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62-686: In 1939, in its invasion of Poland the USSR captured several hundred Polish Model 35 anti-tank rifles , which had proved effective against the German invasion of Poland from the West . Vasily Degtyaryov copied its lock and several features of the German Panzerbüchse 38 when hasty construction of an anti-tank rifle was ordered in July 1941. The PTRD and the similar but semi-automatic PTRS-41 were

124-399: A muzzle brake to limit recoil. It absorbed about 65% of the shot energy, and the recoil was comparable to a standard Mauser rifle, even though the cartridge carried more than twice the amount of propellant. It had iron sights fixed for a 300-meter range. Unlike contemporary anti-tank rifles, it lacked a pistol grip and fired a bullet with a lead core rather than an armour-piercing round with

186-501: A book of adventures and excursions in the Tatras titled Ungarischer Oder Dacianischer Simplicissimus, Vorstellend Seinen wunderlichen Lebens-Lauff, und sonderliche Begebenheiten gethaner Raisen, Nebenst Wahrhafter Beschreibung dess vormals im Nor gestandenen und offters verunruhigten Urgerland , which translates roughly to Hungarian or Dacian Simplicissimus, presenting his strange life and the peculiar events of his adventures, together with

248-812: A bought Halger 7.1 mm rifle in October 1931 proved, that the idea was promising. The Armament Department of the General Staff ordered to start works immediately, in the State Armament Factories ( Państwowa Wytwórnia Uzbrojenia ) in Warsaw and a state powder factory in Pionki . First it was envisaged, that a final calibre would be 10-13 mm with a muzzle velocity of over 1,000 meters per second. An experimental 1932 design by Cpt. Edward Kapkowski, firing 7.92×92 cartridges from Mauser rifle barrel,

310-577: A connection with a Herzegovian highland called Tatra , thus taken from local inhabitants. The name is also close to the Ukrainian word for gravel, toltry . The Tatras are a mountain range of a corrugated nature, originating from the Alpine orogeny , and therefore characterized by a relatively young-looking lie of the land, quite similar to the landscape of the Alps , although significantly smaller. It

372-407: A hard core. The full metal jacket bullet weighed 14.579 g and, due to a high muzzle velocity, was effective even under shallow angles, as instead of ricocheting, the bullet would "stick" to the armour and punch a roughly 20 mm diameter hole. Calculated kinetic energy, by shot, before brake was about 11,850 J. The high energy was due to the relatively long barrel, and nitro powder giving

434-652: A muzzle velocity of 1,275 m/s. In late 1920s the Polish General Staff was looking for a light anti-tank weapon for the Polish infantry. In 1931, Dr. Tadeusz Felsztyn, then Major in the Central Rifle School in Toruń , came up with an idea of a high-velocity low-calibre anti-tank cartridge , inspired by reports on new German Halger hunting cartridges, designed by Hermann Gerlich. Tests of

496-865: A rocky ledge in one of the trails near Zakopane. The highest point in the Tatra Mountains that can be freely accessed by a labeled trail is Rysy . Most of the peaks in the Western Tatras (on both sides of the border), including the main ridge are freely accessible by hiking trails. In the Slovak part of the Eastern Tatras, only seven peaks (out of 48 with prominence of at least 100 m) are accessible by hiking trails ( Rysy , Svinica/Świnica , Slavkovský štít , Kriváň , Kôprovský štít , Východná Vysoká , and Jahňací štít ). Two of these ( Rysy and Svinica/Świnica ) are located on

558-914: A series of mountains within the Western Carpathians that form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland . They are the highest mountains in the Carpathians . The Tatras are distinct from the Low Tatras ( Slovak : Nízke Tatry ), a separate Slovak mountain range further south. The Tatra Mountains occupy an area of 785 square kilometres (303 sq mi), of which about 610 square kilometres (236 sq mi) (77.7%) lie within Slovakia and about 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi) (22.3%) within Poland. The highest peak, called Gerlachovský štít , at 2,655 m (8710 ft),

620-477: A true description of the ancient lands that once stood in the north and were often troubled . The author was later discovered to be Daniel Speer of Silesia, who lived in the sub-Tatra region for about six years. A popular tourist destination in Poland is Zakopane but the developed tourist base also includes Kościelisko , Poronin , Biały Dunajec , Bukowina Tatrzańska , Białka Tatrzańska , Murzasichle , Małe Ciche , Ząb , Jurgów , Brzegi . In Slovakia,

682-453: A typical penetrator , but through the impact of the bullet flattening against the plate, transferring kinetic energy to the metal. The result was that the bullet would cause spalling on the interior of the armor plate, ideally ejecting an approximately 20 mm-diameter fragment from the interior surface of the armour at high speed, which would then ricochet around the interior, hopefully killing crew and/or damaging equipment or engines (this

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744-425: A year on average. Maximum snow cover on the summit amounts to: Peaks are sometimes covered with snow or ice throughout the year. Avalanches are frequent. Extreme temperatures range from −40 °C (−40 °F) in the winter to 33 °C (91 °F) in warmer months. Temperatures also vary depending on the altitude and sun exposure of a given slope. Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) last for 192 days on

806-474: Is a Polish 7.92 mm anti-tank rifle that was used by the Polish Armed Forces during the 1939 Polish Campaign of World War II and later by several Axis armies. It was designated wzór 35 for its design year, 1935. It was also known by its codename "Uruguay", after the country ( kb Urugwaj or kb Ur ) and by the name of its designer, Józef Maroszek  [ pl ] . The weapon

868-819: Is in Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk , and one is in Australian War Memorial in Canberra. The Norwegian Armed Forces Museum holds several specimens of the wz. 35. Tatra Mountains The Tatra Mountains ( pronounced ), Tatras ( Tatry either in Slovak ( pronounced [ˈtatri] ) or in Polish ( pronounced [ˈtatrɨ] ) - plurale tantum ), are

930-516: Is itself inspired by the 13.2mm TuF anti-tank rifle, also a scaled-up G98 rifle. The main difference is that while the TuF and PTRD were chambered in a large-caliber round, the Wz. 35 used an oversized cartridge case mated to a rifle-caliber 8mm bullet, giving very high velocity at the expense of hitting power. The Panzerbüchse 39 also used an 8mm bullet, but with an out-sized 8mm Mauser cartridge case known as

992-512: Is located north of Poprad , entirely in Slovakia. The highest point in Poland, Rysy , at 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), is located south of Zakopane , on the border with Slovakia. The Tatras' length, measured from the eastern foothills of the Kobylí vrch (1,109 metres (3,638 ft)) to the southwestern foot of Ostrý vrch (1128 m), in a straight line, is 57 km (35 mi) (or 53 km (33 mi) according to some), and strictly along

1054-500: Is similar in concept to modern HESH anti-tank rounds, albeit less potent). Due to the physics of spalling, the size of this spall was larger than the actual rifle caliber, and could theoretically do more damage ricocheting around inside the vehicle than the bullet itself would if it penetrated. The downside was that since the bullet itself was not designed to penetrate, it could not be filled with an incendiary component and used to ignite fuel tanks, or filled with tear gas (as used by

1116-655: Is the highest mountain range within the Carpathians . It consists of the internal mountain chains of: The overall nature of the Tatras, together with their easy accessibility, makes them a favorite with tourists and researchers. Therefore, these mountains are a popular winter sports area, with resorts such as Poprad and the town Vysoké Tatry (The Town of High Tatras) in Slovakia created in 1999, including former separate resorts : Štrbské Pleso , Starý Smokovec , and Tatranská Lomnica or Zakopane , called also "winter capital of Poland". The High Tatras, with their 24 (or 25) peaks exceeding 2,500 m above sea level, together with

1178-509: Is unclear what form the Slovak term took before the 17th century when the first references to Tatry appear, probably as a loan word from Polish that later found its way into Czech and Hungarian. The term Tatra also appears as a general term in Slovak for barren or stony land and also in Ukraine for small stones in a river. Machek stresses that the name has no Slavic origin and mentions Rozwadowski's theory of an Illyrian origin because of

1240-578: The Allies by Krystyna Skarbek and fellow Polish couriers . The rifle never saw service with the Allies, however. The drawings and specifications had been destroyed by the Poles during the invasion of Poland. It resembled a rifle with a longer-than-normal barrel supported by a bipod at the front of the wooden stock. It was a Mauser style, bolt-action rifle , fed from a 4-round box magazine. The barrel had

1302-520: The Diocese of Prague with Tritri mountains. Still another is in 1125, where the Kosmas chronicles ( Chronica Boemorum ) mention the name Tatri . Machek in 1931 favored the theory of the Polish linguist Rozwadowski with a syllabic r like in the words chrt (Czech hound), smrt (Czech death) . In Czech this syllabic is sometimes with vowels i , e or u for example črný – černý , so

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1364-462: The Karabinek wz.29 . The length of the cartridge was extended to 131.2 millimetres (5.17 in) and the overall weight was 64.25 grams (2.266 oz). After an additional series of tests the copper cartridge case was replaced with a case made of brass (67% copper/ 23% zinc ). The round's armor-defeating properties were not through penetration, i.e. by punching the core through the armor like

1426-595: The Podolia , an Austrian army entered into Polish land and formed a cordon sanitaire , seizing Sądecczyzna , Spiš and Podhale . Two years later, the First Partition of Poland allocated the lands to Austria . In 1824, Zakopane region and area around Morskie Oko were purchased from the authorities of the Austrian Empire by a Hungarian Emanuel Homolacs. When Austria-Hungary was formed in 1867,

1488-661: The Southern Carpathians , represent the only form of alpine landscape in the entire 1,200 kilometres (746 miles) length of arc of the Carpathians. By the end of the First Polish Republic , the border with the Kingdom of Hungary in the Tatras was not exactly defined. The Tatras became an unoccupied borderland. On 20 November 1770, under the guise of protection against the epidemic of plague in

1550-483: The Tatra chamois , Alpine marmot , Tatra marmot , snow vole , brown bear , wolf , Eurasian lynx , red deer , roe deer , and wild boar . Notable fish include the brown trout and alpine bullhead . The endemic arthropod species include a caddis fly , the spider Xysticus alpicola and a springtail . There are records of tourist visits to the Tatras as early as 1565. In 1683, an anonymous author published

1612-489: The kb ppanc wz. 35 and renamed it "Panzerbüchse 35 (polnisch)" (abbreviated "PzB 35(p)" ). The Italian army later received 800 of the captured weapons, renaming them "fucile controcarro 35(P)" . Both names translate roughly as "anti-tank rifle model 1935 (Polish)". In early 1940, one of the rifles, its stock and barrel sawed off, was smuggled out of Poland across the Tatra Mountains into Hungary for

1674-424: The temperate zone of Central Europe . They are an important barrier to the movements of air masses. Their mountainous topography causes one of the most diverse climates in that region. The highest precipitation figures are recorded on the northern slopes. In June and July, monthly precipitation reaches around 250 mm (10 in). Precipitation occurs from 215 to 228 days a year. Thunderstorms occur 36 days

1736-542: The 7.92×94mm Patronen, and a special tool-steel cored bullet. Simultaneous to the development of the ammunition, a young graduate of the Warsaw University of Technology , Józef Maroszek  [ pl ] , was ordered to design an anti-tank rifle. On August 1, 1935, the Committee of Equipment and Armament officially ordered the rifle and in October the first tests of the new weapon commenced. The rifle

1798-482: The Czech reconstruction from Tritri/Tritry would be Trtry. In Polish , the term Tatry is firstly mentioned in 1255. Syllabic r often has vowels on both sides in Polish, so in case of Tarty we can reconstruct the name to Tartry , where the vowel a originated before the syllabic r which dissimilated . This theory is supported by Hungarian forms Turtur , Turtul and Tortol from 12th to 14th centuries. It

1860-729: The Italian armed forces, which used them in combat under the designation Fucile Controcarro 35(P) until the end of World War II . The German Army recaptured some of these rifles after the Italian armistice and designated them as PzB 770 (i) . There are at least three in the United Kingdom. One is on exhibit in Poland, at Warsaw's Polish Army Museum ; another is located in Armament Museum in Poznań Citadel , another

1922-745: The PTRD was also used extensively by North Korean and Chinese armed forces in the Korean War . During this war, William Brophy, a US Army Ordnance officer, mounted a .50 BMG (12.7 mm) barrel to a captured PTRD to examine the effectiveness of long-range shooting. Furthermore, the US also captured a number of PTRDs in the Vietnam War. The weapon proved effective out to 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Anti-tank rifle, model 35 The karabin przeciwpancerny wz. 35 (abbreviated kb ppanc wz. 35 )

PTRD-41 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-728: The Polish and Slovak parks a transboundary biosphere reserve in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves , under its Man and the Biosphere Programme . The first written record of the name is from 999, when the Bohemian Duke Boleslaus II , on his deathbed, recalled when the Duchy of Bohemia extended to the Tritri montes . Another mention is in the 1086 document from Henry IV , wherein he referred to

2046-422: The Polish part of the Tatras, was conceived in 1901 by Franciszek Nowicki , a Polish poet and mountain guide, and was built between 1903 and 1906. Over 100 individuals have died on the route since it was established. The path is marked with red signs. The death of Polish philosopher Bronisław Bandrowski is often used by guides as a cautionary tale for tourists. He committed suicide after he was trapped for days on

2108-499: The Tatra Mountains have become a natural border between the two states of the dual monarchy, but the border itself still has not been exactly determined. In 1889, a Polish Count Władysław Zamoyski purchased at auction the Zakopane region along with the area around Morskie Oko. Due to numerous disputes over land ownership in the late 19th century, attempts were made at the delimitation of the border . They were fruitless until 1897, and

2170-572: The Tatra Mountains. After several years of border conflicts, the first treaty (facilitated by the League of Nations ) was signed in 1925, with Poland receiving a small northernmost part of the Spiš region, immediately outside (to the north-east of) the Tatra Mountains, thus not changing the border in the mountains themselves. During the Second World War there were multiple attempts by both sides of

2232-524: The barrel could withstand only about 30 shots, after which it had to be replaced with a new one. However, this drawback was soon corrected and the final prototype could fire approximately 300 shots. The committee accepted the new design on November 25, 1935, and in December the Ministry of Military Affairs ordered the delivery of 5 rifles, 5000 cartridges and a set of spare barrels for further tests. After

2294-523: The border ridge. The nearest road border crossings were Tatranská Javorina - Łysa Polana and Podspády - Jurgów in the east, and Suchá Hora - Chocholów in the west. Indeed, those who did cross elsewhere were frequently fined or even detained by border police of both countries. On the other hand, the permeable border in the Tatra Mountains was also heavily used for cross-border smuggling of goods such as alcohol, tobacco, coffee, etc. between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Only in 1999, more than 80 years after

2356-425: The border with Poland and accessible from the Polish side. The rest of the peaks on the Slovak side (including the highest one, Gerlachovský štít) can only be accessed when accompanied by a certified mountain guide. Members of UIAA mountain clubs can climb them without a certified guide. In the Slovak part most of the hiking trails in the Tatras are closed from 1 November to 31 May. Only trails from settlements up to

2418-558: The border, but where crossing remained illegal. This situation finally improved in 2007, with both countries accessing the Schengen Area . Since then, it is legal to cross the border at any point (i.e. no further official checkpoints were designated). Rules of the national parks on both sides of the border still apply and they restrict movement to official hiking trails and (especially on the Slovak side) mandate extensive seasonal closures in order to protect wildlife. The Tatras lie in

2480-580: The border. The Slovak Tatra National Park ( Tatranský národný park ; TANAP) was founded in 1949 (738 km , 285 sq mi), and the contiguous Polish Tatra National Park ( Tatrzański Park Narodowy ) in 1954 (215.56 km , 83.23 sq mi). The two parks were added jointly to the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve list in 1993. In 2013, the International Union for Conservation of Nature threatened to cancel

2542-638: The captured Polish DS ammunition with their own 7.92 mm hardened- steel -core bullets. Hungary confiscated some of these rifles from Polish forces withdrawn into the Magyar land. Finland bought 30 of them in March 1940 but they arrived after the end of the Winter War . They performed poorly during the Continuation War and were used for training. In 1941, Germany transferred PzB 35 (p) to

PTRD-41 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-630: The case went to an international court which determined on 13 September 1902 the exact course of the Austro-Hungarian border in the disputed area. A new round of border disputes between Poland and Czechoslovakia started immediately after the end of the First World War , when these two countries were established. Among other claims, Poland claimed ownership of a large part of the Spiš region. This claim also included additional parts of

2666-517: The conflict to occupy more land, but the final treaty signed in 1958 (valid until present day) preserved the border line agreed in 1925. With the collapse of the Austrian Empire in 1918 and the creation of Poland and Czechoslovakia, the Tatra Mountains started to be divided by international border. This brought considerable difficulties to hikers, as it was illegal to cross the border without passing through an official border checkpoint, and for many decades there were no checkpoints for hikers anywhere on

2728-577: The dissolution of the Austrian Empire, the governments of Poland and Slovakia signed an agreement designating several unstaffed border crossings (with only irregular spot checks by border police) for hikers and cyclists on the 444 km-long Slovak-Polish border. One of these border crossings was created in the Tatra Mountains themselves, on the summit of the Rysy peak. However, there were still many other peaks and passes where hiking trails ran across

2790-487: The initial invasion, and indeed throughout the war, most German tanks had side armor thinner than 40 mm (1.6 in) ( Panzer I and Panzer II : 13–20 mm (0.51–0.79 in), Panzer III and Panzer IV series: 30 mm (1.2 in), Panzer V Panther (combat debut mid-1943): 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in)). Guns captured by the Germans were given the designation 14.5 mm PzB 783(r) . After World War II

2852-600: The local ecology is fully recovered. The Tatra Mountains have a diverse variety of plant life. They are home to more than 1,000 species of vascular plants , about 450 mosses , 200 liverworts , 700 lichens , 900 fungi , and 70 slime moulds . There are five climatic-vegetation belts in the Tatras. The distribution of plants depends on altitude: The Tatra Mountains are home to many species of animals: 54 tardigrades , 22 turbellarians , 100 rotifers , 22 copepods , 162 spiders, 81 molluscs , 43 mammals, 200 birds, 7 amphibians and 2 reptiles. The most notable mammals are

2914-589: The main ridge, 80 km (50 mi). The range is only 19 km (12 mi) wide. The main ridge of the Tatras runs from the village of Huty at the western end to the village of Ždiar at the eastern end. The Tatras are now protected by law by the establishment of the Tatra National Park, Slovakia and the Tatra National Park, Poland , which are jointly entered in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves . In 1992, UNESCO jointly designated

2976-459: The most important tourist base is the city Vysoké Tatry , consisting of three parts: Štrbské Pleso , Starý Smokovec and Tatranská Lomnica . The Polish "national mountain" (featured prominently in myths and folklore) is Giewont , while the Slovak one is Kriváň . Orla Perć is considered the most difficult and dangerous mountain trail in the Tatras, a suitable destination only for experienced tourists and climbers. It lies exclusively within

3038-579: The mountain huts are open. In Poland, the trails are open year-round. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the mountains were used for sheep grazing and mining. Many trees were cut down to make way for humans. Although these activities were stopped, the impact is still visible. Moreover, pollution from the industrialized regions of Kraków in Poland or Ostrava in Czech Republic, as well as casual tourism, cause substantial damage. Volunteers however initiate litter removal events frequently, on both sides of

3100-517: The only individual anti-tank weapons available to the Red Army in numbers upon the outbreak of the war with Germany. The 14.5 mm armor-piercing bullet had a muzzle velocity of 1,012 m/s (3,320 ft/s). The 64 g (2.3 oz) bullet had a 39 g (1.4 oz) steel core and could penetrate around 30 mm (1.2 in) of armor at 500 m (1,600 ft), and 40 mm (1.6 in) of armor at 100 m (330 ft). During

3162-525: The similar German 7.92×94mm Patronen anti-tank rifle cartridge), which was intended to force the crew to evacuate, or at least greatly reduce their combat effectiveness, even if no-one was hit by the bullet itself. The Soviet PTRD 14.5×114mm anti-tank rifle also used a bolt based on the Mauser Gewehr 98 rifle, as this design is legendary for its strength and simplicity and has become the most widely adopted and copied designs of all time. The Wz. 35

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3224-504: The summits. The average wind speed on the summits is 6 m/s (13.4 mi/hr). On 19 November 2004, large parts of the forests in the southern Slovak part of the High Tatras were damaged by a strong wind storm . Three million cubic metres (1,864 square miles) of trees were uprooted, two people died, and several villages were totally cut off. Further damage was done by a subsequent forest fire , and it will take many years until

3286-639: The tests carried out by the Centre of Infantry Training in Rembertów proved the effectiveness and reliability of kbk ppanc wz.35 , the Ministry ordered 7610 rifles to be delivered to the Polish Army by the end of 1939. It is uncertain how many rifles were actually produced, but it is estimated that there were more than 6,500 delivered by September 1939. The rifle was the main anti-tank weapon of an infantry platoon . Each infantry company and cavalry squadron

3348-515: The war, beginning in July 1939, and had to swear to preserve the secret (an approach similar to the German Wunderwaffe concept). During a mobilization, starting from 28 August 1939 it was ordered to issue rifles to units, and to train additional soldiers, still in secret. The rifle was carried by the leader of the two-man rifle team on a carrying strap. The other member of the squad was his aide and provided him with cover while he

3410-431: Was a top secret project of the Polish Army, and was also known by various codenames. Until mobilization in 1939, the combat-ready rifles were held in sealed crates marked: "Do not open! Surveillance equipment A.R." or "Optical equipment". Another of the rifle's cover names was "Uruguay" ( Polish : Urugwaj ) or Ur in short, the country to which the "surveillance equipment" was supposedly being exported. This name however

3472-463: Was based on his thesis project Karabinek KP-32 , which was a reworked and simplified Mauser Gewehr 98 , with the action scaled-up to sustain the higher pressure and length of the new cartridge, as well as the barrel lengthened significantly. The first tests carried out in Brześć and Pionki showed that the new weapon was capable of penetrating a 15 mm steel plate at a distance of 300 metres with similar results against angled steel plate. Initially

3534-426: Was extensively used during the Invasion of Poland of 1939 by most Polish units. After Poland was overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union , large numbers of the weapon were captured. By 1940, Germany had pressed 800 into service as Panzerbüchse 35 (polnisch) (PzB 35(p)) and later PzB 770(p), and sped up work on their own simplified, one-shot anti-tank rifle Panzerbüchse 39 (PzB 39). Germany replaced some of

3596-420: Was issued an order to show the rifle to selected groups of sworn marksmen from all infantry and cavalry units, with a short training. There are estimates, that some 2,100 marksmen should have been trained then. The rifle itself was simple to operate and not much different from a standard issue Mauser rifle, and there was a manual in each crate. After the fall of Poland, the German army captured large numbers of

3658-467: Was never used by soldiers in field, and was popularized in postwar publications. The secrecy was efficient and as far as it is known, German nor Soviet intelligence was not aware of a relatively numerous Polish anti-tank rifle. It was widely believed in postwar literature, that the utmost secrecy prevented most of rifles from being used. Newer research however proves, that probably most of rifles distributed to units were used in combat. On 15 July 1939, there

3720-549: Was reloading. The weapon was usually fired from prone supported position with the bipod attached to the barrel. However, it could be also used in other positions, like prone unsupported and crouch. The effective range was 300 metres and the weapon was effective against any German tank of the period, including Panzer III and Panzer IV . It could penetrate all lightly armored vehicles in any range. It could penetrate 15 mm of armor, sloped at 30° at 300 m distance, or 33 mm of armor at 100 m. The Karabin przeciwpancerny wz.35

3782-419: Was to be equipped with three rifles, each operated by a team of two soldiers. Additional anti-tank teams were to be created at a later stage. Although the weapon was successively introduced to the units, it remained a top secret. The rifles were kept in closed wooden crates, each marked with a number and a notice "Do not open; surveillance equipment". The teams were trained in secret military facilities just before

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3844-426: Was unsuccessful, but proved, that a rifle calibre was enough to perforate armour plates. Further team work was coordinated by Lt. Col. Tadeusz Felsztyn, working in Armament Research Institute in Warsaw. After a series of tests, the new 7.92×107 DS cartridge was proposed. The DS ammunition was originated from the standard 7.92×57mm cartridge as used by both the Mauser rifle 1898 (wz.98) and its Polish variant

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