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146-596: The Petit Trianon ( French pronunciation: [pəti tʁijanɔ̃] ; French for "small Trianon") is a Neoclassical style château located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles , France. It was built between 1762 and 1768 during the reign of King Louis XV of France . The Petit Trianon was constructed within the park of a larger royal retreat known as the Grand Trianon . The Petit Trianon

292-458: A centered plan. The project was delayed by the Seven Years' War , but these events allowed more time for reflection and fixed the hesitations of the first plans. The 1761 plan included only three windows per façade. Only the facade overlooking the botanical gardens has four transoms without a projection, but it is poorly adapted to the leveling. A circular pediment tops each central crossing,

438-526: A child, but from which the pain he had felt in this refuge on the occasion of several bereavements had distanced him. Encouraged by his favorite, Madame de Pompadour, he had several buildings constructed on new plots of land to the north-east of the marble château, reviving the idea of a small country fantasy that had once prevailed at his grandfather's porcelain Trianon. A menagerie was devoted to farm and barnyard animals, and two small pavilions were built within

584-496: A consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience; however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with

730-424: A discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum . These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte ( The Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed ). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of

876-466: A dome of silk embroidered in gold that concealed the original woodwork. She resumed her pre-1789 lifestyle: a ring game was reconstituted near the château, The small theatre was restored and sumptuous parties were held in the gardens. With the July monarchy, the royal family moved to the Grand Trianon in 1837. The Château du Petit Trianon was given to the young couple then destined to succeed Louis-Philippe:

1022-540: A hotel, was made available to Pauline Borghese, favorite sister of Emperor Napoleon I , in keeping with the tradition of this residence, which remained the "women's castle". In 1805, all the rooms were repainted in various shades of grey. Carpenter Benoît-François Boulard was commissioned to refurnish the flats similar to that of the Ancien Régime. Empress Josephine, who would never live at the Petit Trianon,

1168-462: A mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces". High neoclassicism was an international movement. Architects reacted against the excesses and profuse ornament used in Late Baroque architecture . The new "classical" architecture emphasized planar qualities, rather than elaborate sculptural ornament in both the interior and

1314-573: A new formal garden. This garden space, the King's New Garden, which allowed the King to develop his taste for botany and horticulture, was soon no longer sufficient. In 1758 thought began to be given to the construction of a small country château to close off the perspective of the French parterres. The first sketches were inspired by the Prince de Croÿ's brand-new Château de l'Hermitage, designed according to

1460-589: A new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little direct knowledge of surviving Greek buildings before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe , when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce

1606-664: A new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union , the Napoleonic Wars , and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins 's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge , that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of

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1752-579: A reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century, most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland . The name refers to the designs of the 16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio . The Baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of

1898-405: A small chair of gilded wood, which survives. Without marrying either the daughter or the widow of an established menuisier , Jacob set up his own premises. He employed in his workshop numerous specialist carvers and gilders . In 1785, Jacob produced the first mahogany chairs à l'anglaise , for the comte de Provence . After Delanois' early death in 1792, Jacob's only serious rival in his field

2044-400: A square floor plan measuring twenty-three meters on each side, the building owes its distinctiveness to its four façades comprising five high windows punctuated by Corinthian columns or pilasters. Due to the sloping ground, the ground floor of the château is only accessible from the south and east sides; this floor is reserved for service areas. The "noble" floor, entered via a grand staircase in

2190-585: A style that was decelerated with the advent of Modernism . Yet still Neoclassical architecture is beginning to be practiced again in the 21st century more in the form of New Classical architecture and even in Gentrification and Historicism Architecture , the Neoclassical architecture or its important elements are still being used, even when Postmodern architecture is dominant throughout the world. A return to more classical architectural forms as

2336-514: A symbol of British Malta. Other 19th-century neoclassical buildings include the Monument to Sir Alexander Ball (1810), RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now-destroyed Royal Opera House, Valletta (1866). Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century. Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during

2482-409: A tavern. By 1801, the use of the grounds for dances and festivals led to neglect and vandalism. The buildings of the hamlet were reported to be dilapidated. Some improvements in the layout of the gardens were subsequently made, and a school located in part of the complex. After some years of semi-neglect, the Petit Trianon resumed its traditional role when the new emperor, Napoleon , granted the use of

2628-618: A three-dimensional model of the first floor. Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical architecture , sometimes referred to as Classical Revival architecture, is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy , France and Germany . It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world . The prevailing styles of architecture in most of Europe for

2774-459: A vestibule designed as an inner courtyard, contains the reception rooms and the Queen's flat. An entresol with three rooms houses Marie-Antoinette's library. On the attic floor, several flats that once belonged to Louis XV and his entourage now evoke the "Ladies of Trianon", the women who left their mark on these walls. The decoration, entrusted by the architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel to Honoré Guibert,

2920-406: A vestibule with two doors opening onto a modest porch in the entrance courtyard to the south of the château. To the left is the guards' room and to the right is the billiard room, with the rest reserved for use by the service. Before the restoration work was completed in 2008, this floor was used to receive the public and provide services, and has now been returned to its original purpose; the entrance

3066-581: Is also an important example of Neoclassical architecture along with the islands of Poros and Syros (especially in the capital Ermoupoli ). The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác . In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the Baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in

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3212-535: Is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century. This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture, the most important of which is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge by William Tierney Clark . Although not a western country, due to Western influence Japan has had neoclassical architecture produced in it. This includes

3358-450: Is considered a masterpiece. There is a large fireplace with a Greek-style hood and a masonry stove used to heat dishes. Marie-Antoinette had it removed because of the odors it gave off and the room was assigned to the "Queen's wives ". In 2008, it was restored on the model of the original room in the Queen's hamlet and copper tables and utensils were installed in the style of the period. Louis XV wanted to install "flying tables", like those at

3504-418: Is entirely based on nature and a taste for antiquity. A true architectural extension of the neighboring gardens, the château is adorned with sculptures of flowers and fruit, the paintings are allegories of the seasons or flowers, and the furniture is embellished with rural motifs. A symbol of the new monarchy, which aspired to more intimacy and tranquillity than the permanent representation imposed by Louis XIV,

3650-534: Is expressed in the Louis XV style of architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel ( Petit Trianon , 1762–1768); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and Empire , might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin 's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam , the second by those of Sir John Soane . The interior style in France

3796-464: Is in contrast to the rocaille style of the French Pavilion, built by the same architect in 1750. Inspired by neo-Palladian architecture and possibly by drawings by Jean-François Chalgrin, the building, with its square plan and balustrade, rises over three levels and has a total surface area of 1,458 m. Surrounded by gardens, it can be seen from all sides, a form that was to be very popular until

3942-399: Is still known as the "King's Pavilion". Seventy-five stonemasons and one hundred and twenty masons were mobilized. The foundations were laid at the end of 1762. The structural work was carried out over the next two years, and the building was roofed in 1764. During the campaigns of 1765 to 1768, the sculptures, joinery, metalwork, and painting were completed. To give the decoration a fresh look,

4088-501: Is via the Swiss house, as it was in the old days. The vestibule leads to the château's main staircase, which has two straight flights, is built of Saint-Leu limestone and adorned with gilded bronze and wrought iron railing, the work of locksmiths Louis Gamain and François Brochois. It has a broad design punctuated by oval medallions with rooster heads, originally bearing the figure of Louis XV, later replaced by that of Marie-Antoinette, and

4234-706: The goût grec ("Greek taste"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen, brought the Louis XVI style to court. However, there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen [...] seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another". A new phase in neoclassical design

4380-461: The Baroque , or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts. The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in

4526-654: The Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa built between 1540–1844 by Lucas Poblete . Brazil , which became the seat of the court of the Portuguese monarchy , gaining independence from its metropolis as the Empire of Brazil , also used the resources of architecture for the glorification of political power, and it was decided to resort to architects trained in the Académie royale d'architecture . To this period belong

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4672-480: The Beaux-Arts architecture sparked by the return of massive number of architectural students to the islands from the western schools. It also became a symbol of democracy and the approaching republic during the commonwealth . The centre of Polish-Lithuanian Neoclassicism was Warsaw and Vilnius under the rule of the last Polish king and Lithuanian grand duke, Stanisław August Poniatowski . Vilnius University

4818-471: The Enlightenment , empiricism , and the study of sites by early archaeologists. Classical architecture after about 1840 must be classified as one of a series of "revival" styles, such as Greek , Renaissance , or Italianate . Various historians of the 19th century have made this clear since the 1970s. Classical architecture during the 20th century is classified less as a revival, and more a return to

4964-644: The National Library of Greece (1888), the third building of the trilogy being the National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843), which was designed by his brother Christian Hansen . Also he designed the Zappeion Hall (1888). Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such the mansion of Heinrich Schliemann , Iliou Melathron (1880). The city of Nauplio

5110-544: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were Dominik Merlini , Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer , Szymon Bogumił Zug , Jakub Kubicki , Antonio Corazzi , Efraim Szreger , Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Bertel Thorvaldsen . In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture was equal to Saint Petersburg architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in

5256-638: The Venetian Republic , building one of the first lapidariums in Europe in Verona , in the Doric style (1738). During the same period, neoclassical elements were introduced to Tuscany by architect Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey , the court architect of Francis Stephen of Lorraine . On Jadot's lead, an original neoclassical style was developed by Gaspare Maria Paoletti , transforming Florence into

5402-833: The restoration of the Republic and the subsequent stability of the Pax Porfiriana that Mexico saw a significant number of new neoclassical buildings. The Academy of San Carlos saw a renewal of neoclassicism ideals under director Francesco Saverio Cavallari . During the Porfiriato, the predominant architectural taste favored Eclecticism . Buildings such as the Teatro Juárez , Museo Nacional de Arte and Palacio de Bellas Artes , are eclectic buildings that combine different architectural styles and are not solely neoclassical. An important unfinished neoclassical building

5548-664: The "Treaty of Schœnbrunn", named after the palace where Marie-Antoinette grew up. But she freed herself from these symbols and the difficult memories associated with the château, probably without thinking about it or out of inconsistency, and enjoyed Trianon. From the Grand, she escaped to the Petit, which reminded her of the Château de Laxenburg of her childhood and where she began to leave her mark. She stayed in her great-aunt's room, which had been completely redecorated with extravagance, under

5694-592: The 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton 's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour , and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam , were pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann . The style

5840-404: The 1760s and onward. It attracts interest in its four façades , each designed according to that part of the estate it would face. The Corinthian order predominates, with two freestanding and two engaged columns on the side of the formal French garden, and pilasters facing both the courtyard and the area once occupied by Louis XV's greenhouses. Overlooking the former botanical garden of the king,

5986-782: The 1760s. Also the work of a French architect, Jean-Charles-Alexandre Moreau , is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architects of Neoclassicism in Hungary were Mihály Pollack and József Hild . Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom . The Reformed Great Church of Debrecen

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6132-648: The 18th century in Germany, in what was then Prussia . Karl Friedrich Schinkel built many notable buildings in this style, including the Altes Museum in Berlin. While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning, his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center. Schinkel's work is very comparable to Neoclassical architecture in Britain since he drew much of his inspiration from that country. He made trips to observe

6278-402: The 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell (1715), Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ( The Four Books of Architecture , 1715), De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti (first published in 1452) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular

6424-713: The 20th century, such as the Domvs Romana museum (1922), and the Courts of Justice building (Valletta) (1965–1971). Neoclassical architecture in Mexico had two main eras, the first was toward the end of Spanish colonial rule and the second phase was during independent Mexico beginning in the mid-19th century. As part of the Spanish Enlightenment 's cultural impact on the Kingdom of New Spain (Mexico),

6570-617: The Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the Royal High School, Edinburgh (1823–1829). At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire , where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and

6716-418: The Château de Choisy, so that tables previously laid on the lower floor could appear in the center of the first-floor dining room. The inventor, Loriot, designed this mechanism, which allowed one or more tables to be moved up or down, replacing a rose-shaped piece of parquet flooring of the same size. This device had the dual advantage of surprising guests and preserving the privacy of conversations by eliminating

6862-507: The Duke and Duchess of Orléans. They occupied the former Queen's bedroom and an attic flat, largely retaining the Empire furniture, which was nonetheless rearranged and refurnished. Very quickly, with two new cabinetmakers, Alphonse Jacob-Desmalter and Louis-Édouard Lemarchand, providing additional new furniture, the château was refurbished to provide a level of comfort it had never before known. It

7008-545: The French Empire style . The term "neoclassical" is often used very loosely for any building using some of the classical architectural vocabulary. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of

7154-510: The French royal châteaux, in the Neoclassical style that is associated with Louis XVI furniture . Jacob was born in Cheny , Burgundy. He arrived in Paris in 1754 and was apprenticed to the chairmaker Jean-Baptiste Lerouge where he met Louis Delanois , whose advanced neoclassical taste was to have a great influence on Jacob. He was received master 4 September 1765, presenting for his masterpiece

7300-785: The French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into

7446-454: The King's traditional sculptors, Jacques Verbeckt and Jules-Antoine Rousseau, were replaced by a new artist, Honoré Guibert, who worked "in the Grec style". Although the building was described as a masterpiece, it was not for its innovation or originality. Quite simply, the architect was able to assimilate various references, draw inspiration from the inventions and trends of the day, and assemble

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7592-464: The Late Baroque architectural tradition. Therefore, the style is defined by symmetry, simple geometry, and social demands instead of ornament. In the 21st century, a version of the style continues, sometimes called New Classical architecture or New Classicism. Neoclassical architecture is a specific style and moment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that was specifically associated with

7738-613: The Minister of the Interior. After the overthrow of the monarchy in July 1792, all of the furniture, artworks, and other valuables of the Petit Trianon were sent to auction, under a decree of the National Convention dated 10 June 1793. The auction began on Sunday, 25 August 1793, and continued until 11 August 1794. The properties sold were widely scattered. Silverware, lead, and brass fixtures were requisitioned for use in

7884-507: The Parc de Versailles, in the French department of Yvelines in the Île-de-France region. Built by King Louis XV's architect, Ange-Jacques Gabriel, between 1762 and 1768, it is considered a masterpiece of neoclassicism, combining the most modern taste with integration into the surrounding natural environment. Built for Madame de Pompadour, who died before it was completed, it was inaugurated by Madame du Barry in 1768, almost twenty years after

8030-405: The Petit Trianon and in particular the connections with the ancillary buildings, such as the theatre and chapel. The first floor contains the reception rooms and the Queen's flat. The King's flat and the guests' flats were located in the attic. The noble floor is accessed directly from the porch. Seemingly open onto the gardens, the drawing room floor is located above a ground floor that overlooks, on

8176-476: The Petit Trianon château also reflected the fragility of the system condemned by the French Revolution of 1789. Nevertheless, the "women's castle" remained spared by the years, benefiting in the nineteenth century from the infatuation of the sovereigns Marie-Louise, Marie-Amélie, and Eugénie. The restoration campaigns carried out at the beginning of the 21st century have restored it to the look it had on

8322-420: The Petit Trianon was subsequently occupied by her successor, Madame du Barry . Upon his accession to the throne in 1774, the 20-year-old Louis XVI gave the château and its surrounding park to his 19-year-old Queen Marie Antoinette for her exclusive use and enjoyment. The Petit Trianon is an example of the transition from the Rococo style of the earlier part of the 18th century to the Neoclassical style of

8468-415: The Queen got into the habit of staying at "her" château, with the King only coming to dine as a guest. Rules were made "in the name of the Queen", not of the King; Marie-Antoinette behaved like a simple châtelaine, breaking away from royal ceremonial and dress: "At Trianon, I have no court, I live there as a private person". She entertained her intimates: they played, sang, danced, played music, and strolled in

8614-406: The Queen's use". The restoration cost 5,000 francs. Following this event, the Petit Trianon became a museum dedicated to the eighteenth century and to Marie-Antoinette, the queen whose myth was gradually beginning to take hold. For more than a century, little attention was paid to the château, despite the efforts of curators, architects, and historians to bring the presentation more in line with what

8760-410: The Versailles side, a small rectangular courtyard of honor rounded at the corners, redesigned in Marie-Antoinette's time, framed by a small wall and a hedge of hornbeams and closed by a soft green gate flanked by two sentry boxes. Opposite is the Avenue du Petit Trianon, which leads to the Château de Versailles. The ground floor, known in the 18th century as "the underground passageways", is accessed via

8906-510: The adaptation to the local architectural language, which during previous centuries had made a synthesis or syncretism of European and pre-Columbian elements in the so-called Colonial Baroque. Two more Classical criteria belong, in Chile , the La Moneda Palace (1784–1805) and the Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral (1748–1899), both works by the Italian architect Joaquín Toesca . In Ecuador, the Quito's Palacio de Carondelet (Ecuador's Government Palace) built between 1611–1801 by Antonio García. At

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9052-442: The architecture. However, a style of its own was not conceived, but the Classical canon was introduced, not in the form of a replica of buildings from Antiquity, but with a classical predominance and a lot of influence from French Classicism ; which lasted until the 20th century. Like most western tradition, it arrived in the Pacific Archipelagos via rule from New Spain (Mexico) during the period of governance by Mexico City as one of

9198-414: The archives reveal. However, the resurgence in Marie-Antoinette's popularity at the end of the 20th century, accompanied by the release of blockbuster films devoted to her which helped to propagate the myth, has once again shed light on this small country château of a queen of France who was alternately adored and reviled, and who, without realizing it, contributed to her tragic fate. The neoclassical style

9344-410: The arsenals. The sculptor Amable Boichard was appointed in April 1794 to remove "emblems of royalty and feudalism" from the property. Under the new Republic, the Petit Trianon underwent a number of changes. Declared national property, the land was divided into ten lots. The City of Versailles proposed that a botanical garden be established, but this plan was never adopted. In 1796, the land was leased to

9490-432: The best models from the most admired houses. This almost self-evident balance between the ancient and the modern - two seemingly incompatible genres - is concealed behind an apparent simplicity: in his novelty, Gabriel adds the elegance of the eighteenth century to the strength and nobility of the classicism inherited from Mansart. The château was not completed until 1768, four years after the death of Madame de Pompadour. It

9636-422: The best preferred architecture in the Spanish East Indies , manifested in churches, civic buildings and one of the popular architectural ornament for newer styled Bahay na bato and Bahay kubo . When the power over the archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United States of America, the style became more popular and developed from slightly simple approach during the Spanish era, to a more ornamented style of

9782-406: The building to his sister Pauline . Extensive refurbishing of roofs, piping, floors, and chimneys was carried out. The main rooms were repainted, and mirrors were installed to replace those sold or vandalized. Finally, paintings were hung and a bridge de la Réunion constructed to link open areas across a hollow road. The Château du Petit Trianon is a building located in the Petit Trianon estate in

9928-408: The building, despite its modest dimensions, a monumental character while preserving the harmony of its proportions. The final decision was taken on 20 May 1762, and 700,000 livres were allocated to the construction as soon as the Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years' War was signed. Louis Le Dreux de La Châtre, one of the best architects in Ange-Jacques Gabrielo's team, was commissioned to build what

10074-486: The buildings and develop his functional style. From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture from the Palladian architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart 's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood 's Palmyra and Baalbec . A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment

10220-439: The château, which she found sad and considered herself to be "in exile". The place fell into oblivion after the departure of this last princess. Empress Eugénie de Montijo felt a sympathy for Marie-Antoinette that verged on devotion and devoted a veritable cult to her, so much so that this need for identification, pushed to the point of syncretism, can be seen in paintings by Franz Xaver Winterhalter depicting her in an evocation of

10366-413: The city. Catherine the Great adopted the style during her reign by allowing the architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe to build the Old Hermitage and the Imperial Academy of Arts . Georges Jacob Georges Jacob (6 July 1739 – 5 July 1814) was one of the two most prominent Parisian master menuisiers . He produced carved, painted and gilded beds and seat furniture and upholstery work for

10512-569: The construction of major neoclassical buildings came to an end as a result of interruptions to the operation of the Academy of San Carlos and economic turmoil caused by the War of Independence. The economic slump was worsened by a succession of wars, including the Spanish reconquest attempts , First French Intervention , First American Intervention and Reform War . It was not until the late 1860s, with

10658-677: The court nobility. In the spring of 1779, Marie Antoinette retired to the Petit Trianon to recover from illness after the birth of her daughter Marie-Thérèse . Her entire household came with her, as well as four male friends to attend her: the Duke of Coigny , the Duke of Guines , Count Valentin Esterhazy , and the Baron of Besenval . This was in violation of court etiquette, causing gossip to circulate at Versailles and "the malicious insinuations against her which became so common later on." The building

10804-591: The crown established the Academy of San Carlos in 1785 to train painters, sculptors, and architects in New Spain, under the direction of the peninsular Gerónimo Antonio Gil . The academy emphasized neoclassicism, which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture, but also, for some monuments, from the Aztec and Maya architectural traditions. The preeminent Neoclassical architect in Mexico

10950-473: The dauphins. It was in this château that the King, who came in the company of his favorite on 26 April 1774, felt the first symptoms of the illness that took his life two weeks later. The royal mistress, who had already been away from Versailles for five days, did not return, having received a missive from the new king, transmitted by the Duc de la Vrillière, instructing her to go to the convent of Pont-aux-Dames. For

11096-851: The dawn of the independence of Hispanic America, constructive programs were developed in the new republics. Neoclassicism was introduced in New Granada by Marcelino Pérez de Arroyo . Later, in Colombia , the Capitolio Nacional was built in Bogotá between 1848–1926 by Thomas Reed , trained at the Berlin Bauakademie ; the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá (1807–1823), designed by Friar Domingo de Petrés ; and in Peru

11242-634: The day Marie-Antoinette left it for the last time, as if time had stood still. Together with the Château de Versailles and its outbuildings, it was listed as a historic monument in 1862 and by decree of 31 October 1906; and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. It is now open to the public as part of the Musée National des Châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon, within the Domaine de Marie-Antoinette. In 1749, King Louis XV decided to regain possession of Trianon, which he had "loved so much" as

11388-696: The decorative arts, neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style; the English furniture of Chippendale , George Hepplewhite and Robert Adam , Wedgwood 's bas reliefs and "black basaltes" vases , and the Biedermeier furniture of Austria. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine the Great in Saint Petersburg . Indoors, neoclassicism made

11534-494: The décor was simple: the walls were decorated with a false stone panel and the parquet floor was made of thick planks. A few beds with mattresses and blankets had been installed, along with some storage units. Following the restoration work in 2006-2008, the room now serves as an entrance for visitors to the estate, via a formerly closed corridor that links it to the chapel garden. The two paintings on display, by Austrian painter Johann Georg Weikert, were commissioned to be placed in

11680-614: The end of the eighteenth century. Its four comparable facades, however, conceal subtle differences, dictated by the slope of the land, among other reasons. The façade facing west, the French Garden, is the richest: it is adorned with a forecourt of four isolated columns in the Corinthian style surmounted by capitals. On the south courtyard side, the ground floor is embossed horizontally, while the main floor and attic are punctuated with Corinthian pilasters. The north-facing facade has

11826-436: The eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke 's conception of the sublime . Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally, such ideas give rise to architecture parlante ("speaking architecture"). From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through

11972-574: The exterior. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flat and tended to be framed by friezes, tablets or panels. This was the first "stripped down" classical architecture, and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe. At its most elemental, as in the work of Etienne-Louis Boullée , it was highly abstract and geometrically pure. Neoclassicism also influenced city planning. The ancient Romans had used

12118-765: The final years of Hospitaller rule . Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as

12264-422: The fireplace. A narrow staircase gives access to two small cellars, the only ones in the château, where the machinery for operating these "flying tables" would have been installed. In 1782, a gallery was built behind the fruit factory, leading to the ring game. Multimedia terminals have been installed to provide visitors with information about the Petit Trianon and its construction and recent restoration, as well as

12410-561: The first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi the Elder and John Soane , but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century. Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded

12556-505: The first few years, she made very few alterations. Her attempt to remove two paintings in the main dining room that offended her modesty was in vain. She inscribed her number on the banister of the staircase and removed the northeast staircase. The installation of moving mirrors in front of the windows of her boudoir nevertheless began to cause a stir. It was only later, after completing her major garden landscaping project, that she undertook some renovations to her flats. In defiance of protocol,

12702-406: The first gardens were laid out in the King's New Garden. Although it was the most imposing building on the Petit Trianon estate, it was not the first, but rather the continuation of a project spanning four decades. On his accession to the throne, Louis XVI gave it to his young wife Marie-Antoinette, who gave it her stamp, forever associating the building with the queen in the public imagination. With

12848-477: The first time, a French queen became the owner of a château: in June 1774, Marie-Antoinette received the Petit Trianon estate as a gift from her husband, the new King Louis XVI. The place suited her aspirations perfectly, and she felt at home in the floral atmosphere that she had wanted but had not decided on: The bowls of fruit carved into the paneling by Guibert, the metamorphoses of divinities into flowers according to

12994-761: The forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington ; in 1729, he and William Kent designed Chiswick House . This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra "La Rotonda" , but purified of 16th-century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of Palladianism. In 1734, William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture, Holkham Hall in Norfolk . The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicizing vein

13140-408: The foundation. In the attic, a suite was constructed for Louis XV by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, consisting of antechamber, bedroom, and a private chamber. A staircase led from his private chamber down to the mezzanine where Madame du Barry resided. In Marie Antoinette's time, the attic apartment remained reserved for Louis XVI, though he never slept at the Petit Trianon. The private staircase of Louis XV

13286-497: The four Muses in an opera. On 18 March 1778 she received these works, of which she said: "They will increase the pleasure I get when I am in Trianon". This corner room on the ground floor originally housed Louis XV's billiard table, which has now disappeared. The one commissioned by Louis XVI in 1776 from Antoine-Henry Masson, paumier-billardier of the Roi, measuring 414 by 219 cm, was made of solid oak and ivory, with fifteen turned legs. It

13432-644: The gardens of the Petit Trianon or in a late eighteenth-century style dress by the Reine. On the occasion of the Universal Exhibition of 1867, the Empress wanted to organize a retrospective in homage to the sovereign, welcoming the fact that "her soul, after more than a century of wandering, was finally returning to its haven at Trianon". Eudore Soulié, the first true curator of the Château de Versailles ,

13578-539: The gardens. Men were invited, but neither they nor the King slept in the castle. The women were the mistresses of the house, and several of them stayed in the Queen's suite: Madame Élisabeth, who looked after Madame Royale, the Countess de Polignac, but also the Princess of Chimay, the Countess of Ossun and Madame Campan, the chambermaid. In ten years, she spent one hundred and sixteen days in her château. This lifestyle

13724-448: The glasshouses and flowerbeds reserved for study. The sculptures adorning the cornices, architraves and window frames are nevertheless identical on all four sides, indicating a certain severity in this return to Antiquity. The Italian-style flat roof is concealed by a balustrade with openwork guilloches. The decoration is marked by a subtle evolution in art and not by an absolute victory for modernity; while certain old habits remain, such as

13870-400: The high cost of this mechanism, its installation was canceled, on 16 March 1772, by a letter from Marigny to Loriot. Only a few improvements were made, in particular the hopper that can be seen in the ceiling, and its inventor was compensated. The two small rooms were once again used simply as pantry rooms and two storage units from the fruit room were restored according to period plans, as was

14016-429: The imminent arrival of an armed crowd from Paris . With the enforced departure of the royal family the next day, the Petit Trianon was almost abandoned, except for the gardeners and other staff who continued to live there. Renovations that had been underway were interrupted, leaving large sums owed to builders. The former queen's gardener, Antoine Richard, was appointed as curator of the gardens and plant nursery in 1792 by

14162-549: The importance of public buildings. Many of these urban planning patterns found their way into the first modern planned cities of the 18th century. Exceptional examples include Karlsruhe , Washington, D.C., Saint Petersburg, Buenos Aires, Havana, and Barcelona. Contrasting models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by Brasília , the Garden city movement , and levittowns . The first phase of neoclassicism in France

14308-436: The large dining room on the first floor and both depict the show given on 24 January 1765 at Schönbrunn on the honor of Joseph II's second marriage to the Princess of Bavaria. Marie-Antoinette had asked her mother Marie-Thérèse to make copies of these two paintings that she loved; in one of them, she appears at the age of ten dancing with her brothers a ballet-pantomime by Gluck, while the other depicts her older sisters performing

14454-418: The left leads to the former Chinese ring gallery via a long corridor created in 1781 - Marie-Antoinette's most important transformation of the château - and located under the terrace facing the French Garden. An initial project in 1763 provided for a botanical library in this large room on the ground floor, but this was never built and, until the mid-nineteenth century, it housed the bodyguards. For this reason,

14600-426: The letters M and A interlaced. The walls are simply decorated in ashlar, forming an ornamental transition between the interior and exterior. The floor is tiled in white veined marble and Campan green, a color reminiscent of the greenery in the gardens. Set back under the flights of stairs, a door gives access to the low-vaulted warming room. On the half-landing of the staircase at the seventh step, another small door on

14746-490: The medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival . Although several European cities – notably Saint Petersburg , Athens , Berlin and Munich – were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture, the Greek Revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public. Neoclassical architecture became a symbol of national pride during

14892-734: The most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden (1808–1809), the General Post Office (1824–1829) and the British Museum (1823–1848), Wilkins University College London (1826–1830) and the National Gallery (1832–1838). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance;

15038-527: The most important centre of neoclassicism in the peninsula. In the second half of the century, Neoclassicism flourished also in Turin , Milan ( Giuseppe Piermarini ) and Trieste ( Matteo Pertsch ). In the latter two cities, just as in Tuscany, the sober neoclassical style was linked to the reformism of the ruling Habsburg enlightened monarchs. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to

15184-399: The notion of harmony between the decoration and the surrounding gardens was omnipresent. In a departure from his status as king, Louis XV gave up his inner chambers, the best situated in the château, to Madame du Barry, who made them her bedroom, while he took up residence in the attic. She was the first to stay regularly at the Petit Trianon, far from the hostility of the King's daughters and

15330-481: The original plans. On the mantelpiece is a plaster bust of Marie-Antoinette based on the marble work by Louis-Simon Boizot, commissioned in 1781 by the Comte de Vergennes, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Two paintings hang on the wall: one by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun depicts the Queen and the other, the royal family. The main service room on the ground floor is the central kitchen, or "grand office", accessible from

15476-667: The portal of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro made in 1826 and the Imperial Palace of Petrópolis built between 1845–1862. Argentina is another of the countries that seeks to shed its colonial past, but in the context of the reorganization of the country after independence in 1810, an aspect of power was sought that transmitted the presence of the State, inspiring respect and devotion, including of course

15622-569: The preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams. From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave

15768-502: The presence of servants and prying eyes. The process was exhibited at the Louvre in May 1769 and the work for Trianon was entrusted to the locksmith Gamain and the mechanic Richer. To enable the installation of the pulleys and counterweights for the two planned tables, two rooms on the ground floor were given over to him, which led to an initial enlargement of the offices in 1770. However, due to

15914-540: The previous two centuries, Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture , already represented partial revivals of the Classical architecture of ancient Rome and ancient Greek architecture , but the Neoclassical movement aimed to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer, more complete, and more authentic classical style, adapted to modern purposes. The development of archaeology and published accurate records of surviving classical buildings

16060-504: The remaining façade was left bare. Marie Antoinette would visit the Petit Trianon to escape the formality of court life and to rest from her royal responsibilities. Since all were de par la Reine (by order of the Queen), none were permitted to enter the property without the Queen's permission. Only the Queen's "inner circle" (including the princesse de Lamballe and Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac ) were invited, which alienated

16206-515: The revolutionary sales. As the original billiard table had not been found, a restoration was undertaken in 2005 as part of a 50,000 euro skills sponsorship with the Chevillotte company, respecting the original materials and colors. After being displayed in the château's Petits appartements du Roi, it was returned to its original position in 2008. The walls are fully paneled and the herringbone parquet flooring has also been restored according to

16352-463: The same composition, but with only the two upper storeys, it opens onto the English Garden via two ramps similar to those on the west side. The eastern facade overlooking the former botanical garden has a ground floor entrance, also with horizontal bosses creating a continuous base is devoid of columns or pilasters, the main decoration being intended for the pleasure gardens, to the detriment of

16498-429: The shell or trophies of Love, they rub shoulders with new forms, in the sculpture or woodwork, whose motifs are directly inspired by the gardens of Trianon, such as the garlands of leaves or the profusion of fruit. The ground floor, which is only accessible from the south and east sides due to the sloping ground, essentially houses the outbuildings. The terraces make it possible to conceal the passageways needed to service

16644-407: The site. The principle of four pilasters or columns, depending on the cardinal orientation, which regularly punctuate the high windows, was retained. In the end, stereotomy was preferred, characterized by purely geometric ornamental decoration. The building had a square plan and its dimensions, twelve toises per sideé, were determined by the width of the French garden. This choice of colossal order gave

16790-408: The style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze -like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style,

16936-524: The time. It is particularly evident in Dublin , which is a largely neoclassical and Georgian city. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832, the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture. For Athens, the first King of Greece, Otto I , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan. The Old Royal Palace

17082-547: The unique Hiko Shrine  [ ja ] which is a Shinto shrine based on Greek temples . It later developed into the Imperial Crown Style which contains elements of both Eastern and Western design Roofs are notably distinctly Asian in this style and it was used heavily by the Japanese Empire in its colonies. Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during

17228-460: The vestibule via an intermediate gallery. Two small pantry rooms were attached to it. From 1770 onwards, it became more precisely a warming room, mainly intended to perfect the preparation of dishes made in the common areas. In order not to disturb the occupants of the château, the kitchens were located in a vast wing close to the château, linked to the warming room by a long series of sheltered corridors. Its wide, flat ashlar vault, designed by Gabriel,

17374-410: The whole being richly decorated, even overloaded. The proportions are poorly balanced and the staircases are too modest. It was not convincing and failed to overcome the indecision to which the King was often subjected. The idea, later described as "brilliant", was to increase the number of crossbeams per façade to five, giving the building more majesty than the first drafts and satisfying the demands of

17520-409: The wishes of Cochin and the brushes of Lépicié or Jollain, the country scenes composed by Lagrenée or Vien, the flower gardens and botanical gardens beneath her windows designed by Richard or Jussieu, the floral motifs on the furniture by Foliot or Joubert, everything was designed to satisfy the Queen's aspiration to escape the constraints of the court of Versailles to a world devoted to nature. During

17666-464: Was Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené . He retired in 1796, leaving his workshop in the hands of his sons, one of whom was François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter . When his other son died, Jacob returned from retirement to oversee the constant supply of furnishings for Napoleon 's residences. His descendant Hector Lefuel, son of the architect Hector Lefuel , wrote the monograph, Georges Jacob (Paris, 1923). Two models in beeswax attributed to Jacob, one for

17812-916: Was Manuel Tolsá . Neoclassicism in Mexican architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the New Spanish Baroque , and to create public buildings of "good taste" funded by the crown, such as the Palacio de Minería in Mexico City, the Hospicio Cabañas in Guadalajara, and the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato , all built in the late colonial era. Following Independence ,

17958-453: Was Italy, especially Naples , where by the 1730s court architects such as Luigi Vanvitelli and Ferdinando Fuga were recovering classical, Palladian and Mannerist forms in their Baroque architecture. Following their lead, Giovanni Antonio Medrano began to build the first truly neoclassical structures in Italy in the 1730s. In the same period, Alessandro Pompei introduced neoclassicism to

18104-454: Was accompanied by twenty iron plates for the candles, twelve ivory balls for the Guerre or Carambole and around thirty tails, at a total cost of 3,000 livres. In 1784, Marie-Antoinette had it transferred to the first floor and it was replaced by another billiard table, of lesser elegance, for the officers of the guard. It was sold for 600 livres to a second-hand dealer called Rouger in 1794 during

18250-577: Was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam brothers , James Wyatt , Sir William Chambers , George Dance the Younger , James Gandon , and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester . In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival

18396-409: Was also adapted to modern conveniences, with the creation of two small bathrooms in the center of the building and a private spiral staircase allowing better communication between the spouses' apartments. The residence was no longer a royal palace but a country home, adapted to the tastes of the time. The duchess, who continued to stay at Trianon after her husband's accidental death, was no longer fond of

18542-627: Was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia . International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel 's buildings, especially the Altes Museum in Berlin, Sir John Soane 's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, D.C. of the nascent American Republic . The style was international. The Baltimore Basilica , which

18688-465: Was also detectable, to a lesser degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris, such as in the Louvre Colonnade . This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran . By the mid-18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece . An early centre of neoclassicism

18834-558: Was another important centre of Neoclassical architecture in Europe, led by the notable professors of architecture Marcin Knackfus , Laurynas Gucevičius and Karol Podczaszyński . The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings, such as the Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory , Vilnius Cathedral and the town hall . The best-known architects and artists, who worked in

18980-538: Was built on the site of a botanical garden developed about a decade earlier by Louis XV, within the grounds of the Grand Trianon, Louis XIV 's retreat from the Palace of Versailles to the southeast. It was designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel by order of Louis XV for his long-term mistress, Madame de Pompadour , and was constructed between 1762 and 1768. Madame de Pompadour died four years before its completion, and

19126-414: Was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. In many countries, there was an initial wave essentially drawing on Roman architecture, followed, from about the start of the 19th century, by a second wave of Greek Revival architecture . This followed increased understanding of Greek survivals. As the 19th century continued, the style tended to lose its original rather austere purity in variants like

19272-608: Was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1806, is considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in the world . A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the First French Empire . In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style , and the second in the styles called Directoire and Empire . Its major proponents were Percier and Fontaine , court architects who specialized in interior decoration. In

19418-401: Was designed to require as little interaction between guests and servants as possible. To that end, the table in the salles à manger (dining room) was conceived to be mobile, mechanically lowered and raised through the floorboards so that the servants below could set places while remaining unseen. The tables were never built, but the delineation for the mechanical apparatus can still be seen from

19564-442: Was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam , who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam style available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the Rococo and Baroque styles which had been fashionable in

19710-552: Was initially a Parisian style, the " Goût grec " ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young King Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 did Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen, bring the Louis XVI style to court. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux . The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates

19856-540: Was involved in the choice of fabrics and furniture, which were intended to be richer and more elegant than under the Ancien Régime. Although the architect Trepsat ordered the return of the paintings deposited at the Musée de Versailles during the Revolution, most of the frames remained empty during the Empire were replaced by wallpapers depicting landscapes or plain green. The work cost over 150,000 francs. The princess, who

20002-442: Was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair . The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric. In Ireland , where Gothic Revival was also less popular, a refined, restrained form of the neoclassical developed, and can be seen in the works of James Gandon and other architects working at

20148-463: Was provided with furniture from Georges Jacob and Jean Henri Riesener . Jacob designed a set of furniture for the room known as the Mobilier aux épis , elaborately carved with flowers and garlands and upholstered in embroidered Lyon silk. The wallpaper was painted by Jean-Baptiste Pillement . On 5 October 1789, Marie Antoinette was in the gardens of the Petit Trianon when a page brought news of

20294-406: Was removed, allowing a library to be constructed by Richard Mique . The mezzanine, which is above the Queen's apartment, was reserved for Marie Antoinette's lady-in-waiting and first lady-in-waiting. Within the Queen's apartment, the décor of her boudoir features mirrored panels that, by the turning of a crank, can be raised or lowered to obscure the windows and reflect the candlelight. Her bedroom

20440-446: Was responsible for assembling the works. On the instructions of Louis-Joseph Napoléon Lepic, aide-de-camp to Napoleon III and supervisor of the worksite, the small château was emptied of its Empire furniture, the façades cleaned, the paintings repainted, the damaged floors replaced and the doors repaired. In the absence of historical accuracy, the first floor was entirely furnished with 144 objects "having been or presumed to have been for

20586-504: Was the first important public building to be built, between 1836 and 1843. Later, in the mid- and late 19th century, Theophil Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings. Theophil Hansen designed his first building, the National Observatory of Athens , and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so-called "Athens Classical Trilogy", namely the Academy of Athens (1859) and

20732-439: Was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones , but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain. At

20878-615: Was the planned Palacio Legislativo Federal by Émile Bénard . Construction was halted by the Mexican Revolution and it was eventually turned into the Monumento a la Revolución . The Neoclassical style arrived in the American empires of Spain and Portugal through projects designed in Europe or carried out locally by European or Criollo architects trained in the academies of the metropolis . There are also examples of

21024-420: Was therefore awarded to Madame du Barry, Louis XV's new favourite. While the Grand Trianon remained the venue for parties and receptions, the Petit Trianon quickly became a place of intimacy. La Pompadour had marked the project with avant-garde refinement in terms of art and decoration. The château was dedicated to flowers, the main ornament, but it belonged to the king: beyond the symbolism of the royal mistresses,

21170-405: Was very fond of the château, stayed there for almost two months in June and July 1805, then one last time in December 1809, when Napoleon returned to Trianon to prepare the estate for his new wife. The empress, Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, was the great-niece of the queen guillotined during the French Revolution. Her marriage to Napoleon, whom she had been taught to hate, was a consequence of

21316-408: Was worthy of a carefree youth with apparent simplicity, luxury, and pleasure. This is how the "black legend" of a sovereign who, dreaming only of intimacy, withdrew from public view, gave substance to the most terrible rumors. The Petit Trianon, abandoned following the departure of the royal family in 1789, stripped of all its furniture at the auction sale of 1793 and even temporarily transformed into

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