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163-567: The African Association initially focused on providing information on rights and privileges for Africans who were subjects of the British Empire. Recognizing the need for an inclusion of African individuals on a global scale, the association shifted its aspirations in 1899, establishing itself as an international association to promote the rights of Africans across the world, rather than just the British Empire. The African Association listed its goals: Liberation leaders and activists recognized

326-601: A theoretician who predicted a post-war arms race . He argued at the time that the United States would retain the character of a war economy ; even in peacetime, US military expenditure would remain large, reducing the percentage of unemployed compared to the 1930s. He extended this analysis in 1950 and 1951. The concept has been a core tenet of the British Socialist Workers Party with founder, Tony Cliff , examining its application to

489-543: A century, back to the days of Adam Smith in 1776, economists had been hostile to imperialism on the grounds that it is a violation of the principles of free trade; they never formed a popular movement. Indeed, imperialism seems to have been generally popular before the 1890s. The key impetus around 1900 came from strong public disapproval with the British actions during with the Second Boer War (1899–1902). The war

652-551: A chapel. Members of the Bar from other Inns may use these facilities to some extent. During the 12th and early 13th centuries, the law was taught in the City of London , primarily by the clergy. Then two events happened which ended the Church's role in legal education: firstly, a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law , rather than canon law ; and secondly,

815-452: A complete suspension of legal education, and from November 1642 until July 1644 no Pension meetings were held. Only 43 students were admitted during the four years of the war, and none were called to the Bar. Meetings of Pension resumed after the Battle of Marston Moor but the education system remained dormant. Although Readers were appointed, none read, and no moots were held. In 1646, after

978-484: A comprehensive religious refutation of imperialism . He argued that oppressive rulers justify imperialism in the name of progress and socio-political reforms. Describing the main features of imperialism, Mawdudi wrote: "the basic quality of imperialism is the dominance of one particular nation or country... Thus, the doors of imperialism remain closed to people of other nationalities and for this reason, they can play no major role in running its affairs. This gives rise to

1141-769: A core element of the demand by Congress for independence. In the mid-19th century, Karl Marx mentioned imperialism to be part of the prehistory of the capitalist mode of production in Das Kapital (1867–1894). Vladimir Lenin defined imperialism as "the highest stage of capitalism", the economic stage in which monopoly finance capital becomes the dominant application of capital. As such, said financial and economic circumstances impelled national governments and private business corporations to worldwide competition for control of natural resources and human labour by means of colonialism . The Leninist views of imperialism and related theories, such as dependency theory , address

1304-455: A decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London. The common law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of clerics, and these lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn , just outside the city and near to the law courts at Westminster Hall . The early records of all four Inns of Court have been lost, and it

1467-631: A few wealthy members. Williams expected Washington, or at least his representative, to attend the conference. However, Washington could not attend, to which  Williams, in his correspondence, expressed regret. Despite this, Washington continued to help Williams publicize the Conference. While in London, he attended several preparatory meetings and helped craft the program for the Conference, which covered “existing conditions, slavery, progress, African history, demands for ‘Europe’s atonement for wrongs’ and

1630-463: A form of economic organization, imperialism is unnecessary and immoral, the result of the mis-distribution of wealth in a capitalist society. That created an irresistible desire to extend the national markets into foreign lands, in search of profits greater than those available in the Mother Country. In the capitalist economy, rich capitalists received a disproportionately higher income than did

1793-667: A general meeting was to be organized every two years, first in the U.S. then Haiti. Other resolutions were passed in addition to the name change. One emphasizes an integral part of the Anti-Slavery Society’s works with the PAA’s vision. Another delivered the Association’s “sincerest gratitude [for works] by the Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee” in prohibiting the traffic of liquors among native Africans. A memorial

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1956-622: A liberal, just and enlightened manner, he would become a better, more loyal and more valuable citizen." Williams traveled extensively around Jamaica, setting up various branches of the PAA on the island, which were attended by many well-known figures. However, there were immediate disagreements, especially between Williams and the then Acting Governor, Sydney Olivier , who claimed that black people in Jamaica were not oppressed: [The] Negro race in Africa

2119-528: A medical doctor instead. Edith Hesling (1899–1971) was admitted on 4 October 1920 while studying for a law degree at the University of Manchester . On 13 June 1923 she became the first woman called to the Bar at Gray’s Inn. (Mary) Robina Stevens (1903–51) was admitted on 8 October 1920 whilst studying at London University . She was called on 28 January 1924. During World War II the Inn was badly damaged during

2282-635: A new association with more local visions. “Pan-Africanism” replaced Du Bois's “Pan-Negroism” and signified a more universal type of advocacy for the rights of native African population in the colonies and African descendants elsewhere. In addition, the model that the Association proposed, with congresses and meetings organized annually, paved the way for the formation of the Pan-African Congress . Anti-imperialism Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations

2445-514: A one-year term. Initially (before the rise of the Benchers) the Readers were the governing body of Gray's Inn, and formed Pension. The earliest certain records of Readers are from the 16th century—although the Inn's records only start at 1569 William Dugdale (himself a member) published a list in his Origines Juridiciales dating from 1514. S.E. Thorne published a list dating from 1430, but this

2608-452: A part in teaching students, resulting in skilled and knowledgeable graduates from the Inn. Many noted barristers, judges and politicians were members of the Inn during this period, including Gilbert Gerard , Master of the Rolls , Edmund Pelham , Lord Chief Justice of Ireland , and Francis Bacon , who served as Treasurer for eight years, supervising significant changes to the facilities of

2771-633: A particularly prosperous time for the Inn or its members, and few notable barristers were members during this period. Some noted members include Sir Thomas Clarke , the Master of the Rolls , Sir James Eyre , Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Samuel Romilly , a noted law reformer. In 1780 the Inn was involved in the case of R v the Benchers of Gray's Inn , a test of the role of the Inns of Court as

2934-428: A policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a global system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to Christopher Columbus . As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural and the temporal. Those changes reflect—among other shifts in sensibility—a growing unease with

3097-509: A result, the domestic Tudor style architecture which had dominated much of the Inn was replaced with more modern styles. Records show that prior to the rebuilding in 1687, the Inn had been "so incommodious" that the "ancients" were forced to work two to a chamber. More of the Inn was rebuilt during that period, and between 1669 and 1774 all of the Inn apart from parts of the Hall and Chapel had been rebuilt. More buildings were constructed during

3260-667: A revolutionary state. Academically the idea is seen as emerging with Richard Pipes ' 1957 book The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, but it has been reinforced, along with several other views, in continuing scholarship. Several scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states . The Soviet Union practiced colonialism similar to conventional imperial powers. The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed

3423-520: A self-conscious political movement, anti-imperialism originated in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in opposition to the growing European colonial empires and the United States control of the Philippines after 1898. However, it reached its highest level of popular support in the colonies themselves, where it formed the basis for a wide variety of national liberation movements during

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3586-454: A socialist people with tendencies to imperialism, an important aspect of Maoist analysis of the history of the Soviet Union. Contemporarily, the term "anti-imperialism" is most commonly applied by Marxist-Leninists, and political organisations of like ideological persuasion who oppose capitalism, present a class analysis of society and the like. About the nature of imperialism and how to oppose and defeat it, Che Guevara said: imperialism

3749-438: A specific foundation date; none of the Inns of Court claims to be any older than the others. Law clerks and their apprentices have been established on the present site since at latest 1370, with records dating from 1381. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Inn grew in size, peaking during the reign of Elizabeth I . The Inn was home to many important barristers and politicians, including Francis Bacon . Queen Elizabeth herself

3912-466: A very long time." The Indian Jamaat-e-Islami Hind launched a ten-day nationwide campaign titled Anti-Imperialism Campaign in December 2009. Contemporary Jihadist movements such as Al-Qaeda , influenced by Sayyid Qutb's thought, declares itself as a "global revolutionary vanguard" waging jihad to defend Muslims from atrocities committed by the forces of Western imperialism and its allies. In

4075-804: A wide currency after the Second World War and at the onset of the Cold War as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed the United States supported the power of the Soviet Union , while in some Marxist schools, such as Maoism , this was criticized as social imperialism . Islamist movements traditionally view Russia and China as imperial and neo-colonial forces engaged in persecution and oppression of Muslim communities domestically and abroad, in addition to

4238-699: Is a world system, the last stage of capitalism—and it must be defeated in a world confrontation. The strategic end of this struggle should be the destruction of imperialism. Our share, the responsibility of the exploited and underdeveloped of the world, is to eliminate the foundations of imperialism: our oppressed nations, from where they extract capitals, raw materials, technicians, and cheap labor, and to which they export new capitals—instruments of domination—arms and all kinds of articles; thus submerging us in an absolute dependence. The concept of permanent war economy originated in 1945 with an article by Trotskyist Ed Sard (alias Frank Demby, Walter S. Oakes and T.N. Vance),

4401-574: Is called the Parliament. The name was used for the governing bodies of three of the Inns of Chancery— Barnard's Inn , Clement's Inn and New Inn . In Gray's Inn the Readers, when they existed, were required to attend Pension meetings, and other barristers were at one point welcome to, although only the Readers would be allowed to speak. Pension at Gray's Inn is made up of the Masters of the Bench, and

4564-526: Is derived from Lenin's 1917 work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism . People who categorize themselves as anti-imperialists often state that they are opposed to colonialism , colonial empires, hegemony , imperialism and the territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders. An influential movement independent of the Western left that advocated religious imperialism

4727-421: Is entirely conjectural and not based on any official records, only reports of "readings" that took place at Gray's Inn. By 1569 there had certainly been Readers for more than a century. The English Civil War marked the end of legal education at the Inns, and the class of Readers went into decline. The last Readers were appointed in 1677, and the position of the Readers as heads of the Inn and members of Pension

4890-600: Is far back in the race for progress and needs help to bring them up in line with their more fortunate brethren in the West Indies and in America who had been considerably elevated by being brought into close touch with the white races.” After two months in Jamaica, Williams departed for Trinidad. The first meeting of the PAA in Trinidad was organized on May 31, 1901, and was reportedly attended by “a thousand persons.” It

5053-467: Is not known precisely when each was founded. The records of Gray's Inn itself are lost until 1569, and the precise date of founding cannot therefore be verified. Lincoln's Inn has the earliest surviving records. Gray's Inn dates from at least 1370, and takes its name from the 1st Baron Grey de Wilton , as the Inn was originally Lord Grey's family townhouse (or inn) within the Manor of Portpoole. A lease

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5216-598: Is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism . Anti-imperialist sentiment typically manifests as a political principle in independence struggles against intervention or influence from a global superpower , as well as in opposition to colonial rule . Anti-imperialism can also arise from a specific economic theory, such as in the Leninist interpretation of imperialism ( Vladimir Lenin 's theory of surplus value being exported to less developed nations in search of higher profits , eventually leading to imperialism), which

5379-465: Is that they often ignore Russian imperialism and colonialism. Gray%27s Inn The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn , commonly known as Gray's Inn , is one of the four Inns of Court (professional associations for barristers and judges) in London. To be called to the bar in order to practise as a barrister in England and Wales , an individual must belong to one of these inns. Located at

5542-411: The 7th Baron Grey de Wilton , the owner of the Manor itself, sold the land to a group including Thomas Bryan . A few months later, the other members signed deeds of release, granting the property solely to Bryan. Bryan acted as either a feoffee or an owner representing the governing body of the Inn (there are some records suggesting he may have been a Bencher at this point) but in 1493 he transferred

5705-759: The Aborigines Protection Society (APS), the Anti-Slavery Society , the South Place Ethical Society , the Liberal Party , Society of Friends and the Unitarians . The list of the honorary members expanded to include another MP, more religious leaders, and women. The Association established its first American contact, D. Augustus Straker . In addition to organizations and societies, Williams and

5868-532: The British Raj , Omar Mukhtar 's Jihad against Italian Fascists in Libya , etc. The establishment and defense of Islamic statehood that enforces Sharia (Islamic law) based on Qur'an and Sunnah , elimination of superstitions and heterodox local practices and folk rituals, etc. were key objectives of these reform movements. These anti-colonial movements inspired the rise of Pan-Islamism during

6031-814: The Carthusian House of Jesus of Bethlehem ( Sheen Priory ), which remained the Society's landlord until 1539, when the Second Act of Dissolution led to the Dissolution of the Monasteries and passed ownership of the Inn to the Crown. During the reign of Elizabeth I , Gray's Inn rose in prominence, and the Elizabethan era is considered the "golden age" of the Inn, with Elizabeth serving as

6194-472: The Coats of Arms of those members who became Treasurers. The Benchers' table is also said to have been a gift from Elizabeth, and as a result the only public toast in the Inn until the late 19th century was "to the glorious, pious and immortal memory of Queen Elizabeth". The walls of the Hall are decorated with paintings of noted patrons or members of the Inn, including Nicholas Bacon and Elizabeth I. During

6357-578: The English Restoration , which saw the end of the then-traditional method of legal education. Now more prosperous, Gray's Inn is today the smallest of the Inns of Court. Gray's Inn and the other three Inns of Court remain the only bodies legally allowed to call a barrister to the Bar, allowing him or her to practise in England and Wales. Although the Inn was previously a disciplinary and teaching body, these functions are now shared between

6520-546: The First World War , American imperialism and colonial empires including Britain, France and Germany. The nations which were part of the Soviet sphere of influence were nominally independent countries with separate governments that set their own policies, but those policies had to stay within certain limits decided by the Soviet Union. These limits were enforced by the threat of intervention by Soviet forces, and later

6683-459: The Inns of Chancery , which were dedicated legal training institutions. If he studied at Oxford or Cambridge he would spend three years working towards a degree, and be admitted to one of the Inns of Court after graduation. If he studied at one of the Inns of Chancery he would do so for one year before seeking admission to the Inn of Court to which his Inn of Chancery was tied—in the case of Gray's Inn,

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6846-654: The Japan–South Korea trade dispute were far-right imperialist 'economic invasion' . (South Korean liberals argue that the Japanese government caused unfair damage to the South Korean economy to avoid compensation for Korean victims of Japanese war crimes during the past imperialist Japan .) South Korean liberals also oppose the appropriation of Korean culture of the Chinese people . Some modern liberals in

7009-885: The Padri War , Java War , and the Aceh War against the Dutch colonisation of Indonesia , Moro Rebellion against the United States , the South Asian Jihad movement of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid , Mahdist State in Sudan and the Arabian Muwahhidun that fought British colonialism , Emir Abd al-Qadir's military insurgency against French in Algeria, North-West Frontier Uprisings of the Pashtun tribes against

7172-530: The Second World Congress of Comintern (1920), Lenin accused the anti-imperialism of pan-Islamists of favouring the interests of the bourgeoisie , feudal landlords and religious clerics ; and incited communists to compulsorily fight pan-Islamism. Since then, Soviet authorities regularly employed the charge of pan-Islamism to target Islamic dissidents for anti-Soviet activities and fomenting anti-communist rebellions. The phrase gained

7335-557: The Second World War the Hall was one of those buildings badly damaged during the Blitz . The Treasurers' Arms and paintings had been moved to a place of safety and were not damaged; during the rebuilding after the War they were put back in the Hall, where they remain. The rebuilt hall was designed by Edward Maufe, and was formally opened in 1951 by the Duke of Gloucester . The Chapel existed in

7498-684: The Warsaw Pact . Major military invasions took place in East Germany in 1953 , Hungary in 1956 , Czechoslovakia in 1968 and Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989 . Countries in the Eastern Bloc were considered satellite states . The Soviet Union exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. The notion of "Soviet empire" often refers to a form of "classic" or "colonial" empire with communism only replacing conventional imperial ideologies such as Christianity or monarchy, rather than creating

7661-485: The abolitionist movement in the British Empire . The conferences and meetings organized by the Association helped to create transnational links between activists of African descent. Despite the PAA's dissolution, its branch in Jamaica continued to advocate for the same objectives, though under a different name, until at least 1903. In Trinidad, the PAA's branch maintained enough momentum that local newspapers continued to report its meetings. The branch continued to petition

7824-593: The displaying of Africans as part of shows . Notably, another petition also reached Wilhem II , the German Emperor, concerning similar issues and widening the Association's advocacy beyond Great Britain. By early 1900, the association changed its office space from Gray's Inn to 139 Palace Chambers, 9 Bridge Street, London SW, and adopted the new name The Pan African Conference Committee (PAC). During 1898, Williams traveled extensively lecturing, establishing contacts, and increasing support. He met with members of

7987-524: The post-World War II era. During the Cold War period, the Islamist intellectuals from the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e Islami also launched fervent anti-communist campaigns, ideologically critiquing socialism and Marxism and chiding leftists as agents of Soviet Imperialism . In his book " Al Jihad Fil Islam ", South Asian revolutionary Islamist scholar Abul A'la Mawdudi made

8150-488: The "back field" was walled off, but little more was done until 1608, when under the supervision of Francis Bacon , the Treasurer, more construction work was undertaken, particularly in walling off and improving the gardens and walks. In 1629 it was ordered that an architect supervise any construction and ensure that the new buildings were architecturally similar to the old ones, and the strict enforcement of this rule during

8313-500: The 18th and 19th centuries. In 1941 the Inn suffered under The Blitz , which damaged or destroyed much of the Inn, necessitating the repair of many buildings and the construction of more. Today many buildings are let as professional offices for barristers and solicitors with between 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m ) and 275,000 sq ft (25,500 m ) of office space available. There are also approximately 60 residential apartments, rented out to barristers who are members of

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8476-584: The 18th century is given as a reason for the uniformity of the buildings at Gray's Inn. During the late 17th century many buildings were demolished, either because of poor repair or to standardise and modernise the buildings at the Inn. Many more were built over the open land surrounding the Inn, although this was controversial at the time; in November 1672 the Privy Council and Charles II himself were petitioned to order that nothing should be built on

8639-467: The 18th century, the fortunes of its members declined, and many barristers who had been called to the Bar at the Inn transferred to others. Gray's Inn was the smallest of the Inns during the early 20th century, and was noted for its connection to the Northern Circuit . During a 1918 Allied World War I conference it would be the site where Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill ,

8802-590: The 1924 British Empire Exhibition in London and the 1938 Glasgow Empire Exhibition . Some intellectuals used the opportunity to criticise imperialism as a policy. Moderately active anti-imperial movements emerged in Canada and Australia. The French Canadians were hostile to British expansion whilst in Australia, it was the Irish Catholics who were opposed. French Canadians argue that Canadian nationalism

8965-482: The Anti-Imperialist League, which included famous citizens such as Andrew Carnegie , Henry James , William James and Mark Twain , formed a platform which stated: We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and

9128-497: The Association's dissolution were beget by internal grievances and opposition between executives. As Gwilym Colenso and Christopher Saunders explain, Frank Colenso, in his correspondence with Walters, criticized Williams for his “ ‘improper use of the title and method of organisation of the late association.’ ” Colenso disapproved of Williams “[taking] policy decisions or making constitutional changes without reference to other committee members or to officers.” Furthermore, while bearing

9291-523: The Association's work and Williams’ travels were dedicated to publicizing and organizing the First Pan-African Conference, which took place in London in July 1900. In articles advertising the Conference, supporters of the African Association totaled to 87 in England, 37 in Scotland, and 28 in Dublin. The Pan-African Conference was the beginnings of the ‘Pan-African’ global political movement that would emerge. The First Pan-African Conference faced financial difficulties but managed to get by with support from

9454-413: The Bar , Utter Barristers, Ancients and Readers. Utter Barristers were those who had been called to the Bar but were still studying, Ancients were those who were called to the Bar and were allowed to practise and Readers were those who had been called to the Bar, were allowed to practise and now played a part in educating law students at the Inns of Chancery and at Gray's Inn itself. At the time Gray's Inn

9617-406: The Benchers and other notables would originally have sat. The hall also contains a large carved screen at one end covering the entrance to the Vestibule . Legend says that the screen was given to the Inn by Elizabeth I while she was the Inn's patron, and is carved out of the wood of a Spanish galleon captured from the Spanish Armada . The Hall was lit with the aid of massive windows filled with

9780-421: The Benchers and other senior members away for the holiday. The Gray's Inn masque in 1588 with its centrepiece, The Misfortunes of Arthur by Thomas Hughes , is considered by A.W. Ward to be the most impressive masque thrown at any of the Inns. William Shakespeare performed at the Inn at least once, as his patron, Lord Southampton , was a member. For the Christmas of 1594, his play The Comedy of Errors

9943-467: The Benchers paying a fine of 100 marks because they refused to read, and modern Benchers pay a "fine" in a continuation of this tradition. Noted Benchers of Gray's Inn include Lord Birkenhead and Francis Bacon . Honorary Benchers can also be appointed, although they have no role in Pension, such as Lord Denning , who was appointed in 1979, and Winston Churchill . Today there are over 300 Benchers in Gray's Inn, mostly senior barristers and members of

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10106-543: The Blitz in 1941, with the Hall, the chapel, the Library and many other buildings hit and almost destroyed. The rebuilding of much of the Inn took until 1960 by the architect Sir Edward Maufe . In 2008 Gray's Inn became the first Inn to appoint "fellows"—elected businesspeople, legal academics and others—with the intent of giving them a wider perspective and education than the other Inns would offer. Gray's Inn's internal records date from 1569, at which point there were four types of member; those who had not yet been called to

10269-459: The British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe. The American rejection of

10432-463: The British government in the hopes that King Edward would extend the political rights of colonial subjects. At various fundraising concerts, the branch attempted to further support from other British Caribbean colonies as well. Despite close connections between Williams and the Association's representative, Lazare, there was not enough enthusiasm for the PAA to continue operation. It died out in late 1901, when many original supporters moved on to create

10595-404: The British government to “meet the needs of the depressed condition of the islands,” and protect “the rights of Native African races brought under British rule and to protect their interests from the caprices of the Chartered Companies. ” The other urged the establishment of Association branches in different colonies of the British Empire. On another occasion, the Association took up the issue of

10758-428: The DPK's descendants of independence activists said at a press conference, "In the spirit of Great Korean Independence 100 years ago, let's overcome the economic invasion of Shinzo Abe 's government." (100년 전 대한독립의 정신으로 아베 정부 경제침략을 이겨내자.) South Korean liberals, unlike protectionist anti-imperialists, believing that the Japanese government's actions that undermined the " free trade principle" (자유무역 원칙 or 자유무역 철칙) during

10921-422: The Inn a year. This fall in numbers was partly because the landed gentry were no longer sending sons who had no intention of becoming barristers to study at the Inn. In 1615, 13 students joined the Inn for every student called to the Bar, but by 1713 the ratio had become 2.3 new members to every 1 call. Over a 50-year period, the Civil War and high taxation under William III economically crippled many members of

11084-483: The Inn and the first proper construction of the gardens and walks for which the Inn is noted. At the start of the Caroline era , when Charles I came to the throne, the Inn continued to prosper. Over 100 students were admitted to the Inn each year, and except during the plague of 1636 the legal education of students continued. Masques continued to be held, including one in 1634 organised by all four Inns that cost £21,000—approximately £4,440,000 in 2024 terms. Before 1685

11247-448: The Inn as a whole is headed by the Treasurer, a senior Bencher. The Treasurer has always been elected, and since 1744 the office has rotated between individuals, with a term of one year. A Reader was a person literally elected to read—he would be elected to the Pension (council) of Gray's Inn, and would take his place by giving a "reading", or lecture, on a particular legal topic. Two readers would be elected annually by Pension to serve

11410-440: The Inn began hiring full-time preachers to staff the Chapel—the first, John Cherke, was appointed in 1576. A radical Puritan in a time of religious conflict, Cherke held his post for only a short time before being replaced by a Thomas Crooke in 1580. After Crooke's death in 1598 Roger Fenton served as preacher, until his replacement by Richard Sibbes , later Master of Catherine Hall, Cambridge , in 1616. Gray's Inn still employs

11573-502: The Inn counted as members five dukes , three marquises , twenty-nine earls , five viscounts and thirty-nine barons , and during that period "none can exhibit a more illustrious list of great men". Many academics, including William Holdsworth , a man considered to be one of the best legal academics in history, maintain that this period saw a decline in the standard of teaching at all the Inns. From 1640 onwards no readings were held, and barristers such as Sir Edward Coke remarked at

11736-559: The Inn, both legal ( Sir Dudley Digges , Thomas Bedingfield and Francis Bacon , for example) and non-legal (including William Juxon , the Archbishop of Canterbury ), the list could not compare to that of the Elizabethan period. Following the English Restoration , admissions fell to an average of 57 a year. The fortunes of Gray's Inn continued to decline after the English Restoration , and by 1719 only 22 students were joining

11899-460: The Inn. The Inn also contains the Inns of Court School of Law , a joint educational venture between all four Inns of Court where the vocational training for barristers and solicitors is undertaken. The current Inn layout consists of two squares—South Square and Gray's Inn Square—with the remaining buildings arranged around the Walks. The Hall was part of the original Manor of Portpoole, although it

12062-529: The Inns began to stagnate; little had been changed since the 17th century in terms of legal education or practice, except that students were no longer bound to take the Anglican sacrament before their call to the Bar . In 1852 the Council of Legal Education was established by the Inns, and in 1872 a formal examination for the call to the Bar was introduced. Gray's Inn itself suffered more than most; as in

12225-483: The Inns of Chancery, twice in the Hall of his Inn of Court and twice in the Inn Library. The new "utter barrister" was then expected to supervise bolts ("arguments" over a single point of law between students and barristers) and moots at his Inn of Court, attend lectures at the Inns of Court and Chancery and teach students. After five years as an "utter" barrister he was allowed to practice in court—after 10 years he

12388-592: The League of Nations in 1919 was accompanied with a sharp American reaction against European imperialism. American textbooks denounced imperialism as a major cause of the World War. The uglier aspects of British colonial rule were emphasized, recalling the long-standing anti-British sentiments in the United States. Anti-imperialism within Britain emerged in the 1890s, especially from within the Liberal Party . For over

12551-408: The PAA's Trinidad branch was officially launched. In mid-July, Williams departed for the United States, where, despite a large African-American population, he and the PAA were not able to harness as much enthusiasm as in the West Indies. According to The Pan-African , the Association's journal, the PAA ceased operations due to budgetary issues. However, recent scholarship suggests that the reasons for

12714-580: The PAA's advocacy efforts directly to the people of the Americas. He arrived in Jamaica on March 1, 1901, where he stayed with H. R. Cargill, the only member of the Association in Jamaica. In an interview with The Gleaner , Williams explained that the PAA would represent the African subjects’ voice and that the PAA "was in no way antagonistic to the British government. If the Negro were everywhere treated in

12877-443: The PAA’s disbandment. With Williams away in the Americas, Colenso was able to act more independently, eventually usurping power from Williams. However, his decision to dissolve the PAA was not a unilateral as there were other members and executives, who Colenso referred to as “‘my colleagues,’” that did raise objections. Executive Committee members: The Pan-African Association introduced Pan-Africanism as an ideology distinct from

13040-516: The Patron Lady. This can be traced to the actions of Nicholas Bacon , William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard , all prominent members of the Inn and confidantes of Elizabeth. Cecil and Bacon in particular took pains to find the most promising young men and get them to join the Inn. In 1574 it was the largest of all the Inns of Court by number, with 120 barristers , and by 1619 it had a membership of more than 200 barristers. Gray's Inn, as well as

13203-457: The Readers, for unknown reasons, decided that some barristers who were not Readers should be afforded the same rights and privileges as those who were, although without a voice in Pension. This was a rare practice and occurred a total of seven times within the 16th century, the first being Robert Flynt in 1549. The next was Nicholas Bacon in 1550, then Edward Stanhope in 1580, who was afforded

13366-411: The Soviet Union sending military advisors to Ethiopia , Angola , Egypt and Afghanistan . However, anarchists as well as many other Marxist organizations, have characterized Soviet foreign policy as imperialism and cited it as evidence that the philosophy of Marxism would not resolve and eliminate imperialism. Mao Zedong developed the theory that the Soviet Union was a social imperialist nation,

13529-528: The U.S. and its allies like Israel . In the late 1870s, the term "imperialism" was introduced to the English language by opponents of the aggressively imperial policies of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (1874–1880). It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain . For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it

13692-709: The United States , including Dennis Kucinich , support non-interventionism . Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt assert that traditional anti-imperialism is no longer relevant. In the book Empire , Negri and Hardt argue that imperialism is no longer the practice or domain of any one nation or state. Rather, they claim, the "Empire" is a conglomeration of all states, nations, corporations, media, popular and intellectual culture and so forth; and thus, traditional anti-imperialist methods and strategies can no longer be applied against them. The Estonian political scientist Maria Mälksoo argues that "one of many blind spots" in postcolonial studies linked to anti-imperialist movements

13855-468: The annexation of new territory, especially the Philippines. The Anti-Imperialist League was founded on June 15, 1898, in Boston in opposition of the acquisition of the Philippines, which would happen anyway. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism , especially the need for " consent of the governed ". Appalled by American imperialism,

14018-634: The association maintained contact with several black leaders, including Booker T. Washington . Together they attended one of the annual general meetings of the APS, where they challenged Albert Grey , a member of the board of the British South Africa Company , about the conditions of native African population. With the help of Washington's articles in various newspapers, the African Association became better known. Much of

14181-724: The association may have taken conditions in South Africa into account as well. Little is known about the initial public meeting of the African Association except for brief mentions of its establishment in newspapers and the reports of the other groups. The meeting was organized sometime between September and November 1897 at Exeter Hall , London. Members were mainly from the Caribbean and West Africa, and included religious leaders, political activists, teachers, and writers. Several women were also members, though they were titled as honorary members. The association's second public meeting

14344-448: The association. Williams sought to establish the association in London, as the city had become the locus of anti-imperialist movements, activism, and organization. Despite the comparatively progressive character of metropolitan London, white sympathizers advised against the founding of the African Association, claiming that black people were not capable of forming independent political organisations. Because of this conflict, active membership

14507-407: The attached Inns of Chancery were Staple Inn and Barnard's Inn . The student was then considered an "inner barrister", and would study in private, take part in the moots and listen to the readings and other lectures. After serving from six to nine years as an "inner barrister," the student was called to the Bar, assuming he had fulfilled the requirements of having argued twice at moots in one of

14670-512: The basis of denying to over half the world the right of sharing to their utmost ability the opportunities and privileges of modern civilisation. In general, the Conference was well-received. Bishop Walters received letters from across the world praising the work of the Pan-African Association. The Association and the conference itself were mentioned in several newspapers. However, West Indian newspapers mostly complained about

14833-451: The belief that West was in decline and that restoration of Islamic prowess was inevitable. Openly equating Western colonialism with atheism , Mawdudi called upon Muslims to rally in jihad against the imperialist forces to regain their spiritual, cultural, economic and military sovereignty and self-sufficiency. Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian scholar influenced by both Mawdudi and Rashid Rida, took their ideas to its logical culmination; proclaiming

14996-488: The colonies ruled by France and Germany, and the Congo Free State, as well as Abyssinia , [Haiti], and Liberia, and the ‘independent tribes of Africa.’” The draft included the famous line: The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the colour-line — the question as to how far differences of race which show themselves chiefly in the colour of the skin and the texture of the hair are going to be made hereafter

15159-469: The consequences." There have also been many examples of liberal anti-imperialism. However, liberal anti-imperialists are distinct from socialist anti-imperialists because they do not support anti-capitalism . South Korean liberals have opposed Chinese and Japanese imperialism. " No Japan Movement " is related to anti-imperialist sentiment in South Korea. On August 14, 2019, seven politicians of

15322-481: The decline of the practice of lecturers and readings, first because many probably believed (as the students did) that books were an adequate substitute, and secondly because many were keen to avoid the work of preparing a reading, which cut into their time as practising barristers. These problems were endemic to all the Inns, not just Gray's Inn. The outbreak of the First English Civil War led to

15485-427: The development of other faults in the system and characters of the subject nation. They develop a weakness of character, lose self-esteem and the sense of righteousness. Even if the ruling nation does not treat the subjects with outright cruelty and arrogance, their (the subject nation’s) character sinks to such a low ebb of ignobility that they become quite incapable of striving for attaining and maintaining self-rule for

15648-544: The direct control (intervention, occupation and rule) characteristic of colonial and neo-colonial empires as used in the realm of international relations . In Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), Lenin outlined the five features of capitalist development that lead to imperialism: Generally, the relationship among Marxist-Leninists and radical, left-wing organisations who are anti-war , often involves persuading such political activists to progress from pacifism to anti-imperialism—that is, to progress from

15811-420: The early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism: Hobson's ideas were not entirely original; however his hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored

15974-464: The economic dominance and exploitation of a country, rather than the military and the political dominance of a people, their country and its natural resources. Hence, the primary purpose of imperialism is economic exploitation, rather than mere control of either a country or of a region. The Marxist and the Leninist denotation thus differs from the usual political science denotation of imperialism as

16137-400: The end of the war, there was an attempt to restore the old system of readings and moots, and in 1647 an order was made that students were required to moot at least once a day. This failed to work, with Readers refusing to read, and the old system of legal education completely died out. The Caroline period saw a decline in prosperity for Gray's Inn. Although there were many notable members of

16300-542: The fact of power, specifically Western power. The relationships among capitalism , aristocracy and imperialism have been discussed and analysed by theoreticians, historians, political scientists such as John A. Hobson and Thorstein Veblen , Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell . Those intellectuals produced much of their works about imperialism before the World War I (1914–1918), yet their combined work informed

16463-455: The following decades, and by 1586 the Pension had added another two wings around the central court . Around these were several sets of barristers' chambers erected by members of the Inn under a leasehold agreement whereby ownership of the buildings would revert to the Inn at the end of the lease. As the Inn grew it became necessary (for safety purposes) to wall off the land owned by the Inn, which had previously been open to everyone. In 1591

16626-537: The four Inns, with the Bar Standards Board (a division of the General Council of the Bar ) acting as a disciplinary body and the Inns of Court and Bar Educational Trust providing education. The Inn remains a collegiate self-governing, unincorporated association of its members, providing within its precincts library, dining, residential and office accommodation ( barristers' chambers ), along with

16789-619: The future leaders of the Western Allies in World War II , would first meet. Following the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act in December 1919, women could be admitted to the Inns of Court. The first three women were admitted in 1920. Mary Selina Share Jones (1874–1954) was admitted on 27 Jan 1920 following a law degree from the University of Liverpool but was not called, going on to qualify as

16952-462: The gentry, meaning that they could not afford to allow their sons to study at the Inns. David Lemmings considers it to have been more serious than that, for two reasons; firstly, Inner Temple and Middle Temple had actually shown an increase in membership following the Restoration, and secondly because Gray's Inn had previously had far more "common" members than the other Inns. The decrease in

17115-429: The higher rank despite this change. The outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 marked the end of legal education at the Inns, although Parliament attempted to persuade Readers to continue by threatening them with fines. The class of Readers went into decline and Benchers were called as members of Pension instead. In 1679 there was the first mass-call of Benchers (22 on one occasion, and 15 on another), with

17278-422: The interests of the black races; and to amelio rate the condition of the oppressed negro in all parts of the world. The permanent office changed to Room 416, 61-2 Chancery Lane , in central London. Additionally, the Association created a bureau to collect information, data, and statistics on the conditions of Africans around the world. Branches in Africa, the West Indies, and the United States were established, and

17441-431: The international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth and encourage a peaceful multilateral world order. Conversely, should the state not intervene, rentiers (people who earn income from property or securities) would generate socially negative wealth that fostered imperialism and protectionism. As

17604-592: The intersection of High Holborn and Gray's Inn Road in Central London , the Inn is a professional body and provides office and some residential accommodation for barristers. It is ruled by a governing council called "Pension", made up of the Masters of the Bench (or " benchers ") and led by the Treasurer , who is elected to serve a one-year term. The Inn is known for its gardens (the "Walks"), which have existed since at least 1597. Gray's Inn does not claim

17767-456: The judiciary. Gray's Inn does not possess a coat of arms per se but instead uses a heraldic badge , which is often displayed on a shield. It is blazoned either " Azure an Indian Griffin proper segreant " or, more currently, " Sable a griffin segreant or ", i.e., a gold griffin on a black background. The Inn originally used a variant of the coat of arms of the Grey family, but this

17930-529: The late 19th century; which gave birth to numerous Islamist organisations advocating anti-imperialism across the Muslim World ; such as the Muslim Brotherhood ( Ikhwan al-Muslimeen ) and Jamaat-e-Islami . Syro-Egyptian Islamist theoretician Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865 CE/1282 AH–1935 CE/1354 AH), a Salafi theologian greatly influenced by preceding militant Islamic revivalist movements,

18093-421: The law, without fear or favour rules men's causes aright'. The seal of Gray's Inn consists of the badge encircled by the motto. The Inn is located at the intersection of High Holborn and Gray's Inn Road . It started as a single manor house with a hall and chapel, although an additional wing had been added by the date of the "Woodcut" map of London , drawn probably in the early 1560s. Expansion continued over

18256-529: The mid-20th century and later. These movements, and their anti-imperialist ideas, were instrumental in the decolonization process of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw most European colonies in Asia and Africa achieving their independence. An early use of the term "anti-imperialist" occurred after the United States entered the Spanish–American War in 1898. Most activists supported the war itself, but opposed

18419-540: The necessity of a permanent, un-ending Islamist revolution not only against the imperialists but also its allied regimes in the Muslim World . This revolution against the apostate regimes has to be waged as an armed jihad by an ideological vanguard committed to establish the Islamic state and uphold Tawhid (Islamic monotheism). These ideas gained prominence and arose in influence across the Islamic World during

18582-458: The need for an international association to unite anti-imperialist and black liberation efforts across nations. To this end, Henry Sylvester Williams, a Trinidadian lawyer, recognized the need to focus on educating the British public. He believed the British public was unaware of the sub-standard treatment of people of colour throughout the Empire, and sought to rectify this via the formation of

18745-584: The number of gentry at the Inn could therefore not completely explain the large drop in members. Gray's Inn was the venue for an early cricket match in July 1730 between London and Kent . The original source reports "a cricket-match between the Kentish men and the Londoners for £50 , and won by the former", giving the precise location as "a field near the lower end of Gray's Inn Lane, London ". In 1733

18908-612: The one side, and the Muslim community on the other, remains in essence one of ideology, although over the years it has appeared in various guises and has grown more sophisticated and, at times, more insidious. We have seen the original ideological conflict succeeded by economic, political and military confrontation, on the basis that 'religious' or 'ideological' conflicts are outdated and are usually prosecuted by 'fanatics' and backward people. Unfortunately, some naïve and confused Muslims have fallen for this stratagem and persuaded themselves that

19071-593: The open land, and a similar request was sent to the Lord Chancellor in May 1673. From 1672 to 1674 additional buildings were constructed in the Red Lyon Fields by Nicholas Barebone , and members of the Inn attempted to sue him to prevent this. After the lawsuits failed members of the Inn were seen to fight with Barebones' workmen, "wherein several were shrewdly hurt". In February 1679 a fire broke out on

19234-578: The opposition in Britain came from the Liberal Party. Intellectuals and activists Britain based in the socialist, labour and Fabian movements generally oppose imperialism and John A. Hobson , a Liberal, took many of his ideas from their writings. After the Boer war, opponents of imperialism turned their attention to the British crown colonies in Africa and Asia. By the 1920s, the government was sponsoring large-scale exhibits promoting imperialism, notably

19397-439: The opposition of war, in general, to the condemnation of the capitalist economic system, in particular. In the 20th century, the Soviet Union represented themselves as the foremost enemy of imperialism and thus politically and financially supported Third World revolutionary organisations who fought for national independence. This was accomplished through the export of both financial capital and Soviet military apparatuses, with

19560-419: The original manor house used by the Inn, and dates from 1315. In 1625 it was enlarged under the supervision of Eubule Thelwall , but by 1698 it was "very ruinous", and had to be rebuilt. Little is known of the changes, except that the barristers' chambers above the chapel were removed. The building was again rebuilt in 1893, and remained that way until its destruction during The Blitz in 1941. The chapel

19723-484: The other Inns of Court, became noted for the parties and festivals it hosted. Students performed masques and plays in court weddings, in front of Queen Elizabeth herself, and hosted regular festivals and banquets at Candlemas , All Hallows Eve and Easter. At Christmas the students ruled the Inn for the day, appointing a Lord of Misrule called the Prince of Purpoole , and organising a masque entirely on their own, with

19886-650: The overconfidence in the conditions in South Africa, given it was negotiated by “colonists.” These news reports were also critical of the exaggeration of the experiences of black people in North America and claim that there is no need to re-emigrate back to Africa. Many newspapers report the “Address to the Nations of the World.” However, the famous line was intentionally left out as well as parts that called for African self-government. In 1901, Williams decided to take

20049-410: The ownership by charter to a group including Sir Robert Brudenell and Thomas Wodeward, reverting the ownership of the Inn partially back to the Grey family. In 1506 the Inn was sold by the Grey family to Hugh Denys and a group of his feoffees including Roger Lupton . This was not a purchase on behalf of the society and after a five-year delay, it was transferred under the will of Denys in 1516 to

20212-724: The political doctrines of the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address". An important influence on American intellectuals was the work of British writer John A. Hobson . especially Imperialism: A Study (1902). Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism: Hobson's ...hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of

20375-550: The privilege because, although a skilled attorney, an illness meant he could never fulfil the duties of a Reader. The practice became more common during the 17th century—11 people were made Benchers between 1600 and 1630—and in 1614 one of the Benchers appointed was explicitly allowed to be a member of Pension. This became more common, creating a two-rank system in which both Readers and Benchers were members of Pension. However far more Readers were appointed than Benchers—50 between 1600 and 1630—and it appeared that Readers would remain

20538-692: The process identified themselves even more strongly with the British Empire. A little opposition also came from some English immigrants such as the intellectual leader Goldwin Smith . In Canada, the Irish Catholics were fighting the French Canadians for control of the Catholic Church, so the Irish generally supported the pro-British position. Anti-imperialism also grew rapidly in India and formed

20701-695: The pursuit of happiness. We maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our Government... We cordially invite the cooperation of all men and women who remain loyal to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. Fred Harrington states that "the anti-imperialist's did not oppose expansion because of commercial, religious, constitutional, or humanitarian reasons but instead because they thought that an imperialist policy ran counter to

20864-425: The reign of James I (1603–1625) and the beginning of that of Charles I , when over 100 students per year were recorded as joining. The outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 during the reign of Charles I disrupted the systems of legal education and governance at the Inns of Court, shutting down all calls to the bar and new admissions, and Gray's Inn never fully recovered. Fortunes continued to decline after

21027-542: The religious and ideological aspects of the conflict are no longer relevant. But in reality world Zionism and Christian Imperialism , as well as world Communism , are conducting the fight against Islam and the Muslim community, first and foremost, on ideological grounds... The confrontation is not over control of territory or economic resources, or for military domination. If we believe that, we would play into our enemies’ hands and would have no one but ourselves to blame for

21190-409: The requirements for a call to the Bar were significantly revised in a joint meeting between the Benchers of Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, revisions accepted by Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple, although they were not represented. It is not recorded what these changes were, but after a further discussion in 1762 the Inns adopted a rule that any student with a Master of Arts or Bachelor of Laws degree from

21353-735: The rise of numerous colonial and imperial Islamic resistance movements across various parts of the Muslim World. These included the jihad movement led by the Imamate of Caucasus and the Circassian Confederacy against Russian imperialism during the Caucasus Wars (1763–1864 CE). Prominent leaders in this resistance campaign included Ghazi Mullah , Hamzat Bek , Shamil , Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg , Jembulat Boletoqo , etc. Other major anti-imperial movements included

21516-455: The sole authority to call students to the Bar. The case was brought to the Court of King's Bench by William Hart, a student at the Inn, who asked the court (under Lord Mansfield ) to order the Inn to call him to the Bar. Mansfield ruled that the Inns of Court were indeed the only organisations able to call students to the Bar, and refused to order the Inns to call Hart. During the 19th century,

21679-414: The students denied themselves the opportunity to query what they had learnt or discuss it in greater detail. Eventually, as students now had a way to learn without attending lectures, they began to excuse themselves from lectures, meetings and moots altogether; in the early 17th century they developed a way of deputising other students to do their moots for them. The Benchers and Readers did little to arrest

21842-501: The study of the impact of imperialism upon Europe and contributed to the political and ideologic reflections on the rise of the military–industrial complex in the United States from the 1950s onwards. John A. Hobson strongly influenced the anti-imperialism of both Marxists and liberals, worldwide through his 1902 book on Imperialism. He argued that the "taproot of imperialism" is not in nationalist pride , but in Capitalism. As

22005-550: The sugar industry in British West Indies , advocating for small businesses to “ ‘reap a greater profit and for the greater exploitation of the ‘geographical resources of the West India Colonies.’ ” It also demanded strong measures against monopolies, supported better education, and measures to finance new farmers. Moreover, it aimed to lessen the cost of transferring land which Williams and Joseph argued

22168-433: The thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe. On the positive side, Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure

22331-455: The time that the quality of education at the Inns of Court had decreased. Holdsworth put this down to three things—the introduction of printed books, the disinclination of students to attend moots and readings and the disinclination of the Benchers and Readers to enforce attendance. With the introduction of printing, written legal texts became more available, reducing the need for students to attend readings and lectures. However, this meant that

22494-463: The title of “Pan-African,” the PAA advocated solely for conditions of the native African populations in British colonies and protectorate. In particular, Frank Colenso saw Williams’ work as being  “within a framework which was Anglo-African rather than Afro-American,” thus “‘denying’” Pan-Africanism. These disagreements between the American and British members within the PAA were another trigger of

22657-405: The universities of Oxford or Cambridge could be called to the Bar after three years as a student, and any other student could be called after five years. An attempt was made to increase the quality of legal education at Gray's Inn; in 1753 a barrister, Danby Pickering , was employed to lecture there, although this agreement ended in 1761 when he was called to the Bar. The 18th century was not

22820-588: The values of Salaf al-Salih . This encompassed a theological assault on Western ideological currents emanating from the principles of secularism and nationalism as well as denunciation of Western cultural imperialism . After Rashid Rida, the mantle of Islamist anti-imperialism was spearheaded by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna , South Asian revolutionary Islamist leader Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi and Egyptian Jihadist theoretician Sayyid Qutb . Mawdudi held

22983-592: The west side of Coney Court, necessitating the rebuilding of the entire row. Another fire broke out in January 1684 in Coney Court, destroying several buildings including the Library. A third fire in 1687 destroyed a large part of Holborn Court, and when the buildings were rebuilt after these fires they were constructed of brick to be more resistant to fire than the wood and plaster previously used in construction. As

23146-590: The working class. If the owners invested their incomes to their factories, the greatly increased productive capacity would exceed the growth in demand for the products and services of said factories. Lenin adopted Hobson's ideas to argue that capitalism was doomed and would eventually be replaced by socialism, the sooner the better. Hobson was also influential in liberal circles, especially the British Liberal Party. Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in

23309-635: The worldview of Egyptian Jihadist theoretician Sayyid Qutb , imperialist policies of the secular Western regimes were a continuation of their historical "Crusading Spirit". In his commentary of the Qur'anic verse 2:120 "{ Never will the Jews be pleased with you, (O Prophet), nor the Christians until you follow their way.. }", Sayyid Qutb writes: "The conflict between the Judeo-Christian world on

23472-565: The ‘organised plunder’ of Europeans.” On the last day of conference, July 25, 1900, the African Association changed its name to Pan-African Association (PAA). It also changed its objective: [Securing] civil and political rights for Africans and their descendants throughout the world; to encourage friendly relations between the Caucasian and African races; to encourage African people everywhere in educational, industrial and commercial enterprise; to approach Governments and influence legislation in

23635-566: Was pan-Islamism ; which challenged the Western civilisational model and rose to prominence across various parts of the Islamic world during the 19th and 20th centuries. Its most influential ideologue was the Sunni theologian Muhammad Rashid Rida , a fierce opponent of Western ideas, who called upon Muslims to rise up in armed resistance by waging jihad against imperialism and re-establish an Islamic caliphate . Through his resolution in

23798-466: Was a patron. As a result of the efforts of prominent members such as William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard , Gray's Inn became the largest of the four Inns by number, with over 200 barristers recorded as members. During this period, the Inn mounted masques and revels. William Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors is believed first to have been performed in Gray's Inn Hall. The Inn continued to prosper during

23961-471: Was an ardent opponent of European imperial powers; and he called for armed jihad to defend the Islamic World from encroaching colonialism, complemented by a political programme to establish Islamic states which would implement Sharia (Islamic laws). He extended this anti-imperialist campaign to the theological level through the Arab Salafiyya movement; which professed the key theme of returning to

24124-552: Was chaired by Edgar Maresse-Smith , an avid supporter of Williams. Williams was introduced by the local lawyer Emmanuel Lazare . In this meeting, Williams announced the Queen's and Chamberlain's promises, demanded further provisions from the states on behalf of the PAA, and advocated for the rights and privileges for Trinidadians as full British subjects. The meeting also criticized the ongoing racial and class inequalities and called for Trinidadians to be more outspoken. On June 28, 1901,

24287-509: Was changed to the griffin at some time around the 1590s. There is no record of why this was done, but it is possible that the new emblem was adapted from the arms of the Treasurer Richard Aungier (d. 1597). The Inn's motto, the date of adoption of which is unknown, is Integra Lex Aequi Custos Rectique Magistra Non Habet Affectus Sed Causas Gubernat , which is Latin for 'Impartial justice, guardian of equity, mistress of

24450-437: Was characterized by political self-interest; and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. John A. Hobson and Vladimir Lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term. Many theoreticians on the left have followed either or both in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither

24613-487: Was finally rebuilt in 1960, and the original stained glass windows (which had been removed and taken to a safe location) were restored. The rebuilt Chapel contains "simple furnishings" made of Canadian maple donated by the Canadian Bar Association . The Inn has had a Chaplain since at least 1400, where a court case is recorded as being brought by the "Chaplain of Greyes Inn". During the 16th century

24776-678: Was fought against the Afrikaners , who were Dutch colonists who had built new homelands in South Africa. Opposition to the Second Boer War was modest when the war began and was generally less widespread than support for it. However, influential groups formed immediately against the war, including the South African Conciliation Committee and W. T. Stead 's Stop the War Committee . Much of

24939-542: Was held on January 11, 1898, again at Exeter Hall. After this meeting, the association quickly began work on their political agenda. In March 1898, Williams and Reverend Mason Joseph sought to interview the then Secretary of State for the Colonies , Joseph Chamberlain at the Colonial Office on two separate occasions. Both requests were rejected. A Memorial, written after the first rejection, suggested changes for

25102-410: Was made an Ancient. The period saw the establishment of a regular system of legal education. In the early days of the Inn, the quality of legal education had been poor—readings were given infrequently, and the standards for call to the Bar were weak and varied. During the Elizabethan age readings were given regularly, moots took place daily and barristers who were called to the Bar were expected to play

25265-560: Was performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men before a riotous assembly of notables in such disorder that the affair became known as the Night of Errors and a mock trial was held to arraign the culprit. Central to Gray's was the system shared across the Inns of Court of progress towards a call to the Bar , which lasted approximately 12 to 14 years. A student would first study at either Oxford or Cambridge University , or at one of

25428-422: Was preventing people from acquiring Crown land . Minutes from the Parliament indicates this Memorial had been circulated among several members of parliament, as some had questioned Chamberlain on these issues. Nevertheless, no action was taken. The Association held its annual general meeting on October 25, 1898. There, the Association published its first annual report and adopted two resolutions. One called for

25591-459: Was restricted to black people but “white” individuals could become honorary members. In addition to general desire for the African Association, contemporary political events spurred its creation. The founders argued that  British colonial governments were creating a “new form of slavery” in Zanzibar and East Africa . A letter from A. Kinlock, printed on The Friend , the journal of the Society of Friends , on October 22, 1897, suggested that

25754-440: Was sent to Queen Victoria , requesting “more civilised” measures against the social conditions for the natives in South Africa. A sub-committee headed by W. E. B. Du Bois drafted the “Address to the Nations of the World,” which called on European leaders to struggle against racism and disenfranchisement and protect the right to self-government for African populations. It criticized conditions experienced by Africans in “the US,

25917-412: Was significantly rebuilt during the reign of Mary I , and again during the reign of Elizabeth, with the rebuilding being finished on 10 November 1559. The rebuilt Hall measured 70 ft (21 m) in length, 35 ft (11 m) in width and 47 ft (14 m) in height, and remains about the same size today. It has a hammerbeam roof and a raised dais at one end with a grand table on it, where

26080-413: Was taken by the Benchers. A Bencher, Benchsitter or (formally) Master of the Bench, is a member of Pension, the governing body of the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. The term originally referred to one who sat on the benches in the main hall of the Inn which were used for dining and during moots, and the term originally had no significance. The position of Bencher developed during the 16th century when

26243-422: Was taken for various parts of the inn by practising lawyers as both residential and working accommodation, and their apprentices were housed with them. From this the tradition of dining in "commons", probably by using the inn's main hall, followed as the most convenient arrangement for the members. Outside records from 1437 show that Gray's Inn was occupied by socii , or members of a society, at that date. In 1456

26406-416: Was the odd one out amongst the Inns; the others did not recognise Ancients as a degree of barrister and had Benchers roughly corresponding to the Readers used at Gray's Inn (although the positions were not identical). The Inn is run by Pension, its ultimate governing body. The name is peculiar to Gray's Inn—at Lincoln's Inn the governing body is called the council, and at the Inner and Middle Temples it

26569-410: Was the proper and true goal and it sometimes conflicted with loyalty to the British Empire. Many French Canadians claimed that they would fight for Canada but would not fight for the Empire. Protestant Canadians, typically of British descent, generally supported British imperialism enthusiastically. They sent thousands of volunteers to fight alongside British and imperial forces against the Boers and in

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