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88-492: Pisistratids is the common family or clan name for the three tyrants , who ruled in Athens from 546 to 510 BC, referring to Pisistratus and his two sons, Hipparchus and Hippias . Ancient Greek governments were typically monarchies in the 10th and 9th centuries BC. In the 7th and 6th centuries, political power began to be wielded by aristocratic families, who had accumulated wealth, land, and religious or political offices as

176-449: A Roman emperor, in 131 AD. Public rather than private patronage became the hallmark of a Pisistratus-ruled society, providing a steady source of construction jobs to those citizens in need and more affordable housing in the city centre. Consequently, more people were able to move to the city of Athens. To finance these public infrastructure projects as well as increasing the depth and variety of cultural and arts offerings, Pisistratus used

264-410: A base and supported by Eretrian cavalry, Pisistratus landed at Marathon on the northern side of Attica and advanced towards Athens, joined by some local sympathizers from Athens and the surrounding demes. The Athenians mustered a force in opposition and met Pisistratus' forces at Pallene . Providing some background details, Herodotus comments that just before the battle commences a seer gave Pisistratus

352-1717: A feast. Aphinagorus, fl. 530 BC Comas, fl. 530 BC Athenagoras , late 6th century BC Phanes Melancomas, around 500 BC Syrpax , until 334 BC (stoned) Hegesias, before 323 BC (assassinated) Melancomas II, fl. 214 BC Epidaurus [ edit ] Procles , 640 BC Eretria [ edit ] Themison , fl. 366 BC Plutarch , c. 355-350 BC (expelled) Hipparchus , c. 345 BC Automedon , c. 345 BC Cleitarchus , 345-341 BC (expelled) Gela [ edit ] Cleander , 505-498 BC (assassinated) Hippocrates , 498-491 BC Gelon , 491-485 BC Hieron I , 485-466 BC Polyzalus , fl. c. 476 BC Halicarnassus [ edit ] Artemisia I of Caria , fl. 480 BC Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus , fl. 469-444 BC Heraclea Pontica [ edit ] Clearchus , 365-353 BC (assassinated) Satyrus , 353-? BC Timotheus , 352-337 BC Dionysius , 337-305 BC Amastris , 305-284 BC (drowned by her sons) Oxyathres , 305-284 BC Clearchus , 305-284 BC Hermione [ edit ] Xenon , stepped down 229 BC Himera [ edit ] Terillus , early 5th century BC Keryneia [ edit ] Iseas , 275 BC (resigned) Lampsacus [ edit ] Hippoclus , c. 513 BC Aeantides , fl. 515-510 BC Astyanax , before 360 BC, assassinated Larissa [ edit ] Medius , fl. 395 BC Leontini [ edit ] Panaetius , c. 615/609 BC Aenesidemus , 498-491 BC Hicetas , c. 347-338 BC Heracleides , fl. 278 BC Lindos [ edit ] Cleobulus , 6th century BC Locri [ edit ] Dionysius

440-596: A focus on the growth and cultivation of olives, which were better suited to the Athenian climate, as a cash crop. Pisistratus reintroduced a focus on olive production and in conjunction, he allocated funds to help the peasants outside the city of Athens, who were a key constituent bloc of his party, the Hyperakrioi, to obtain land as well as purchase tools and farm equipment. The small farmer loans were funded in large part by an assessment or tax on agricultural production,

528-475: A guide. Upon the fall of the Pisistratid dynasty in 510 and the deposition of Hippias, Cleisthenes of Athens ultimately triumphs in a power struggle, dividing the Athenian citizens into ten new tribes, creating a Council of Five Hundred as a representative assembly, and ushering in the age of democratic government in the year 508/507. According to Pomeroy, the tyranny of Pisistratus and his sons functioned as

616-488: A much larger building (27m by 30m) could be built on site, with completion during the last few years of Pisistratus' reign or during the time of his sons' rule. Completely made of stone, the Telesterion had marble upper works, a Doric style portico, and tiles. The Greater Mysteries festival at Eleusis was an annual event held in the fall of each year, and was a Pan-Hellenic cult event for people both inside and outside of

704-524: A prophecy that the net has been cast and the tuna will swarm through. With the prophecy both welcomed and understood by Pisistratus, his troops advanced and attacked the Athenian forces who were resting after lunch, easily routing them. While the Athenians retreated and in order to prevent them from reforming their forces, Pisistratus directed his sons to ride after the routed Athenians and announce that they should return home, retaining no anxiety or fear from

792-544: A public building project campaign to improve the infrastructure and architecture of Athens, building new and upgrading old. His administration built roads and worked to improve the water supply of Athens. An aqueduct was connected to the Enneakrounos fountain at the edge of the agora and this marketplace was improved by revising the market lay-out in a more systematic way, improving both its effectiveness and use of space. Archaeologists have discovered agora markers from

880-404: A rare documented example of an Athenian direct tax, at a rate of ten percent according to Aristotle. A secondary source reports that the tax was closer to five percent. Consequently, providing loans and monies to the rural residents surrounding Athens allowed them to continue working in the fields and to perhaps have them be uninterested in the politics of the city-state. Pisistratus also initiated

968-420: A religious and civil nature, was well underway, even though Athens was still much less influential militarily and politically compared to Sparta, its future ally and rival of the upcoming 5th century BC. Per Aristotle, the tyranny during the time of Pisistratus was commonly thought of as "the age of gold". This reference to an age of gold harkened back to the mythological god Cronos ( Cronus ), who ruled during what

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1056-425: A short time to expel Pisistratus from power. Aristotle comments that Pisistratus was forced out during the year of the archonship of Hegesias, five years after he originally assumed his first tyranny in Athens. In this period (557–556 BC), one of the Athenian polemarchs was Charmus of Kolyttus , who had been eromenos of Pisistratus. Charmus was the first Athenian to dedicate an altar to Eros , god of love. He

1144-477: A social levelling mechanism, regardless of economic status, for those outside the Pisistratid faction and sympathizers. Hence, the democratic style of government that evolved to replace the overthrow of the Pisistratids was aided by the circumstances and outcomes of the outgoing tyranny. Upon the passing of Pisistratus, the coalescing of Athens and its city-state population into a tightly knit society, both of

1232-408: A travelling system of judges throughout the countryside to conduct trials on location and even the tyrant himself would occasionally accompany these groups for inspection purposes and conflict resolution. At one point, Pisistratus appeared before the court in his own defence, charged with murder, but the prosecution/accuser dropped the charges, being reluctant or afraid to move forward in the case. On

1320-473: A warrior and general would be viewed as heroic and furthermore, Pisistratus would be viewed in a similar manner as the Greek hero Odysseus , who was viewed as cunning and having a special relationship with Athena. It is debated to what extent this staged event impacted the return of many to his side. Krentz postulates that the story should be viewed in the context of a premeditated performance of Athena returning to

1408-650: Is different from Wikidata Sarah B. Pomeroy Sarah B. Pomeroy (born March 13, 1938) is an American Professor of Classics . Sarah Pomeroy was born in New York City in 1938. She attended the Birch Wathen School, taking Latin and ancient history among other subjects. She graduated high school at age 16, and began a degree course at Barnard College in Classics, taking courses at Columbia University alongside those at Barnard, due to

1496-700: The Acropolis . His attempt was unsuccessful and despite assurances to the contrary, Cylon and his supporters were allegedly killed by the Alcmaeonids, resulting in the Alcmaeonid curse. Related to Pisistratus through his mother, Solon was an Athenian statesman and lawmaker who, in the early 6th century BC, restructured the social class system of Athens as well as reformed the law code, originated by Draco . Among his many reforms, Solon eliminated debt slavery, which primarily impacted poor Athenians, who were in

1584-545: The Aegean and Mediterranean Sea regions. Pisistratus continued to expand this vital pottery trade, with the black-figure pottery being found in Ionia , Cyprus, and as far east as Syria, while to the west, Spain was the most distant market. The popularity of Athenian pottery was noteworthy in the fact that its numbers eventually began to surpass Corinthian pottery exports. As for the city of Athens itself, Pisistratus embarked on

1672-604: The Greek city-states developed. The most notable families could trace their lineage back to a legendary or mythological founder/king, such as Herakles or an ancestor who participated in the Trojan War , for example. In the 6th and 5th centuries BC, prominent aristocratic families of Athens were the Pisistratids, Philaids , and the Alcmaeonids . The Pisistratid clan traced their ancestry back to Neleus of Pylos , father of

1760-531: The Panathenaic festival , whose origins date from earlier in the 6th century and was celebrated to a large degree every four years, with scaled-down versions of the festival every year. Due to the expansion of the Panathenaic festival, Athena became the most revered goddess of Athens, in essence the patron god of the city-state, and the end of the festival would see a parade travelling to Athena's temple at

1848-543: The Strymon river region of northern Greece, and eventually settled in the vicinity of Mount Pangaeus or Pangaion, accumulating wealth from the gold and silver mines located nearby. Financed by the mining money, he hired mercenary soldiers and bolstered with the support of allies such as the Thebans and the affluent Lygdamis of the island Naxos , he looked southward for a return to power. In 546 BC, using Eretria as

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1936-693: The Thirty Tyrants 404-403 BC Lachares , 300-294 BC Aristion , 88-86 BC (executed) Byzantium [ edit ] Ariston , c. 513 BC, pro persian, participated in the Scythian campaign of Darius I Clearchus of Sparta , 411-409 BC, 404-401 BC Cardia [ edit ] Hecataeus , fl. 323 BC Camarina [ edit ] Psaumis of Camarina , fl. c. 460 BC Cassandreia [ edit ] Apollodorus , 279-276 BC (executed) Catane [ edit ] Euarchus , 729 BC-?, founder of Catane Deinomenes

2024-420: The deme or rural village of Paiania was selected to pose as the goddess Athena , by being dressed in full armour, riding in a chariot, and being counselled on how to portray the goddess. Heralds were sent ahead to announce that Athena herself was bringing Pisistratus back to her acropolis and that she exalted him above all other men. Word travelled fast to the people throughout the villages and even to those in

2112-512: The 6th century supporting such a claim. Aristocrats had previously owned their private wells and Pisistratus elected to construct fountain houses with public access to water. On the Acropolis, the temple of Athena was reconstructed as the 6th century progressed, and during Pisistratus' rule, the building of a very large temple dedicated to Zeus was initiated, stopped upon his death, resumed several centuries later, and finally completed by Hadrian ,

2200-568: The Acragantines. […] After him [i.e. Phalaris] Alcamenes seized the power, and after him, Alcander, a righteous man, governed. And they flourished to such an extent that they had himations fringed with purple”.) (DILTS 1971) ^ Diod.22.7.2, Polyaen.5.37.1 ^ Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 17.4 ^ Memnon of Heraclea , Chapter 9 ^ Pausanias,2.21.8 ^ Thucydides in Book II of his History of

2288-425: The Acropolis, featuring a robe for the deity made by young Athenian women. Recitations of Homeric poems and athletic competitions became part of the festivities and prizes were given to the winners. New festivals were inaugurated such as the greater and lesser Dionysia , which honoured Dionysus , the god of wine and pleasure, and vase paintings of that period highlighted drinking and exuberant celebratory scenes. At

2376-461: The Aegean region. Meanwhile, Verlag argues that the minting most likely started in the first decade of Pisistratus' third reign in power (546 to circa 535 BC), but the design was the so-called Wappenmünzen (heraldic coins) at first and then followed by a change to the owl currency version. The dating and placement of this change is uncertain, either late in the Pisistratid dynastic era or early in

2464-434: The Alcmaeonids still held the majority of the political offices in the Athens government as part of the price and negotiation process that Pisistratus had to pay in order to become tyrant, and consequently, Pisistratus perhaps only functioned as a figurehead during his first two times in power. During the three reigns of Pisistratus in the mid to latter part of the 6th century BC, Athens was beginning its transition to becoming

2552-1054: The American Council of Learned Societies, the Ford Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation , and the American Numismatic Society. In 2003, she gave the Josephine Earle Memorial Lecture at Hunter College. She has also been elected to the American Philosophical Society . Pomeroy's first book, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity

2640-541: The Attica region. Other minor local cults sprinkled throughout Attica were either relocated entirely or in part to the city of Athens. One of the major areas of focus for Pisistratus and his government was the economy , and building and expanding on what his predecessor, Solon, had originally started. Pisistratus, likewise, had a two pronged approach: improve and modify agricultural production as well as expand commerce . In terms of agriculture, Solon had previously initiated

2728-571: The Dionysia festival, prizes were granted for the singing of dithyrambs and by the year 534 BC approximately, tragedy plays were an annual competition occurrence. Control of the temple of Demeter , located in Eleusis and honouring the goddesses Demeter and Persephone , was also accomplished by Pisistratus and as a result, the floor plan of a great hall, the Telesterion , was redesigned so

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2816-1271: The Elder , 405-367 BC Dionysius II, the Younger , 367-357 BC Apollocrates , 357 BC Heracleides , 357 BC Dion , 357-354 BC Calippus , 354-352 BC Hipparinus , 352-351 BC Aretaeus, 352-350 BC Nysaeos , 350-346 BC Dionysius II, the Younger , (restored, 346-344 BC) Timoleon , 345-337 BC Agathocles , 320 BC (banished) Acestorides , 320-319 BC Agathocles , 317-289 BC Hicetas , 289-279 BC Thoenon , 279 BC, See Siege of Syracuse (278 BC) Sosistratus , 279-277 BC Hieron II , 275-215 BC Gelon II , c. 240-216 BC Hieronymus , 215-214 BC Adranodoros , 214-212 BC Hippocrates , 213-212 BC Epicydes , 213-212 BC Tarentum [ edit ] Aristophylidas , c. 516-492 BC Tarsus [ edit ] Lysias , before 67 BC Tauromenium [ edit ] Andromachus , fl. 344 BC Tyndarion , fl. 278 BC Thasos [ edit ] Symmachus , c. 520 BC Thebes [ edit ] Leontiades , 382-379 BC (killed) Archias , 382-379 BC (killed) Zeleia [ edit ] Nicagoras , 334 BC (conquered by Alexander

2904-589: The Elder , after 272 BC Aristomachos the Elder , before 250-240 BC (assassinated) Aristippus , 240-235 BC (killed in action) Aristomachus the Younger , 235-229 BC (resigned), 224-223 BC (tortured and executed) Assos & Atarneus [ edit ] Eubulus , before 351 BC Hermias , 351-342 BC Astacus [ edit ] Evarchus , c. 430-420 BC Athens [ edit ] Cylon , 632 BC (stoned) Pisistratus , 561 BC, 559-556 BC and 546-528 BC Hippias , 527-510 BC Theramenes , Critias , and Charicles leading members of

2992-1217: The Elder , fl. 648 BC, former Olympian winning in chariot race Myron the Younger ? Aristonymus, father of Cleisthenes Isodemus Cleisthenes , 600-560 BC Aeschines , 560-556 BC removed by the Spartans Euphron , 368-366 BC (assassinated) Aristratus , fl. c. 340 BC Epichares (?), fl. c. 330 BC Cratesipolis , 314-308 BC (bribed) Cleon , c. 300-280 BC (assassinated) Euthydemus , c. 280-270 BC (expelled) Timocleidas , c. 280-270 BC (expelled) Abantidas , 264-252 BC (assassinated) Paseas , 252-251 BC (assassinated) Nicocles , 251 BC (expelled by Aratus of Sicyon ) Sigeum [ edit ] Hegesistratus , fl. 510 BC Sinope [ edit ] Timesilaus , before 433 BC Scydrothemis , 301-280 BC Sparta [ edit ] Machanidas , 210-207 BC (killed in action) Nabis , 207-192 BC (assassinated by allies) Chaeron , 180 BC Sybaris [ edit ] Telys , c. 510 BC Syracuse [ edit ] Gelon , 491-478 BC Hieron I , 478-466 BC Thrasybulus , 466-465 BC (expelled, democracy restored) Dionysius

3080-448: The Elder, 7th century BC, brother-in-law to king Gyges Miletus, grandson of Melas, son-in-law of king Ardys Pythagoras, son of Miletus, 6th century BC Melas the Younger, son of Pythagoras, son-in-law of king Alyattes Pindarus, son of Melas, around 560 BC, overthrown by his cousin king Croesus Aristarchus, sent from Athens, around 545-540, to rule instead of Melas III Pasicles , 540-530 BC, killed when returning from

3168-896: The Great ) References [ edit ] ^ Herodotus, Histories, 4.138 ^ Aeneas Tacticus , 28.6–7 ,"Ἰφιάδης εἶναι Ἀβυδηνὸς κατὰ Ἑλλήσποντον καταλαμβάνων Πάριον ἄλλα τε περὶ τὴν ἀνάβασιν νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους λάθρᾳ παρεσκευάσατο​207 καὶ ἁμάξας πληρώσας φρυγάνων καὶ βάτων παρέπεμψεν πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος, ἤδη τῶν πυλῶν κεκλεισμένων, ὡς τῶν Παριανῶν οὔσας τὰς ἁμάξας, αἵτινες​208 ἐλθοῦσαι πρὸς τὰς πύλας ηὐλίζοντο, ὡς φοβούμεναι πολεμίους. 7 ἃς ἔδει ἐν καιρῷ τινι ὑφαφθῆναι, ἵνα αἱ πύλαι ἐμπρησθῶσι καὶ πρὸς τὸ σβεννύειν τῶν Παριανῶν ὁρμησάντων αὐτὸς κατὰ ἄλλον τόπον εἰσέλθῃ." ^ Heraclides Lembus, Excerpta Politiarum, 69."Ἀκραγαντίνων: […] μεθ’ ὃν Ἀλκαμένης παρέλαβε τὰ πράγματα, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Ἄλκανδρος προέστη, ἀνὴρ ἐπιεικής. καὶ εὐθένησαν οὕτως ὡς περιπόρφυρα ἔχειν ἱμάτια." (Constitution of

3256-419: The Greek populace would judge a tyrant's reign, good or bad, in regards to his actions and behaviour. Some tyrannies were short-lived while others, like Pisistratus' rule, could last quite long, even decades, if perceived to be a good tyranny and accepted by the people. By definition, tyrants obtained their ruling position by force or other unconstitutional means, and they did not inherit this authoritarian role in

3344-528: The Homeric hero Nestor , who fought in the Trojan War. The second clan, the Alcmaeonids, came to prominence in the 6th century BC during the lifetime of their namesake Alcmaeon and whose son, Megacles , both opposed and supported Pisistratus at various points in his reign. Due to the infighting between aristocratic families and the inability to maintain order, a tyrant was well-positioned to capitalise on

3432-658: The Mamertine , c. 269 BC  ( POW ) Messene [ edit ] Phyliades , before 336 BC (?) Methymnae [ edit ] Aristonicus , before 332 BC (tortured and executed) Miletus [ edit ] Amphitres, late 8th or 7th century BC Thrasybulus , 7th century BC Thoas , 6th century BC Damasanor , 6th century BC Histiaeus , 518-514 BC Aristagoras , c. 513-499 BC (reintroduced democracy) Timarchus , 3rd century BC Mytilene [ edit ] Melandrus , late 7th century BC Myrsilus , late 7th century BC, ( Alcaeus

3520-608: The Olympic Games in either 608 or 604, and during a sacrifice to the gods, the meat was said to have been boiled without a fire, as witnessed by Chilon the Lacedaemonian . As a result of this sign, Chilon recommended that Hippocrates send away his wife, if she could bear children, and if he had a son, to disown him. Hippocrates did not follow Chilon's advice, and later, he had a son named Pisistratus. Originally, Pisistratus became known as an Athenian general who captured

3608-7243: The Peloponnesian War ^ Hecataetus entry ^ Thucydides ^ Plutarch, Solon, 14.4 ^ Strabo, 13.4 ^ Aristophanes , Politica. v. 12. 1315 b 26; Nicolaus Damascenus , fr. 60, Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum iii. 393 ^ "Great Online Encyclopaedia of Constantinople" . constantinople.ehw.gr . Retrieved 2024-09-26 . ^ Plutarch, Greek Questions 57 ^ Herodotus 8.85, Herodotus,9.90 ^ Pausanias, 6.19.1 ^ Frontinus’ “Strategemata”. ^ Herodotus, 5.94 ^ Plutarch, Pericles, 20 ^ Herodotus, 3.136.2 ^ Deipnosophistae , book 5,215 ^ Polyaenus: Stratagems, Book 2,1.27 ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, §7.288 v t e Ancient Greece Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean Greece Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Crete Cyrenaica Cyprus Doris Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Peloponnesus Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Ephesus Miletus Pergamon Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Thebes Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Lissus (Crete) Kingdoms Bithynia Cappadocia Epirus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Macedonia Pergamon Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Federations / Confederations Doric Hexapolis ( c.  1100  – c.  560 BC ) Italiote League ( c.  800 –389 BC) Ionian League (c. 650–404 BC) Peloponnesian League ( c.  550 –366 BC) Amphictyonic League ( c.  595 –279 BC) Acarnanian League (c. 500–31 BC) Hellenic League (499–449 BC) Delian League (478–404 BC) Chalcidian League (430–348 BC) Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC) Aetolian League (c. 400–188 BC) Second Athenian League (378–355 BC) Thessalian League (374–196 BC) Arcadian League (370–c. 230 BC) Epirote League (370–168 BC) League of Corinth (338–322 BC) Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) Achaean League (280–146 BC) Politics Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Military of Mycenaean Greece Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Strategos Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid dynasty Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Artists & scholars Astronomers Geographers Historians Mathematicians Philosophers Playwrights Poets Seven Sages Writers Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Athenian statesmen Lawgivers Olympic victors Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Emporium Euergetism Festivals Folklore Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dion Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia Language Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Epirote Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Greek colonisation Magna Graecia Mainland Italy Alision Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metauros Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on

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3696-3421: The Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Sicily Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Aeolian Islands Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara/Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Cyrenaica Balagrae Barca Berenice Cyrene ( Apollonia ) Ptolemais Iberian Peninsula Akra Leuke Alonis Emporion Helike Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Mainake Menestheus's Limin Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus Rhode Salauris Zacynthos Illyria Aspalathos Apollonia Aulon Epidamnos Epidauros Issa Melaina Korkyra Nymphaion Orikon Pharos Tragurion Thronion Black Sea basin North coast Akra Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Gorgippia Hermonassa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Pantikapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake South coast Abonoteichos Amisos Anchialos Apollonia Athina Bathus Dionysopolis Cotyora Cytorus Eupatoria Heraclea Kerasous Mesambria Odessos Oinòe Phasis Polemonion Rhizos Salmydessus Sesamus Sinope Thèrmae Tium Trapezous Tripolis Zaliche Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Portal [REDACTED] Outline Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants&oldid=1253689813 " Categories : Ancient Greek tyrants Lists of ancient Greek people Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

3784-644: The Younger , 356-346 BC Megalopolis [ edit ] Aristodemus the Good , c. 262-252 BC (assassinated by the "philosopher tyrannicides" Ecdemus and Damophanes ) Lydiadas , c. 245-235 BC (joined the Achaean League ) Megara [ edit ] Theagenes , c. 620-600 BC Messana [ edit ] Scythes , c. 494 BC Cadmus , c. 494-490 BC Anaxilas , c. 490-476 BC Micythus , c. 476-467 BC (retired) Leophron , c. 467-461 BC (popular revolt) Hippon , c. 338 BC Cios

3872-712: The Younger , before 352 BC (expelled) Calippus , 352/351 BC (assassinated) Leptines II , after 351 BC Decius Vibellius , 280-270 BC (conquered) Samos [ edit ] Demoteles , 7th century BC Syloson , c. 538 BC Polycrates , c. 538-522 BC Maiandrius , c. 522 BC (reintroduced democracy) Charilaus , c. 522 BC Syloson , again c. 521 BC Aeaces , around 513 BC, reinstalled after 494 BC Theomestor , after 480 BC Duris , c. 280 BC Selinus [ edit ] Theron, 6th/5th century BC Pythagoras, 6th/5th century BC Euryleon of Sparta , 6th/5th century BC (killed) Sicyon [ edit ] Orthagoras , from 676 BC Myron

3960-1988: The Younger , fl. 470-465 BC Mamercus of Catane , 345-338 BC Chalcis (Euboea) [ edit ] Tynnondas , c. 580 BC Antileon , 6th century BC Mnesarchus , before 354 BC Callias , c. 354-350 BC, c. 343-330 BC Taurosthenes , c. 330 BC Chersonese [ edit ] Miltiades the Elder , 555-519 BC Stesagoras , 519-516 BC (assassinated) Miltiades , 516-510 BC, 496-492 BC Chios [ edit ] Strattis , fl. 513-480 BC Cibyra [ edit ] Moagetes , fl. 190 BC Corcyra [ edit ] Lycophron (?), before 587 BC Cleonymus , 303/02 BC Corinth [ edit ] Cypselus , 657-627 BC Periander , 627-587 BC Psammetich (Psammetichus, named after Psamtik I ), 587-584 BC Timophanes , 364 BC (assassinated) Alexander , 253-247 BC (poisoned?) Nicaea , 247-245 BC (married) Cos [ edit ] Scythes , late 6th century BC Cadmus , resigned 494 BC Nicias of Cos , 1st century BC Nicippus , 1st century (with Nicias) Croton [ edit ] Cylonius , c. 530 BC Cleinias , c. 504-495 BC Menedemus , until 295 BC (conquered and   † ) Cumae [ edit ] Aristodemus , c. 505-490 BC Cyme [ edit ] Aristagoras , fl. 513-493 BC Cyprus [ edit ] Nicocreon , 4th century BC Cyrene [ edit ] Ophellas , 312-308 BC Lycopus , c. 163 BC Nicocrates , c. 51 BC (assassinated) Leander , c. 50 BC (arrested) Cyzicus [ edit ] Aristagoras , c. 513 BC Dardanos [ edit ] Mania , killed by her son-in-law c. 399 BC Elatea [ edit ] Mnason , 4th century BC Elea [ edit ] Demylus , 5th century BC Nearchus , c. 430 BC Elis [ edit ] Aristotimus , 272 BC (assassinated) Ephesus [ edit ] Melas

4048-520: The ability to collect their debts. Names of the competing factions differ according to the accessed source, with some references offering details on each group's composition while others do not: Sarah B. Pomeroy and her fellow three authors state the three factions of Athens are as follows: Herodotus provides the following information about the three groups: His role in the Megarian conflict gained Pisistratus popularity in Athens, but he did not have

4136-513: The book as being part of her teaching the "first course in America on women in antiquity." Her other works include Xenophon, Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary (1994), Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece: Representations and Realities (1998), Spartan Women (2002), and, with Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, the textbooks Ancient Greece:

4224-545: The capture of their children, Hippias and the other Pisistratids were forced to accept the terms dictated by the Athenians to recover their children and were exiled, being provided safe passage to Sigeion. The surviving Pisistratid ruler, Hippias, eventually joined the court of King Darius of Persia , and went on to aid the Persians in their attack on Marathon (490 BC) during the Greco-Persian Wars , acting as

4312-422: The city believing that Phye was the goddess Athena and consequently, Pisistratus was welcomed back by the awestruck Athenians. How much of this story is based in facts versus an oral fabrication or exaggeration passed down to Herodotus is not entirely known. Lavelle writes that this story provides a Homer-type mythological tie-in to the connection between the gods and Greek heroes where Pisistratus' prior resume as

4400-475: The commerce side, Athenian or Attic pottery was a key export, with small numbers of pottery beginning to arrive in the Black Sea , Italian, and French regions (the modern-day names for these regions) in the 7th century. Under Solon, beginning in the early part of the 6th century, these black-figure pottery commodities began to be exported in ever increasing numbers and distance from Athens, arriving throughout

4488-428: The constitution and law. Forsdyke chronicles the certain usage of Greek words by Herodotus in his Histories in reference to Pisistratus' tyranny and advocates that a society ruled by a tyrant has weak citizens while a democratic society has strong and free people. Pisistratus died in 527 or 528 BC, and his eldest son, Hippias , succeeded him as tyrant of Athens. Hippias, along with his brother, Hipparchus, kept many of

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4576-519: The daughter of Megacles, and would not have intercourse with her in the traditional manner. Apparently, Pisistratus was unwilling to compromise the political futures of his sons, Hipparchus and Hippias . Furious, Megacles broke off this short-lived alliance with Pisistratus and drove him into exile for a second time, with the help of Pisistratus' enemies. During the length of his exile lasting approximately ten years, Pisistratus relocated to Rhaicelus or Rhaecelus, notable for its good agricultural base, in

4664-435: The democratic era of Athens. In conjunction with the burgeoning Athenian commerce, Pisistratus conducted a foreign policy, especially in the central Aegean Sea, with the intent of building alliances with friendly leaders. On the island of Naxos, the wealthy Lygdamis , who assisted Pisistratus in his triumphant return from his second exile, was installed as ruler and tyrant, and Lygdamis, in turn, placed Polycrates as ruler of

4752-623: The development of three distinct political factions competing for control of Athens and its government. According to Aristotle, these groups were partitioned in both a geographic (as documented below) and economic sense. The first two factions, based on the plains and the coast, appeared to exist prior to the formation of the third faction. The third group, referred to as men of the Highlands (or Hill), had various motives to align with Pisistratus, including those men in poverty, recent immigrants who feared loss of citizenship, and lenders who were denied

4840-606: The discontent of the poor and disenfranchised to make a bid for power. In the age of antiquity and especially in the Archaic Age of Greece, a tyrant was not viewed in the modern sense of the definition, but rather, a ruler who obtained power unconstitutionally, usually through the use of force, or inherited such power. In the first documented instance of Athenian tyranny, Herodotus notes the story of Cylon , an ancient Olympic Games champion, who gathered supporters, in either 636 or 632 BC, in an attempt to seize power by occupying

4928-408: The existing laws and taxed the Athenians at no more than five percent of their income. In 514 BC, a plot to kill both Hippias and Hipparchus was conceived by two lovers, Harmodius and Aristogeiton , after Hipparchus had unsuccessfully solicited the younger Harmodius and subsequently insulted his sister. However, Hipparchus was the only one assassinated, and per Thucydides , was mistakenly identified as

5016-453: The first published lease of an olive grove from Karanis in Egypt. Pomeroy moved to The University of Texas at Austin in order to take up her first job in 1961, where she worked until 1962. In 1964, she took a post as a lecturer at Hunter College , where she remained until 1965. She worked at Brooklyn College from 1967 to 1968, before returning to Hunter in 1968, where she remained for

5104-1265: The 💕 This is a list of tyrants from Ancient Greece . Abydus [ edit ] Daphnis , c. 500 BC under Darius I (pro persian) Philiscus , c. 368-360 BC (assassinated) Iphiades , 360-? BC Agrigentum (Acragas) [ edit ] Phalaris , 570-554 BC (overthrown and roasted) Telemachus , after 554 BC Alcamenes , 6th/5th century BC Alcandros (Alcander), 6th/5th century BC Theron , 488-472 BC Thrasydaeus , 472 BC (expelled and executed) Phintias , c. 288-279 BC Sosistratus , 279-277 BC. Later tyrant in Syracuse Alabanda [ edit ] Aridolis , 480 BC  ( POW ) Amyntas , after 480 BC Ambracia [ edit ] Gorgus, son of Cypselus , fl. 628-600 BC Periander , until 580 BC, son of Gorgus and grandson of Periander of Corinth Archinus , 6th century BC Amastris [ edit ] Amastris , until 284 BC Eumenes , 284 until c. 270 BC (hands city over to Kingdom of Pontus ) Argos [ edit ] Laphaes , 6th century BC Pheidon , around 550 BC Perilaus , c. 546 BC Archinus , c. 395 BC Aristippus

5192-437: The importance of the mines. Regarding the minting of silver coins, evidence of this production started to appear in the early 6th century in various Greek city-states. Pomeroy contends that the first stamping of coins, imprinted with the image of an owl, was initiated by either Pisistratus or his sons. This owl depiction symbolised the goddess of wisdom, Athena, and these coins quickly became the most widely recognized currency in

5280-564: The island Samos. Pisistratus re-assumed control of the port city Sigeion or Sigeum, on the coast of western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey ), placing one of his sons in charge of the government. In addition, Pisistratus was able to establish an Athenian presence in the Thracian Chersonese, now known as the Gallipoli peninsula located in modern-day Turkey, by dispatching Miltiades to rule as tyrant. The Hellespont waterway

5368-468: The island of Naxos, and exiled both Alcmaeonids as well as other Athenian dissenters (whether by freely chosen exile or by force is unclear). Pomeroy reaffirms Herodotus' commentary regarding Pisistratus' third turn in power, adding that Pisistratus installed relatives and friends in the offices of various archonships and detained the children of some Athenians as hostages to deter future uprisings and discourage opposition. Some of these actions would contradict

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5456-452: The largest and most dominant of the cities on the Attic peninsula. Starr states that Athens was coalescing into the framework of a city, rather than a loose affiliation of neighbouring villages. Perhaps next in importance was Piraeus , the main port city of Attica, just 5 miles southwest of Athens, and this port location was key to granting Athens easy access to maritime trade opportunities and

5544-461: The majority, giving the demos — the common people of the city-state — collectively a concession to ease their suffering and possibly preventing a civil war. Pisistratus' later rise to power would draw on support from many of the poor people composing this constituency. Pisistratus was a native of the deme of Philaidae near Brauron in eastern Attica. Not much is known about the early years of Pisistratus' life, but his father, Hippocrates , attended

5632-457: The man from paying his taxes. Aristotle also comments that Pisistratus' government functioned more in a constitutional manner and less like a tyranny. Rosivach writes that the Pisistratid dynasty did not fundamentally change the government as originally created by Solon; instead, they maintained power by installing allies in important governmental positions, threatening force as needed, and using marriage alliances, all being tactics residing outside

5720-488: The manner of a king or via monarchical succession. However, once in power, many tyrants attempted to pass the mantle of leadership to their sons, as did Pisistratus. Usually, a tyrant would come from the ranks of fellow aristocrats, but would frequently rally the poor and powerless to their cause in a bid to obtain power, exemplified by Pisistratus when he formed the Hyperakrioi faction. To ease their transition into power and encourage societal security, tyrants could elect to keep

5808-415: The ocean waterways. Other notable cities in Attica include Marathon and Eleusis . With an emphasis on promoting the city of Athens as a cultural centre and enhancing his prestige, Pisistratus instituted a number of actions to show his support for the gods and patronage of the arts. A permanent copying of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey was commissioned by Pisistratus and he also increased the visibility of

5896-404: The people of Athens selected some of their men to function as a bodyguard, armed with clubs rather than spears, for him. Previously, he had assumed control of the Hyperakrioi, which was not an aristocratic group like the other two Athens factions, by promoting his democratic program and securing a mutual agreement with the members or demos of the faction. By obtaining support from this vast number of

5984-612: The perception that Pisistratus ruled justly and followed the law. Aristotle seconds the initial remarks of Herodotus by characterising Pisistratus' reign as moderate and mild, describing the ruler as having a pleasant and tender disposition. As an illustration, Aristotle relates the case of a member of Pisistratus' entourage encountering a man tilling a stony plot of land and asking what the yield of this land was. The anonymous man responded that he received physical soreness and aches while Pisistratus received one-tenth of this yield. Due to his honesty, or perhaps his cleverness, Pisistratus exempted

6072-437: The political clout to seize power. Around the year 561 BC, Herodotus writes how Pisistratus intentionally wounded himself and his mules, asking the Athenian people to provide bodyguards for protection and reminding them of his prior accomplishments, including the port capture of Nisaea. Pisistratus had driven his chariot into the agora or marketplace of Athens, claiming he had been wounded by his enemies outside of town, and thus,

6160-446: The poorer population and receiving the protection of bodyguards, he was able to overrun and seize the Acropolis as well as grasp the reins of the government. The Athenians were open to a tyranny similar to that under Solon, who previously had been offered the tyranny of Athens but declined, and in the early part of the Archaic Age, the rivalries among the aristocratic clans was fierce, making a single-ruler tyranny an attractive option, with

6248-428: The port of Nisaea (or Nisaia) in the nearby city-state of Megara in approximately 565 BC. This victory opened up the unofficial trade blockage that had been contributing to food shortages in Athens during the previous several decades. In the subsequent years after Solon and his departure from Athens, Aristotle reports that the city of Athens was still very divided and in turmoil, with many secondary sources noting

6336-481: The promise of possible stability and internal peace, and Pisistratus' ruse won him further prominence. With the Acropolis in his possession and with the support of his bodyguard, he declared himself tyrant. Pisistratus assumed and held power for three different periods of time, ousted from political office and exiled twice during his reign, before taking command of Athens for the third, final, and longest period of time from 546–528 BC. His first foray into power started in

6424-736: The recipient of multiple distinguished fellowships and awards over the course of her career. She held a Ford Foundation Fellowship , was recognised in the “Salute to Scholars” reception by the City University of New York in 1981–1982, and won the City University President's Award in Scholarship in 1995. She was elected Guggenheim Fellow at the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1998, and has received grants from

6512-592: The rest of her career. She also began working as a faculty member in Classics at the Graduate School at City University of New York in 1978, and later was also appointed to the Program in History . She was named a Distinguished Professor of Hunter College in 1996, and in 2003, she was awarded the title of Professor Emerita of Classics and History of Hunter College and The Graduate Center. Pomeroy has been

6600-421: The revenue streams generated from the mining at Mount Pangaeus in northern Greece and the silver mines located closer to home at Laurion , owned by the state, in Attica. However, despite evidence of silver coinage , R. J. Hopper writes that silver was indeed produced during this time, but the amount is unclear for the years prior to 484 or 483 BC and it is possible that historians and researchers have overestimated

6688-509: The second instalment of the Divine Comedy , references Pisistratus as responding in a gentle way when interacting with an admirer of his daughter. According to Suda , the bodyguards of Pisistratus were called "wolf-feet" ( Λυκόποδες ), because they always had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbite; alternatively, because they had a wolf symbol on their shields. List of ancient Greek tyrants From Misplaced Pages,

6776-471: The situation at hand. With those instructions, the Athenians complied and Pisistratus was able to return to rule Athens for a third time as tyrant, with his reign lasting from 546 BC till his death in 528 or 527 BC. Analysis of secondary sources regarding both the length, as mentioned previously, and the accomplishments of Pisistratus' first two tyrannies are conflicting and very sparse in details, respectively. For instance, Lavelle hypothesises that Megacles and

6864-514: The small size of the Barnard department at the time. Pomeroy graduated in 1957, at the age of nineteen, and began a course of graduate study at Columbia, under the supervision of Eve Harrison and Otto Brendel . During her graduate study, she worked on papyrology with John Day, and from 1962 to 1963, she also undertook a course of study in Roman Law at Columbia. Her PhD dissertation studied

6952-699: The status quo for government institutions and laws, and even legacy officeholders, rather than purge them. In Herodotus' view as documented in the Histories , after assuming power for the first time, Pisistratus managed the city of Athens even-handedly and fairly, maintaining the government and political office structure as is with no changes to existing laws. However, after reassuming control in 546 BC for his third stint as head of state, Herodotus says that he firmly established his tyranny with his mercenary force, increased his revenues from mining sources in Attica and Mount Pangaeus, placed opponents' children as hostages on

7040-403: The support of 500 mercenaries, in a tactic similar to that of Pisistratus, and married a Thracian princess. As opposed to the modern definition of a tyrant , a one-person leader whose ruling attributes are often considered to be violent and oppressive, the usage of the term tyrant during the Archaic Age of Greece did not automatically imply dictatorial or harsh actions by that individual. Rather,

7128-525: The supreme tyrant due to being the victim. However, Hippias was the actual leader of Athens, remaining in power for another four years. During this time, Hippias became more paranoid and oppressive in his actions, killing many of the Athenian citizens. The Alcmaeonid family helped depose the tyranny by bribing the Delphic oracle to tell the Spartans to liberate Athens , which they did in 510 BC. Following

7216-468: The temple dedicated to her. While some argue that the general public believed he had won the favour of the goddess, others instead put forward the idea that the public were aware that he was using the chariot ride as a political manoeuvre, drawing comparisons between himself and the ancient kings of Athens. Soon after, Herodotus reports that Pisistratus, who had been previously married and had two grown sons, did not want to have any children with his new wife,

7304-570: The year 561 and lasted about five years. His first ouster from office was circa 556/555 BC after the other two factions, the Plains people led by Lycurgus and the Coastal people led by Megacles, normally at odds with each other, joined forces and removed him from power. Different sources provide conflicting or unspecified time intervals for the periods of Pisistratus' reign. For example, Herodotus writes that Megacles' and Lycurgus' followers combined after

7392-649: Was a narrow strait of water between the Thracian Chersonese and Anatolia, and the Thracian peninsula was a key location along travel routes between Asia Minor and the European continent. Herodotus reports in the Histories that Miltiades was sent over to take control of the Chersonese at a later time in the 6th century, in the year 516, by the sons of Pisistratus. In the process of assuming power, Miltiades procured

7480-1651: Was against him) Pittacus , fl. 600 BC (resigned after ten years) Coes , c. 507-499 BC (stoned) Naxos [ edit ] Lygdamis , until c. 512 BC Aristagoras , c. 502-499 BC Orchomenus [ edit ] Aristomelidas, Archaic period (?) Nearchus , 234 BC (resigned) Oreus [ edit ] Philistides , c. 341 BC (expelled) Menippus , c. 341 BC (expelled) Parium [ edit ] Herophantus , c. 513 BC Pellene [ edit ] Chaeron , after 336 BC Pharsalus [ edit ] Sisyphus , fl. 395 BC Polydamas , until 370 BC Pherae [ edit ] Lycophron Jason , before 370 BC (assassinated) Polydorus , 370 BC (assassinated) Polyphron , 370-369 BC (assassinated) Alexander , 369-358 BC (assassinated) Tisiphonus , 357-355/4 BC Lycophron II , 355-352 BC (resigned) Peitholaus , 355-352 and 349 BC (resigned, expelled) Phlius [ edit ] Leo , c. 540 BC Cleonymus , before 229 BC (resigned) Phocaea [ edit ] Laodamas , c. 513 BC Phocis [ edit ] Aulis , fl. c. 520 BC Phayllus , fl. 352 BC Pisa [ edit ] Damophon , before 7th century BC (?) Pantaleon , fl. 660-644 BC Damophon , fl. 588 BC Pyrrhus , 6th century BC Priene [ edit ] Hieron of Priene , 300-297 BC Proconnesus [ edit ] Metrodorus , c. 513 BC Rhegium [ edit ] Anaxilas , 494-476 BC Micythus , c. 476-467 BC (retired) Leophron , c. 467-461 BC (popular revolt) Dionysius

7568-583: Was called the Golden Age. During the era of Athenian democracy, the development of ostracism , the expelling of a citizen for up to ten years, as a governmental management tool arose in reaction to the tyranny of the Pisistratids, and was envisioned, in part, as a defence against potential tyrants or individuals who amassed too much power or influence. The poet Dante in Canto XV of the Purgatorio ,

7656-562: Was exiled for three to six years during which the agreement between the Pedieis (Plains) and the Paralioi (Coast) fell apart. Soon after, in the year 556 BC or so, Megacles invited Pisistratus back for a return to power upon the condition Pisistratus marry Megacles' daughter, Coesyra. According to Herodotus, the two men concocted a creative method to rally the people of Athens back to Pisistratus' side. A tall, almost six foot woman, Phye , from

7744-453: Was published in 1975 and is one of the first English works on women's history in any period. Its lasting influence led to its reissue in 1994, and it has been described by an editor at Random House as "one of the five paradigm-changing books of the 20th century." The work has been translated into German, Italian and Spanish. It has since been used as a textbook in many university-level courses on gender studies, and Pomeroy herself describes

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