The Peucetians were an Iapygian tribe which inhabited western and central Apulia in classical antiquity .
66-657: Two other Iapygian tribes, the Daunians and the Messapians , inhabited northern and southern Apulia respectively. All three tribes spoke the Messapian language , but had developed separate archaeological cultures by the seventh century BC; however, in Peucetian territory ancient Greek and Oscan language were spoken as well, as the legends of the currencies from Rubi and Azetium were trilingual. Peucetians lived in
132-500: A 2018 Gold Medal New York International Olive Oil Competition (NYIOOC) winner, Frantoio , Garganica , La Minuta , Leccino , Moresca , Nocellara Etnea , Nocellara Messinese , Ogliarola , Ogliarola Barese , Ogliara Messinese , Ottobratica , Peranzana , Rotondella , Santagatese , Saracena , Tonda Iblea , and Verdello (subspecies of San Benedetto). Since 2008–2010, the olive oil industry in Apulia has been under threat from
198-525: A King Lucerus of Ardea fought along with Romulus against Titus Tatius and this is the origin of the name of the Roman Luceres . The Iron Age Daunian material culture persisted quite different from their Italic neighbours until the region was encompassed into the Roman Republic in the 3rd century BC. This cultural distinction was due in part because of their geographical area, which
264-524: A large Daunian element intermixed in different ways. Larinum , a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and Horace who was from Venusia in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in
330-404: A painting shows tattoos on the arms of the 'priestess' riding a quadriga . The tattooing practice is most often found in preliterate tribal communities, with women playing the chief role, both performing the ritual of applying tattoos and wear them. Among other things the tattoos may have been a symbol of sexual maturity, ancestry and tribal affiliations, as well as religious beliefs. Forearms were
396-467: A type of bread. Typically Apulian pasta shapes are orecchiette , cavatelli , and troccoli . Popular street foods include panzerotti , sgagliozze (fried polenta ), popizze (small fried balls of pizza dough that are sometimes also called pettule), rustici (puff pastries stuffed with tomatoes, béchamel sauce, mozzarella, and black pepper), the famous pasticiotto (a flaky shortbread dough filled with custard), and focaccia barese. A popular snack in Apulia
462-465: Is Taralli . As with the other regions of Italy, the national language (since 1861) is Italian. However, because of its long and varied history, other historical languages have been used in this region for centuries. The local languages of northern and central Apulia (roughly the provinces of Bari , Barletta-Andria-Trani , and Foggia as well as the northwestern parts of the Province of Taranto ) are
528-742: Is 1st place among Italian grape-growing regions. But in the production of quality DOC and DOCG wines, Apulia has only ranked 12th of 20 with 297.667 hl. There are four DOCG wines: There are an estimated 50 to 60 million olive trees in Apulia, and the region accounts for 40% of Italy's olive oil production. There are four specific Protected designations of Origin (PDO) covering the whole region. Olive varieties include: Baresane , Biancolilla , Brandofino (Castiglione), Buscionetto ( Biancolilla ), Carolea , Cellina di Nardò , Cerasuola (Ogliara), Cerignola ( Bella di Cerignola ), Cima di Bitonto , Cima di Mola , Coratina , also grown in Corning, California,
594-565: Is a region of Italy , located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises 19,345 square kilometers (7,469 sq mi), and its population is about four million people. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to
660-678: Is cognate with Greek τηαυνος ( thaunos ) (compare τηēριον ( thērion ) in the lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria ), from an Indo-European root *dhau- 'to strangle', meaning literally 'strangler'. Among the Daunian towns one may mention Lucera (Leucaria) and among other nations the ethnonym of the Lucani (Loucanoi) and that of the Hirpini , from another word meaning 'wolf'. The outcome of the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirate *dh
726-577: Is considered by modern writers to suggest strongly that, as far as the Greeks were concerned, the Peucetii were culturally part, though an unimportant part, of Magna Graecia . Strabo places them to the north of the Calabri . Strabo adds (VI.8) "... the terms Peucetii and Daunii are not at all used by the native inhabitants except in the early times." In the time of Strabo the territory occupied by
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#1732773360032792-694: Is located in Taranto . The unemployment rate stood at 14.1% in 2020. The port of Taranto hosts numerous fishing boats. The fleet is mainly made up of about 80 fishing boats, which do not exceed 10 gross tonnage and which practice trawling, while the remaining small-scale fishing boats operate with gillnets. The sea, rich and generous, is populated by dentex , sea bream , glit-head bream , grouper , redfish , mullet , mussels , sea urchin , anchovies , shrimp and squid . Other significant fishing ports are Manfredonia , Trani , Molfetta , Mola di Bari , Monopoli , Castro , and Gallipoli . Today Taranto
858-548: Is mainly intensive and modern agriculture that allows the region to be among the first in Italy for the production of many products: Vegetable growing ( lettuce , artichoke , fennel , cabbage , celery , barattiere , borage , sweet potato , caper , portulaca , broccoli rabe ) and horticulture ( peach , orange , clementine , lemon , kumquat , fig , pomegranate , persimmon , prickly pear ) are also developed. Vineyards cover 106.715 ha (263.70 acres) in Apulia, which
924-744: Is proper to the Illyrian languages and so is different from the corresponding Latin faunus and Oscan, which is not attested. The Messapic tribal name Daunioi/Daunii has been connected to the Dardanian Thunatae/Thunatai in the Balkans. At the end of the Bronze Age (11th-10th centuries BC) and during the transition to the Iron Age, Illyrian groups from the eastern Adriatic migrated to Italy. The descendants of
990-549: Is the largest metallurgical work ILVA Acciaierie di Taranto (8,200 empl.) in Europe with a full iron and steel production cycle. It will be sold to Arcelor Mittal . In Brindisi , there is a chemical industrial park with an ENI power station, ENI oil refinery, Syndial chemical factory, and Versalis chemical factory (basic chemistry, intermediates, polyethene, styrenics and elastomers). LyondellBasell polypropylene plant, Sanofi plant (antibiotics). Another ENI oil refinery
1056-474: Is the world's largest producer of farmed mussels : with 1,300 employees, around 30,000 tons of mussels are processed per year. Mussel farming has characterized the city's economy for centuries, making the mussel the gastronomic symbol of Taranto. It is said that the first mussel gardens in La Spezia , Pula , Olbia and Chioggia were established by mussel farmers who emigrated from this city. The workplace of
1122-614: The A14 highway ( Bologna – Taranto ), which connects the region's capital, Bari , to Taranto , the second most populous city in the region. The A14 also connects Foggia and points further north along the Adriatic coast to Pescara , Ancona , Rimini and eventually Bologna . The only other highway in the region is the A16 (Naples–Canosa), which crosses the Italian peninsula east–west and links
1188-715: The Appian Way and, in the imperial era, of the Via Traiana along which cities such as Troia , Ordona , Gravina , Canosa , Ruvo and Bitonto prospered. The region occupied leading positions in the production of grain and oil, becoming the largest exporter of olive oil in the East. At the Fall of the Western Roman Empire , Apulia also went through a long period of suffering. Heruli and Ostrogoths invaded
1254-571: The Barletta province, and wood and furniture in the Murge area to the west. Between 2007 and 2013 the economy of Apulia expanded more than that of the rest of southern Italy. Such growth, over several decades, is a severe challenge to the hydrogeological system. Apulia's thriving economy is articulated into numerous sectors boasting several leading companies, but most of them produce materials or components, not finished goods: In Taranto , there
1320-932: The Byzantines , followed by the Normans , the Aragonese and the Spanish . Subsequently, it became part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , to then be annexed to the unified Kingdom of Italy after the Expedition of the Thousand . Apulia's coastline is longer than that of any other mainland Italian region. In the north, the Gargano promontory extends out into the Adriatic sea like a "sperone" ("spur"), while in
1386-630: The Democratic Party has served as President of the Apulian region. Apulia is divided into six provinces: Important locally produced ingredients include olive oil, artichokes, tomatoes, eggplant, asparagus, and various kinds of seafood. Local specialties include the carosello , a variety of muskmelon which is often consumed when unripe. Apulian Protected designation of origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical indication (PGI) products included cheeses, olive oils, fruits and vegetables, and
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#17327733600321452-609: The Franco-Provençal language called Faetar is spoken in the mountain villages of Faeto and Celle di San Vito , in the Province of Foggia . It is sometimes classified as a pair of dialects of Franco-Provençal, Faetar and Cellese. The Arbëreshë dialect of the Albanian language has been spoken by a small community since refugees settled there in the 16th century. Apulia is home to several national football, water polo , volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs. Across
1518-551: The Iron Age have been linked to the Daunian region. Most samples from Ordona and Salapia date to the Daunian period and some samples from San Giovanni Rotondo date more broadly to the Iron Age. Paternal haplogroups of seven Iron Age samples were identified. Two paternal lineages of the Iron Age samples belong to J-M241, one of them could be further processed as J-L283+. Two Iron Age samples belonged to R-M269, one further designated as Z2103+ and one to I-M223. Iron Age Daunians showed
1584-515: The Napoleonic era , provided the modernization of Apulia with the abolition of feudalism and judicial reforms until the return of the Bourbons and the birth of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Liberal movements were formed throughout the region in 1820 with the spread of Freemasonry and Carbonari . With the Kingdom of Italy established in 1861, Apulia was administratively divided into
1650-648: The Peucetians and the Messapians , inhabited central and southern Apulia respectively. All three tribes spoke the Messapic language , but had developed separate archaeological cultures by the seventh century BC. The Daunians lived in the Daunia region, which extended from the Daunian Mountains river in the southeast to the Gargano peninsula in the northwest. This region is mostly coincident with
1716-673: The Peucetioe who were living in Liburnia at the head of the Adriatic , with a reference to Callimachus , as quoted in Pliny ( H.N. III.21) placing their country in Pliny's day as part of Illyria . Modern ethnography regard the term 'Poedicli' as a synonym of 'Peucetii'. In Ancient Greek they were known as Πευκέτιοι . They had three important towns: Canosa , Silvium and Bitonto ;
1782-517: The Principality of Taranto , which extended across the entire Terra di Otranto . In 1043 the Normans founded the county of Apulia which in 1059 merged into the vast County of Apulia and Calabria , whose borders progressively extended up to in Principality of Salerno . From 1130 it became part of the Kingdom of Sicily . In the 13th century the name Apulia was used by some authors to indicate
1848-539: The Province of Foggia and part of Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani today. Daunians and Oscans came into contact in northern Daunia and southern Samnite regions. Gradually, parts of northern Daunia became " Oscanized ". The ethnonym is connected to the name of the wolf, plausibly the totemic animal of this nation. The cult of the wolf was widespread in ancient Italy and was related to the Arcadian mystery cult . Daunos means wolf, according to ancient glosses, and
1914-754: The Sahara Desert . On some days in spring and autumn/fall, it can be warm enough to swim in Gallipoli and Porto Cesareo on the Ionian coast while at the same time, cool winds warrant jackets and jumpers/sweaters in Monopoli and Otranto on the Adriatic coast. The area between Otranto and Santa Maria di Leuca is part of the Regional Natural Coastal Park of "Costa Otranto — Santa Maria di Leuca e Bosco di Tricase " wanted by
1980-587: The Salento Peninsula was known as Calabria in that period), but the occupation of the region, in the third century BC, was not easy, especially for the resistance of Tarentum and Brundisium. In 216 BC in Cannae the Roman army suffered its worst defeat against Hannibal 's Carthage . The Roman Province of Apulia and Calabria was then established, which also included Irpinia . With the construction of
2046-572: The Adriatic Sea and in the southern Salento peninsula, are frequently exposed to winds of varying strengths and directions, strongly affecting local temperatures and conditions, sometimes within the same day. The Northerly Bora wind from the Adriatic Sea can lower temperatures, humidity and moderate summer heat while the Southerly Sirocco wind from North Africa can raise temperatures, and humidity and occasionally drop red dust from
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2112-592: The Apulia Region in 2008. This territory has numerous natural and historical attractions such as Ciolo , which is a rocky cove. In 2010 the Ministry of Health declared 98.6% of the Apulian coasts suitable for bathing. Human settlement in Apulia dates back to at least 250,000 years ago, as evidenced by the fossil remains of the Altamura Man , an archaic form of Neanderthal . There are numerous finds from
2178-604: The Apulian Southern Italo-Romance dialects, including Bari dialect and Tarantino dialect . In the southern region of Salento , an extreme Southern Italo-Romance language, the Salentino dialect is widely spoken. There is also an Italiot Greek language found in Salento called Griko , which is still spoken by a few thousand Griko people in some areas. In addition, a rare daughter language of
2244-513: The Balkans tattooing was in the purview of the elites; iconographic and literary sources reveal in particular that it was restricted to the female members of society. In the western Balkans, isolated from outside influences, the practice of tattooing continued until the early 20th century in Albania and Bosnia , regions that in antiquity were part of the area of Illyria , where Daunian groups conceivably originated from. Besides of religious beliefs,
2310-712: The Campanian civilization, it had thus a more peculiar culture, featuring in particular the Daunian steles , a series of funerary monuments sculpted in the 7th-6th centuries BC in the plain south of Siponto , and now mostly housed in the National Archeological Museum of Manfredonia. Particularly striking is the Daunian pottery (as yet little studied) which begins with geometric patterns but which eventually includes crude human, bird and plant figures. The main Daunian centers were Teanum Apulum (within
2376-481: The Daunian's origin favors a genetic continuity between the Daunians and the population that inhabited the area prior to the historical period that was analyzed, although additional influences from Croatia (ancient Illyria) cannot be excluded, as described by the material remains and the available historical sources. The Daunii were similar to but also different from the Peucetii and Messapii, who settled in central and southern Puglia. Having been also less influenced by
2442-648: The Latinization of the area. There are numerous testimonies among ancient authors ( Pseudo-Scylax , Virgil , Festus , Servius ) of a presence of the Daunians beyond the Apennines in Campania and Latium where some towns claimed Diomedian origins. The most notable instance is Ardea , the centre of the Rutulians who were considered Daunians: Vergil writes that Turnus' father was Daunus. Festus writes that
2508-625: The Salento peninsula is geographically flat with only moderate hills. The climate is typically Mediterranean with hot, dry and sunny summers and mild and rainy winters. Snowfall, especially on the coast is rare but has occurred as recently as January 2019 (following on from snow in March 2018 and January 2017). Apulia is among the hottest and driest regions of Italy in summer, with temperatures sometimes reaching and exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) in Lecce and Foggia . The coastal areas, particularly on
2574-518: The Taranto mussel farmers is the boat; every detail of the working method has improved over time. 10 m long structures made of wood or metal, called "pali" (piles), are attached to the seabed, to which ropes and nets are then attached, on which the mussels are grown. The mussels farmed here are particularly tasty and valued because they grow in a special environment, a mixture of salt seawater and karst freshwater. These special environmental conditions of
2640-397: The accounts of the early 20th century reveal that the tattooing custom in the Balkans was originally connected with a fertility rite, being associated with the beginning of menstruation , thus proving that a girl had become a woman. Apulia Apulia ( / ə ˈ p uː l i ə / ə- POO -lee-ə ), also known by its Italian name Puglia ( Italian: [ˈpuʎʎa] ),
2706-663: The ancestors of the Iron Age Iapygians may have originated in the eastern Balkan region, or derive shared ancestry with a common source population from eastern Europe, and suggests that as the Romans occupied the region, they populated their Imperial properties with people from central Italy (possibly from the region of Latium , and the surrounding environs of Rome). Daunians The Daunians ( Latin : Daunii ) were an Iapygian tribe that inhabited northern Apulia in classical antiquity . Two other Iapygian tribes,
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2772-790: The eponymous region Peucetia , which was bordered by the Ofanto river and the Murge in the north, the Bradano river in the west and the territories of the Greek colony of Taras and the Messapians in the south. This region is mostly coincident with the Metropolitan City of Bari and parts of the provinces of Taranto and Barletta-Andria-Trani today. The Encyclopédie under "Peuceti", distinguishes them from another ancient people,
2838-667: The former Peuceti lay on the mule-track that was the only connection between Brindisi and Benevento . Pre-Roman ceramic evidence justifies Strabo's classification of Daunii, Peucetii and Messapii, who were all speakers of the Messapian language . There were twelve tribal proto-statelets among the Peucetii, one of which is represented by modern Altamura . A genetic analysis of maternal haplogroups published in 2018 examined DNA extracted from 15 Iron Age (7th – 4th c. BCE) and 30 Roman period (1st – 4th c. CE) individuals buried at Iron Age Botromagno and Roman period Vagnari, now part of Gravina in Puglia . The study supports previous hypotheses that
2904-539: The foundation of Taranto , connects the Iapygians with Cretans . Strabo recounts that they were descendants of Iapyx and a Cretan woman. Archaeological material shows little contact between Iapygians and Greek colonists. The retroactive ascription of a Cretan or Arkadian heritage for the Iapygians was simply constructed for political purposes of the time these sources were written. A genetic study published in 2022 examined DNA extracted from three necropoleis: Ordona , Salapia and San Giovanni Rotondo , which during
2970-418: The highest autosomal affinity with Early Iron Age Illyrian populations from Croatia and populations which were formed in Italy in the Roman Republican era, which both can be broadly included in a pan-Mediterranean genetic continuum (stretching from Crete to Republican Rome and the Iberian Peninsula ). Links to Minoans / Crete and Iron Age Greeks / Arkadia are less likely. A parsimonious explanation of
3036-522: The modern San Paolo di Civitate ), Uria Garganica, the location of which though is not known with certainty, Casone, Lucera , Merinum ( Vieste ), Monte Saraceno (near Mattinata ), Siponto , Coppa Nevigata , Cupola, Salapia (near Cerignola and Manfredonia ), Arpi (near Foggia ), Aecae (near Troia ), Vibinum ( Bovino ), Castelluccio dei Sauri , Herdonia ( Ordona ), Ausculum ( Ascoli Satriano ), Ripalta (near Cerignola), Canosa di Puglia , Lavello and Venosa . Since its settlement, Messapic
3102-503: The most common tattooed parts of the body among Daunians. In the Graeco-Roman world tattooing was conceived as a barbaric custom that was used exclusively for punitive or ownership purposes, but the Daunian perception of tattooing was different, as it was a deep and long-standing cultural embodiment distinguishing them from other cultures, as occurred among Illyrians and Thracians . The writings of ancient authors like Herodotus (5th century BC) and Strabo (1st century BC) show that in
3168-405: The north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. The regional capital is Bari . In ancient times, more precisely at the beginning of the first millennium BC, the region of Apulia was inhabited by the Iapygians , while during the 8th century BC its coastal areas were populated by ancient Greeks . Later, the region was conquered by the ancient Romans . It was then conquered by
3234-448: The pathogen Xylella fastidiosa , a disease that inhibits the trees' uptake of water and nutrients. The epicentre of the epidemic is the southeastern part of the region. Apulia has many small and picturesque villages, 14 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that
3300-412: The prehistoric era, including several menhir and dolmen . Around the 1st millennium BC, the Iapygians settled in the territory with the tribes of the Daunians , the Peucetians and the Messapians , as well as the populations of the Calabri and the Sallentini (both settled in Salento ); later, in the Hellenic era, the Magna Graecia colonies were quite numerous, especially in the southern part of
3366-405: The present capital of Apulia , Bari , had not much importance. With increasing Hellenization their eponymous ancestor, given the name Peucetis , was said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus to have been the son of the Arcadian Lycaon and brother of Oenotrus . Lycaon having divided Arcadia among his twenty-two sons, Peucetios was inspired to seek better fortune abroad. This etiological myth
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#17327733600323432-441: The progressive decline of the latifundium, the ancient Apulian farms, properties of medium agricultural size, also decayed. During fascism , Apulia was affected by numerous land reclamations in vast areas and, following the post-war agrarian reform, the region enjoyed strong agricultural development. In the 1970s and 1980s the economy of the region moved from the primary sector to the tertiary one, with notable development coming from
3498-433: The provinces of Foggia, Bari and Lecce; to these were added in the twentieth century the provinces of Brindisi and Taranto. In the period following the unification of Italy, various brigand gangs arose, especially in Capitanata and Terra di Bari; among the major exponents are Michele Caruso, Antonio Angelo Del Sambro and Giuseppe Schiavone, the latter a faithful lieutenant of the Lucanian brigand leader Carmine Crocco . With
3564-459: The region with Naples . There are two international airports, Karol Wojtyła Airport in Bari ( IATA : BRI ) and Brindisi Airport (IATA: BDS ), which serve as the principal logistical hub for the United Nations Global Service Center headquartered in Brindisi . With the approval of a redevelopment project in 2018, the Grottaglie Airfield (IATA: TAR ) will host a spaceport for the Italian Space Agency and Virgin Galactic . Emigration from
3630-467: The region's depressed areas to northern Italy and the rest of Europe was very intense in the years between 1956 and 1971. Subsequently, the trend declined, as economic conditions improved, to the point where there was net immigration in the years between 1982 and 1985. Since 1986, the stagnation in employment has led to a new inversion of the trend caused by a decrease in immigration. Since 1 June 2015, former judge and mayor of Bari Michele Emiliano of
3696-406: The region, including the city of Taras , now Taranto . During the second Samnite war (326–304 BC), the Roman army , in an attempt to provide relief to Lucera , besieged by the Samnites, suffered a serious defeat in the Battle of the Caudine Forks , in 321 BC. Rome soon understood the strategic importance of Apulia (corresponding only to the central-northern part of present-day Apulia, while
3762-422: The seas of Taranto are ideal not only for the mussels but also for the fish and crustaceans that find food and shelter between the piles. While there are around 18 submarine freshwater springs, called "Citri", in the Mar Piccolo, there is only one large one in the Mar Grande, which is called "Anello di San Cataldo " in honour of the patron saint of the city. Agriculture plays a prominent economic role in Apulia. It
3828-412: The separation of the island of Sicily from the rest of the south of the peninsula, Apulia was under the rule of the Kingdom of Naples , from that moment the power of the landowners began to take root in the territory. From the middle of the 18th century the region of Apulia experienced a period of strong economic prosperity and excellent development of trade and agriculture. Between 1806 and 1815, during
3894-422: The south, the Salento peninsula forms the "tacco" ("heel") of Italy 's boot. The highest peak in the region is Monte Cornacchia 1,152 m (3,780 ft) above sea level) within the Daunian Mountains , in the north along the Apennines . It is home to two national parks, the Alta Murgia National Park and Gargano National Park . Outside national parks in the North and West, most of Apulia particularly
3960-411: The southern part of the Italian peninsula. During the Sicilian domination Apulia achieved great material and civil progress, which reached its peak with Frederick II , who was responsible for the construction of a series of secular and religious buildings, some of high artistic value, including Castel del Monte , near Andria . During this period Foggia became one of his residences. From 1282, following
4026-409: The territory, but in the end it became the dominion of the Eastern Roman Empire , from the 6th to the 11th century except for a brief partial occupation of the region by the Emirate of Bari . Bari became the capital of a territory extending up to present-day Basilicata and subjected to the authority of a Catepanate . With the advent of the Normans in the 11th century, Taranto became the capital of
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#17327733600324092-503: The tourism sector. The region's contribution to Italy's gross value added was around 4.6% in 2000, while its population was 7% of the total. The per capita GDP is low compared to the national average and represents about 68.1% of the EU average. The share of gross value added by the agricultural and services sectors was above the national average in 2000. The region has industries specialising in particular areas, including food processing and vehicles in Foggia ; footwear and textiles in
4158-428: The tribes which arrived in Apulia , collectively known as the Iapygians , were the Peucetians , Messapians and Daunians. The broader region was inhabited by Italic peoples of Southern Italy with whom the Iapygians maintained contacts; among them are the Ausones / Oscans , Sabines , Lucani , Paeligni , Bruttii , Campanians , Aequi , Samnites and Frentani . Strabo in a mythological construction to explain
4224-435: Was distant from the Ancient Greek centres of Magna Graecia , and in part because of their close relations with the peoples on the other coast of the Adriatic Sea with whom they retained direct contacts across the sea. The custom of tattooing among Daunians can be detected in Daunian stelae and in matt-painted ollae . It can also be conceivably identified on the wall of a late 4th-century tomb chamber from Arpi , in which
4290-408: Was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The region has a good network of roads, but the railway network is less comprehensive, particularly in the south. There are no high-speed lines, but a high-speed line between Naples and Bari is under construction, which should be completed in 2027. The region is crossed northwest to southeast by
4356-482: Was in contact with the Italic languages of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and Oscan ran through Frentania- Irpinia - Lucania -Apulia, the transboundary region between Daunians and Oscan-speaking Italic groups. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and
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