79-466: Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki ( Polish: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi] ; 23 November 1933 – 29 March 2020) was a Polish composer and conductor. His best-known works include Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima , Symphony No. 3 , his St Luke Passion , Polish Requiem , Anaklasis and Utrenja . His oeuvre includes five operas, eight symphonies and other orchestral pieces,
158-649: A legal deposit library, comparable to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford or Cambridge University Library or Trinity College Library in Dublin , and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During
237-617: A daughter Beata with pianist Barbara Penderecka ( née Graca), whom he married in 1954; they later divorced. He then had a son, Łukasz (b. 1966), and daughter, Dominika (b. 1971), with his second wife, Elżbieta Penderecka ( née Solecka), whom he married on 19 December 1965. He lived in the Kraków suburb of Wola Justowska . He was also a keen gardener, and established a 16-hectare arboretum near his manor house in Lusławice . Penderecki died at his home in Kraków, Poland, on 29 March 2020, after
316-859: A long illness. He was buried at the National Pantheon in Kraków on 29 March 2022. In 1979, a bronze bust by artist Marian Konieczny honouring Penderecki was unveiled in The Gallery of Composers' Portraits at the Pomeranian Philharmonic in Bydgoszcz . His monument is located on the Celebrity Alley at the Scout Square ( Skwer Harcerski ) in Kielce . The Led Zeppelin guitarist and founding member Jimmy Page
395-531: A major centre for education in the independent Republic of Poland , the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the Jagiellonian Library . The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931,
474-627: A number of additional institutes: Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics: The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects. As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units. In 1851,
553-467: A piece of twenty minutes for 3 soloists (soprano, tenor, bass), mixed choir and orchestra. The Los Angeles Philharmonic premiered the piece on 24 October 1970 with Zubin Mehta as conductor and Robert Nagy as tenor. The piece uses texts from ancient writers Sophocles and Ovid in addition to contemporary statements from Soviet and American astronauts to musically explore the idea of the cosmos . In
632-523: A return to tradition'. Penderecki wrote relatively little chamber music. However, compositions for smaller ensembles range in date from the start of his career to the end, reflecting the changes his style of writing has undergone. In 1975 the Lyric Opera of Chicago asked him to write a work to commemorate the US Bicentennial in 1976; this became the opera Paradise Lost Owing to delays to
711-686: A significant number of medieval and Renaissance art pieces and manuscripts, including the landmark De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by the university alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus . In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski , Pope John Paul II , and Andrzej Duda ; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz ; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski , Stanisław Lem , and Krzysztof Penderecki ; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj , Bronisław Malinowski , Carl Menger , Leo Sternbach , and Norman Davies . Four Nobel laureates have been affiliated with
790-485: A similar style to other pieces in the late 1950s in its use of sound masses, dramatically juxtaposed with traditional means although the use of standard techniques or idioms is often disguised or distorted. Indeed, the Canon brings to mind the choral tradition and indeed the composer has the players sing, albeit with the performance indication of bocca chiusa (with closed mouth) at various points; nevertheless, Penderecki uses
869-591: A simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the Studium Generale . Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house
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#1732772712751948-609: A variety of instrumental concertos, choral settings of mainly religious texts, as well as chamber and instrumental works. Born in Dębica , Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków . After graduating from the academy, he became a teacher there and began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and
1027-665: A work for strings, 48 Responses to Polymorphia , which Penderecki conducted in various performances throughout Europe. Penderecki credited Greenwood for introducing his music to a new generation. Penderecki's compositions include operas, symphonies, choral works, as well as chamber and instrumental music. Krzysztof Penderecki composed between 1959 and 1968 original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children. Some of Penderecki's music has been adapted for film soundtracks. The Exorcist (1973) features his String Quartet and Kanon For Orchestra and Tape ; fragments of
1106-575: Is a public research university in Kraków, Poland . Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great , it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world . The university grounds contain the Kraków Old Town , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to
1185-564: Is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent. After the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars , Kraków became a free city under the protection of the Austrian Empire ; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the Kraków Uprising , the city and its university became part of the Austrian Empire . The Austrians were in many ways hostile to
1264-698: The Charles University in Prague . By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; Hebrew was also taught. At this time, the Collegium Maius consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: Aristotle , Socrates , Plato , Galen , Ptolemy , and Pythagoras . Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings,
1343-538: The Collegium Iuridicum and Collegium Minus , survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance , between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the Jagiellonian Library were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to
1422-421: The Collegium Maius . The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks. As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such,
1501-770: The Jagiellonian Library ( Biblioteka Jagiellońska ), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5 million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system. It is home to a world-renowned collection of medieval manuscripts, which includes Copernicus' De Revolutionibus , the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka . The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called drugi obieg or samizdat ) from Poland's period of Communist rule between 1945 and 1989. The beginning of
1580-604: The Polish Requiem . In 2010, he worked on an opera based on Phèdre by Racine for 2014, which was never realized, and expressed his wish to write a 9th symphony. In 2014, he was engaged in the creation of a choral work to coincide with the Armenian genocide centennial. In 2018, he conducted Credo in Kyiv at the 29th Kyiv Music Fest , marking the centenary of Polish independence. Penderecki had three children, firstly
1659-707: The Prix Italia in 1967 and 1968; the Wihuri Sibelius Prize of 1983; four Grammy Awards in 1987, 1998 (twice), and 2017; the Wolf Prize in Arts in 1987; and the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition in 1992. In 2012, Sean Michaels of The Guardian called him "arguably Poland's greatest living composer". In 2020 the composer's Alma Mater, the Academy of Music in Kraków,
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#17327727127511738-582: The Second World War , library workers cooperated with underground universities . Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised. In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library ( Biblioteka Medyczna ) and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by
1817-497: The Studium Generale began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz. After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by Jadwiga , king of Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great . The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband Władysław II Jagiełło decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it
1896-1047: The University of Cambridge , University of Melbourne , University of Chicago , University of California, Los Angeles , London School of Economics , University of Rochester , University of California, Irvine , Case Western Reserve University . In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the Sorbonne , University of Montpellier . UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with Heidelberg University , Germany's oldest university. The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz . Other cooperation agreements exist with Charles University Prague , University of Vienna , University of Tokyo , Saint Petersburg State University , Technical University of Munich , and Free University of Berlin . The university's main library,
1975-526: The 52 'voices' of the string orchestra to play in massed glissandi and harmonics at times – this is then recorded by one of the tapes for playback later on in the piece. It was performed at the Warsaw Autumn Festival in 1962 and caused a riot although curiously the rioters were young music students and not older concertgoers. At the same time, he started composing music for theater and film. The first theater performance with Penderecki's music
2054-439: The Academy of Music in Kraków in 1958, Penderecki took up a teaching post at the academy. His early works show the influence of Anton Webern and Pierre Boulez (Penderecki was also influenced by Igor Stravinsky ). Penderecki's international recognition began in 1959 at the Warsaw Autumn with the premieres of the works Strophen , Psalms of David , and Emanations , but the piece that truly brought him to international attention
2133-592: The Académie Nationale des Sciences, Belles-lettres et Arts in Bordeaux. In 2009, he became an honorary citizen of the city of Bydgoszcz . List of compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki The following is an incomplete list of works by the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki . Source: Jagiellonian University The Jagiellonian University ( Polish : Uniwersytet Jagielloński , UJ )
2212-584: The Cello Concerto and The Devils of Loudun . Writing about The Exorcist , the film critic for The New Republic wrote that 'even the music is faultless, most of it by Krzysztof Penderecki, who at last is where he belongs'. Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining (1980) features six pieces of Penderecki's music: Utrenja II: Ewangelia , Utrenja II: Kanon Paschy , The Awakening of Jacob , De Natura Sonoris No. 1 , De Natura Sonoris No. 2 and Polymorphia . David Lynch has used Penderecki's music in
2291-634: The Credo on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Helmuth Rilling , 29 May 2003. Penderecki received an honorary doctorate from the Seoul National University , Korea, in 2005 and the University of Münster , Germany, in 2006. His notable students include Chester Biscardi and Walter Mays. In celebration of his 75th birthday, he conducted three of his works at the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2008, among them Ciaccona from
2370-401: The Great realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A royal charter of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and
2449-483: The Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364; however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius , where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej , which established
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2528-609: The Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in Pychowice , Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation,
2607-559: The Penderecki family avoided Polonisation and some still live in their ancestral village. Krzysztof met them upon his visits to Ukraine in the 1990s. On his mothers side his grandfather, Robert Berger, was a highly talented painter and director of the local bank at the time of Penderecki's birth; Robert's father Johann, a German Protestant , moved to Dębica from Breslau (now Wrocław ) in the mid-19th century. Out of love for his wife, he subsequently converted to Catholicism . Krzysztof
2686-494: The attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of
2765-552: The beginning of the 15th century. The Collegium Maius' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe . For several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university, where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up
2844-726: The best-known works of his later period, the Polish Requiem (1980–84, 1993, 2005). Later, he tended towards more traditionally conceived tonal constructs, as heard in works such as the Cello Concerto No. 2 and the Credo , which received the Grammy Award for best choral performance for the world-premiere recording made by the Oregon Bach Festival , which commissioned the piece. The same year, Penderecki
2923-546: The choral work St. Luke Passion have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun , was not immediately successful. In the mid-1970s, Penderecki became a professor at the Yale School of Music . From the mid-1970s his composition style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone . His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s and expanded in 1993 and 2005. Penderecki won many prestigious awards, including
3002-1138: The final sequences in the film Children of Men (2006). Penderecki composed music for Andrzej Wajda 's 2007 Academy Award nominated film Katyń , while Martin Scorsese 's Shutter Island (2010) featured his Symphony No. 3 and Fluorescences . Penderecki was an honorary doctor and honorary professor of several universities: Georgetown University , Washington, D.C., University of Glasgow , Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory , Fryderyk Chopin Music Academy in Warsaw, Seoul National University , Universities of Rochester , Bordeaux , Leuven , Belgrade , Madrid , Poznan and St. Olaf College ( Northfield, Minnesota ), Duquesne University , Pontifical Catholic University of Peru , University of Pittsburgh (PA), University of St. Petersburg , Beijing Conservatory , Yale University and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster (Westphalia) (2006 Faculty of Arts). He
3081-405: The first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in Collegium Maius . During the partitions of Poland , the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher . Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as
3160-439: The institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the Collegium Maius' Auditorium Maximum in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by Ferdinand I of Austria 's decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen
3239-649: The intellectual heritage of Europe. The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the city of Kraków . The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum . It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields. The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German. The university library and Collegium Novium house
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3318-468: The listener; Penderecki's use of tonal triads such as these remains a controversial aspect of the work. Penderecki continued to write sacred music. In the early 1970s he wrote a Dies irae , a Magnificat , and Canticum Canticorum Salomonis ( Song of Songs ) for chorus and orchestra. Penderecki's preoccupation with sound culminated in De Natura Sonoris I (1966), which frequently calls upon
3397-514: The majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia , Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the Kingdom of Poland . The first chancellor of the university was Piotr Wysz , and the first professors were Czechs , Germans and Poles, most of them trained at
3476-536: The mid-1970s, while he was a professor at the Yale School of Music , Penderecki's style began to change. The Violin Concerto No. 1 largely leaves behind the dense tone clusters with which he had been associated, and instead focuses on two melodic intervals: the semitone and the tritone . This direction continued with the Symphony No. 2 (1980), which is harmonically and melodically quite straightforward;
3555-477: The orchestra to use non-standard playing techniques to produce original sounds and colours. A sequel, De Natura Sonoris II , was composed in 1971: with its more limited orchestra, it incorporates more elements of post- Romanticism than its predecessor. This foreshadowed Penderecki's renunciation of the avant-garde in the mid-1970s, although both pieces feature dramatic glissandos , dense clusters, use of harmonics, and unusual instruments (the musical saw features in
3634-414: The presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day. The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including
3713-581: The project, however, it did not see its premiere until 1978. The music continued to illustrate Penderecki's move away from avant-garde techniques. It is tonal music, and the composer explained: "This is not music by the angry young man I used to be". In 1980, Penderecki was commissioned by Solidarity to compose a piece to accompany the unveiling of a statue at the Gdańsk shipyards to commemorate those killed in anti-government riots there in 1970. Penderecki responded with Lacrimosa , which he later expanded into one of
3792-594: The rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of World War II . Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the Communists in 1954. By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near Jordan Park and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of
3871-452: The score appeared revolutionary; the form of graphic notation that Penderecki had developed rejected the familiar look of notes on a staff, instead representing music as morphing sounds. His intentions at this stage were quite Cagean : 'All I'm interested in is liberating sound beyond all tradition'. Another noteworthy piece of this period is the Canon for 52 strings and 2 tapes. This is in
3950-574: The score for Jan Łomnicki 's first short fiction film, Nie ma końca wielkiej wojny ( There is no End to the Great War , WFDiF Warszawa). In the following years he created over twenty original musical settings for dramatic and over 40 puppet performances, and composed original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children. The large-scale St. Luke Passion (1963–66) brought Penderecki further popular acclaim, not least because it
4029-697: The second piece). In 1968 Penderecki received the State Prize 1st class. During the jubilee of the People's Republic of Poland he received the Commander's Cross (1974) and the Knight's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta (1964). Towards the end of the decade, Penderecki received a commission to write for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. The result was Kosmogonia ,
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#17327727127514108-504: The soundtracks of the films Wild at Heart (1990), Inland Empire (2006), and the TV series Twin Peaks (2017). In the film Fearless (1993) by Peter Weir , the piece Polymorphia was once again used for an intense plane crash scene, seen from the point of view of the passenger played by Jeff Bridges . Penderecki's Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima was also used during one of
4187-524: The stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the Collegium Paderevianum , were built with funds from the legacy of Ignacy Paderewski . By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year,
4266-534: The symphony is sometimes referred to as the "Christmas Symphony" due to the opening phrase of the Christmas carol Silent Night appearing three times during the work. Penderecki explained this shift by stating that he had come to feel that the experimentation of the avant-garde had gone too far from the expressive, non-formal qualities of Western music: 'The avant-garde gave one an illusion of universalism. The musical world of Stockhausen , Nono , Boulez and Cage
4345-458: The tone rows he uses includes the BACH motif , which acts as a bridge between the conventional and more experimental elements. The Stabat Mater section toward the end of the piece concludes on a simple chord of D major, and this gesture is repeated at the very end of the work, which finishes on a triumphant E major chord. These are the only tonal harmonies in the work, and both come as a surprise to
4424-403: The university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and
4503-507: The university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science excursions , and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which
4582-452: The university's research consortium. Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5 million zlotys , or 240 million euros . Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support
4661-422: The university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska , who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk , who taught there. Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences , the Royal Society , the British Academy , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and other honorary societies. In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III
4740-435: The victims of Hiroshima. Fluorescences followed a year later; it increases the orchestral density with more wind and brass, and an enormous percussion section of 32 instruments for six players, including a Mexican güiro, typewriters, gongs and other unusual instruments. The piece was composed for the Donaueschingen Festival of contemporary music of 1962, and its performance was regarded as provocative and controversial. Even
4819-537: The violin under Stanisław Darłak, Dębica's military bandmaster who organized an orchestra for the local music society after the war. Upon graduating from grammar school, Penderecki moved to Kraków in 1951, where he attended Jagiellonian University . He studied violin with Stanisław Tawroszewicz and music theory with Franciszek Skołyszewski. In 1954, Penderecki entered the Academy of Music in Kraków and, having finished his studies on violin after his first year, focused entirely on composition. Penderecki's main teacher there
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#17327727127514898-603: The work of its students and academics. The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods. Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine , and The Lancet . UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of
4977-452: The world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay. The astronomers take part in major international projects, including H.E.S.S . and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry , Molecular Ecology Resources , and European Journal of Human Genetics . In the English-speaking world , the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with
5056-423: Was Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (see threnody and atomic bombing of Hiroshima ), written in 1960 for 52 string instruments . In it, he makes use of extended instrumental techniques (for example, playing behind the bridge, bowing on the tailpiece). There are many novel textures in the work, which makes extensive use of tone clusters . He originally titled the work 8' 37" , but decided to dedicate it to
5135-399: Was Złoty kluczyk ( Golden Little Key ) by Yekaterina Borysowa directed by Władysław Jarema (premiered on 12 May 1957 in Krakow at the "Groteska" Puppet Theater). In 1959, at the Cartoon Film Studio in Bielsko-Biała , he composed the music for the first animated film, Bulandra i diabeł ( Coal Miner Bulandra and Devil ), directed by Jerzy Zitzman and Lechosław Marszałek . In 1959, he wrote
5214-410: Was Artur Malawski, a composer known for his choral and orchestral works, as well as chamber music and songs. After Malawski's death in 1957, Penderecki took further lessons with Stanisław Wiechowicz , a composer primarily known for his choral works. At the time, the 1956 overthrow of Stalinism in Poland lifted strict cultural censorship and opened the door to a wave of creativity. Upon graduating from
5293-491: Was an admirer of the composer's groundbreaking work Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima during his teenage years. This would be reflected later by Page's use of the violin bow on his guitar. The composer and Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood cited Penderecki as a major influence. For Radiohead's 1997 album OK Computer , Greenwood wrote a part for 16 stringed instruments playing quarter tones apart, inspired by Penderecki. Greenwood visited Penderecki in 2012 and wrote
5372-414: Was an honorary member of the following academies and music companies: Royal Academy of Music (London), Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (Rome), Royal Swedish Academy of Music (Stockholm), Academy of Arts (London) , Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires), the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna, Academy of Arts in Berlin , Académie Internationale de Philosophie et de l'Art in Bern, and
5451-402: Was awarded the Prince of Asturias Prize in Spain, one of the highest honours given in Spain to individuals, entities, organizations or others from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, arts, humanities, or public affairs. Invited by Walter Fink , he was the eleventh composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2001. He conducted
5530-425: Was devoutly religious, yet written in an avant-garde musical language, and composed within Communist Eastern Europe. Various different musical styles can be seen in the piece. The experimental textures, such as were employed in the Threnody , are balanced by the work's Baroque form and the occasional use of more traditional harmonic and melodic writing. Penderecki makes use of serialism in this piece, and one of
5609-445: Was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939. On November 6, 1939, following the Nazi invasion of Poland , 184 professors were arrested and deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp during an operation codenamed Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with
5688-459: Was for us, the young – hemmed in by the aesthetics of socialist realism, then the official canon in our country – a liberation...I was quick to realise however, that this novelty, this experimentation, and formal speculation, is more destructive than constructive; I realised the Utopian quality of its Promethean tone'. Penderecki concluded that he was 'saved from the avant-garde snare of formalism by
5767-547: Was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the Collegium Medicum was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now
5846-541: Was named after Krzysztof Penderecki. Penderecki was born on 23 November 1933 in Dębica, the son of Zofia and Tadeusz Penderecki, a lawyer. His grandfather Michał Penderecki was a native of Tenetnyky village near Rohatyn (now Ukraine ) and belonged to Ukrainian Greek Catholic church . He married Stefania Szylkiewicz of Armenian origin from Stanislau (now Ivano-Frankivsk in Ukraine ) and they later moved to Dębica. The rest of
5925-526: Was one of Nicolaus Copernicus ' teachers. The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy . This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius , with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards
6004-557: Was removed and destroyed by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state. For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius ; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the Collegium Novum , outside the Collegium Witkowskiego , to where it was moved in 1953. Nevertheless, it
6083-475: Was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic Collegium Novum , which opened in 1887. It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph
6162-505: Was the youngest of three siblings; his sister, Barbara, was married to a mining engineer, and his older brother, Janusz, was studying law and medicine at the time of his birth. Tadeusz was a violinist and also played piano. The Second World War broke out in 1939; Penderecki's family moved out of their apartment, for the Ministry of Food was to operate there. After the war, Penderecki began attending grammar school in 1946. He began studying
6241-496: Was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, John Cantius , Stanisław of Skarbimierz , Paweł Włodkowic , Jan of Głogów , and Albert Brudzewski , who from 1491 to 1495
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