62-624: The Meitei Pangals , also known as Meitei Muslims or the Manipuri Muslims, are a group of Meitei Muslims . They live mainly in Manipur . The word Pangal simply means Muslim in the Meitei language . Various historical sources have different dates for when Islam first entered Manipur. However, the date all sources seem to confirm as definitive is 1606 AD. The origin of the Pangal community
124-438: A Meitei chronicle, record the gradual spread of Meiteis across Kangleipak ( Meitei for ' Manipur ') and their assimilation of other clans into a confederacy. In 1100 CE, Loyumba Shinyen ( Old Manipuri : ꯂꯣꯌꯨꯝꯄ ꯁꯤꯟꯌꯦꯟ , romanized: Loyumpa Shinyen ), an ancient Meitei language constitution was written and regulated under the supervision of Meitei King Loiyumba (Loyumba) (1074 CE-1112 CE) in
186-653: A Muslim representative during the drafting of the Protection of Manipur People proposed by the State Government on 23 May 2018. The bill was meant to prevent Rohingyas (and certain other migrants) from settling in Manipur. A narrative that was spread during the creation of the bill was that Pangals gave asylum to the Rohingyas and placed blame on them for the perceived offense. The Pangals generally receive
248-673: A commercial screening at a theatre. Imagi Ningthem ( Meitei for ' My Son, My Precious ') (1981) is the only Indian film that gets the Golden Montgolfiere at the Festival des 3 Continents , Nantes in 1982, bringing fame and honour of the Indian cinema at the international platform. Ishanou ( Meitei for ' The Chosen One ') (1990) was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at
310-808: A delicacy. The vegetables are either made as stews (Kangsoi) with less oil/no oil used in sauteing, or stir fried directly in oil with various added spices to make an oily spicy side dish (Kanghou). Roasted/Smoked and Sun-dried fish or fried fresh fish is usually added in most of the stews and curry to impart special taste. The vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed in the region are more similar to those in Southeast/East/Central Asian, Siberian, Arctic, Polynesian and Micronesian cuisines such as Myanmar, Thailand, Inuit, etc. E.g. treebean (yongchak), galangal (loklei), culantro (awa phadigom), lime basil (mayangton), fishwort (tokningkhok) and many others, which are not cultivated in northern India. One of
372-619: A disproportionately low amount of aid from the government compared to the Meiteis and other native groups in the area. The implementation of the KGBV program was established among the Naga and Kukis but not in areas with sizable Pangal populations. Equal access to higher education, healthcare, and employment is considered an obstacle. According to a piece in Firstpost , Pangals have experienced
434-453: A family struggle between Shah Jahan and his embittered younger sons, who resolved to depose the aging emperor and seize the throne for themselves. During this power struggle, Dara Shikoh received the support of his oldest sister, Jahanara Begum , while Roshanara Begum sided with Aurangzeb . Roshanara's rise to power began when she successfully foiled a plot by her father and Dara Shikoh to kill Aurangzeb. According to history, Shah Jahan sent
496-418: A golden turban, packaged neatly and sent to her father as a gift from Aurangzeb and her. Shah Jahan, who opened the package just as he was sitting down to dinner, was so distressed by the sight of his favorite son's head that he fell unconscious to the floor. He remained in a stupor for many days after the incident. Roshanara's relationship with her older sister, Jahanara, was troubled and tinged by jealousy, as
558-419: A letter of invitation to Aurangzeb to come to Delhi, to peacefully resolve the family crisis. In truth, however, Shah Jahan planned to capture, imprison and kill Aurangzeb, as he viewed his third son as a serious threat to the throne. When Roshanara got wind of her father's plots, she sent a messenger to Aurangzeb, outlining their father's true intentions, and warning Aurangzeb to stay away from Delhi. Aurangazeb
620-509: A long gap, presently, Meitei was written in the indigenous Meitei mayek script. The script was replaced by an alphabet based on the Bengali script in the early 18th century. The Meitei Mayek script has seen a revival in recent decades, and is now seen in street signs, schools, newspapers, and legislative proceeding records. Among the heritage of diverse literary works in Meitei literature,
682-536: A minority; they have recently faced episodes of discrimination, marginalization, and Islamophobia from the Manipur government, some politicians and other Manipuris. Stereotypes of Pangals include that they are anti-social and prone to certain crimes like thievery or drug trading. The 1993 Pangal massacre saw the death of around 130 Pangals and the burning of their homes. Mobs killed and assaulted Pangal men and women and destroyed Pangal-owned commercial establishments. The police were criticized for doing little to curtail
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#1732772762389744-435: A number of endonyms , Meitei , Meetei , Meithei ( Meitei ), and as well as by numerous exonyms , such as Meckley , Manipuri , Cassay-Shan , and Kathe ( Burmese ). The term Manipuri is widely used, but problematic because of its ambiguous scope: next to being a synonym for Meitei / Meetei , it can also refer in a wider sense to the native ethnic groups in the hills of Manipur. The Indian state of Manipur has
806-476: A palace for her away from the walled city. She decided to stay away from politics, which was getting dangerous and uncertain. Roshanara chose to spend an esoteric life in her palace in Delhi, surrounded by a thick forest. She never married and lived in her palace till the end of her life. Aurangzeb arranged for his sister to be discretely poisoned. She died in great pain, 'swollen out like a hogshead, leaving behind her
868-1035: A retinue of Manipuri Brahmins called Bamons, also called Kathe Ponna (ကသည်းပုဏ္ဏား) to advise and conduct court rituals. The Meitei people speak the Meitei language (also known as the Manipuri language), a Tibeto-Burman language. Meitei is one of the languages with legal status in India , and was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992. There are many Meitei language movements , including classical language movement (predominantly in Manipur), associate official language movement (in Assam ), linguistic purism movement (predominantly in Manipur ), etc. Historically and then after
930-535: A significant population of Meitei people in Kachin state , Yangon Region , Sagaing Region , Shan state , Ayeyarwady Region , among others. "The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari ) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now." — Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian scholar The earliest sections of the Cheitharol Kumbaba ,
992-424: A very strict Muslim, Aurangzeb frowned on Roshanara's libertine lifestyle and her greedy nature. On his return to Delhi, he stripped Roshanara of her powers, banished her from his court, and ordered her to remain in seclusion and live a pious life in her garden palace, outside of Delhi. Even when Aurangzeb’s rule was established, Roshanara was afraid of the comeuppance of her actions, and thus asked Aurangzeb to build
1054-486: Is Lungis and pajamas , and for women is Kurtis , Shalwar and phanek . Both also wear western attire. They maintained their own identity though they assimilated and intermixed with the other local communities. Meitei Pangals are divided into many clans or family titles. Despite the Pangals having a long history in the area, sharing many cultural traits with their non-Muslim neighbors, and generally living in peace as
1116-538: Is the longest Indian epic just after the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Some of the significant intricate designs of the traditional Meitei architecture and sculptures are seen in various buildings and institutions, especially the temples of traditional Meitei religion : Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple , Pakhangba Temple, Kangla , Sanamahi Kiyong Temple , Thangjing Temple, Moirang , among many. Others include
1178-515: Is a staple crop. However, they also grow mangoes, lemons, pineapples, oranges, guavas, and other fruits. Fishing is also common among the Meitei that can either be a profession or a hobby. Women tend to dominate the local markets as sellers of food items, textiles, and traditional clothing. Roshanara Begum Roshanara Begum ( Persian : روشن آرا بیگم , lit. 'Adorned in Light';); 3 September 1617 – 11 September 1671)
1240-480: Is believed that the ancestors of the Meitei Pangals settled in this region are migrated from Manipur during the seven years devastation also known as Chahi-Taret Khuntakpa , the black period in the history of Manipur when Burmese invasions of Assam and their conquest of Manipur around 1815 AD. Meitei Pangals have many family names. They are an indigenous and peace-loving community. Traditional dress for men
1302-597: Is equally varied. The word Pangal was historically used by the Meitei people to denote all Muslims. The word also means strength . In Assam and Cachar , they also used to also be referred to as Mei Moglai (Mughal Meitheis). Outside of India, they can be found in Bangladesh 's Moulvibazar District (particularly southern Kamalganj ) where they are known as Khai Bangal . In the 17th century, Meitei Prince Sanongba requested aid from Cachari King Dimasha Prataphil to defeat his brother King Khagemba . Dimasha Prataphil
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#17327727623891364-484: Is one of the major Indian classical dance forms, originating from the historical Manipur Kingdom . The first Manipuri-language film , Matamgi Manipur , was released on 9 April 1972. Paokhum Ama (1983) is the first full-length colour feature film (according to the Academy's definition of a feature film) of Manipur and was directed by Aribam Syam Sharma . Lammei (2002) is the first Manipuri Video film to have
1426-980: Is significant in the Islamic folklore of both north east India and Bangladesh . On 6 June 1660, Shuja fled from Dacca (Dhaka), initially intent on travelling, via Chittagong to Arakan (Rakhine). Arakan, capital of the Mrauk U Kingdom , was the destination, because Sanda Sudamma (Thudamma) had reportedly promised to provide ships to take Shuja and his entourage to Mecca for haj (pilgrimage). Shaju travelled with his wife Piari Banu Begum (a.k.a. Praveen Banu, Piara Banu, or Pai Ribanu) and her sister Sabe Banu , his sons Zainul Abidin (Zainibuddin, Bon Sultan or Sultan Bang), Buland Akhtar and Zain-ul-Din Muhammad (Zainul Abedi), and daughters Gulrukh Banu , Roshanara Begum and Amina Begum , as well as two vessels of gold and silver, jewels, treasures and other royal trappings, on
1488-558: The Khamba Thoibi Sheireng , ( Meitei : ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ , lit. ' poem on Khamba Thoibi ' ) ), is regarded as the national epic of the Manipuris . It is an epic poem based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of Khamba and Thoibi . It is the best known magnum opus of Hijam Anganghal Singh . It is often considered to be the greatest of all the Meitei epic poems. At 39,000 verses , it
1550-577: The 1991 Cannes Film Festival , and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognised as a "World Classic" by the 2023 Cannes Film Festival . Notably, it was the only film selected from India for the event in that year. According to the 2011 census, 83.38% of Meiteis practice Hinduism , around 16% of Meiteis follow the traditional Sanamahi religion, about 8% follow Islam and are known as Meitei Pangals , and about 1.06% are Christians. Meiteis follow both Hinduism as well as Sanamahi religious traditions and rituals. For example, they worship Sanamahi in
1612-659: The 22 official languages of the Republic of India and the sole official language of Government of Manipur . The Meiteis primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in modern-day Manipur, though a sizeable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam , Tripura , Nagaland , Meghalaya , and Mizoram . There is also a notable presence of Meitei people in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar and Bangladesh . The Meitei ethnic group represents about 53% of Manipur's population. The Meitei are known by
1674-676: The Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur ). It is a formal proclamation of the proto-constitution which was drafted in 429 CE by Meitei King Naophangba . The idea of its constitutionalism was functional until it was substituted by the Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 . Myanmar is home to a sizeable community of Meiteis, who are called Kathe in Burmese. Unlike other Hindu communities in Myanmar,
1736-566: The Burmese army attacked the Kabaw Valley . King Khagemba asked the Muslim soldiers to help the Meitei army. They agreed and fought alongside the Meitei army and were victorious. Khagemba was very happy with that and bestowed the name Pangal , 'strong' on the Muslim soldiers. Through marriage, adoption of the Meitei language and local practices which did not conflict with Islam ,
1798-530: The Ima Keithel , Kangla Sanathong . include Some of the worthy to mention finely crafted sculptures are the Marjing Polo Statue , Kangla Sha sculptures, Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh . The Lai Haraoba ( Meitei for 'Merrymaking festival of the gods') is a traditional Meitei ritualistic theatrical festival, consisting of different dances, musical performances and carnivals in
1860-526: The Burmese occupation of Manipur from 1819 to 1826. Alaungpaya , during the former campaign, resettled Meiteis in Sagaing and Amarapura . The Meitei people's horsemanship skills were employed in the Burmese royal army, where they formed the elite Cassay cavalry (ကသည်းမြင်းတပ်) and artillery regiments (ကသည်းအမြောက်တပ်) which were employed during the Burmese–Siamese wars . The Burmese court also retained
1922-654: The First Lady of the Mughal Empire , when she became a powerful political figure. Today, however, Roshanara is best known for the Roshanara Bagh , a pleasure garden located in present-day north Delhi . The present-day Roshanara Club which was constructed in the late 19th century by the British is a country club that was actually originally a part of the Roshanara Bagh . Of Roshanara's four brothers,
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1984-462: The Meitei resemble other Burmese ethnic groups in terms of physical appearance, which has accelerated their assimilation and integration into Burmese society. In the early 1950s, Burmese Meiteis numbered approximately 40,000, with a third of them residing in Mandalay . Current estimates are approximately 25,000. Meiteis have resettled throughout the country, including in villages near Myitkyina to
2046-515: The Mughals' flight into the jungle. Many other Mughals were massacred. Shuja's daughter Gulrukh reportedly committed suicide after being captured and raped by Sudama. The surviving members of Shaju's party, helped reportedly by Mughals and Pathans resident at Arakan, travelled north with Portuguese mariners, at a high cost in gold and jewels. The Hindu kings of Tripura and Manipur were more agreeable hosts – probably because they did not like
2108-578: The Muslim soldiers were eventually naturalised as the Meitei Pangals. The Meitei Pangals were result of two Muslim migrations in 1606 and 1724. Manipur provided shelter to Shah Shuja , the Mughal prince who fled (and was pursued) to save himself from the wrath of his brother Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . According to Henry Rule Kathe, Muslims are the result of intermixing (melting pot) of Muslims coming in different eras from different directions – Bengal , Arakan , Cachar and Manipur itself. Silk-spinning
2170-591: The backs of half a dozen camels, while about 1,000 palanquins (carriers) transported Shuja's harem . After staying for some time at Chittagong, Shuja took a land route (still called Shuja Road) southward. Shuja prayed the Eid prayer at a place called Edgoung (meaning eidgah ) in Dulahazra . The part crossed the Naf River , half a mile north of Maungdaw , which is sometimes still known as "Shuja Village". The final leg
2232-563: The building of the Jama Masjid . In 1662, during Aurangzeb's sudden and severe illness, Roshanara Begum took charge of him and would not allow anyone except her confidants, to see him. Believing that there was no hope of her brother's survival, Roshanara took charge of the state. She even stole Aurangzeb's signet ring and forged a decree to deny his eldest son by his wife Nawab Bai any chance of succession. When Nawab Bai learned of this and complained, Roshanara became angry, seized her by
2294-457: The court. In addition, she blatantly misused the sweeping powers and privileges that Aurangzeb had granted her just before leaving for his long military campaign in the Deccan, to further her financial ends. Finally, in 1667/8, the period of Roshanara as the de facto co-ruler of the empire ended. Her enemies soon brought these acts of financial and moral turpitude to Aurangzeb's notice. Himself
2356-631: The eldest, Dara Shikoh , was Shah Jahan's favourite son and heir apparent to the Peacock Throne . Shah Shuja , the second son, was the rebellious Governor of Bengal, with open designs on his father's throne. Aurangzeb , the third son, was the nominal Governor of Deccan. Murad , the youngest son, was granted the Governorship of Gujarat, at which position he proved so weak and so ineffectual that Shah Jahan had him stripped of his titles, offering them to Dara Shikoh, instead. This precipitated
2418-461: The empire. She was also granted the right to issue nishans . This exceptional privilege was allowed only to those who held a high rank in the imperial harem. She was appointed as a Mansabdar, a high-ranking position in the Emperor's army that was used to enforce his rule and maintain his authority, especially during his absence. Eventually, Roshanara and Aurangzeb fell out with each other. Roshanara
2480-538: The expansionist policy of Aurangzeb – and played a crucial role in concealing Shuja's whereabouts. Shah Shuja and his party arrived at Tripura on 16 May, and in Manipur in December . Aware that Aurangzeb’s scouts and spies were searching for the former Shah, the Tripura officials spread misinformation that Shuja had died at Arakan, or was travelling to Mecca, among other stories. Among other precautionary measures, Shuja
2542-419: The hair, and dragged her out of Aurangzeb's chamber. After Aurangzeb's recovery, she claimed that wanted to prevent conspiracies and wars of succession so that chaos would not arise during his illness. She also had a love for gold and land, and accumulated wealth on a large scale, often by corrupt methods. This resulted in numerous complaints against her, none of which were brought to justice due to her position in
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2604-762: The largest Meitei population among all its geographical distribution. Meitei people are the third largest ethnic group, after Bengalis and Hindi speaking people, in the Barak Valley region of Assam state of India. The population of Meiteis are found in four districts of Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, namely Sylhet District (thirteen villages), Moulvibazar District (twenty-eight villages), Sunamganj District (three villages) and Habiganj District (four villages). In early times, there were Meitei population in Dhaka , Mymensingh and Comilla also. Myanmar has
2666-494: The latter was undisputedly their father's favorite daughter. Roshanara scored a major victory against her sister when Aurangzeb, who had been displeased with Jahanara for supporting their father and brother during the war of succession, removed her (Jahanara) from her position as Padshah Begum and head of the Imperial harem, installing Roshanara, instead. From then on, Roshanara was regarded as the most powerful and superior woman in
2728-605: The loss of some of their land in a more frequent rate after the 1993 Pangal massacre . There was a 2018 incident in where the Manipuri government forced 400 Pangals to leave their residences, alleging that the locals lived in forest reserves and paddy rice areas. The government deployed the police and utilized environmental laws to execute the evictions. The Pangals have not yet been given compensation for these evictions. Advocates have claimed that comparable areas inhabited by Meiteis face much less scrutiny and evictions. Chingiz Khan, writing for Manipur Daily , stated that these actions by
2790-448: The most important ingredients in Meitei cooking is Ngari (fermented fish). Roasted ngari is used in the singju (a kind of salad), morok metpa (chilli chutney), eromba (boiled and mashed veggies with chillies). A variety of fermented bamboo shoots (soibum) as well as fresh bamboo shoots (Ushoi/Shoidon), and fermented soya beans (hawaijaar) also form an important part of Meitei cuisines. All meals are served with some fresh aromatic herbs on
2852-457: The north, Homalin , Kalewa , Pyay , in the center of the country, and Yangon to the south. They continue to practice Hinduism in Myanmar. As a result of wars between the Meitei kingdom and the Konbaung dynasty between the 17th and 18th centuries, many Meiteis were resettled in the Burmese kingdom. Some Meitei settlements in modern-day Myanmar originate from the 1758–1759 war, and from
2914-514: The only non-vegetarian elements used and a significant number of meiteis follow it where meat is cooked and eaten outside the house if consumed. Rice is the main carbohydrate source in a Meitei dish; typically, it is served with vegetables, fish, freshwater snails, crabs, oyesters, eels etc. Among the most famous species of fishes Manipuri Sareng ( Wallago attu ) or commonly known as Helicopter catfish, Hilsa ( ilish Tenualosa ilisha), freshwater snails ( pila (gastropod) ) and edible oysters are considered
2976-619: The side. A typical every day Meitei meal will have rice, vegetable or fish curry, a piquant side dish (either morok metpa or eromba accompanied with herbs), a champhut (a steamed/boiled vegetable with little sugar, e.g., carrot, pumpkin or cucumber slices or steamed/boiled mustard green stems, etc. without sugar), and a Kanghou. Meat cuisines are also popular amongst the Meiteis and some of the common meat curries are yen thongba (chicken curry) and nganu thongba (duck cury) and depending on regions, oak thongba (pork curry) and shan thongba (beef curry). The Meitei are mainly agriculturists in which rice
3038-417: The south-west corners of their homes. The Meitei people follow a traditional calendar called Maliyafam Palcha Kumsing , which has 12 months and a 7-day week. Rice, vegetables and fish are staple food of the Meiteis, although meat is also consumed; but in traditional meitei dishes meat is never used in non-vegetarian dishes. In traditional and cultural gatherings fish, snails, oysters, crabs, eels etc. are
3100-488: The state has encouraged other native groups in the area to threaten Pangals and their businesses to vacate the place. Meitei people The Meitei people , also known as Meetei , Manipuri people , are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to Manipur . They form the largest and dominant ethnic group of Manipur in Northeast India . They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri ), one of
3162-520: The temples and the streets. It's dedicated to the worship of the ancient Meitei gods and goddesses , who are categorised as the Umang Lai ( Meitei for 'Sylvan deities') and Lam Lai ( Meitei for 'Tutelary deities'). The Manipuri classical dance , also referred to as the Manipuri Raas Leela ( Meitei : Jagoi Raas, Raas Jagoi ), is a jagoi and
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#17327727623893224-533: The video of his lynching was soon spread throughout social media . He was lynched for allegedly stealing a scooter but there has been alternative reports that Khan was wrongfully framed for the theft. This incident had led to local Pangals fearing for their safety. According to a report from journalist Chingiz Khan of The Pioneer , Meitei Pangals have little political representation in the Manipur government and institutions with very few of them holding political office. The Manipur government initially refused to include
3286-507: The violence or stop the misinformation. The rise of the BJP in Manipur since 2016 has led to a rise of attacks against Pangals. Yumnam Devjit, the son of Yumnam Joykumar Singh , wrote in a facebook post that the Qurbani ritual done during Eid al- Adha "was nothing but training for Muslims to kill." In September 2018, a Pangal entrepreneur named Mohamed Farooq Khan was lynched by a mob and
3348-436: Was a Mughal princess and the third daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal . Roshanara was a brilliant woman and a talented poet. She was a partisan of her younger brother, Aurangzeb , and supported him during the war of succession which took place after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657. After Aurangzeb's accession to the throne in 1658, Roshanara was given the title of Padshah Begum by her brother and became
3410-508: Was a sea voyage to Arakan where Shuja was received by an envoy of king Sanda Sudamma and escorted to quarters provided for him. However, after Shuja arrived in Arakan, Sudama reportedly reneged on this promise and confiscated some of Shuja's treasure. In retaliation, Zainul Abidin and another brother led a Mughal attack on Sudama and almost succeeded in setting fire to the royal palace. Two or three of Shuja's sons died in subsequent fighting and/or
3472-472: Was a trade widely practised by them. The Meitei Pangals of Manipur devastated and were taken as slaves by the invading Burmese armies. While some Muslims were already living in Manipur, there was a significant influx of Muslims from 1660 onwards, as refugees followed the deposing of the Mughal Shah Shuja (Shangkusum) of Hindustan , who lost a war of succession to Aurangzeb . Shuja's flight
3534-465: Was aware of Khagemba's military strength and knew that his forces alone could not win. So, he requested help from the Nawab of Taraf , Muhammad Nazir. Nazir supplied 1000 troops, who were placed under the command of his brother Muhammad Sani . Sani was defeated and King Khagemba imprisoned him and his soldiers. Later, King Khagemba allowed the Muslim soldiers to settle in the valleys of Manipur. Meanwhile,
3596-494: Was extremely grateful to Roshanara for her timely warning. When the war of succession was resolved in favor of Aurangzeb, she quickly became a very powerful and effective figure in the court. Fearing that Dara Shikoh would kill her for her role in the war of succession if he ever returned to power, Roshanara insisted that Aurangzeb orders Dara's execution. Legend has it that Dara was bound in chains, paraded around Chandni Chowk, and beheaded. Roshanara then had his bloody head wrapped in
3658-592: Was given as surname to those who worked in paper industry. Their present population is 239,886, making up 8.40% of the state of Manipur population as per 2011 census. Pangal mostly settled in the periphery of Manipur near River bank, near lake and foothills. The Pangals are mainly concentrated in and around Imphal , the capital of Manipur and Thoubal . There is large number of pangals live in Cachar in Assam , Hojai in Assam , Komolpur in Tripura and Bangladesh . It
3720-434: Was in hiding at a cave known later as Shuja-lok ("Shuja Cave"), Haignang , Kairang (east of Imphal ). According to some accounts he later died at the cave. The Manipuri Muslims are the descendants of the soldiers from Sylhet and the local Meitei women. The Meitei Kings of Manipur gave their surnames based on their professions. For example, Fundreimayum was the surname given to those who worked on lathe. Likewise, Chesam
3782-455: Was rumored to have taken on lovers, which was not viewed well by Aurangzeb. Additionally, she ruled Aurangzeb's palace with an iron hand and with such flexibility and with the same will that she used in the war of succession and earned the hatred of all the wives of her brother. She also advised him on matters of state and accompanied him to important meetings and on several occasions spoke from behind her curtained sitting place. She even patronized
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#17327727623893844-476: Was sent by elephant to the hill country of Ukhrul . Mir Jumla II learned of the situation and sent three men to Manipur in late December, to detain and retrieve Shuja's family. However, the Qazi of Manipur, Muhammad Sani , detained the chief emissary of the Mughals, Nur Beg to ensure that the others, Dur Beg and Rustam Beg , did not provide information regarding Shuja’s presence in Manipur. At that time, Shuja
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