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41-557: Polonne is situated in the historic region of Volhynia , on the Shepetivka - Berdychiv railroad line. Various industries within the city include porcelain , ceramic . Polonne has been known at least since 996, when it was first mentioned as a taxation subject in relation to Prince Volodymyr the Great 's Desiatynna Church. The town was mentioned in 1169 and 1172 due to Cuman raids. In 1366, Polonne passed from Polish King Casimir III

82-597: A frontline just west of the city of Lutsk . Due to an invasion of the Bolsheviks , the government of Ukraine was forced to retreat to Volhynia after the sack of Kyiv . Military aid from the Central Powers as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought peace in the region and some degree of stability. Until the end of the war, the area saw a revival of Ukrainian culture after years of Russian oppression and

123-889: A number of the Marchlewszczyzna Polish national districts was formed in the Soviet-controlled part of Volhynia. In 1931, the Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church established a Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia , where the congregation practiced the Byzantine Rite in Ukrainian language. From 1935 to 1938, the government of the Soviet Union deported numerous nationals from Volhynia in

164-820: A part of childhood in Volhynia. A small south-western part of Volhynia was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. In 1783, a porcelain factory was founded in Korzec by Józef Klemens Czartoryski . After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the remainder of Volhynia was annexed as the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire . It covered an area of 71,852.7 square kilometres. Following this annexation,

205-630: A population transfer to Siberia and Central Asia , as part of the dekulakization , an effort to suppress peasant farmers in the region. These people included Poles of Eastern Volhynia (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union ). Following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, and the subsequent invasion and division of Polish territories between the Reich and the USSR,

246-600: Is an oblast (province) in northwestern Ukraine . It borders Rivne Oblast to the east, Lviv Oblast to the south, Poland to the west and Belarus to the north. Its administrative centre is Lutsk . Kovel is the westernmost town and the last station in Ukraine on the rail line running from Kyiv to Warsaw . The population is 1,021,356 (2022 estimate). Volyn was once part of the Kievan Rus' before becoming an independent local principality and an integral part of

287-645: Is estimated that about 1.5% survived the Holocaust. The number of Ukrainian victims of Polish retaliatory attacks until the spring of 1945 is estimated at approx. 2,000−3,000 in Volhynia. The Germans operated the Stalag 346, Stalag 357 and Stalag 360 prisoner-of-war camps in Volhynia. In 1945, Soviet Ukraine expelled ethnic Germans from Volhynia following the end of the war, claiming that Nazi Germany had used ethnic Germans in eastern Europe as part of its Generalplan Ost . The expulsion of Germans from eastern Europe

328-662: The Battle of Kostiuchnówka , in which the Poles defeated the Russians, (and as the place of establishment of the accomplished Legia Warsaw football club, relocated to Warsaw only in 1920.)) After the 1917 February Revolution and the formation of the Russian Provisional Government , Ukrainian nationalists declared the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic . The territory of Volhynia was split in half by

369-460: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided the region, Poland taking western Volhynia and Lithuania taking eastern Volhynia (1352–1366). During this period many Poles and Jews settled in the area. The Roman and Greek Catholic churches became established in the province. In 1375, a Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodomeria was established, but it was suppressed in 1425. Many Orthodox churches joined

410-669: The January Uprising , on May 12, 1863, Polish insurgents led by General Edmund Różycki seized the local arsenal and rearmed, and then held trainings of the growing insurgent unit in the following days. In 1879, it had a population of 6,682. Following World War I , in 1919, it was regained by reborn Poland and administered as part of the Volhynian District until 1920, when it fell to the Soviets. In modern times it received city status in 1938. The Jewish population

451-525: The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , one of Kievan Rus' successor states . In the 15th century, the area came under the control of the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Lithuania , in 1569 passing over to Poland and then in 1795, until World War I , to the Russian Empire where it was a part of the Volynskaya Guberniya . In the interwar period, most of the territory, organized as Wołyń Voivodeship

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492-741: The Pripyat valley as part of the vast East European Plain , between the Western Bug in the west and upper streams of Uzh and Teteriv rivers. Before the partitions of Poland , the eastern edge stretched a little west along the right-banks of the Sluch River or just east of it. Within the territory of Volhynia is located Little Polisie, a lowland that actually divides the Volhynian-Podolian Upland into separate Volhynian Upland and northern outskirts of Podolian Upland ,

533-590: The Rail War against German supply lines and were known for their efficiency in gathering intelligence and for sabotage. The region formed the basis of several networks and many members of the local population served with the partisans. The Poles in the area became part of the Polish Home Army , which often undertook operations with the partisan movement. UPA initially supported Nazi Germany which had in turn supported them with financing and weaponry before

574-837: The Red Army recaptured the territory from the Nazis. In the immediate aftermath of World War II the Polish-Soviet border was redrawn based on the Curzon line . Volyn, along with the neighbouring provinces became an integral part of the Ukrainian SSR . Most Poles who remained in the eastern region were forced to leave to the Recovered Territories of western Poland (the former easternmost provinces of Germany) whose German population had been expelled in accordance with

615-675: The Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root * vol/vel- 'wet'. In other versions, the city was located over 20 km (12 mi) to the west of Volodymyr near the mouth of the Huczwa  [ pl ] River, a tributary of the Western Bug . Geographically it occupies northern areas of the Volhynian-Podolian Upland and western areas of Polesian Lowland along

656-622: The Volhynian Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . In 1607 Stanisław Lubomirski erected the Saint Anne church. In 1640 he fortified and armed the town and garrisoned it with 400 men. In 1648, it was captured by Cossacks led by Maksym Kryvonis , who then massacred the garrison and up to 10,000 civilians, mostly Jews (including the well-known Samson ben Pesah Ostropoli ) who had taken refuge within

697-508: The Volyn , Rivne and parts of the Zhytomyr , Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi oblsts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm ). Major cities include Lutsk , Rivne , Kovel , Volodymyr , Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast) and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Before World War II , many Jewish shtetls (small towns), such as Trochenbrod and Lozisht , were an integral part of

738-582: The Walitābā and king Mājik , which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians , were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba , the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after

779-627: The Great to Duke Liubartas under a territorial exchange. Throughout the Middle Ages Polonne was known by its castle, also enjoying Magdeburg Rights . Later on, it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and then the Kingdom of Poland within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Połonne was a royal town , and afterwards a private town after it was granted to the Lubomirski family, administratively located in

820-603: The Polish 1863 January Uprising against Russia were fought in the region, including the Battle of Salicha . In 1897, the population amounted to 2,989,482 people (41.7 per square kilometre). It consisted of 73.7 percent East Slavs (predominantly Ukrainians ), 13.2 percent--400,000 Jews , 6.2 percent Poles , and 5.7 percent Germans . Most of the German settlers had immigrated from Congress Poland . A small number of Czech settlers also had migrated here. Their main regional center

861-720: The Reich to forced labour camps, arrests, detention in camps and mass executions, by 1943 ethnic Poles constituted only 10–12% of the entire population of Volhynia. During the German invasion,the Jewish population in Volhynia was approximately 460,000. About 400,000–450,000 Jews and 100,000 Poles (men, women and children) in Volhynia were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and Ukraine collaborators. The Jews were shot and thousands buried in large pits. The main massacre took place between August and October 1942. It

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902-698: The Russian government greatly changed the religious make-up of the area: it forcibly liquidated the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , transferring all of its buildings to the ownership and control of the Russian Orthodox Church . Many Roman Catholic church buildings were also given to the Russian Church. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk was suppressed by order of Empress Catherine II . Several battles of

943-556: The Soviet Union invaded and occupied the Polish part of Volhynia. In the course of the Nazi–Soviet population transfers which followed this (temporary) German-Soviet alliance, most of the ethnic German-minority population of Volhynia were transferred to those Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany . Following the mass deportations and arrests carried out by the NKVD , and repressive actions against Poles taken by Germany, including deportation to

984-489: The Ukrainian historian Yuriy Dyba, the chronicle phrase « и оустави по мьстѣ. погосты и дань. и по лузѣ погосты и дань и ѡброкы » (and established in place pogosts and tribute along Luha), the path of pogosts and tribute reflects the actual route of Olga's raid against the Drevlians further to the west, up to the Western Bug 's right tributary Luha River . As early as 983, Vladimir the Great appointed his son Vsevolod as

1025-486: The administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three. The area of Polonne Raion was merged into Shepetivka Raion. Volhynia Volhynia or Volynia ( / v oʊ ˈ l ɪ n i ə / voh- LIN -ee-ə ; see below ) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe , between southeastern Poland , southwestern Belarus , and north western Ukraine . The borders of

1066-642: The attack of the Pannonian Avars . Volhynia may have been included in (or was in the sphere of influence of) the Grand Duchy of Kiev (Ruthenia) as early as the tenth century. At that time Princess Olga sent a punitive raid against the Drevlians to avenge the death of her husband Grand Prince Igor (Ingvar Röreksson); she later established pogosts along the Luha River . In the opinion of

1107-514: The denial of Ukrainian traditions. After German troops were withdrawn, the whole region was engulfed by a new wave of military actions by Poles and Russians competing for control of the territory. The Ukrainian People's Army was forced to fight on three fronts : Bolsheviks, Poles and a Volunteer Army of Imperial Russia. In 1919, Volhynia became part of the Polish-controlled Volhynian District . In 1921, after

1148-651: The depths of the Soviet Union. A high proportion of these deportees died in the extreme conditions of Soviet labour camps and most were never able to return to Volyn again. In 1941 Volyn along with the Soviet Union was invaded by the Nazi Germany's Barbarossa Offensive . Nazis alongside Ukrainian collaborators completed their holocaust of the Jews of Volhynia in late 1942. Partisan activity started in Volyn in 1941, soon after German occupation. Partisans were involved in

1189-541: The end of the Polish–Soviet War, the treaty known as the Peace of Riga divided Volhynia between Poland and the Soviet Union , with Poland retaining the larger part, in which the Volhynian Voivodeship was established with the capital in Łuck , and the largest city being Równe . Most of eastern Volhynian Governorate became part of the Ukrainian SSR , eventually being split into smaller districts. During that period,

1230-411: The latter organization in order to benefit from a more attractive legal status. Records of the first agricultural colonies of Mennonites , religious refugees of Dutch , Frisian and German background, date from 1783. After 1569, Volhynia was organized as a voivodeship within the larger Lesser Poland Province of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Future Polish King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki spent

1271-559: The region are not clearly defined, but in Ukraine it is roughly equivalent to Volyn and Rivne Oblasts ; the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast. Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. For centuries it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . After the Russian annexation during the Partitions of Poland , all of Volhynia

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1312-631: The region. At one time all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border. The first records can be traced to the Ruthenian chronicles, such as the Primary Chronicle , which mentions tribes of the Dulebes , Buzhans and Volhynians . The land was mentioned in the works of Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times

1353-593: The ruler of the Volhynian principality. In 988, he established the city of Volodymer ( Володимѣръ ). Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Galicia and Volhynia . These two successor states of the Kievan Rus formed Galicia–Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries. After the disintegration of the Galicia–Volhynia circa 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and

1394-572: The so-called Kremenets Hills. Volhynia is located in the basins of the Western Bug and Pripyat, therefore most of its rivers flow either in a northern or a western direction. Relative to other historical regions, it is northeast of Galicia , east of Lesser Poland and northwest of Podolia . The borders of the region are not clearly defined, and it is often considered to overlap a number of other regions, among which are Polesia and Podlasie . The territories of historical Volhynia are now part of

1435-560: The start of World War II . Many served in the various RONA and SS units. Once they became disillusioned with the Nazi program, they independently began to target all non-Ukrainians (Poles, Jews, Russians, among others) for extermination. Some 30,000 to 60,000 Poles, Czechs, remaining Jews, and Ukrainians who tried to help others escape (Polish sources gave even higher figures) and later, around 2,000 or more Ukrainians were killed in retaliation (see Massacres of Poles in Volhynia ). In January 1944

1476-649: The town's walls. In 1761, King Stanisław August Poniatowski visited the town and met with heir Kalikst Poniński. A Royal privilege of 1766 allowed Marcin Lubomirski to organize two annual fairs in Połonne. In 1790, the newly formed 3rd Artillery Brigade of the Polish Crown Army was garrisoned in Połonne. During the Second Partition of Poland , in 1793, Polonne was annexed by Russia . During

1517-400: Was Kwasiłów . Although economically the area was developing rather quickly, upon the eve of the First World War it was still the most rural province in Western Russian Empire. During World War I , Volhynia was the place of several battles, fought by the Austrians, Germans and the Polish Legions against Russia, eg. the Battle of Kostiuchnówka . (The village of Kostiuchnówka is known for

1558-419: Was important in the town. During World War II , the Germans occupied the town kept the Jews imprisoned in a ghetto . They were guarded by Ukrainian policemen and had to do slave labor . In 1941 and 1942, hundreds of Jews are murdered in mass executions perpetrated by an Einsatzgruppe . Until 18 July 2020, Polonne was the administrative center of Polonne Raion . The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of

1599-455: Was made part of the Pale of Settlement on the southwestern border of the Russian Empire . Important cities include Rivne , Lutsk , Zviahel , and Volodymyr . The alternative name for the region is Lodomeria after the city of Volodymyr , which was once a political capital of the medieval Volhynian Principality. According to some historians, the region is named after a semi-legendary city of Volin or Velin , said to have been located on

1640-616: Was part of broader mass population transfers after the war . The Soviet Union annexed Volhynia to Ukraine after the end of World War II. In 1944, the communists in Volyhnia suppressed the Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate. Most of the remaining ethnic Polish population were expelled to Poland in 1945. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, Volhynia has been an integral part of Ukraine. Volyn Oblast Volyn Oblast ( Ukrainian : Волинська область , romanized :  Volýnsʹka óblastʹ ) or simply Volyn ( Ukrainian : Волинь , romanized :  Volýnʹ ),

1681-458: Was under Polish control. In 1939 when Poland was invaded and divided by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union following the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact , Volyn was joined to Soviet Ukraine , and on December 4, 1939, the oblast was organized. Many Ukrainians rejoiced at the "reunification", but the Polish minority suffered a cruel fate. Thousands of Poles, especially retired Polish officers and intelligentsia were deported to Siberia and other areas in

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