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57-650: The project was originally proposed in 2002. Signing of the memorandum of understanding on the construction of the pipeline was several times delayed until on 3 April 2007 it was signed by officials of Croatia, Italy, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia during an energy forum in Zagreb . On 22 April 2008 Romanian, Serbian and Croatian companies signed an agreement establishing the Pan-European Oil Pipeline Project Development Company (PEOP PDC). On 10 July 2008 Shareholders adopted

114-523: A global city , with a 'Beta-' rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The transport connections, the concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb is the seat of the central government , administrative bodies , and almost all government ministries . Almost all of

171-502: A long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica. The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since

228-668: A new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower , HOTO Tower , Zagrebtower , Sky Office Tower and the tallest high-rise building in Zagreb Strojarska Business Center . In Novi Zagreb , the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre. Due to

285-564: A number of other smaller communities. After the easing of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, thousands of foreign workers immigrated to Zagreb due to the shortage of labor force in Croatia. These workers primarily come from countries such as Nepal , the Philippines , India , and Bangladesh , as well as some European countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Kosovo and North Macedonia . List of districts by area and population in 2021. Since 14 December 1999 City of Zagreb

342-508: A precipitation decrease pattern. February is the driest month, averaging 39 mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall, with the first snow usually falling in early December. However, in recent years, the number of days with snowfall in wintertime has decreased considerably. Spring is characterized by often pleasant but changeable weather. As the season progresses, sunny days become more frequent, bringing higher temperatures. Sometimes cold spells can occur as well, mostly in

399-406: A real danger of strong earthquakes. Croatian Chief of Office of Emergency Management Pavle Kalinić stated Zagreb experiences around 400 earthquakes a year, most of them being imperceptible. However, in case of a strong earthquake, it's expected that 3,000 people would die and up to 15,000 would be wounded. In 2020 the city experienced a 5.5 magnitude earthquake , which damaged various buildings in

456-657: A serious etymology by Ivan Tkalčić , ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, during which Augustin Kažotić (c. 1260–1323) is said to have dug a well which miraculously produced water. In another legend, a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to "scoop" water from the Manduševac well (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the imperative: Zagrabi, Mando! ("Scoop, Manda!"). The oldest known settlement located near present-day Zagreb,

513-506: Is abundant and it mainly falls during thunderstorms. With 840 mm of precipitation per year, Zagreb is Europe's ninth wettest capital, receiving less precipitation than Luxembourg but more than Brussels , Paris or London . Compared to these cities, however, Zagreb has fewer rainy days, but the annual rainfall is higher due to heavier showers occurring mainly in late spring and summer. Autumn in its early stage often brings pleasant and sunny weather with occasional episodes of rain later in

570-530: Is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of the city districts lie at a low elevation along the valley of the river Sava , but northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain, making the city's geographical image quite diverse. The city extends over 30 km (19 mi) east-west and around 20 km (12 mi) north-south. Zagreb ranks as

627-670: Is also politically motivated so as to decrease its dependence on crude oil supply from Croatia. In 2006, the Government of Slovenia did not support the project because the 29 kilometres (18 mi) long stretch would pass the environmentally sensitive Karst terrain and no national interest exists regarding oil supply. Nevertheless, Slovenian representatives in 2009 expressed support for the project. On January 15, 2010, JANAF decided to freeze its involvement in PEOP. The Romanian and Serbian companies responded by saying they would still build

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684-573: Is divided into 17 city districts ( gradska četvrt , pl. gradske četvrti ): Posavina Posavina ( Serbian Cyrillic : Посавина ) is a geographical region that stretches along the Sava river, encompassing only the inner areas of the Sava river basin , that are adjacent or near to the Sava river itself, namely catch region spanning from the Julian Alps in the northwest to the confluence with

741-529: Is probably derived from Proto-Slavic word * grębъ which means "hill" or "uplift". An Old Croatian reconstructed name * Zagrębъ is manifested through the city's former German name, Agram . Some linguists ( e.g. Nada Klaić , Miroslav Kravar ) propose a metathesis of * Zabreg , which would originate from Old Slavic breg (see Proto-Slavic * bergъ ) in the sense of "riverbank", referring to River Sava. This metathesis has been attested in Kajkavian , but

798-620: The Ban of Croatia , Josip Jelačić , united Gradec and Kaptol; the name of the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square honors him. While Croatia formed part of Yugoslavia (1918 to 1991), Zagreb remained an important economic centre of that country, and was the second largest city. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor Republike Hrvatske ) proclaimed Zagreb as

855-523: The Danube in the southeast. It passes through several countries of former Yugoslavia , namely Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia . In Slovene , the term Posavina is not used to describe the parts of Slovenia that lie by the Sava river. Instead, the terms Posavje , Zasavje and Zgornjesavska dolina are used (however, the parts of Slovenia between Litija and Bled , as well as Bohinj , are generally not defined by their proximity to

912-756: The Zagreb County . Zagreb metropolitan area makes approximately a quarter of a total population of Croatia . In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County, although it remains the administrative centre of both. The majority of its citizens are Croats making up 93.53% of the city's population (2021 census). The same census records around 49,605 residents belonging to ethnic minorities : 12,035 Serbs (1.57%), 6,566 Bosniaks (0.86%), 3,475 Albanians (0.45%), 2,167 Romani (0.28%), 1,312 Slovenes (0.17%), 1,036 Macedonians (0.15%), 865 Montenegrins (0.11%), and

969-602: The international airport ( Pleso ) were built south of the Sava river. The largest industrial zone (Žitnjak) in the south-eastern part of the city, represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the Sava and the Prigorje region. Zagreb hosted the Summer Universiade in 1987. This event initiated the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre and extensive new sport infrastructure, lacking until then, all around

1026-620: The largest Croatian companies , media , and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city. Zagreb is the most important transport hub in Croatia: here Central Europe , the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe meet, making the Zagreb area the centre of the road, rail and air networks of Croatia . It is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living , museums , sporting, and entertainment events. Major branches of Zagreb's economy include high-tech industries and

1083-472: The service sector . The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century. The name is first recorded in a charter by Felician, Archbishop of Esztergom , dated 1134, mentioned as Zagrabiensem episcopatum . The name

1140-412: The 20th century saw a considerable expansion of Zagreb. Before World War I, the city expanded and neighborhoods like Stara Peščenica in the east and Črnomerec in the west grew up. The Rokov perivoj neighbourhood, noted for its Art Nouveau features, was established at the start of the century. After the war, working-class districts such as Trnje emerged between the railway and the Sava , whereas

1197-686: The Frontier comprised parts of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia  – the southern parts of Slavonia and Syrmia , stretching from Nova Gradiška to the confluence of the Drina river into the Sava. Between 1929 and 1939, one of the provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was known as the Croatian region Sava Banovina . The capital city of the province was Zagreb in Croatia . In 1939, Sava Banovina

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1254-483: The Kaptol diocese and the free sovereign town of Gradec for both economic and political reasons, but they were not known as an integrated city, even as Zagreb became the political center, and the regional Sabor ( Latin : Congregatio Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae ) representing Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia , first convened at Gradec. Zagreb became the Croatian capital in 1557, with city also being chosen as

1311-645: The Posavina region are defined, to the south, by northern zones of the Dinaric mountain system , while Posavina′s northern borders are defined by the Pannonian island mountains . In terms of political geography , the Posavina region is divided into Croatian Posavina, Bosnian Posavina, and Serbian Posavina. During the Roman era, the region belonged to the province of Pannonia , marking its most southern zone. During

1368-463: The Roman town of Andautonia , now Ščitarjevo , existed between the 1st and the 5th centuries AD. The first recorded appearance of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1094, at which time the city existed as two different city centers: the smaller, eastern Kaptol , inhabited mainly by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedral , and the larger, western Gradec , inhabited mainly by craftsmen and merchants. In 1851

1425-631: The Sava river in Slovenian geographical nomenclature). The gography of the Posavina region is defined by geological features of the central (inner) zones of the Sava river basin , near or adjacent to the Sava river itself. The region extends along the Sava river, which flows from west to east, connecting valleys and plains in transitional regions between the Dinaric Mountains and the Pannonian Plain . The geographical borders of

1482-641: The Statute and appointing the Managing Board of the PEOP PDC Plc. The national governments of Romania , Serbia and Croatia are favorable about the project. Most engaged is the President of Romania, Traian Băsescu , who has cited a study estimating the benefits of the project for Romania over 20 years of operation in the range between US$ 2.27 to 4.39 billion. The Government of Serbia

1539-643: The capital of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), which was backed by Nazi Germany and by the Italians . The history of Zagreb in World War II became rife with incidents of régime terror and resistance sabotage - the Ustaša régime had thousands of people executed during the war in and near the city. Partisans took the city at the end of the war. From 1945 until 1990, Zagreb functioned as

1596-962: The capital of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , one of the six constituent socialist republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The area between the railway and the Sava river witnessed a new construction-boom after World War II. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of the Sava river began, resulting in Novi Zagreb (Croatian for New Zagreb ), originally called "Južni Zagreb" ( Southern Zagreb ). From 1999 Novi Zagreb has comprised two city districts : Novi Zagreb – zapad ( New Zagreb – West ) and Novi Zagreb – istok ( New Zagreb – East ) The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating Dubrava , Podsused, Jarun , Blato , and other settlements. The cargo railway hub and

1653-485: The capital of the Republic of Croatia. The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 A.D. when the Hungarian King Ladislaus , returning from his campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia , founded a diocese. Alongside the bishop's see , the canonical settlement Kaptol developed north of Zagreb Cathedral , as did the fortified settlement Gradec on the neighbouring hill, with the border between

1710-421: The city. During the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence , the city saw some sporadic fighting around its JNA army barracks , but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in two rocket attacks which killed seven civilians and wounded many. An urbanized area connects Zagreb with the surrounding towns of Zaprešić , Samobor , Dugo Selo , and Velika Gorica . Sesvete

1767-460: The conflict, it was recorded that the Bishop of Kaptol excommunicated the residents of Gradec twice. In the conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, there were several massacres of the citizens, destruction of houses and looting of citizens. In 1850, Gradec and Kaptol, with surrounding settlements, were united into a single settlement, today's city of Zagreb. There were numerous connections between

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1824-477: The construction of residential districts on the hills of the southern slopes of Medvednica was completed between the two World Wars . In the 1920s, the population of Zagreb increased by 70 percent – the largest demographic boom in the history of the town. In 1926, the first radio station in the region began broadcasting from Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair opened. During World War II, Zagreb became

1881-465: The country , along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb stands near the international border between Croatia and Slovenia at an elevation of approximately 158 m (518 ft) above sea level . At the 2021 census, the city itself had a population of 767,131, while the population of Zagreb metropolitan area is 1,217,150. Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in

1938-443: The early 17th century, but it is visited during the year. Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of Žumberak - Medvednica fault zone. It's classified as an area of high seismic activity. The area around Medvednica was the epicentre of the 1880 Zagreb earthquake (magnitude 6.3), and the area is known for occasional landslide threatening houses in the area. The proximity of strong seismic sources presents

1995-478: The foundation of the diocese , while the growth of Gradec began after the Golden Bull was issued in 1242. In the history of the city of Zagreb, there have been numerous conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, mainly due to disputed issues of rent collection and due to disputed properties. The first known conflicts took place in the middle of the 13th century and continued with interruptions until 1667. Because of

2052-407: The historic downtown area. The city's iconic cathedral lost the cross off of one of its towers. This earthquake was the strongest one to affect the city since the destructive 1880 Zagreb earthquake . Zagreb is by far the largest city in Croatia in terms of population, which was 767,131 in 2021. Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.0 million inhabitants, as it includes

2109-479: The main purposes of the company is promotion of the Pan European Oil Pipeline and subsequently attracting new investors. Italian and Slovenian companies are invited to participate in the project. Zagreb Zagreb ( / ˈ z ɑː ɡ r ɛ b / ZAH -greb Croatian: [zǎːɡreb] ) is the capital and largest city of Croatia . It is in the north of

2166-402: The meaning of "riverbank" is lost in modern Croatian and folk etymology associates it instead with breg "hill", ostensibly referring to Medvednica. Hungarian linguist Gyula Décsy similarly uses metathesis to construct * Chaprakov(o) , a putative Slavicisation of a Hungarian hypocorism for " Cyprian ", similar to the etymology of Csepreg , Hungary. The most likely derivation is * Zagrębъ in

2223-619: The north is the Medvednica Mountain ( Croatian : Zagrebačka gora ), with its highest peak Sljeme (1,035 m), where one of the tallest structures in Croatia, Zagreb TV Tower is located. The Sava and the Kupa valleys are to the south of Zagreb, and the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje is located on the other (northern) side of the Medvednica hill. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament . From

2280-611: The old suburbs to merge gradually into Donji Grad , characterized by a regular block pattern that prevails in Central European cities. This bustling core includes many imposing buildings, monuments, and parks as well as a multitude of museums, theatres, and cinemas. An electric-power plant was built in 1907. Since 1 January 1877, the Grič cannon fires daily from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday. The first half of

2337-829: The pipeline from the Black Sea to the Pančevo refinery . The 1,856 kilometres (1,153 mi) long pipeline is expected to cost about €3.5 billion. The capacity of the pipeline will be 1.2 million and 1.8 million barrels per day (~6.0 × 10 ^ and ~9.0 × 10 ^  t/a). It is planned to be operational by 2012. The pipeline project is developed by the London-registered Pan-European Oil Pipeline Project Development Company, comprising Romanian companies Conpet Ploiești and Oil Terminal Constanța, Serbian company Transnafta and Croatian company JANAF . One of

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2394-584: The prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the Paleolithic and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Šćitarjevo. Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani, and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products. To

2451-543: The reign of emperor Augustus , it was the epicenter of the Pannonian Uprising . During the 5th century, the region was invaded by several migrating peoples, including Huns and Goths . In post-Roman era, during the 6th century, the region was contested between Ostrogoths , Gepids , Langobards , Avars , and the Byzantine Empire . By the end the 6th and during the 7th century, the entire region

2508-595: The season's early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around 1 °C (34 °F) (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is 20 °C (68.0 °F). The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956. A temperature of −30.5 °C (−22.9 °F)

2565-429: The season. Late autumn is characterized by a mild increase in the number of rainy days and a gradual decrease in daily temperature averages. Morning fog is common from mid-October to January, with northern city districts at the foothills of the Medvednica mountain as well as south-central districts along the Sava river being more prone to longer fog accumulation. Winters are relatively cold, bringing overcast skies and

2622-603: The seat of the Ban of Croatia in 1621 under ban Nikola IX Frankopan . At the invitation of the Croatian Parliament , the Jesuits came to Zagreb and built the first grammar school , the St. Catherine's Church (built 1620-1632 ) and monastery. In 1669, they founded an academy where philosophy, theology, and law were taught, the forerunner of today's University of Zagreb . During the 17th and 18th centuries, Zagreb

2679-577: The sense of "embankment" or "rampart", i.e. remains of the 1st millennium fortifications on Grič . In Middle Latin and Modern Latin , Zagreb is known as Agranum (the name of an unrelated Arabian city in Strabo ), Zagrabia or Mons Graecensis (also Mons Crecensis , in reference to Grič (Gradec) ). The most common folk etymology derives the name of the city has been from the verb stem za - grab- , meaning "to scoop" or "to dig". A folk legend illustrating this derivation, attested but discarded as

2736-429: The summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighboring Slovenia . There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts, and a chairlift. The old Medvedgrad , a recently restored medieval burg

2793-493: The town was united under its first mayor – Janko Kamauf . The first railway line to connect Zagreb with Zidani Most and Sisak opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received a gasworks . The Zagreb waterworks opened in 1878. After the 1880 Zagreb earthquake , up to the 1914 outbreak of World War I , development flourished and the town received the characteristic layout which it has today. The first horse-drawn tram dated from 1891. The construction of railway lines enabled

2850-621: The two formed by the Medveščak stream. Today the latter is Zagreb's Upper Town ( Gornji Grad ) and is one of the best-preserved urban nuclei in Croatia. Both settlements came under Tatar attack in 1242. As a sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the Tatars, the Croatian and Hungarian King Béla IV granted Gradec the Golden Bull of 1242 , which gave its citizens exemption from county rule and autonomy, as well as their own judicial system . The development of Kaptol began in 1094 after

2907-523: The vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today's Šćitarjevo . The historical record of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal city in 1242. In 1851, Janko Kamauf became Zagreb's first mayor . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division —it comprises a consolidated city-county (but separate from Zagreb County ), and

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2964-617: Was badly devastated by fire and by the plague . In 1776, the royal council (government) moved from Varaždin to Zagreb and during the reign of the Emperor Joseph II Zagreb became the headquarters of the Varaždin and Karlovac general command. In the 19th century, Zagreb was the center of the Croatian National Revival and saw the foundation of important cultural and historic institutions. In 1850,

3021-525: Was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the Shrine of the Homeland , a memorial with an eternal flame , where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays . The ruined medieval fortress Susedgrad is located on the far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since

3078-545: Was merged with Littoral Banovina to form new Banovina of Croatia . Today, one of the counties in Croatia is named Brod-Posavina County and one of the cantons in Bosnia and Herzegovina is named Posavina Canton . The Bosnian Posavina region was gravely hit by the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–95) to the point that parts of it had become uninhabited , as almost all the houses were plundered, burnt or destroyed. Only

3135-520: Was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940. The most important historical high-rise constructions are Neboder (1958) on Ban Jelačić Square , Cibona Tower (1987), and Zagrepčanka (1976) on Savska Street, Mamutica in Travno ( Novi Zagreb – istok district, built in 1974) and Zagreb TV Tower on Sljeme (built in 1973). In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved

3192-625: Was settled by South Slavs . In 819-823, western parts of the region were center of the Ljudevit's Rebellion against the Frankish Empire . During the 11th and 12th century, almost all parts of Posavina were gradually conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary . In the first half of the 18th century, Sava - Danube (Posavina- Podunavlje ) section of the Habsburg Military Frontier existed in the area. Posavina segment of

3249-719: Was the first and the closest area to become a part of the agglomeration and is already included in the City of Zagreb for administrative purposes and now forms the easternmost city district. The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), bordering a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). Zagreb has four separate seasons. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. In late May it gets significantly warmer, temperatures start rising and it often becomes very warm or even hot with occasional afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Heatwaves can occur but are short-lived. Temperatures rise above 30 °C (86 °F) on average 14.6 days each summer. During summertime, rainfall

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