Misplaced Pages

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111-416: In contrast, a hit refers to a request for any file from a web server . Therefore, there may be many hits per page view since an HTML page can contain multiple files such as images , videos , JavaScripts , cascading style sheets (CSS), etc. On balance, page views refer to a number of pages viewed or clicked on the site during the given time. Page views may be counted as part of web analytics . For

222-552: A file system , which tracks file locations on the disk and enables user access. The word "file" derives from the Latin filum ("a thread, string"). "File" was used in the context of computer storage as early as January 1940. In Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation , W. J. Eckert stated, "The first extensive use of the early Hollerith Tabulator in astronomy was made by Comrie . He used it for building

333-462: A hard disk . Hard disks have been the ubiquitous form of non-volatile storage since the early 1960s. Where files contain only temporary information, they may be stored in RAM . Computer files can be also stored on other media in some cases, such as magnetic tapes , compact discs , Digital Versatile Discs , Zip drives , USB flash drives , etc. The use of solid state drives is also beginning to rival

444-428: A link to the file. There can be many links to a file, but when they are all removed, the kernel considers that file's memory space free to be reallocated. This free space is commonly considered a security risk (due to the existence of file recovery software ). Any secure-deletion program uses kernel-space (system) functions to wipe the file's data. File moves within a file system complete almost immediately because

555-413: A 'file' now exists in a 'memory' tube developed at RCA Laboratories. Electronically it retains figures fed into calculating machines, holds them in storage while it memorizes new ones – speeds intelligent solutions through mazes of mathematics." In 1952, "file" denoted, among other things, information stored on punched cards . In early use, the underlying hardware, rather than the contents stored on it,

666-484: A Black candidate". Michael Seibel , then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On December 13, 2020, Reddit announced it had acquired short-form video social platform Dubsmash , hiring its entire team, with the intention of integrating its video creation tools into Reddit. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who has worked at Snapchat 's parent company Snap (SNAP), as its first Chief Financial Officer weeks after

777-454: A FAT extension allowing long file names). File manager programs are utility programs that allow users to manipulate files directly. They allow you to move, create, delete and rename files and folders, although they do not actually allow you to read the contents of a file or store information in it. Every computer system provides at least one file-manager program for its native file system. For example, File Explorer (formerly Windows Explorer)

888-428: A Misplaced Pages article during a given time period. Such have been used for tools that for instance display the most popular articles of the day. Misplaced Pages pageviews of certain types of articles correlate with changes in stock market prices, box office success of movies, spread of disease among other applications of datamining . Since search engines directly influence what is popular on Misplaced Pages such statistics may provide

999-906: A brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For this idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz 's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of

1110-685: A common foundation named Baseplate. It was originally implemented in Python, but since 2019, parts of it have been reimplemented in Go for better performance. Reddit also runs its services through Kubernetes and uses Spinnaker for continuous delivery . In early 2009, Reddit started using jQuery . In 2017, Reddit announced it adopted TypeScript for its UI redesign. Reddit's search function has had many iterations and currently uses Lucidworks Fusion to implementation. In 2010, Reddit released its first mobile web interface for easier reading and navigating

1221-427: A device, no space will have been freed up on the source device or partition. The user would need to merge the remaining files from the source, including the incompletely written (truncated) last file. With the individual deletion method, the file moving software also does not need to cumulatively keep track of all files finished transferring for the case that a user manually aborts the file transfer. A file manager using

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1332-524: A directory and a file. In environments in which a file is named, a file's name and the path to the file's directory must uniquely identify it among all other files in the computer system—no two files can have the same name and path. Where a file is anonymous, named references to it will exist within a namespace. In most cases, any name within the namespace will refer to exactly zero or one file. However, any file may be represented within any namespace by zero, one or more names. Any string of characters may be

1443-847: A dot (period) at the end of a file name, followed by a few letters to identify the type of file. An extension of .txt identifies a text file; a .doc extension identifies any type of document or documentation, commonly in the Microsoft Word file format ; and so on . Even when extensions are used in a computer system, the degree to which the computer system recognizes and heeds them can vary; in some systems, they are required, while in other systems, they are completely ignored if they are presented. Many modern computer systems provide methods for protecting files against accidental and deliberate damage. Computers that allow for multiple users implement file permissions to control who may or may not modify, delete, or create files and folders. For example,

1554-433: A funding round led by Sam Altman and including investors Marc Andreessen , Peter Thiel , Ron Conway , Snoop Dogg , and Jared Leto . Their investment valued the company at $ 500 million at the time. In July 2017, Reddit raised $ 200 million for a $ 1.8 billion valuation, with Advance Publications remaining the majority stakeholder. In February 2019, a $ 300 million funding round led by Tencent brought

1665-498: A given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse . Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Public Access Network , commonly known as RPAN ,

1776-514: A given user may be granted only permission to read a file or folder, but not to modify or delete it; or a user may be given permission to read and modify files or folders, but not to execute them. Permissions may also be used to allow only certain users to see the contents of a file or folder. Permissions protect against unauthorized tampering or destruction of information in files, and keep private information confidential from unauthorized users. Another protection mechanism implemented in many computers

1887-428: A group formed to organize future protests. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City , but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw

1998-446: A later point through overwriting. There are many ways by which a file can become corrupted. Most commonly, the issue happens in the process of writing the file to a disk . For example, if an image-editing program unexpectedly crashes while saving an image, that file may be corrupted because the program could not save its entirety. The program itself might warn the user that there was an error, allowing for another attempt at saving

2109-465: A lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston, Massachusetts , during their spring break from University of Virginia . After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator . Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging . During

2220-420: A low level, on a file. Only the kernel deals with files, and it handles all user-space interaction with files in a manner that is transparent to the user-space programs. The operating system provides a level of abstraction , which means that interaction with a file from user-space is simply through its filename (instead of its inode ). For example, rm filename will not delete the file itself, but only

2331-514: A major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment , and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe,

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2442-407: A measure of user activity on a website. However, the activity is not necessarily associated with loading a complete HTML page. Modern programming techniques can serve pages by other means that don't show as HTTP requests. Since page views help estimate the popularity of sites, it helps determine their value for advertising revenue. The most common metric is CPM. It stands for 'Cost per thousand'(the M

2553-592: A more unfiltered and real-time view into what people are searching for on the Web and societal interests. For instance they can be used to gain insights into public anxiety and information seeking after or during events or for the identification of concepts with significant increase of interest from the public. In 2015, a study conducted by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) examined

2664-406: A name of its own, but also a path, which identifies the folder or folders in which a file or folder resides. In the path, some sort of special character—such as a slash—is used to separate the file and folder names. For example, in the illustration shown in this article, the path /Payroll/Salaries/Managers uniquely identifies a file called Managers in a folder called Salaries , which in turn

2775-458: A natural language processing company. In September 2022, Reddit acquired Spiketrap for an undisclosed sum. In April 2023, Fidelity , the lead investor in Reddit's funding round in 2021, devalued its investment in Reddit by 41% cumulatively. It was revealed in a monthly disclosure that Fidelity valued its stake at $ 16.6 million, down from its initial investment of $ 28.2 million which had valued

2886-667: A new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017;

2997-573: A new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condé Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit and other websites participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act . In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League ,

3108-500: A partnership with Google in a deal worth about $ 60   million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. In March 2024 it was announced that Reddit would target a valuation of up to $ 6.4 billion in its U.S. IPO. The platform intends to sell 22 million class A common shares at

3219-443: A payroll file might contain information concerning all the employees in a company and their payroll details; each record in the payroll file concerns just one employee, and all the records have the common trait of being related to payroll—this is very similar to placing all payroll information into a specific filing cabinet in an office that does not have a computer. A text file may contain lines of text, corresponding to printed lines on

3330-407: A personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account

3441-429: A piece of paper. Alternatively, a file may contain an arbitrary binary image (a blob ) or it may contain an executable . The way information is grouped into a file is entirely up to how it is designed. This has led to a plethora of more or less standardized file structures for all imaginable purposes, from the simplest to the most complex. Most computer files are used by computer programs which create, modify or delete

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3552-486: A price between $ 31 and $ 34 alongside some of its investors, looking to raise up to $ 748 million. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $ 34 per share and a $ 6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $ 47 per share and rose to $ 50.44 at market close on its first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $ 9.5 billion. On May 16, 2024 it

3663-539: A recent incident, called 'page view fraud', compromised the accuracy of measurement of page view by boosting the page view. Perpetrators used a tool called 'a bot' to buy fake page-views for attention, recognition, and feedback, increasing the site's value. As a result, some people already started building alternatives to measure audiences, such as "Ophan", saying that the page view is becoming passe. Fake page views can reflect bots instead of humans. Misplaced Pages provides tools that allow one to see how many people have visited

3774-550: A site makes publishers’ money, for an advertiser's view, CPM is being challenged in comparison to CPC or CPA in terms of adverts’ efficiency because visiting does not mean clicking the ads. The preferred way to count page views is using a web analytics software. They can measure the number of pages on any site and therefore, it helps people to receive a rough estimate of page views on web sites. There are also many other page view measurement tools available including open source ones as well as licensed products. Hit ratio refers to

3885-559: A table from successive differences, and for adding large numbers of harmonic terms". "Tables of functions are constructed from their differences with great efficiency, either as printed tables or as a file of punched cards ." In February 1950, in a Radio Corporation of America (RCA) advertisement in Popular Science magazine describing a new "memory" vacuum tube it had developed, RCA stated: "the results of countless computations can be kept 'on file' and taken out again. Such

3996-428: A total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018 . Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, " r/science " is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn , Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach

4107-438: A tree-like structure in which one "master folder" (or "root folder" — the name varies from one operating system to another) can contain any number of levels of other folders and files. Folders can be named just as files can (except for the root folder, which often does not have a name). The use of folders makes it easier to organize files in a logical way. When a computer allows the use of folders, each file and folder has not only

4218-517: A way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS , an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN

4329-419: A well-formed name for a file or a link depending upon the context of application. Whether or not a name is well-formed depends on the type of computer system being used. Early computers permitted only a few letters or digits in the name of a file, but modern computers allow long names (some up to 255 characters) containing almost any combination of Unicode letters or Unicode digits, making it easier to understand

4440-536: Is $ 10 billion. Reddit has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities, being a platform for raising publicity for numerous causes, and has grown to be one of the most visited websites on the Internet . It has also received criticism for spreading misinformation . The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended

4551-436: Is a read-only flag. When this flag is turned on for a file (which can be accomplished by a computer program or by a human user), the file can be examined, but it cannot be modified. This flag is useful for critical information that must not be modified or erased, such as special files that are used only by internal parts of the computer system. Some systems also include a hidden flag to make certain files invisible; this flag

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4662-416: Is a website comprising user-generated content —including photos, videos, links, and text-based posts—and discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system . The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content

4773-479: Is an area of memory which is manipulated to establish a filename etc. and then passed to the operating system as a parameter; it was used by older IBM operating systems and early PC operating systems including CP/M and early versions of MS-DOS . A file handle is generally either an opaque data type or an integer; it was introduced in around 1961 by the ALGOL-based Burroughs MCP running on

4884-677: Is commonly used in Microsoft Windows operating systems, and Nautilus is common under several distributions of Linux. Reddit Reddit ( / ˈ r ɛ d ɪ t / ) is an American social news aggregation , content rating , and forum social network. Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards

4995-420: Is contained in a folder called Payroll . The folder and file names are separated by slashes in this example; the topmost or root folder has no name, and so the path begins with a slash (if the root folder had a name, it would precede this first slash). Many computer systems use extensions in file names to help identify what they contain, also known as the file type. On Windows computers, extensions consist of

5106-464: Is corrupted. There are services that provide on demand file corruption, which essentially fill a given file with random data so that it cannot be opened or read, yet still seems legitimate. One of the most effective countermeasures for unintentional file corruption is backing up important files. In the event of an important file becoming corrupted, the user can simply replace it with the backed up version. When computer files contain information that

5217-433: Is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on

5328-613: Is extremely important, a back-up process is used to protect against disasters that might destroy the files. Backing up files simply means making copies of the files in a separate location so that they can be restored if something happens to the computer, or if they are deleted accidentally. There are many ways to back up files. Most computer systems provide utility programs to assist in the back-up process, which can become very time-consuming if there are many files to safeguard. Files are often copied to removable media such as writable CDs or cartridge tapes. Copying files to another hard disk in

5439-413: Is occupied by the file. In most modern operating systems the size can be any non-negative whole number of bytes up to a system limit. Many older operating systems kept track only of the number of blocks or tracks occupied by a file on a physical storage device. In such systems, software employed other methods to track the exact byte count (e.g., CP/M used a special control character, Ctrl-Z , to signal

5550-457: Is the Roman numeral for 1,000) and it is commonly used metrics to measure page views divided by the thousands, that is, cost per 1000 views, used for the ad rates and thus, the less CPM is, the better deal it offers to advertisers. However, there has been a growing concern that CPM is not as trustworthy as it looks in the advertising market because, although, with CPM arrangement, everyone who visits

5661-654: Is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo , in the visual styling of their communities. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge,

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5772-435: Is used by the computer system to hide essential system files that users should not alter. Any file that has any useful purpose must have some physical manifestation. That is, a file (an abstract concept) in a real computer system must have a real physical analogue if it is to exist at all. In physical terms, most computer files are stored on some type of data storage device. For example, most operating systems store files on

5883-627: The mv command for instance, the former method is used when selecting files individually, possibly with the use of wildcards (example: mv -n sourcePath/* targetPath , while the latter method is used when selecting entire directories (example: mv -n sourcePath targetPath ). Microsoft Windows Explorer uses the former method for mass storage file moves, but the latter method using Media Transfer Protocol , as described in Media Transfer Protocol § File move behavior . The former method (individual deletion from source) has

5994-468: The Burroughs B5000 but is now ubiquitous. When a file is said to be corrupted, it is because its contents have been saved to the computer in such a way that they cannot be properly read, either by a human or by software. Depending on the extent of the damage, the original file can sometimes be recovered , or at least partially understood. A file may be created corrupt, or it may be corrupted at

6105-519: The Internet . Different types of computer files are designed for different purposes. A file may be designed to store a written message, a document, a spreadsheet , an image , a video , a program , or any wide variety of other kinds of data. Certain files can store multiple data types at once. By using computer programs, a person can open, read, change, save, and close a computer file. Computer files may be reopened, modified, and copied an arbitrary number of times. Files are typically organized in

6216-619: The NTFS file system that is the normal file system for recent versions of Windows. Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Standard FAT allows only eight-character file names (plus a three-character extension) with no spaces, for example, whereas NTFS allows much longer names that can contain spaces. You can call a file " Payroll records " in NTFS, but in FAT you would be restricted to something like payroll.dat (unless you were using VFAT ,

6327-1073: The CEO of Reddit ( Steve Huffman ). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and generally work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are paid to work for Reddit. Reddit also releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on their platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam;

6438-500: The Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. (In 2020, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company

6549-627: The Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as " non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of

6660-460: The activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using

6771-410: The archive file are to lower the number of files for easier transfer, to reduce storage usage, or just to organize outdated files. The archive file must often be unpacked before next using. The most basic operations that programs can perform on a file are: Files on a computer can be created, moved, modified, grown, shrunk ( truncated ), and deleted. In most cases, computer programs that are executed on

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6882-407: The benefit that space is released from the source device or partition imminently after the transfer has begun, meaning after the first file is finished. With the latter method, space is only freed after the transfer of the entire selection has finished. If an incomplete file transfer with the latter method is aborted unexpectedly, perhaps due to an unexpected power-off, system halt or disconnection of

6993-471: The bytes of a plain text file ( .txt in Windows) are associated with either ASCII or UTF-8 characters, while the bytes of image, video, and audio files are interpreted otherwise. Most file types also allocate a few bytes for metadata , which allows a file to carry some basic information about itself. Some file systems can store arbitrary (not interpreted by the file system) file-specific data outside of

7104-424: The code and libraries written for Reddit were freely available on GitHub , with the exception of the anti-spam/cheating portions. In a September 2017 announcement, the company stated that "we've been doing a bad job of keeping our open-source product repos up to date", partially because "open-source makes it hard for us to develop some features 'in the clear'... without leaking our plans too far in advance", prompting

7215-697: The company as it raised $ 50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from

7326-533: The company at $ 10 billion. This was followed by an announcement in June 2023 of plans to layoff 5% of Reddit's workforce and to reduce the number of planned hires for the year. In June 2023, BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On their data leak site, they claimed that they stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $ 4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In February 2024, Reddit announced

7437-462: The company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Reddit's largest round of funding came in 2017 when the company raised $ 200 million and was valued at $ 1.8 billion. The funding supported Reddit's site redesign and video efforts. On June 5, 2020, Ohanian resigned as a member of the board in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by

7548-464: The company's valuation to $ 3 billion. In August 2021, a $ 700 million funding round led by Fidelity Investments raised that valuation to over $ 10 billion. The company then reportedly filed for an IPO in December 2021 with a valuation of $ 15 billion. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024 with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current—July 2024—market cap

7659-450: The company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles at Reddit: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched

7770-559: The computer handle these operations, but the user of a computer can also manipulate files if necessary. For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and modified by the Microsoft Word program in response to user commands, but the user can also move, rename , or delete these files directly by using a file manager program such as Windows Explorer (on Windows computers) or by command lines (CLI). In Unix-like systems, user space programs do not operate directly, at

7881-410: The data content does not need to be rewritten. Only the paths need to be changed. There are two distinct implementations of file moves. When moving files between devices or partitions, some file managing software deletes each selected file from the source directory individually after being transferred, while other software deletes all files at once only after every file has been transferred. With

7992-455: The data pipeline. Reddit uses Redis and its implementation of HyperLogLog to cache approximate page views with an underlying Apache Cassandra cluster for persistence. For general caching of queries and memoization , Reddit uses memcached behind Facebook's memcached router, mcrouter. In 2017, it had almost 3.3 terabytes of memory on 54 EC2 instances dedicated to caching split across different pools. Services at Reddit are structured around

8103-784: The decision to archive its public GitHub repos. As of November 10, 2009 , Reddit decommissioned its servers which it owned and migrated to Amazon Web Services , using EC2 for application services and S3 for storage. Reddit uses PostgreSQL as its primary datastore. As part of an effort to be more data-driven, Reddit built a data analytics pipeline on top of Apache Kafka and Hive as its data warehouse . It uses Amazon's Elastic MapReduce to run Hadoop workloads across Hive and stores results in S3, eventually putting data in Amazon RDS for visualization purposes. It also uses HAProxy for load balancing and Jenkins and Apache Pig in

8214-440: The document file is arranged in a format that the word-processing program understands, the user is able to choose the name and location of the file and provide the bulk of the information (such as words and text) that will be stored in the file. Many applications pack all their data files into a single file called an archive file , using internal markers to discern the different types of information contained within. The benefits of

8325-424: The early concept of files, its use has greatly decreased. On most modern operating systems , files are organized into one-dimensional arrays of bytes . The format of a file is defined by its content since a file is solely a container for data. On some platforms the format is indicated by its filename extension , specifying the rules for how the bytes must be organized and interpreted meaningfully. For example,

8436-473: The end of text files). The general definition of a file does not require that its size have any real meaning, however, unless the data within the file happens to correspond to data within a pool of persistent storage. A special case is a zero byte file ; these files can be newly created files that have not yet had any data written to them, or may serve as some kind of flag in the file system, or are accidents (the results of aborted disk operations). For example,

8547-403: The existence of directory hierarchies, i.e., directories containing sub-directories. A name that refers to a file within a directory must be typically unique. In other words, there must be no identical names within a directory. However, in some operating systems, a name may include a specification of type that means a directory can contain an identical name for more than one type of object such as

8658-414: The file and the son is the current copy. The way a computer organizes, names, stores and manipulates files is globally referred to as its file system . Most computers have at least one file system. Some computers allow the use of several different file systems. For instance, on newer MS Windows computers, the older FAT-type file systems of MS-DOS and old versions of Windows are supported, in addition to

8769-421: The file format, but linked to the file, for example extended attributes or forks . On other file systems this can be done via sidecar files or software-specific databases. All those methods, however, are more susceptible to loss of metadata than container and archive file formats. At any instant in time, a file has a specific size, normally expressed as a number of bytes , that indicates how much storage

8880-437: The file to which the link /bin/ls points in a typical Unix-like system probably has a defined size that seldom changes. Compare this with /dev/null which is also a file, but as a character special file , its size is not meaningful. Information in a computer file can consist of smaller packets of information (often called " records " or "lines") that are individually different but share some common traits. For example,

8991-423: The file. Some other examples of reasons for which files become corrupted include: Although file corruption usually happens accidentally, it may also be done on purpose as a mean of procrastination , as to fool someone else into thinking an assignment was ready at an earlier date, potentially gaining time to finish said assignment or making experiments, with the purpose of documenting the consequences when such file

9102-402: The files for their own use on an as-needed basis. The programmers who create the programs decide what files are needed, how they are to be used and (often) their names. In some cases, computer programs manipulate files that are made visible to the computer user. For example, in a word-processing program , the user manipulates document files that the user personally names. Although the content of

9213-439: The hard disk drive. In Unix-like operating systems, many files have no associated physical storage device. Examples are /dev/null and most files under directories /dev , /proc and /sys . These are virtual files: they exist as objects within the operating system kernel. As seen by a running user program, files are usually represented either by a file control block or by a file handle . A file control block (FCB)

9324-430: The influence of Reddit posts on Misplaced Pages pageviews. Computer file In computing , a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device , primarily identified by its filename . Just as words can be written on paper, so too can data be written to a computer file. Files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media , networks , or

9435-418: The latter (afterwards deletion) method will have to only delete the files from the source directory that have already finished transferring. In modern computer systems, files are typically accessed using names ( filenames ). In some operating systems, the name is associated with the file itself. In others, the file is anonymous, and is pointed to by links that have names. In the latter case, a user can identify

9546-413: The name of the link with the file itself, but this is a false analogue, especially where there exists more than one link to the same file. Files (or links to files) can be located in directories. However, more generally, a directory can contain either a list of files or a list of links to files. Within this definition, it is of paramount importance that the term "file" includes directories. This permits

9657-460: The owner of the site, this information can be useful to see if any change in the "page" (such as the information or the way it is presented) results in more visits. If there are any advertisements on the page, the publishers would also be interested in the number of page views to determine their expected revenue from the ads. For this reason, it is a term that is used widely for Internet marketing and advertising . The page impression has long been

9768-527: The percentage of computer memory accesses (number of HTTPS requests delivered per requests received) that are found in certain levels of the memory hierarchy . In other words, it is a measure of content requests that a web caching system can deliver successfully from its cache storage, compared to how many requests it receives. There are two types of hit ratios: Despite a wide range of uses of page view, it has come in for criticisms. Page view can be manipulated or boosted for specific purposes. For example,

9879-518: The purpose of a file at a glance. Some computer systems allow file names to contain spaces; others do not. Case-sensitivity of file names is determined by the file system . Unix file systems are usually case sensitive and allow user-level applications to create files whose names differ only in the case of characters. Microsoft Windows supports multiple file systems, each with different policies regarding case-sensitivity. The common FAT file system can have multiple files whose names differ only in case if

9990-544: The remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators do a total of 466 hours of work every day, which totals up to $ 3.4 million in unpaid work each year. This roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among

10101-430: The resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz went on to help rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from

10212-402: The same computer protects against failure of one disk, but if it is necessary to protect against failure or destruction of the entire computer, then copies of the files must be made on other media that can be taken away from the computer and stored in a safe, distant location. The grandfather-father-son backup method automatically makes three back-ups; the grandfather file is the oldest copy of

10323-472: The site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . In June 2022, Reddit acquired MeaningCloud ,

10434-542: The site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see

10545-451: The site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from

10656-436: The top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rank—for both the general front page and for individual subreddits—is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and

10767-493: The top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by community-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc. , based in San Francisco . As of August 2024, Reddit is the 9th most-visited website in the world . According to data provided by Similarweb , 51.75% of

10878-453: The topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced ' blockchain -backed Collectible Avatars', customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet

10989-442: The total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez,

11100-580: The user uses a disk editor to edit the file names in the directory entries . User applications, however, will usually not allow the user to create multiple files with the same name but differing in case. Most computers organize files into hierarchies using folders, directories, or catalogs. The concept is the same irrespective of the terminology used. Each folder can contain an arbitrary number of files, and it can also contain other folders. These other folders are referred to as subfolders. Subfolders can contain still more files and folders and so on, thus building

11211-903: The website on touch screen devices. For several years, redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of

11322-639: The website traffic comes from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 7.15% and Canada at 7.09%. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian , as well as Aaron Swartz , in 2005. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications . In October 2014, Reddit raised $ 50 million in

11433-474: Was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condé Nast's ownership. Martin facilitated the purchase of RedditGifts and led charity initiatives. Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created

11544-412: Was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as

11655-402: Was acquired by Reddit 6 months after he and Huffman had started.) Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications , owner of Wired , on October 31, 2006, for a reported $ 10 million to $ 20 million and the team moved to San Francisco . In November 2006, Swartz blogged complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz

11766-611: Was announced that Reddit and OpenAI reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. Reddit's share price increased by 42% after reporting its third quarter results in October 2024, where it recorded its first quarterly profit. The surge was also attributed in part to increases in revenue from AI content licensing and advertising, and reaching close to 100 million active users. Reddit

11877-521: Was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok -like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped -like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and

11988-614: Was denominated a "file". For example, the IBM 350 disk drives were denominated "disk files". The introduction, c.  1961 , by the Burroughs MCP and the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System of the concept of a " file system " that managed several virtual "files" on one storage device is the origin of the contemporary denotation of the word. Although the contemporary " register file " demonstrates

12099-417: Was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein , and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin

12210-413: Was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. In 2019, Reddit tested a new feature that allowed users to tip others. It was only made available for a user named Chris who goes by the alias u/shittymorph , who was known for posting well-written comments, only for them to end with the same copypasta referencing the 1998 Hell in a Cell match between wrestlers The Undertaker and Mankind . Reddit

12321-502: Was originally written in Common Lisp but was rewritten in Python in December 2005 for wider access to code libraries and greater development flexibility. The Python web framework that Swartz developed to run the site, web.py , is available as an open source project. As of November 10, 2009 , Reddit used Pylons as its web framework. Reddit was an open source project from June 18, 2008, until 2017. During that time, all of

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