb). With all sail handling being by the muscle power of one person, this huge sail area directly translates to physical effort, and the much greater power-to-weight ratio makes handling the boat a greater physical challenge. In addition, while

504-398: A rogue wave . Crowhurst planned to tackle the deficiencies of the trimaran with a revolutionary self-righting system, based on an automatically inflated air bag at the masthead. He would prove the system on his voyage, then go into business manufacturing it, thus making trimarans into safe boats for cruisers . By June, Crowhurst had secured some financial backing, essentially by mortgaging

630-511: A 19-foot (6 m) schooner that he built himself from San Francisco 7,000 miles (11,265 km) across the Pacific in 162 days until he was picked up exhausted and starving off Queensland , Australia , after a swordfish pierced his hull and he lost the rudder. William Albert Andrews, of Beverley, Massachusetts, made several significant single-handed voyages, and instigated the first single-handed trans-Atlantic race. Andrews first crossed

756-412: A 31-foot (9 m) ketch . He had only the most basic and makeshift gear; he had no radio, for fear of being shot as a spy, and was forced to stuff his clothes with newspaper to keep warm. His voyage of 20,000 miles (32,000 km) was not a true circumnavigation , as it was contained within the southern hemisphere; however, he made the first single-handed passage of the three great capes , and indeed

882-718: A 32 foot (9.8 m) wooden ketch , Suhaili , which he and some friends had built in India to the William Atkin Eric design; two of the friends had then sailed the boat to South Africa, and in 1966 Knox-Johnston had single-handedly sailed her the remaining 10,000 nautical miles (11,500 mi; 18,500 km) to London. Knox-Johnston was determined that the first person to make a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation should be British, and he decided that he would attempt to achieve this feat. To fund his preparations he went looking for sponsorship from Chichester's sponsor ,

1008-650: A 37-foot (11 m) sloop, Spray , and sailed it around the world—the first single-handed circumnavigation of the world. His book Sailing Alone Around the World is still considered a classic adventure, and it inspired many others to take to the seas. In 1942, the Argentine sailor Vito Dumas set out on a single-handed circumnavigation of the Southern Ocean . He left Buenos Aires in June, sailing Lehg II ,

1134-431: A 58-year-old British grocer, set off in 1967 to sail solo around the world. He completed his voyage on July 4, 1968, after two stops, and was knighted the following day. He subsequently wrote a book, My Lively Lady , about his voyage. Despite his failure in the Golden Globe, Chay Blyth had decided that endurance sailing was for him, and in 1970–1971 he made the first westabout single-handed non-stop circumnavigation via

1260-429: A calm and took the opportunity to clean the hull somewhat; while doing so, he saw a 7 foot (2.1 m) shark prowling around the boat. He later caught it, using a shark hook baited with a tin of bully beef (corned beef) , and hoisted it on board for a photo. His log is full of sail changes and other such sailing technicalities and gives little impression of how he was coping with the voyage emotionally; still, describing

1386-770: A careful appraisal of his outstanding problems and of the risks he would face in the Southern Ocean ; he was also acutely aware of the financial problems awaiting him at home. Despite his analysis that Teignmouth Electron was not up to the severe conditions which she would face in the Roaring Forties , he pressed on. Carozzo retired on 14 November, as he had started vomiting blood due to a peptic ulcer , and put into Porto , Portugal , for medical attention. Two more retirements were reported in rapid succession, as King made Cape Town on 22 November, and Fougeron stopped in Saint Helena on 27 November. This left four boats in

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1512-437: A cognitive link between a brand (sponsor) and an event (sponsoree), leading to the formation of event-linked associations in memory. Consequently, thinking of the brand can evoke these associations, influencing consumer perceptions and behaviors. Cornwell, Weeks and Roy (2005) have published an extensive review of the theories so far used to explain commercial sponsorship effects. One of the most pervasive findings in sponsorship

1638-408: A company's business objectives, finding the right contacts at a company, getting buy-in from multiple constituencies and finally negotiating benefits/price. Some sales can take up to a year and sellers report spending anywhere between 1–5 hours researching each company that is viewed as a potential prospect for sponsorship. These are the terms used by many sponsorship professionals, which refer to how

1764-519: A day's run on 8 December of 243 nautical miles (280 mi; 450 km), a new 24-hour record. Francis Chichester was sceptical of Crowhurst's sudden change in performance, and with good reason – on 6 December, Crowhurst had started creating a faked record of his voyage, showing his position advancing much faster than it actually was. The creation of this fake log was an incredibly intricate process, involving working celestial navigation in reverse. The motivation for this initial deception

1890-498: A different part of the world, as well as complex reverse navigation. He tried to keep his options open as long as possible, mainly by giving only extremely vague position reports; but on 17 December he sent a deliberately false message indicating that he was over the Equator , which he was not. From this point his radio reports – while remaining ambiguous – indicated steadily more impressive progress around

2016-471: A dilemma in terms of the prize. A race for the fastest time around the world was a logical subject for a prize, but there would obviously be considerable interest in the first person to complete a non-stop circumnavigation, and there was no possibility of persuading the possible candidates to wait for a combined start. The Sunday Times therefore decided to award two prizes: the Golden Globe trophy for

2142-529: A feel for chances of encountering ice. He reached the Horn on 6 February, but when he started to contemplate the voyage back to Plymouth he realised that he was becoming increasingly disenchanted with the race concept. As he sailed past the Falkland Islands he was sighted, and this first news of him since Tasmania caused considerable excitement. It was predicted that he would arrive home on 24 April as

2268-519: A former Royal Navy submarine commander, built a 42 foot (12.8 m) junk -rigged schooner , Galway Blazer II , designed for heavy conditions. He was able to secure sponsorship from the Express newspapers. John Ridgway and Chay Blyth , a British Army captain and sergeant, had rowed a 20 foot (6.1 m) boat across the Atlantic Ocean in 1966. They independently decided to attempt

2394-406: A heavy low on 15 December he hints at his feelings, wondering "why the hell I was on this voyage anyway". Knox-Johnston was having problems, as Suhaili was showing the strains of the long and hard voyage. On 3 November, his self-steering gear had failed for the last time, as he had used up all his spares. He was also still having leak problems, and his rudder was loose. Still, he felt that the boat

2520-419: A junk rig for safer and more manageable shorthanded sailing—influenced many subsequent sailors. Chichester placed second in the second running of the race four years later. The winner on that occasion, Eric Tabarly , sailed in the first ever boat specifically designed for single-handed ocean racing, the 44-foot (13 m) ketch Pen Duick II . Not content with his achievements, Chichester set his sights on

2646-654: A major competitive sport, and there are a number of prominent single-handed offshore races. The Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race (OSTAR) and the Route du Rhum are trans-Atlantic single-handed races. The single handed transpac (SHTP) starts off Tiburon in the San Francisco Bay, and ends in Hanalei Bay, Kauai. Round-the-world yacht racing began with the single-handed Sunday Times Golden Globe Race . Two modern round-the-world races descended from this event are

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2772-633: A message to his wife, and spoke to crew from an anchored cargo ship, Gillian Gaggins . On being invited aboard by her captain, a fellow Scot , Blyth found the offer impossible to refuse and went aboard, while the ship's engineers fixed his generator and replenished his fuel supply. By this time he had already shifted his focus from the race to a more personal quest to discover his own limits; and so, despite his technical disqualification for receiving assistance, he continued sailing towards Cape Town . His boat continued to deteriorate, however, and on 13 September he put into East London . Having successfully sailed

2898-572: A non-stop circumnavigation in late 1967 was the French sailor and author Bernard Moitessier . Moitessier had a custom-built 39 foot (11.9 m) steel ketch, Joshua , named after Slocum, in which he and his wife Françoise had sailed from France to Tahiti. They had then sailed her home again by way of Cape Horn , simply because they wanted to go home quickly to see their children. He had already achieved some recognition based on two successful books which he had written on his sailing experiences. However, he

3024-432: A planned departure on 1 October. Given the design of the race, there was no organised start; the competitors set off whenever they were ready, over a period of several months. On 1 June 1968, the first allowable day, John Ridgway sailed from Inishmore , Ireland, in his weekend cruiser English Rose IV . Just a week later, on 8 June, Chay Blyth followed suit – despite having absolutely no sailing experience. On

3150-469: A race, Moitessier set a fast pace – more than twice as fast as Knox-Johnston over the same part of the course. Tetley sailed on 16 September, and on 23 September, Crowhurst's boat, Teignmouth Electron , was finally launched in Norfolk. Under severe time pressure, Crowhurst planned to sail to Teignmouth , his planned departure point, in three days; but although the boat performed well downwind,

3276-532: A recreational sailor might wait for a while before reacting to a change in conditions, a racer will respond to every wind shift with a sail adjustment or change, resulting in much more frequent exertions. Falling overboard while single-handed ocean sailing is almost certainly fatal, as there is no one to attempt to recover the crewmember who has fallen overboard. However, the nightmare scenario of floating in mid-ocean while watching one's boat sail away under auto-pilot makes many single-handers very cautious. Staying on

3402-437: A retro-fit option – remote control handsets which not only allows the autopilot to be remotely controlled from anywhere on the boat but also detects when an individual carrying/wearing one goes over board, sounding the alarm and, depending on type of installation and mode selected, either turning the boat into the wind or locking the rudder hard over on the opposite tack causing the yacht to stall/forereach, in both cases preventing

3528-528: A single-handed, long-distance sailor will need to sleep at some point, the activity may be in violation of international law. Currently there is no evidence of authorities pro-actively enforcing the look-out rule on non-commercial craft. However, in the event of an incident at sea, if the master of a vessel is found to have violated one or more COLREGs, they may be found completely liable for the costs of rescue efforts, property damages or loss, loss of income, salvage costs, environmental cleanup costs, and so on. In

3654-420: A sponsor uses the benefits they are allocated under the terms of a sponsorship agreement. Leveraging has been defined by Weeks, Cornwell and Drennan (2008) as "the act of using collateral marketing communications to exploit the commercial potential of the association between a sponsor and sponsee" while activation has been defined as those "communications that promote the engagement, involvement, or participation of

3780-595: A voyage, along with all of the detailed logs, workings of celestial navigation sights, radio check-ins at various places, and so on, would be virtually impossible; however, in the Golden Globe Race, one competitor did actually attempt this. Today, racers in major offshore races are required to carry location beacons, such as Inmarsat-C with GPS , or the Argos System ; these beacons report each boat's position continuously to race headquarters. This

3906-536: Is also used more generally in English to mean "done without help from others" or, literally, "with one hand". In the sailing community, the term "crewed" (or sometimes "fully-crewed") is used to mean sailing with a crew of more than one, in order to distinguish events permitting larger crews from their single-handed equivalents (even though a solo sailor is also correctly referred to as a vessel's crew). Hence, for example, " Bruno Peyron ... has taken part in almost all

Sunday Times Golden Globe Race - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-407: Is generally permitted. In terms of safety, very stringent entry requirements apply to major races. The crew must meet requirements for both past experience and training, and the vessel and equipment must meet specified standards. One issue that arises with single-handed round-the-world racing is that of verifying that the competitor has actually sailed around the world. In practice, faking such

4158-580: Is more an endurance test for the skipper than a real race since the boats are so different and no handicap rule is in place. However there are some quite big groups of similar boats who has a race in the race. This being the Seascape 18, 24 and 27 as well as the X-79, X-99 and the Mini Transat 6.50s. The theoretical distance for each course is shown, and the average speed based on this theoretical distance

4284-413: Is not able to perform avoidance maneuvers because the crew is asleep. No legal cases have arisen to date to adjudicate whether or not such an approach is legal, because single-handed sailing is rare and examples of collisions caused by single-handed sailing are difficult to find. Finally, sensor technology has reached the point where a proper watch can be maintained by electronics that alert humans. In fact

4410-429: Is primarily for safety, and to permit daily race reports; however, it also means there is a verifiable record of the competitor's route. Complete competence with sailing and seamanship are required for single-handing, as is a high degree of self-sufficiency. Physical fitness is of particular importance for single-handing, as all of the tasks which would ordinarily be handled by two or more persons must be accomplished by

4536-525: Is projected to be the fastest-growing source of sponsorship dollars outside North America, with a forecast growth rate of 5.6 percent for 2011. Relaxed television industry legislation surrounding product placement has led to a small but increasing rise in TV programming sponsorship in the UK. However, commercial sponsorship of British sports teams and players is a multibillion-pound industry. For example, Adidas became

4662-525: Is raced in stages, with between two and four intermediate stops, going eastabout by way of the great capes, and is run every four years. The first edition was won by French yachtsman Philippe Jeantot , who won all four legs of the race with an overall elapsed time of just over 159 days. With changes in sponsorship the race later became known as the Around Alone, and is now the Velux 5 Oceans Race. With

4788-606: Is reported to have sailed from France to Surinam, in South America, although this has not been reliably authenticated. Another unauthenticated voyage is that of Captain Cleveland of Salem, who was said to have sailed nearly around the world single-handed in a 15-foot (5 m) boat around 1800. A more likely account is that of J.M. Crenston, who is reported to have sailed a 40-foot (12 m) boat from New Bedford, Massachusetts , to San Francisco (whether by Cape Horn or

4914-411: Is shown for each record for comparison purposes. Note, however, that the actual distance sailed will be more than the theoretical distance, particularly on upwind and round-the-world courses; the actual average speed will therefore also be higher than that shown. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) is the international agreement between 168 UN member nations forming

5040-455: Is that the best effects are achieved where there is a logical match between the sponsor and sponsoree, such as a sports brand sponsoring a sports event. Work by Cornwell and colleagues however, has shown that brands that don't have a logical match can still benefit, at least in terms of memory effects, if the sponsor articulates some rationale for the sponsorship to the audience. All sponsorship should be based on contractual obligations between

5166-450: The Cape of Good Hope before retiring; Nigel Tetley sank with 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km) to go while leading; Donald Crowhurst , who, in desperation, attempted to fake a round-the-world voyage to avoid financial ruin, began to show signs of mental illness, and then committed suicide; and Bernard Moitessier , who rejected the philosophy behind a commercialised competition, abandoned

Sunday Times Golden Globe Race - Misplaced Pages Continue

5292-601: The Hall Islands , and Yap Island . He arrived in Siargao Island in northern Mindanao on April 25, 1956. Organised single-handed yacht racing was pioneered by Britons "Blondie" Hasler and Francis Chichester , who conceived the idea of a single-handed race across the Atlantic Ocean. This was a revolutionary concept at the time, as the idea was thought to be extremely impractical, particularly in

5418-485: The Strait of Magellan is unknown). Single-handed sailing received a great impetus in the middle of the 19th century, when it was popularised by three British sailors, R.T. McMullen , John MacGregor and Frank Cowper . Although neither man made a major single-handed offshore passage, MacGregor achieved some fame for sailing a 21-foot (6 m) yawl from London to Paris and back in 1867. His book, The Voyage Alone in

5544-481: The Sunday Times that he had just received, he discovered that the rules against assistance prohibited receiving mail – including the newspaper in which he was reading this – and so he was technically disqualified. While he dismissed this as overly petty, he continued the voyage in bad spirits. The boat continued to deteriorate, and he finally decided that it would not be able to handle

5670-527: The Velux 5 Oceans Race (Around Alone), which is run in several stages with stops in between, and the Vendée Globe , a non-stop race around the world and perhaps the ultimate event in single-handed sailing. Many single-handed races make use of Open 50 and Open 60 boats. Stringent rules apply to single-handed races and speed records. As with any sailing race, the voyage must be completed under sail, and

5796-558: The great capes , i.e., against the prevailing winds of the roaring forties . Single-handed racing continued to develop with the creation in 1977 of the Mini-Transat , a single-handed transatlantic race for boats smaller than 6.5 metres (21 ft). The first edition started from Penzance , UK ; today it runs from Douarnenez , France , to Guadeloupe . The major women's firsts were achieved in just over ten years. Poland 's Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz set off to sail around

5922-509: The 'rules-of-the-road' to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea. Any citizen of a signing nation is bound by these rules when in international waters. As they pertain to single-handed sailing: Rule #1(a) – These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels. Rule #5 – Every vessel must at all times keep a proper look-out by sight, hearing, and all available means in order to judge if risk of collision exists. Since

6048-540: The Atlantic with his brother in a 19-foot (6 m) dory in 1878. He made an aborted attempt at a single-handed crossing in 1888, and then in 1891 he issued a challenge to any single-hander to race him across the ocean for a prize of $ 5,000. Josiah W. Lawlor, the son of a famous boat-builder, took up the challenge, and the two men built 15-foot (5 m) boats for the race. They set off from Crescent Beach near Boston on June 21, 1891. Andrews, capsized several times and

6174-618: The Atlantic, until, on 18 March, Moitessier fired a slingshot message in a can onto a ship near the shore of Cape Town, announcing his new plans to a stunned world: My intention is to continue the voyage, still nonstop, toward the Pacific Islands, where there is plenty of sun and more peace than in Europe. Please do not think I am trying to break a record. 'Record' is a very stupid word at sea. I am continuing nonstop because I am happy at sea, and perhaps because I want to save my soul. On

6300-538: The British Sunday Times . The Sunday Times was by this time interested in being associated with a successful non-stop voyage but decided that, of all the people rumoured to be preparing for a voyage, Knox-Johnston and his small wooden ketch were the least likely to succeed. Knox-Johnston finally arranged sponsorship from the Sunday Mirror . Several other sailors were interested. Bill King ,

6426-467: The COLREGs require electronic watch-keeping if technologies such as radar are aboard the vessel. Unmanned ocean-going drones already exist and will become routine within the next few decades, and those watch-keeping technologies will become available to single-handed sailors to ameliorate legal issues arising from the failure to maintain a constant human watch. With a spate of teenagers attempting to break

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6552-457: The Cape of Good Hope; the high speed this erroneous position implied fuelled newspaper speculation in the following radio silence, and his position was optimistically reported as rapidly advancing around the globe. Crowhurst's actual position, meanwhile, was off Brazil, where he was making slow progress south, and carefully monitoring weather reports from around the world to include in his fake log. He

6678-684: The EU member states in 2014, followed by North America, the Asia Pacific region. Growth in Central and South America during 2010 did not materialize to the extent projected—3.8 percent versus a forecast of 5.7 percent—despite the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games in Brazil in 2014 and 2016, respectively. With the 2010 World Cup concluded, sponsorship activity should begin to heat up, thus the region

6804-745: The Southern Ocean sailors often do not see another boat for weeks. Recreational sailors usually choose a more tropical route (through the Panama Canal) closer to land and have to keep a better lookout for shipping. They often stop in ports en route for rest and sightseeing. In recent years the Automatic Identification System has become available to non-commercial shipping, providing advance warning of collision risks. The recorded history of modern single-handed voyages begins with an American sailor, Josiah Shackford, who

6930-495: The Yawl Rob Roy ; McMullen's book, Down Channel , published in 1869, and Frank Cowper's classic Sailing Tours series (1892–96) inspired many people to cruise. The first authenticated single-handed ocean crossing was made in 1876 by a 30-year-old fisherman named Alfred "Centennial" Johnson . Johnson sailed out of Gloucester, Massachusetts , to cross the Atlantic Ocean in an open dory named Centennial . His voyage

7056-448: The act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group that provides the support, similar to a benefactor , is known as the sponsor . Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property (typically in sports, arts, entertainment or causes) in return for access to the exploitable commercial potential associated with that property. While

7182-653: The adverse conditions of their proposed route—a westward crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, their original half-crown bet on first place developed into the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race, the OSTAR , which was held in 1960. The race was a success, and was won in 40 days by Chichester, then aged 58, in Gipsy Moth III ; Hasler finished second, in 48 days, sailing the junk -rigged Jester . Hasler's wind-vane self-steering gear revolutionised short-handed sailing, and his other major innovation—using

7308-459: The age record for sailing singlehanded around the world, their parents have come under criticism and legal challenges for allowing their offspring to engage in such potentially dangerous activity. This was highlighted by the expensive rescue of Abby Sunderland in 2010, over $ 200,000, paid for by the Australian government. Sponsor (commercial) Sponsoring something (or someone) is

7434-473: The boat (by careful and thorough use of handholds, lifelines, and tethers) is undoubtedly the best approach for any sailor, but some single-handers tow a rope astern, as a last desperate chance if they should fall overboard. Modern technology has given us EPIRB , PLB , SART Radar SART and AIS SART devices which can help recover victims of a man overboard (MOB) incident. Additionally the most modern autopilot systems eg NKE Gyropilot have – or can have added as

7560-453: The boat from continuing on its route and allowing a conscious MOB the possibility of getting back aboard. Falling overboard while single-handed sailing also creates a hazard to navigation for all other vessels as the now-uncontrolled vessel can remain afloat for an extended period. One of the greatest challenges facing a lone sailor is managing the need to sleep, since a good watch must be kept at all times while at sea. Many single-handers use

7686-413: The boat must be operated and powered by wind and muscle-power alone (no electric or hydraulic winches). Some races are carried out in stages, where repairs and resupply may be carried out at the intermediate ports of call; in non-stop races and record attempts, no outside assistance is permitted, whether in the form of a tow, repairs, or supplies. However, anchoring to make repairs under one's own resources

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7812-476: The boat, and later his family home. Crowhurst's boat, however, had not yet been built; despite the lateness of his entry, he pressed ahead with the idea of a custom boat, which started construction in late June. Crowhurst's belief was that a trimaran would give him a good chance of the prize for the fastest circumnavigation, and with the help of a wildly optimistic table of probable performances, he even predicted that he would be first to finish – despite

7938-406: The day he set sail, he had friends rig the boat Dytiscus for him and then sail in front of him in another boat to show him the correct manoeuvres. Knox-Johnston got underway from Falmouth soon after, on 14 June. He was undisturbed by the fact that it was a Friday, contrary to the common sailors' superstition that it is bad luck to begin a voyage on a Friday . Suhaili , crammed with tinned food,

8064-399: The event of loss of life, criminal gross negligence charges are possible. As a defence, some sailors mention: Rule #18 – A power-driven vessel must give way to: (...), a sailing vessel (...) It is also a reasonable interpretation of the COLREGs to place the boat "not under command" and to make no way, displaying proper lighting for such, to inform other vessels that a single-handed boat

8190-543: The experienced seaman, was enjoying himself, but Suhaili had problems with leaking seams near the keel . However, Knox-Johnston had managed a good repair by diving and caulking the seams underwater. Blyth was not far ahead, and although leading the race, he was having far greater problems with his boat, which was suffering in the hard conditions. He had also discovered that the fuel for his generator had been contaminated, which effectively put his radio out of action. On 15 August, Blyth went in to Tristan da Cunha to pass

8316-483: The fastest-time prize, started pushing harder, despite that his boat was having significant problems – he made major repairs at sea in an attempt to stop the port hull of his trimaran falling off, and kept racing. On 22 April, he crossed his outbound track, one definition of a circumnavigation . On the same day, 22 April, Knox-Johnston completed his voyage where it had started, in Falmouth . This made him

8442-524: The first non-stop circumnavigation, but had the problem of selecting the sailor most likely to succeed. King and Ridgway, two likely candidates, already had sponsorship, and there were several other strong candidates preparing. "Tahiti" Bill Howell, an Australian cruising sailor, had made a good performance in the 1964 OSTAR , Moitessier was also considered a strong contender, and there may have been other potential circumnavigators already making preparations. The Sunday Times did not want to sponsor someone for

8568-436: The first non-stop solo circumnavigation only to have them beaten by another sailor, so the paper hit upon the idea of a sponsored race, which would cover all the sailors setting off that year. To circumvent the possibility of a non-entrant completing his voyage first and scooping the story, they made entry automatic: anyone sailing single-handed around the world that year would be considered in the race. This still left them with

8694-485: The first person to sail single-handed, non-stop around the world; and a £5,000 prize (equivalent to £110,000 in 2023) for the fastest time. This automatic entry provision had the drawback that the race organisers could not vet entrants for their ability to take on this challenge safely. This was in contrast to the OSTAR , for example, which in the same year required entrants to complete a solo 500-nautical mile (930 km) qualifying passage. The one concession to safety

8820-638: The first round-the-world yacht race in any format—was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race , starting between June 1 and October 31 (the skippers set off at different times) in 1968. Of the nine boats which started: The first woman to sail from Los Angeles to Hawaii was Sharon Sites Adams , in 1965 with a 25-foot Danish folkboat. She added to this feat in 1969 by sailing a Sea Sharp II fiberglass Mariner 31 from Yokosuka , Japan, to San Diego , CA in 1969. These feats have been documented and described in her book "Pacific Lady." Even after

8946-598: The first successful single-handed passage of Cape Horn . With only three landfalls, Vito Dumas described the legs of his trip as the longest that had been made by a single-hander, and in the most ferocious oceans on the Earth. In 1955, the Filipino immigrant to Hawaii , Florentino Das set out on a home-built 27-footer from Kewalo Basin to his hometown of Allen, Northern Samar , Philippines . His solo sailing feat took him 12 months passing through Ponape , Truk Island ,

9072-614: The heavy conditions of the Southern Ocean. On 21 July he put into Recife , Brazil , and retired from the race. Even with the race underway, other competitors continued to declare their intention to join. On 30 June, Royal Navy officer Nigel Tetley announced that he would race in the trimaran he and his wife lived aboard. He obtained sponsorship from Music for Pleasure , a British budget record label, and started preparing his boat, Victress , in Plymouth , where Moitessier, King, and Frenchman Loïck Fougeron were also getting ready. Fougeron

9198-550: The large crewed and single-handed sailing events since the 80's." In contrast, the term " double-handed " is used to refer to sailing with two persons on board. Many significant voyages, such as ocean passages, have been made single-handed, and many single-handed circumnavigations have been accomplished. "Single-handed" does not imply "non-stop", so a single-handed circumnavigation counts as such even with stops, as in Joshua Slocum 's voyage. Single-handed sailing has become

9324-413: The length of the Atlantic and rounded Cape Agulhas in an unsuitable boat, he decided that he would take on the challenge of the sea again, but in a better boat and on his own terms. Despite the retirements, other racers were still getting started. On Thursday, 22 August, Moitessier and Fougeron set off, with King following on Saturday (none of them wanted to leave on a Friday). With Joshua lightened for

9450-540: The main "firsts" had been achieved—first solo circumnavigation, first non-stop—other sailors set out to make their mark on history. In 1965, at the age of just 16, Robin Lee Graham set out from southern California to sail around the world in his 24-foot (7 m) sailboat Dove , and in 1970 he successfully completed the youngest (at age 16–21) solo circumnavigation. Following in Chichester's wake, Alec Rose ,

9576-534: The marketing mix. A sponsorship program can include all other marketing elements including advertising, promotions, merchandise, hospitality, PR and social media. This allows sponsorship to be used to address a much wider range of business objectives. For example, a sponsor buying the rights to a sports team or competition could achieve increased brand awareness through high profile signage, but might also use hospitality tickets for staff motivation programs or to host key trade customers. On-pack promotions could be linked to

9702-600: The modern world; the planned celebrations seemed to him to be yet another example of brash materialism. After much debate with himself, and many thoughts of those waiting for him in England, he decided to continue sailing – past the Cape of Good Hope, and across the Indian Ocean for a second time, into the Pacific. Unaware of this, the newspapers continued to publish "assumed" positions progressing steadily up

9828-535: The next logical goal—a racing-style circumnavigation of the world. In 1966, he set off in Gipsy Moth IV , a yacht custom-built for a speed attempt, in order to set the fastest possible time for a round-the-world trip—in effect, the first speed record for a single-handed circumnavigation. He followed the clipper route from Plymouth , United Kingdom, to Sydney , Australia, where he stopped over for 48 days, then continued south of Cape Horn back to Plymouth. In

9954-414: The nineteenth century, when a number of sailors made notable single-handed crossings of the Atlantic. The first single-handed circumnavigation of the world was made by Joshua Slocum , between 1895 and 1898, and many sailors have since followed in his wake, completing leisurely circumnavigations with numerous stopovers. However, the first person to tackle a single-handed circumnavigation as a speed challenge

10080-425: The non-stop sail, but despite their rowing achievement were hampered by a lack of sailing experience. They both made arrangements to get boats, but ended up with entirely unsuitable vessels, 30 foot (9.1 m) boats designed for cruising protected waters and too lightly built for Southern Ocean conditions. Ridgway managed to secure sponsorship from The People newspaper. One of the most serious sailors considering

10206-417: The ocean conditions. On 30 October, Fougeron passed Tristan da Cunha, with King a few hundred nautical miles ahead. The next day – Halloween  – they both found themselves in a severe storm. Fougeron hove-to , but still suffered a severe knockdown. King, who allowed his boat to tend to herself (a recognised procedure known as lying ahull ), had a much worse experience; his boat

10332-406: The outside world would taint his voyage; he did, however, take a camera, agreeing to drop off packages of film if he got the chance. The race was announced on 17 March 1968, by which time King, Ridgway, Howell (who later dropped out), Knox-Johnston, and Moitessier were registered as competitors. Chichester, despite expressing strong misgivings about the preparedness of some of the interested parties,

10458-399: The process he became the first single-handed sailor to circumnavigate west-to-east, by the clipper route , with just one stop (of 48 days) in 274 days overall, with a sailing time of 226 days, twice as fast as the previous record for a small vessel. At the age of 65, Chichester had once again revolutionised single-handed sailing. The first single-handed round-the-world yacht race—and actually

10584-626: The race at the beginning of December: Knox-Johnston's Suhaili , battling frustrating and unexpected headwinds in the south Pacific Ocean , Moitessier's Joshua , closing on Tasmania , Tetley's Victress , just passing the Cape of Good Hope , and Crowhurst's Teignmouth Electron , still in the north Atlantic. Tetley was just entering the Roaring Forties, and encountering strong winds. He experimented with self-steering systems based on various combinations of headsails, but had to deal with some frustrating headwinds. On 21 December he encountered

10710-506: The race while in a strong position to win and kept sailing non-stop until he reached Tahiti after circling the globe one and a half times. Robin Knox-Johnston was the only entrant to complete the race, becoming the first man to sail single-handed and non-stop around the world. He was awarded both prizes, and later donated the £5,000 to a fund supporting Crowhurst's family. Long-distance single-handed sailing has its beginnings in

10836-406: The race, he was horrified, seeing the commercialisation of his voyage as a violation of the spiritual ideal which had inspired it. A few days later, Moitessier relented, thinking that he would join the race and that if he won, he would take the prizes and leave again without a word of thanks. In typical style, he refused the offer of a free radio to make progress reports, saying that this intrusion of

10962-399: The same day, Tetley rounded Cape Horn, becoming the first to accomplish the feat in a multihull sailboat. Badly battered by his Southern Ocean voyage, he turned north with considerable relief. Teignmouth Electron was also battered and Crowhurst badly wanted to make repairs, but without the spares that had been left behind he needed new supplies. After some planning, on 8 March he put into

11088-586: The sea, treated himself to a generous dose of whisky and held a rousing solo carol service, then drank a toast to the Queen at 3pm. He managed to pick up some radio stations from the U.S., and heard for the first time about the Apollo 8 astronauts, who had just made the first orbit of the Moon. Moitessier, meanwhile, was sunbathing in a flat calm, deep in the roaring forties south-west of New Zealand. By January, concern

11214-451: The single sailor. This includes often arduous sail adjustments and sail changes in all weathers, including heavy weather (very windy or stormy weather). This is true many times over for competitive sailors; for example, Ellen MacArthur 's Kingfisher monohull, in which she completed the 2000 Vendée Globe , has an upwind sail area of 237 m (2,550 sq ft), as compared to a conservative recreational round-the-world yacht such as

11340-478: The solution to his financial troubles – essentially the mirror opposite of Moitessier, who saw publicity and financial rewards as inimical to his adventure. Crowhurst planned to sail in a trimaran . These boats were starting to gain a reputation, still very much unproven, for speed, along with a darker reputation for unseaworthiness; they were known to be very stable under normal conditions, but extremely difficult to right if knocked over, for example by

11466-441: The specific rights being sold and confirmation that these are available for sponsorship from the rights holder. Sponsored parties should have the absolute right to decide on the value of the sponsorship rights that they are offering and the appropriateness of the sponsor with whom they contract. The sales cycle for selling sponsors is often a lengthy process that consists of researching prospects, creating tailored proposals based on

11592-425: The sponsor and the sponsored party. Sponsors and sponsored parties should set out clear terms and conditions with all other partners involved, to define their expectations regarding all aspects of the sponsorship deal. Sponsorship should be recognisable as such. The terms and conduct of sponsorship should be based upon the principle of good faith between all parties to the sponsorship. There should be clarity regarding

11718-497: The sponsoree (property being sponsored) may be nonprofit, unlike philanthropy, sponsorship is done with the expectation of a commercial return. While sponsorship can deliver increased awareness, brand building and propensity to purchase, it is different from advertising. Unlike advertising, sponsorship can not communicate specific product attributes. Nor can it stand alone, as sponsorship requires support elements. Proponents of sponsorship would, however, point to its unique position in

11844-545: The sponsorship audience with the sponsor." Money spent on activation is over and above the rights fee paid to the sponsored property and is often far greater than the cost of the rights fee." IEG projects spending on sponsorship globally to grow 4.5 percent in 2018 to $ 65.8 billion, including $ 24.2 billion in North America alone (a 4.5% increase from $ 24.1 billion in 2017). Europe is the largest source of sponsorship spending, with €26.44 million (US$ 29 million) in just

11970-405: The sports property to create a much more compelling consumer proposition and to associate the brand directly with a sports property which has much greater image attributes than the sponsoring brand. Various psychological and communication theories have been employed to elucidate the mechanisms by which commercial sponsorship influences consumer audiences. Many theories posit that sponsorship creates

12096-616: The struggle against headwinds in the English Channel showed severe deficiencies in the boat's upwind performance, and the trip to Teignmouth took 13 days. Meanwhile, Moitessier was making excellent progress. On 29 September he passed Trindade in the south Atlantic, and on 20 October he reached Cape Town, where he managed to leave word of his progress. He sailed on east into the Southern Ocean , where he continued to make good speed, covering 188 nautical miles (216 mi; 348 km) on 28 October. Others were not so comfortable with

12222-569: The success of the BOC, the stage was set for a new non-stop race, and 1989–1990 saw the first running of the Vendée Globe, a single-handed, non-stop, round-the-world yacht race, by way of the great capes. Founded by former BOC Challenge winner Philippe Jeantot, this is essentially the successor to the Golden Globe race. The race, which takes place every four years, is regarded by many as the ultimate event in single-handed sailing. The inaugural event

12348-528: The technique of napping for 15 to 20 minutes at a time, using a timer to wake them up for periodic look-arounds; with the relatively slow speed of a sailboat, this allows most hazards to be seen in time. Again the challenge is greater for racers, given their higher speeds and more intense activity, and some racers have carried out considerable research into getting the maximum benefit from short cat-naps. Especially for racing, often routes are chosen that stay away from land, shallow areas and busy shipping routes. In

12474-655: The tiny settlement of Río Salado, in Argentina , just south of the Río de la Plata . Although the village turned out to be the home of a small coastguard station, and his presence was logged, he got away with his supplies and without publicity. He started heading south again, intending to get some film and experience of Southern Ocean conditions to bolster his false log. The concern for Knox-Johnston turned to alarm in March, with no news of him since New Zealand; aircraft taking part in

12600-413: The winner (in fact, Knox-Johnston finished on 22 April). A huge reception was planned in Britain, from where he would be escorted to France by a fleet of French warships for an even more grand reception. There was even said to be a Légion d'honneur waiting for him there. Moitessier had a very good idea of this, but throughout his voyage he had been developing an increasing disgust with the excesses of

12726-434: The winner of the Golden Globe trophy, and the first person to sail single-handed and non-stop around the world, which he had done in 312 days. This left Tetley and Crowhurst apparently fighting for the £5,000 prize for fastest time. Single-handed sailing In sailing, a hand is a member of a ship's crew. "Single-handed" therefore means with a crew of one, i.e., only one person on the vessel. The term "single-handed"

12852-549: The world by the trade-wind route in 1976 and on her return to the Canary Islands in 1978 became the first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation (with stops). Less than two months later, Naomi James completed the first single-handed circumnavigation (with stops) by a woman via Cape Horn, in just 272 days, and in 1988, Kay Cottee became the first woman to perform a solo non-stop circumnavigation in her 11-metre (36 ft) sloop First Lady , taking 189 days. It

12978-417: The world; but he never left the Atlantic, and it seems that after December the mounting problems with his boat had caused him to give up on ever doing so. Christmas Day 1968 was a strange day for the four racers, who were very far from friends and family. Crowhurst made a radio call to his wife on Christmas Eve, during which he was pressed for a precise position, but refused to give one. Instead, he told her he

13104-607: The £5,000 prize for the fastest time. Crowhurst re-opened radio contact on 10 April, reporting himself to be "heading" towards the Diego Ramirez Islands , near Cape Horn. This news caused another sensation, as with his projected arrival in the UK at the start of July he now seemed to be a contender for the fastest time, and (very optimistically) even for a close finish with Tetley. Once his projected false position approached his actual position, he started heading north at speed. Tetley, informed that he might be robbed of

13230-611: Was Francis Chichester , who, in 1960, had won the inaugural Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race ( OSTAR ). In 1966, Chichester set out to sail around the world by the clipper route , starting and finishing in England with a stop in Sydney , in an attempt to beat the speed records of the clipper ships in a small boat. His voyage was a great success, as he set an impressive round-the-world time of nine months and one day – with 226 days of sailing time – and, soon after his return to England on 28 May 1967,

13356-426: Was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II . Even before his return, however, a number of other sailors had turned their attention to the next logical challenge – a non-stop single-handed circumnavigation of the world. In March 1967, a 28-year-old British merchant marine officer, Robin Knox-Johnston , realised that a non-stop solo circumnavigation was "about all there's left to do now". Knox-Johnston had

13482-496: Was "off Cape Town", a position far in advance of his plotted fake position, and even farther from his actual position, 20 nautical miles (37 km) off the easternmost point in Brazil , just 7 degrees (480 nautical miles (550 mi; 890 km)) south of the equator. Like Crowhurst, Tetley was depressed. He had a lavish Christmas dinner of roast pheasant, but was suffering badly from loneliness. Knox-Johnston, thoroughly at home on

13608-564: Was a friend of Moitessier, who managed a motorcycle company in Casablanca , and planned to race on Captain Browne , a 30 foot (9.1 m) steel gaff cutter . Crowhurst, meanwhile, was far from ready – assembly of the three hulls of his trimaran only began on 28 July at a boatyard in Norfolk . Blyth and Knox-Johnston were well down the Atlantic by this time. Knox-Johnston,

13734-440: Was also becoming increasingly concerned about Teignmouth Electron , which was starting to come apart, mainly due to slapdash construction. Moitessier also had not been heard from since New Zealand, but he was still making good progress and coping easily with the conditions of the "furious fifties". He was carrying letters from old Cape Horn sailors describing conditions in the Southern Ocean, and he frequently consulted these to get

13860-451: Was also causing consternation for the press, who were desperate for hard facts. On 19 January, he finally yielded to the pressure and stated himself to be 100 nautical miles (120 mi; 190 km) south-east of Gough Island in the south Atlantic. He also reported that due to generator problems he was shutting off his radio for some time. His position was misunderstood on the receiving end to be 100 nautical miles (190 km) south-east of

13986-556: Was also far from ready – his boat, barely finished, was a chaos of unstowed supplies, and his self-righting system was unbuilt. He left anyway, and started slowly making his way against the prevailing winds of the English Channel. By mid-November Crowhurst was already having problems with his boat. Hastily built, the boat was already showing signs of being unprepared, and in the rush to depart, Crowhurst had left behind crucial repair materials. On 15 November, he made

14112-462: Was also the last allowable day for racers to start, and was the day that the last two competitors, Donald Crowhurst and Alex Carozzo, got under way. Carozzo, a highly regarded Italian sailor, had competed in (but not finished) that year's OSTAR . Considering himself unready for sea, he "sailed" on 31 October, to comply with the race's mandatory start date, but went straight to a mooring to continue preparing his boat without outside assistance. Crowhurst

14238-523: Was disenchanted with the material aspect of his fame – he believed that by writing his books for quick commercial success he had sold out what was for him an almost spiritual experience. He hit upon the idea of a non-stop circumnavigation as a new challenge, which would be the basis for a new and better book. By January 1968, word of all these competing plans was spreading. The Sunday Times , which had profited to an unexpected extent from its sponsorship of Chichester, wanted to get involved with

14364-409: Was finally picked up by a steamer; but Lawlor arrived at Coverack , Cornwall , on August 5, 1891. The sport of long-distance single-handed sailing was firmly established with the famous voyage of Joshua Slocum , who circumnavigated the world between 1895 and 1898. Despite widespread opinion that such a voyage was impossible (there was no Panama Canal then), Slocum, a retired sea captain, rebuilt

14490-564: Was fundamentally sound, so he braced the rudder as well as he could, and started learning to balance the boat in order to sail a constant course on her own. On 7 November, he dropped mail off in Melbourne , and on 19 November he made an arranged meeting off the Southern Coast of New Zealand with a Sunday Mirror journalist from Otago, New Zealand . On 10 December, Crowhurst reported that he had had some fast sailing at last, including

14616-469: Was growing for Knox-Johnston. He was having problems with his radio transmitter and nothing had been heard since he had passed south of New Zealand. He was actually making good progress, rounding Cape Horn on 17 January 1969. Elated by this successful climax to his voyage, he briefly considered continuing east, to sail around the Southern Ocean a second time, but soon gave up the idea and turned north for home. Crowhurst's deliberately vague position reporting

14742-411: Was low in the water and sluggish, but the much more seaworthy boat soon started gaining on Ridgway and Blyth. It soon became clear to Ridgway that his boat was not up to a serious voyage, and he was also becoming affected by loneliness. On 17 June, at Madeira , he made an arranged rendezvous with a friend to drop off his photos and logs, and received some mail in exchange. While reading a recent issue of

14868-433: Was most likely to allow him to claim an attention-getting record prior to entering the doldrums . However, from that point on, he started to keep two logs – his actual navigation log, and a second log in which he could enter a faked description of a round-the-world voyage. This would have been an immensely difficult task, involving the need to make up convincing descriptions of weather and sailing conditions in

14994-472: Was not until 2006, however, that a woman— Dee Caffari —completed a non-stop westabout circumnavigation. The first woman to win overall a single-handed ocean race was Florence Arthaud, who won the Route du Rhum (Saint-Malo, France, to Pointe-à-Pitre, French Caribbean) in 1990. In 1982, the first single-handed round-the-world race since the Golden Globe, the BOC Challenge , was inaugurated. This event

15120-411: Was offered to the first person to complete an unassisted, non-stop single-handed circumnavigation of the world via the great capes , and a separate £ 5,000 prize was offered for the fastest single-handed circumnavigation. Nine sailors started the race; four retired before leaving the Atlantic Ocean . Of the five remaining, Chay Blyth , who had set off with absolutely no sailing experience, sailed past

15246-490: Was rolled and lost its foremast. Both men decided to retire from the race. Four of the starters had decided to retire at this point, at which time Moitessier was 1,100 nautical miles (1,300 mi; 2,000 km) east of Cape Town, Knox-Johnston was 4,000 nautical miles (4,600 mi; 7,400 km) ahead in the middle of the Great Australian Bight , and Tetley was just nearing Trindade. However, 31 October

15372-472: Was sponsored by the British Sunday Times newspaper and was designed to capitalise on a number of individual round-the-world voyages which were already being planned by various sailors; for this reason, there were no qualification requirements, and competitors were offered the opportunity to join and permitted to start at any time between 1 June and 31 October 1968. The Golden Globe trophy

15498-525: Was the requirement that all competitors must start between 1 June and 31 October, in order to pass through the Southern Ocean in summer. To make the speed record meaningful, competitors had to start from the British Isles. However Moitessier, the most likely person to make a successful circumnavigation, was preparing to leave from Toulon , in France. When the Sunday Times went to invite him to join

15624-595: Was timed to celebrate the United States centennial . He set off on the 3,000-nautical-mile (5,600 km) crossing on June 15, 1876; he averaged about 70 miles (113 km) a day, and contacted many vessels along the way, getting positions from their navigators. After surviving a major gale that capsized the boat, he finally made landfall at Abercastle , Wales , on August 12, 1876. Another Gloucesterman, Howard Blackburn , made single-handed Atlantic crossings in 1899 and 1901. In 1882, Bernard Gilboy sailed

15750-401: Was to chair the panel of judges. Four days later, British electronics engineer Donald Crowhurst announced his intention to take part. Crowhurst was the manufacturer of a modestly successful radio navigation aid for sailors, who impressed many people with his apparent knowledge of sailing. With his electronics business failing, he saw a successful adventure, and the attendant publicity, as

15876-635: Was won by Titouan Lamazou of France, in Ecureuil d'Aquitaine II , with a time of 109 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes. In 2012, the Silverrudder race was established in Svendborg , Denmark. Quickly, it grew to become the largest single-handed race in the World with currently (2021) 450 participants signed up. All sailboats can participate. The race is divided into 6 classes: Small, Medium, Large, Extra large keelboats and Small and Large multi hulls. The race

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