162-460: The basic requirement for pharmacists to be considered for registration is often an undergraduate or postgraduate pharmacy degree from a recognized university . In many countries, this involves a four- or five-year course to attain a bachelor of pharmacy or master of pharmacy degree. In the United States since 2003, students must complete a doctor of pharmacy degree to become
324-1107: A 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 -year Master of Pharmacy Programme at medical university and obtain the right to practice as a pharmacist in Poland from District Pharmaceutical Council. The Programme includes 6 months of pharmacy training. The Polish name for the Master of Pharmacy Degree (M.Pharm.) is magister farmacji (mgr farm). Not only pharmacists, but also pharmaceutical technicians are allowed to dispense prescription medicines, except for narcotics, psychotropics and very potent medicines. Pharmacists approve prescriptions fulfilled by pharmaceutical technicians subsequently. Pharmaceutical technicians have to complete 2 years of post-secondary occupational school and 2 years of pharmacy training afterwards. Pharmacists are eligible to prescribe medicines in exceptional circumstances. All Polish pharmacies are obliged to produce compound medicines. Most pharmacists in Poland are pharmacy managers and are responsible for pharmacy marketing in addition to traditional activities. To become
486-419: A Bachelor of Pharmacy , Master of Pharmacy , or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree. The most common pharmacist positions are that of a community pharmacist (also referred to as a retail pharmacist , first-line pharmacist or dispensing chemist ), or a hospital pharmacist , where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines. In most countries,
648-401: A Gymnasium or a four-year nursing school, or any other high school lasting four years. During the application process, their high school grades and the score on the entrance exam (пријемни испит/prijemni ispit) are taken into account, and the best students are enrolled. Entrance exam includes testing of students' knowledge of chemistry and mathematics . Studies last 5 years (10 semesters) and
810-878: A Hospital Pharmacy Specialist needs 9.5 years of education and/or training. Hospital Pharmacy residents are paid during their residency period. There are other residencies available to pharmacists such as Medical Biology, Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, Radiopharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, and Industrial Pharmacy lasting from 2 to 4 years. Pharmacists usually work as retail pharmacists (private practice), hospital pharmacists, primary care pharmacists, medical biologists, scientists (private and public biomedical research institutions), as university professors (Pharmacy, Medicine, Biology, Food Sciences, Biochemistry, Veterinary, Nursing, etc.), and as technicians and executive managers (pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and governmental institutions). In Sweden, Pharmacy Doctors could be considered equal to those who have earned
972-827: A Pharmacy Residency period of professional training during 4 additional years (including one full year of advanced clinical practice in different medical wards). Apart from the professional degrees, like with any other university studies, Pharmacy degree allows holders to pursue an academic career by enrolling master's and doctorates programs (MSc and PhD) in several scientific fields (pharmaceutical technology, pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics, biomedical sciences, cosmetics & pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical and organic chemistry, physical chemistry, food sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, public health, etc.). Master's usually lasts 1–2 years and PhD no less than 4 years. In summary, in Spain an entry-level pharmacy degree lasts 5 years and
1134-932: A collaborative practice agreement . Increased numbers of drug therapies , aging but more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and deficiencies in other areas of the health care system seem to be driving increased demand for the clinical counseling skills of the pharmacist. One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and management of each to improve outcomes. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that may include but are not limited to: decreased medication errors ; increased patient compliance in medication regimen; better chronic disease state management, including hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors; strong pharmacist–patient relationship; and decreased long-term costs of medical care. Pharmacists are often
1296-484: A 5th year of compulsory, full-time in-service training in a community pharmacy and the pharmaceutical department of a hospital. An additional trimester placement in a pharmaceutical industry is also an option, however it does not count towards the acquisition of the license to practice. Upon successful completion of the course, a Degree in Pharmacy is awarded. Since September 2011, undergraduate students that have completed
1458-499: A Bachelor of Science in pharmacy, i.e., three years of university. Prescriptionists also have dispensing rights in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. The majority of the staff in a pharmacy are Apotekstekniker or "pharmacy technicians" with a three -semester education at a vocational college. Pharmacy technicians do not have dispensing rights in Sweden but are allowed to advise on and sell over-the-counter medicines. In ancient Japan,
1620-402: A Candidate program are the same as those of fully accredited programs. Full accreditation is granted to a program once they have demonstrated they comply with the standards set forth by ACPE. The customary review cycle for established accredited programs is six years, whereas for programs achieving their initial accreditation this cycle is two years. These are comprehensive on-site evaluations of
1782-572: A Doctor in Pharmacy. Various universities such as Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and many other universities offer Pharm-D program in Iran. Founded in 1936, the College of Pharmacy at the University of Baghdad, had a graduating class of 12 students. By 1993,
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#17327721953941944-452: A Doctorate of Pharmacy ( PharmD ) upon graduation. Most schools require students to take a Pharmacy College Admissions Test PCAT and complete 90 credit hours of university coursework in the sciences, mathematics, composition, and humanities before entry into the PharmD program. Due to the large admittance requirements and highly competitive nature of the field, most pharmacy students complete
2106-743: A Masters of Pharmacy, which allows them to practice in any other E.U. country, pending professional examinations and language tests in the country in which they want to practice. Pharmacists are educated in pharmacology , pharmacognosy , chemistry , organic chemistry , biochemistry , pharmaceutical chemistry , microbiology , pharmacy practice (including drug interactions , medicine monitoring, medication management), pharmaceutics , pharmacy law, pathophysiology, physiology , anatomy , drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, nephrology , hepatology , and compounding of medications. Additional curriculum may cover diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting
2268-612: A PCI approved institute. The Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) course was introduced in India in 2008 by the PCI. The duration of Pharm.D is 6 years (5 years of study+1 year of internship/residency). It is a post-graduate (PG) qualification and hence Pharm.D graduates can register directly for Ph.D . All candidates being awarded the Pharm.D degree are eligible to use the prefix "Dr." before their name. Pharm.D. (Post Baccalaureate) (Doctor of Pharmacy)
2430-444: A Scientific Baccalaureate from the equivalent to high schools ( lycée ). About a 100 students are accepted every year. In order to obtain the state diploma of "Doctor of Pharmacy", studies last a minimum of six years, or 11 years for students choosing residency ( hospital/clinical pharmacy , pharmaceutical industry or medical biology ). It is accessible through another two competitive exams, even more selective. The first ( Internat )
2592-546: A bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences who graduated before the decree of the new law, there is a Postgraduate PharmD offered by many faculties of Pharmacy for Pharmacists, The duration of the program consists of two calendar years. The first year consists of many didactic courses covering topics such as pharmacotherapy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutical care of many diseases. The second year consists of clinical rotations in different specialties including ambulatory care, oncology, cardiology, nephrology, pediatrics, and others. Some of
2754-674: A bachelor's (BSc Pharm) or Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree from one of 10 Canadian universities offering a pharmacy program, successful completion of a national board examination through the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada (PEBC) (Quebec being the exception), practical experience through an apprenticeship/internship program, and fluency in French or English. International pharmacy graduates can begin their journey of becoming licensed to practice in Canada by enrolling with
2916-447: A bachelor's degree before entry to pharmacy school. Possible prerequisites: Besides taking classes, additional requirements before graduating may include a certain number of hours for community service, e.g., working in hospitals, clinics, and retail. Estimated timeline: 4 years undergraduate + 4 years doctorate + 1–2 years residency + 1–3 years fellowship = 8–13 years A doctorate of pharmacy (except non-traditional, i.e. transferring
3078-498: A clinical pharmacist, in hospitals, or pharmacist-biochemist in various laboratories. In South Korea, the new six-year program in pharmacy education has been in effect since 2011. In Thailand , there are currently two kinds of programs for Pharmacy studies. 1) a five years program - Bachelor of Pharmacy or B.Pharm 2) a six years program - Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Care) or Pharm. D Some universities in Thailand offer
3240-414: A clinical pharmacist. In many countries, people with their Doctor of Pharmacy are allowed to practice independently and can prescribe drugs directly to patients. A PharmD program has significant experiential and/or clinical education components in introductory and advanced levels for the safe and effective use of drugs. Experiential education prepares graduates to be practice-ready, as they already have spent
3402-1698: A five-year professional degree is offered in various public universities in Bangladesh. Previously, it was a four-year degree (Graduation) and a one-year degree (Post-Graduation) in Pharmacy is offered in numerous universities of Bangladesh. The study material is taught in English. The textbooks, exams as well as thesis are also provided in English. The universities are the University of Dhaka since 1964, Jahangirnagar University since 1982, University of Chittagong, Rajshahi University , Khulna University , Jagannath University , Pabna University of Science & Technology , Jessore University of Science & Technology and Noakhali Science & Technology University , Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman science and technology University, Gopalganj . All of these are government universities. There are also 20 private universities in Bangladesh offering pharmacy education. Among them Gono Bishwabidyalay , BGC Trust University Bangladesh (BGCTUB), Southeast University (SEU), East West University , Northern University Bangladesh since 2003, Daffodil International University , University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Stamford University Bangladesh (SUB), Manarat International University (MIU), Dhaka International University (DIU), The University of Asia Pacific, International Islamic University Chittagong , North South University , ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB), City University (CU) and University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh University(BU) are
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#17327721953943564-675: A four-year BPharm must be completed, followed by an internship at a pharmacy (Community, Hospital, Industry &/or University). Pharmacists are registered with the Pharmacy Council and must meet competence standards as set by the Pharmaceutical Society Of New Zealand . The degree can be taken at University of Otago in Dunedin and University of Auckland in Auckland . The School of Pharmacy
3726-530: A four-year program (between 120-130 semester credit hours) leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in biology, chemistry, or a similar field enhances their chances of admission. Pre-requisite and application requirements vary by individual schools/colleges of pharmacy; therefore, it is prudent to be aware of requirements for prospective schools throughout undergraduate education. The application requirement and processes for pharmacy school admission varies (see Pharmacy Education). A full list of ACPE-accredited programs
3888-510: A half years of university college (with at least 6 months of initiation to Pharmacy Practice). The Licenciado en Farmacia or Grado en Farmacia (equivalent to the PharmD-program) English degree is the only title that allows holders to practice the profession of Pharmacy in Spain. To become a Hospital Pharmacist a person with a degree in Pharmacy must enter a selection process (national selection process called FIR) to initiate
4050-827: A license from another country) is the only degree accepted by the National Associate of Boards of Pharmacy NABP to be eligible to "sit" for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination ( NAPLEX ). Previously the United States had a 5-year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. For BS Pharmacy graduates currently licensed in US, there are 10 Universities offering non-traditional doctorate degree programs via part-time, weekend or on-line programs. These are programs fully accredited by Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education ( ACPE ) but only available to current BS Pharmacy graduates with
4212-466: A license to practice pharmacy. Some institutions still offer 6 year accelerated PharmD programs. The current Pharm.D. degree curriculum is considerably different from that of the prior BS in pharmacy. It now includes extensive didactic clinical preparation, a full year of hands-on practice experience in a wider array of healthcare settings, and a greater emphasis on clinical pharmacy practice pertaining to pharmacotherapy optimization. Legal requirements in
4374-406: A licensed pharmacist, with a similar requirement being introduced in some other countries such as Canada and France. The doctor of pharmacy degree usually requires completion of four years at an accredited college of pharmacy after an undergraduate degree or other approved courses. To practice as a pharmacist, registration with the country, state, or province's regulatory agency is required. There
4536-755: A licensed pharmacist. An aggregate of 06 in the WASSCE results is currently the acceptable cut-off point. Also, a year top-up program was rolled out in the 2017/18 academic year for practicing pharmacists with the B.Pharm(Bachelor of Pharmacy) qualification to obtain the Pharm.D qualification which will soon become the minimum degree for licensure. The University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) - Volta Region (2016/17 academic year), The University of Ghana - Legon, Entrance University College of Health Sciences - Spintex and Central University (Ghana) - Miotso (in 2018/19 academic year) The University for Development Studies-UDS, Tamale(2018/19 academic year), have also rolled out
4698-614: A limitless number of professional areas that range from community pharmacies, drug development, fundamental or applied research, biotechnology to areas such as forensic sciences, toxicology, regulatory affairs, clinical analysis, law enforcement (scientific police), bromatology, drug marketing, regulatory authorities, university teachers, etc. The Pharmacists can also choose to become a specialist in one of following areas of activity: Pharmaceutical Industry, Regulatory Affairs, Hospital Pharmacy, and Clinical Analysis. Each specialization requires an additional 5-year professional study program guided by
4860-566: A master's degree in pharmacy and are actively licensed to work as a pharmacist. The master's program typically takes students 5 years to complete, which prepares students for careers in pharmacies, the pharmaceutical industry, and, more recently, clinical pharmacy. Students who have earned their master's degree in pharmacy can also choose to further specialize themselves with a wide range of Ph.D. programs, which are offered at universities in Uppsala , Gothenburg , and Umeå A special license which
5022-581: A minimum of 5 years, or 9 years for students choosing residency ( hospital pharmacy , medical biology ) or pharmacology . In Italy the Professional degree in Pharmacy lasts 5 years, which includes a 6-month professional training in a public pharmacy or hospital. At the end of this period, the student must pass a nationwide exam to be legally entitled to practise as a pharmacist. The subscription to "Pharmacist's Order", or in Italian "Ordine dei Farmacisti",
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5184-491: A mixed-approach learning programme including theory and practical experience. The education of pharmacists in the Netherlands requires a minimum of six years of university study. EU-harmonisation has led to division into three bachelor and three master years. A bachelor title is, however, not used at all professionally. The Dutch consider the educational level of their current (M.Sc.) degree in pharmacy to be comparable to
5346-558: A pharmacist in Denmark, the MPharm degree is required (a total of five years). After graduation as a pharmacist with the MPharm degree, the student can begin the three-year Doctor of Pharmacy (DPharm) education programme (Danish: dr.pharm. ). In addition to pharmacists, in Denmark there is another professional group with a pharmaceutical higher education : the pharmaconomists (experts in pharmaceuticals), whose education takes place at
5508-526: A pharmacy and be a pharmacist-in-charge. In British English (and to some extent Australian English ), the professional title known as "pharmacist" is also known as "dispensing chemist" or, more commonly, "chemist" . A dispensing chemist usually operates from a pharmacy or chemist's shop, and is allowed to fulfil medical prescriptions and sell over-the-counter drugs and other health-related goods. Pharmacists can undertake additional training to allow them to prescribe medicines for specific conditions. In
5670-591: A pharmacy combined with courses at the university, with focus on the validation of prescriptions and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical formulations. Since all public health professions are regulated by the government it is also necessary to acquire a federal diploma in order to work in a pharmacy. It is not unusual for pharmaceutical studies majors to work in other fields such as the pharmaceutical industry or in hospitals. Pharmacists work alongside pharma assistants , an apprenticeship that takes three years to complete. Pharmacists can further specialize in various fields; this
5832-437: A pharmacy manager in Poland, a pharmacist is expected to have at least 5 years of professional experience. All pharmacists in Poland have to maintain an adequate knowledge level by participating in various university- and industry-based courses and arrangements or by undergoing postgraduate specialization. In Sweden , the national board of health and welfare regulates the practice of all legislated health care professionals, and
5994-473: A pharmacy of their choosing, whether community or institutional. After completion of the required pre-registration period, the graduate can then apply to the Pharmacy Board to become a registered pharmacist. After working 1 calendar year as a registered pharmacist, the individual can become a registered, responsible pharmacist. Being a registered, responsible pharmacist allows the individual to license
6156-424: A physician's prescription. In order to be eligible to dispense, a pharmacists must first "complete a training program approved by the" California State Board of Pharmacy. Doctor of Pharmacy A Doctor of Pharmacy ( PharmD ; Neo-Latin : Pharmaciae Doctor ) is a professional doctorate in pharmacy . In some countries, it is a proficient graduate degree to practice the profession of pharmacy or to become
6318-566: A postgraduate two-year Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) course for those with undergraduate science degree background. Since July 1, 2010, pharmacists are registered nationally with the Australian Health Practitioners Registration Authority [AHPRA], having previously been registered by individual states (e.g. The Pharmacy Board of New South Wales, The Pharmacy Board of Victoria etc.). Graduates are required to complete one year of practice under
6480-544: A research project. With reference to the clarification on the PharmD qualification and designation of "Dr." for graduates, it was clarified to all universities that the PharmD is a post-graduate degree and passing students can directly register for a PhD from 2012. With all the changes made to the degree, it is still only approved by the PCI, as the National Medical Commission (NMC) does not recognize
6642-533: A result of pharmacists' expanding scope and knowledge application, there has been a purposeful effort to transition the professional programs in Canadian pharmacy schools to offer doctors of pharmacy over baccalaureate curriculums to ensure graduates have the most up to date level of training to match the increasing practice requirements. The pharmacist qualification in the European Union is regulated by
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6804-467: A rigorous examination. The PharmDr. title is highly prestigious and written in front of the name. It is different from the postgraduate Ph.D. degree. In France , Pharm.D studies can only be accessed through a competitive examination (" concours ", with numerus apertus ) happening at the end of the first year of health studies. Most candidates hold a Scientific Baccalaureate from the equivalent to high schools ( lycée ). Yearly success rate depends on
6966-575: A severe shortage of pharmacists in Sweden. In 2018, the shortage was the highest ever. The education of pharmacists in Switzerland also follows the EU-harmonisation with three bachelor and two master years. A bachelor title is, however, not used at all professionally. A federal exam is required in addition to the master's degree in order to practice. Switzerland considers the educational level of their current (M.Sc.) degree in pharmacy and
7128-578: A significant amount of time training in areas of direct patient care and research. In Algeria, Doctor of Pharmacy degree replaced the state's diploma of pharmacist in 2011, thus concepts on clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care were taught for the first time. Algeria has 01 Faculty of Pharmacy (University of Algiers 1) and 08 Pharmacy Department ( University of Batna 2, University of Blida 1, University of Tlemcen , University of Tizi Ouzzou , University of Sétif 1, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, University of Annaba , University of Constantine 3). PharmD
7290-418: A six-month period of part-time hospital externship, and 3 to 6 months of full-time training in a pharmaceutical industry or a research lab. In Hungary, pharmacists obtain their master's degree, after five years of study. In the fifth year, students must undergo a professional training, that lasts for two+three months (autumn and spring) in a public pharmacy and one month in a hospital. At the end of this period,
7452-401: A state or province, the required examination is administered by a national examining board. In Australia, a pharmacist must complete an undergraduate four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy course followed by an internship and independent examinations set by respective state registration boards. In addition, graduates are required to complete an approved graduate training course. There is the option of
7614-508: A student intake expected by 2011. In 2008, the College of Pharmacy became Qatar University's seventh college, which has received early accreditation by the Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs (CCAPP). It is currently the first and only pharmacy college in the country. In Serbia , there are 4 universities for the study of pharmacy: the University of Belgrade , University of Kragujevac , University of Nis , and
7776-458: A thesis in the University of Athens during the 5th year of their studies, are able to obtain a Certificate, equivalent to master's degree, together with the Bachelor of Pharmacy. The pharmacy graduate may pursue a career in the industry after graduation. A career in this field does not require a license to practice pharmacy. However, pharmacists wishing to open a pharmacy, work in hospitals or in
7938-523: A tutor in the respective area of knowledge. This training includes regular evaluations by the professional competent authority ("Ordem dos Farmacêuticos"), which also requires an exam at the end of the 5-year training. After the success at the exam, the Pharmacist then becomes a specialist in its area of expertise. Faculty of Pharmacy in Ljubljana provides reformed or new Bologna study programme. For
8100-676: A two years course for anyone graduating with B. Pharm to complete Pharm. D In the United Kingdom , integration with the European Union has resulted in the BPharm and BSc courses being superseded by a four-year course for the qualification Master of Pharmacy (MPharm). In Great Britain the General Pharmaceutical Council is responsible for regulation of pharmacy affairs and in Northern Ireland it
8262-470: A university degree at a pharmacy school or related institution, and/or satisfy other national/local credentialing requirements. In many contexts, students must first complete pre-professional (undergraduate) coursework, followed by about four years of professional academic studies to obtain a degree in pharmacy (such as Doctorate of Pharmacy ). In the European Union, pharmacists are required to hold
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#17327721953948424-632: Is Químico Farmacéutico (Pharmaceutical Chemist), and their degree is Licenciado en Ciencias Químicas y farmacéuticas (Bachelor in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences). The education of pharmacists (Danish: farmaceut ) in Denmark takes place at the University of Copenhagen 's Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences . The Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree (Danish: bachelor i farmaci ) takes three years. The Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degree (Danish: cand.pharm. ) takes two years. In order to work as
8586-670: Is a Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree (B.Pharm.) However, in the near future, all schools will offer a 6-year first Degree course leading to the award of a Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy Degree). The University of Benin has started the Pharm.D programme with other pharmacy schools planning to start soon. The Pharmacy Degree in Nigeria is unclassified i.e. awarded without first class, second class upper, etc., however graduates could be awarded Pass with Distinctions in specific fields such as Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, medicinal chemistry etc. Pharmacy Graduates are required to undergo 1 year of Tutelage under
8748-558: Is a 3 years (2 years of classroom studies+1 year of internship) program. Admission requirements are B.Pharm from any PCI approved institute. In Iran, The doctor of pharmacy is a 5.5 years program requiring 11 semesters of coursework in the classroom and experiential practice. Traditionally in Ireland, a four-year BPharm degree was completed followed by one year of pre-registration clinical training. The one-year of pre-registration training has been replaced by an internship program, for which
8910-536: Is a college jointly funded by a number of Countries in the West Africa sub-region. There are thousands of Nigerian-trained pharmacists registered and practicing in countries such as the US, the UK, Canada etc., due to the relatively poor public sector salaries in Nigeria. In Pakistan , the Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a graduate-level professional doctorate degree. Twenty-one universities are registered with
9072-426: Is a more clinical and research oriented program. Some pharmacy institutes have collaboration with hospitals for providing clinical clerkship during 4th & 5th Professional year. In 2008, first batch completed Pharm.D program. Centro Escolar University Makati offers the degree Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.). The degree requires the completion of 52 units of formal course work and 36 units of clinical rotation done at
9234-526: Is a professional degree in pharmaceutical sciences and according to newly adopted educational advancements, it is the minimum requirement to be licensed as a Pharmacist in Egypt, the curriculum consists of 6 years ( 5 years of Pharmaceutical & clinical studies followed by 1 year of Clinical internships ), this program is intended for students who have graduated from High school. As for the Pharmacists with
9396-454: Is a six-year academic program. The education of pharmacists in Belgium requires a minimum of five years of university study. EU-harmonisation has led to division into three bachelor and two master years. A bachelor title is, however, not used at all professionally. Belgium considers the educational level of their current (M.Sc.) degree in pharmacy to be comparable to the Pharm.D. title used in
9558-406: Is accessible in the start of the sixth year, it grants residency after two years of internship and after the student defends their thesis. The second ( Résidanat ) is accessible after obtaining the doctorate. Residency lasts four years and gives another diploma of specialist like in medicine (DES for "diplôme d'études spécialisées" ). Presently, these are the only universities in Nigeria offering
9720-405: Is accessible through another competitive exam, even more selective. It lasts four years and gives another diploma of specialist like in medicine (DES for " diplôme d'études spécialisées " ). Students must specialise when entering the 5th year, and choose between dispensing pharmacy, pharmaceutical industry or hospital residency. In any case, a 12-month part-time hospital externship is mandatory during
9882-571: Is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. The education to become a licensed pharmacist is regulated by the European Union , and states that minimum educational requirements are five years of university studies in a pharmacy program, of which six months must be a pharmacy internship. To be admitted to pharmacy studies, students must complete a minimum of three years of gymnasium, similar to high school (school for about 15–20-year-old students) program in natural science after elementary school (6–16-year-olds). Only three universities in
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#173277219539410044-669: Is at Universidad de Chile [1] , in Santiago de Chile. Chilean pharmacists are prepared not only to dispense and be able to work at clinical and community pharmacies, but in Pharmaceutical, Food and Cosmetic industry at every level, including drug development (a Degree is needed here), manufacturing, management, marketing, etc., due to the very strong scientific preparation they receive, including engineering and pharmaceutical technology topics. The official title for pharmacists in Chile
10206-794: Is available at the ACPE website. Additionally, a PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) score is required at most colleges and schools of pharmacy. Additional requirements for entry may include essays, references, an interview or participation in other activities. PharmCAS is a Pharmacy College Application Service that enables students to apply to multiple pharmacy colleges/schools with a single online application. Some pharmacy colleges/schools do not utilize PharmCAS and still require direct applications either alone or in combination with PharmCAS. Completion of an application on PharmCAS includes submission of an application fee, an online application, official transcripts, letters of reference, and test scores (including
10368-486: Is becoming more common. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and often called a locum; these pharmacists may be hired for one shift or for a longer period of time. The number of pharmacists has stayed stable over a number of years. The Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) is the national professional organization for pharmacists in Canada . Specific requirements for practice vary across provinces, but generally include
10530-491: Is developing accreditation standards for pharmacists to prescribe and for pharmacists to work in aged care. The aged care accreditation standards are being developed in preparation for pharmacists working in residential aged care settings to ensure that they are adequately prepared. There is a shortage of pharmacists at present leaving many jobs unfilled. Despite many pharmacists leaving the profession, pharmacists remain optimistic about their profession. Contract and casual work
10692-558: Is divided into three main sections of research focus. These are: Division of Pharmacy Practice: Focussed on the inter-relationship between pharmacists and the communities they serve. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Focussed on the molecular mechanism and biological basis of drug development. Division of Pharmacotherapy: Focussed on the application and effects of pharmaceuticals in clinical settings. Postgraduate studies include diplomas, Masters, PhD and DPharm. which may be clinical, practice or pharmaceutical specialties. In Portugal ,
10854-400: Is issued by Socialstyrelsen is required in order to work in healthcare as a pharmacist ( i.e. as a pharmacy clerk or a clinical pharmacist), Sweden does not refer to licensed and practicing pharmacists as pharmacy doctors . Instead, pharmacists refer to themselves as apotekare or farmaceuter , which is an informal academic title referring to their master's degree in pharmacy. There is
11016-408: Is knowledgeable about preparation, mechanism of action, clinical usage and legislation of medications in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services. A pharmacist also often serves as a primary care provider in the community and offers services, such as health screenings and immunizations. Pharmacists undergo university or graduate-level education to understand
11178-705: Is moving toward resident-trained pharmacists who wish to provide direct patient care clinical services. In 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy ( AACP ) required the new professional degree. Graduates from a PharmD program may also elect to do a fellowship that is geared toward research. Fellowships can varying in length but last 1–3 years depending on the program and usually require 1 year of residency at minimum. American pharmacists can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards. As of 2016, all 50 states and
11340-400: Is often a requirement for the pharmacy graduate to have completed a certain number of hours of experience in a pharmacy under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. If the regulatory body governs an entire country, they will usually administer a written and oral examination to the prospective pharmacist prior to registration. If its jurisdiction is limited to a specific jurisdiction, such as
11502-493: Is organized by PharmaSuisse , the pharmacists' association of Switzerland. In Tanzania , pharmacy practice is regulated by the national Pharmacy Board, which is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. By international standards, the density of pharmacists is very low, with a mean of 0.18 per 10,000 population. The majority of pharmacists are found in urban areas, with some underserved regions having only 2 pharmacists per region. According to 2007–2009 data,
11664-512: Is regulated by the Pharmacy Board of Trinidad and Tobago, which is responsible for the registration of pharmacists in the twin islands. The University of the West Indies in St. Augustine offers a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy as the sole practicing degree of pharmacy. Graduates undertake a 6-month internship, known as pre-registration, under the supervision of a registered pharmacist, at
11826-548: Is required for working in private and public pharmacies or hospitals. It is not required if the pharmacist is working at a pharmaceutical company. Besides the professional degree in pharmacy, the title of Doctor of Pharmacy can be achieved in Italy by obtaining a MSc in Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (Chimica e Tecnologia Farmaceutiche, CTF) and then subscribing to the "Pharmacist's Order". In Malta,
11988-600: Is the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland . Graduates must complete one year of practical training and pass a registration examination before they can be entered on the register of pharmacists, known as the register of pharmaceutical chemists. Post registration professional education can be provided by organisations such as the UK Clinical Pharmacy Association . Pharmacists registered in other countries can also register in
12150-432: Is the independent accreditation agency for Australian pharmacists. The accreditation standards for Australian pharmacy degrees include compulsory clinical placements. with an emphasis on encouraging rural experiences to develop a rural workforce. It conducts a written examination on behalf of the Pharmacy Board of Australia towards eligibility for registration. The Pharmacy Board of Australia conducts an oral examination at
12312-936: The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP), the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) (three appointments each), and the American Council on Education (one appointment). To obtain licensure in the United States, applicants for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) must graduate from an ACPE accredited school of pharmacy. ACPE publishes standards that schools of pharmacy must comply with to gain accreditation. A Pharmacy school pursuing accreditation must first apply and be granted Pre-candidate status. These schools have met all
12474-1079: The Directive 2005/36/EC , where Section 7 Article 44(2) mandates at least five years of training including "four years of full-time theoretical and practical training" and "six-month traineeship in a pharmacy which is open to the public or in a hospital, under the supervision of that hospital's pharmaceutical department". The training of pharmacist must include at least: "Plant and animal biology , Physics , General and inorganic chemistry , Organic chemistry , Analytical chemistry , Pharmaceutical chemistry , including analysis of medicinal products, General and applied biochemistry (medical), Anatomy and physiology ; medical terminology , Microbiology , Pharmacology and pharmacotherapy , Pharmaceutical technology , Toxicology , Pharmacognosy , Legislation and, where appropriate, professional ethics ", which can be adapted to "scientific and technical progress " according to procedure in Directive 2005/36/EC. In Germany,
12636-530: The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP). As of December 2022, there were 142 accredited Schools of Pharmacy. This statistic includes both fully accredited schools or those with candidate status. Today, individuals seeking to become pharmacists must first complete a pre-pharmacy undergraduate program. This program consists of a minimum of 60-90 semester credit hours (90-100 quarter credit hours) of undergraduate coursework in basic and advanced sciences; however, many students find completion of
12798-551: The Pharmacy Council of Pakistan for imparting Pharmacy courses. In 2004 the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan revised the syllabus and changed the 4-year B.Pharmacy (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Program to a 5-year Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) program. All 21 universities have started the 5-year Pharm.D Program. In 2011 the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan approved
12960-465: The Pharmakon—Danish College of Pharmacy Practice . In France , a six-year PharmD (called "Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Pharmacie") must be completed. At the end of the fifth year, young pharmacists can choose to pass a competitive examination. If they succeed, the few students chosen can then follow a four-year specialty (like physicians ). This is a pharmaceutical residency program called
13122-613: The UK . Overseas pharmacists are required to undertake the Overseas Pharmacists Assessment Programme (OSPAP), a one-year intensive course focused on pharmacy practice in Great Britain. OSPAP authorisation can be given by the General Pharmaceutical Council and the course is undertaken either the University of Sunderland , Aston University , University of Hertfordshire , Kingston University or
13284-484: The United Kingdom are regulated by the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) for England , Scotland and Wales and by the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland for Northern Ireland . The role of regulatory and professional body on the mainland was previously carried out by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain , which remained as a professional body after handing over
13446-596: The University of Brighton . However, pharmacists that have obtained their qualifications and are registered in other countries of the European Economic Area can register with the General Pharmaceutical Council without undergoing additional or pre-registration training. Pharmacists in the UK can now be accredited to perform a number of enhanced services. These include but are not limited to medicine use reviews (MUR's) and Patient Group Directives (where certain prescription-only medicines can be supplied by
13608-425: The University of Lisbon , the University of Porto , and the University of Coimbra are considered to be the highest pharmacy schools in the country. In Qatar, a minimum of a bachelor's degree in Pharmacy is required to practice as a licensed pharmacist. Qatar University (the only national university) [6] began to offer a 5-year BSc (Pharm) degree in 2007. A 6-year PharmD degree program has also been approved, with
13770-813: The University of Novi Sad . Studies are held at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Belgrade , Faculty of Medical Sciences in Kragujevac , Faculty of Medicine in Niš and the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad . The first studies of pharmacy began at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade 24 October 1939 and then grew into an independent faculty (Faculty of Pharmacy) 19 October 1945. Integrated studies of pharmacy can be studied by anyone who has finished secondary education, typically after
13932-687: The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), the use of Standard Treatment Guidelines, drug information, clinical pharmacy, and medicine supply management. There are currently no laws requiring pharmacists to be registered, but all pharmacies must have a license to conduct business. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report from 2010, there are 0.53 licensed pharmacists and 7.82 licensed pharmacies per 10,000 people in Armenia. Pharmacists are able to substitute for generic equivalents at point of dispensing. The Australian Pharmacy Council
14094-551: The "Internat en Pharmacie". During this residency, the pharmacists specialize in Laboratory Medicine called "biologie médicale", or in hospital pharmacy, or in research (Innovation Pharmaceutique et Recherche). In Greece , a five-year University course must be completed. This course is offered by the University of Athens [2] , the University of Thessaloniki [3] and the University of Patras [4] . The course comprises 4 years of theory and laboratory practice and
14256-710: The Arkansas Jurisprudence Exam, the California Jurisprudence Exam, or the Virginia Pharmacy Law Exam. Residency is an option for post-graduates that is typically 1–2 years in length. A residency gives licensed pharmacists decades of clinical experience in an extremely condensed timeframe of only a few short years. In order for new graduates to remain competitive, employers generally favor residency trained applicants for clinical positions. The profession
14418-503: The Bologna third cycle studies, and experimental part in suitable departments of pharmaceutical industry, pharmacies, institutions and faculties. After successful completion of the programme, the student must write the specialist thesis and pass the specialist exam in order to be granted the academic title for the appropriate field. Specialist study programme Clinical chemistry includes training which lasts 48 months in form of lectures within
14580-533: The Bologna third cycle studies, and professional part in the laboratories of specialization institutions authorized by the Ministry of Health. It is concluded by the specialist (theoretical and practical) exam. The gained title Specialist of Medicinal Biochemistry is equivalent to (and formally and legally acknowledged as) the title European Specialist of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics. In Spain, Pharmacy studies can be accessed after completing five and
14742-610: The Canadian Hospital Pharmacy Residency Board on behalf of the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists . Finally, there is the option of students taking a graduate two-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) course of study for those with Bachelor of Pharmacy or equivalent degrees. This advanced PharmD program can be pursued in Canada at the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto and at several pharmacy schools in
14904-631: The District of Columbia permit pharmacists to provide vaccination services, but specific protocols vary between states. All licensed California pharmacists can perform the following: The passage of Assembly Bill 1535 (2014) authorizes pharmacists in California to furnish naloxone without a physician's prescription. With the passage of Senate Bill 159 in 2019, pharmacists in California are authorized to furnish pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to patients without
15066-570: The Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD.) program. These are the University of Benin, Benin City, Bayero University, Kano, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, University of Jos, Gombe State University, University of ilorin, and University of Ibadan, and the State University of Medical And Applied Sciences, Igbo Eno. The University of Benin (Uniben) commenced the program in 2001 following the approval given for
15228-579: The EU system) and a professional internship. Finished the degree, the academic title of Doctor of Pharmacy is issued. The graduate can then enroll in the regulatory institution for the Pharmacist profession in Portugal called, "Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society" or, in Portuguese, "Ordem dos Farmacêuticos". After the enrollment, the title of Pharmacist is issued. Afterwards, Pharmacists can start their career in
15390-703: The Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor. As of 1997, 46 universities of pharmacy in Japan graduated about 8000 students annually. Contemporary practice of clinical pharmacists in Japan (as evaluated in September 2000) focuses on dispensing of drugs, consultation with patients, supplying drug information, advising on prescription changes and amending prescriptions. These practices have been linked to decreases in
15552-913: The MOHE for all pharmacy colleges in Iraq. A ministry of higher education decree established the Faculty of Pharmacy at Knowledge University in 2020 in Erbil City of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is five years under-graduate program that is designed according to the Bologna system which includes updated courses in pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy, clinical pharmacokinetics, therapeutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacology, pharmacoeconomic, toxicology, pharmacognosy, clinical microbiology, clinical biochemistry, physiology, pathology, histology, human biology, genetics, immunology, anatomy, hospital training, and quality control, in addition to courses in English, mathematics, and computer science. In Israel
15714-756: The Makati Medical Center and The Medical City. It is a 2-year first postbaccalaureate degree open to licensed pharmacists in the Philippines. In Taiwan , Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) program was first introduced in National Taiwan University since Fall 2009. PharmD program in Taiwan is a six-year academic program, while Bachelor of Science in pharmacy (BSc. Pharm.) is a four-year or five-year program. Students taking either PharmD or BSc Pharm. program are all eligible to take
15876-504: The National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA) Pharmacists' Gateway Canada. The vast majority (~70%) of Canada's licensed pharmacists work in community pharmacies, another 15% work in hospital, and the remainder work in other settings such as industry, government, or universities. Pharmacists' scope of practice varies widely among the 13 provinces and territories and continues to evolve with time. As
16038-545: The National Organization of Medicines [5] must first successfully participate in board examinations organized by the Greek Ministry of Health, in order to obtain a License to Practice Pharmacy. In Guyana , the Bachelor of Science Degree in Pharmacy is a four-year professional programme. The Pharmacy course offered by the University of Guyana consists of foundation core courses in the first year of
16200-592: The PCAT). Not all pharmacy colleges/schools require applicants to submit scores for the PCAT5, and for international (non-US) applicants or students for whom English is a second language, the TOEFL ( Test of English as a Foreign Language ), is required. Pharmacy colleges or schools may offer students acceptance into the professional program through an early assurance program. Students accepted with early assurance matriculate into
16362-492: The Pharm.D program. The first graduating group of the Pharm.D course in Ghana graduated in °2018. PharmD is a program offered at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat. and the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca. In Morocco, Pharm.D studies can only be accessed through a competitive examination (" concours ", with numerus clausus ) happening at the start of the first year of health studies. All candidates hold
16524-549: The PharmD degree program. Since 2006, Pharm.D is a post-graduate course being offered by Rhodes University . The PharmD program has been available in Tunisia since 1975. There is only one faculty in Tunisia that provides education for PharmD; Faculty of pharmacy of Monastir. It is a diverse program focusing on pharmaceutical sciences, chemistry and biology along with marketing and management. It can have two minors : biological pharmacy and industrial pharmacy. At present
16686-816: The PharmD in Uniben is a six-year undergraduate program. Upon successful completion of the program in Uniben, students are awarded both the Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree and the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree. Prior to the commencement of the program, the university offered a five-year BPharm degree program which commenced in 1970. In the PharmD program, students are given extensive didactic preclinical/professional clinical preparation as well as clinical training (including pharmaceutical care) in different hospitals and community pharmacies. Students are prepared to have knowledge on patients counseling, drug information, pharmaceutical care, adverse drug reaction reporting, pharmacovigilance and much more. Pharmacy council of Nigeria and
16848-858: The PharmD-program is offered only by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Unlike the United States and European countries, in order to practice pharmacy in Israel, only a bachelor's degree is required. In Palestine, the PharmD-program is offered by the Birzeit University also in Al-Najah University as a bachelor program. The program takes a duration of 6 years with the sixth year as a practicum year. PharmD-program faces challenges with legislation in Palestine, it
17010-492: The PharmD-title in use in the United States. Before the harmonization, a four-year Master of Science was superseded by two more years of university education preparing for pharmacy practice. To become a hospital pharmacist, a four-year residency program has to be completed after that. In Portugal, studies consists of four years of basic school, five years of preparatory school, and three years of high school, where afterward
17172-505: The US to becoming a pharmacist include: graduating from an accredited PharmD program, conducting a specified number of internship hours under a licensed pharmacist (i.e. 1800 hours in some states), passing the NAPLEX , and passing a Multi-state Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam MPJE . Arkansas, California, and Virginia have their own exams instead of the MPJE; in those states, pharmacists must pass
17334-640: The United Kingdom, most pharmacists working in the National Health Service practice in hospital pharmacy or community pharmacy . The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that there were nearly 3,000 pharmacists employed in the hospital and community health service in the UK at that time. They were enthusiastic about the idea that pharmacists might develop their role of giving advice to
17496-488: The United States (as the "non-traditional" PharmD). The advanced PharmD programs in the United States were phased out by the introduction of the entry-level PharmD programs, which despite being identical in their names, differ from the advanced level PharmD programs in terms of the depth and scope of the teaching. The profession of pharmacy is regulated on a provincial level. The provincial regulatory authorities are directly responsible for granting pharmacist licenses, assessing
17658-614: The United States, the Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy was the first-professional degree for pharmacy practice. However, in 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) mandated that a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) would be the new first professional degree beginning with the class of 2006. Successful completion of an Accreditation Council for Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE)-accredited pharmacy program allows pharmacy students to sit for licensure examinations (see Pharmacy Education, Pharmacist) and become registered pharmacists (R.Ph.) through each state's respective subsidiary of
17820-719: The United States. The University of Alberta Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences will start a one-year post- B.S. degree PharmD program in 2013. This will prepare students for the PharmD programs. Many hospital pharmacists also complete a hospital pharmacy residency program. This is a 12-to-24 month directed postgraduate learning experience. Through structured rotations in pharmacy practice, education , research , and administration , residency programs intend to prepare pharmacists for challenging and innovative pharmacy practice. Graduate residents are an important source of highly qualified pharmacists trained in institutional practice. Most residency programs are accredited by
17982-488: The United States. To become a hospital pharmacist, a three-year residency program has to be completed after obtaining the M.Sc. in pharmaceutical sciences. In both countries, the PharmDr. (Pharmaciae doctor) diploma can be obtained by pharmacists who have previously graduated in pharmacy ( Magister , Mgr.) (the undergraduate study of pharmacy takes five years). Applicants must defend a research or experimental thesis, and pass
18144-495: The accreditation of pharmacy education in India. D.pharm (Diploma in Pharmacy) is a 2 years diploma program after Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (HSC) or 10+2 exam in the science stream. It is the minimum requirement for registration as a pharmacist in India. B.Pharm ( Bachelor of Pharmacy ) is a 4 years undergraduate program. M.Pharm ( Master of Pharmacy ) is a 2 years post graduate course after B.Pharm degree from
18306-623: The accrediting body for schools of pharmacy in the United States. The mission of ACPE is "To assure and advance excellence in education for the profession of pharmacy". ACPE is recognized for the accreditation of professional degree programs by the United States Department of Education (USDE) and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). Since 1975, ACPE has also been the accrediting body for continuing pharmacy education. The ACPE board of directors are appointed by
18468-399: The average number of drugs in prescriptions, drug costs and incidence of adverse drug events . Training to become a registered pharmacist in Nigeria involves a five-year course after six years of secondary/high school or four years after eight years of secondary/high school (i.e. after 2 years of Advanced-level studies in accredited Universities). The degree awarded by most pharmacy schools
18630-602: The awarding of a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, a five-year programme at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar . In Switzerland, the federal office of public health regulates pharmacy practice. Four Swiss universities offer a major in pharmaceutical studies, the University of Basel , the University of Geneva , the University of Lausanne and the ETH Zurich . To major in pharmaceutical studies takes at least five years. Students spend their last year as interns in
18792-549: The basic sciences. The degree in pharmacy is composed of coursework and clinical experience through required internships and work placements , followed by the completion of a national board examination administered by the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada . The pharmacy schools in Quebec (at the University of Montreal and Laval University ) now offer only the PharmD degree that involves two years of basic sciences and four years of pharmacy education, similar to many programs in
18954-433: The biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions , and monitoring parameters. This is mated to anatomy , physiology , and pathophysiology . Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians , and other health care providers. Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either
19116-431: The commencement of the program by the regulatory government agency for pharmacy education and practice in the country, Pharmacy Council of Nigeria (PCN). However, it was not until 2016 that the overall regulatory government agency for all university degree programs in the country, National Universities Commission (NUC), formally approved the PharmD degree program. Like other Universities approved for PharmD program in Nigeria,
19278-492: The competency of pharmacists and ensuring public safety . The National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities was established in 1995 as a way to harmonize the activities of the provincial regulatory authorities. They represent the interests of the provincial authorities and serve as a national resource centre for all pharmacists. CPhA is actively involved on several NAPRA committees. In Chile , students must study six years to become pharmacists. The best school of pharmacy
19440-428: The degree certificate, graduates must join the "Order of Pharmacists" (Portuguese: "Ordem dos Farmacêuticos"), the regulatory and licensing body for the pharmaceutical profession in Portugal, in order to be registered as pharmacists and become legally qualified to work in the profession. Presently, there are five public and four private universities offering the MPharm degree in Portugal. The public schools of pharmacy of
19602-529: The degree in India. After the Amendment in August 2019, it is now compulsory for hospitals to develop a DIC (Drug Information Centre). It will be head by a PharmD graduate; similarly, another cadre was created, the "Clinical Pharmacist". The only minimum educational qualification required for the cadre is the PharmD. The Clinical Pharmacist must also assist the physician and other medical representatives to promote
19764-568: The degree in Pharmacy is a MPharm program called master's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Portuguese: Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) and is already adapted to the European Bologna process . It consists of five years of study with the last semester consisting of full-time in-service training at a community pharmacy (four months) and at the pharmacy department of an hospital (two months). After earning
19926-428: The education and training is divided into three sections, each ending with a state examination: After the third state examination a person must become licensed as an RPh ("registered pharmacist") for a licence to practice pharmacy. Today, many pharmacists work as employees in public pharmacies. They will be paid according to the labour agreement of Adexa and employer associations. Polish pharmacists have to complete
20088-582: The end of the intern year as the last hurdle prior to registration. The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia provides continuing education programs for pharmacists. The number of full-time equivalent pharmacists working in Australia over the past decade has remained stable. Pharmacy practice is described by the practice standards and guidelines including those from the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. The Australian Pharmacy Council
20250-671: The federal degree to be equivalent to the Pharm.D. title used in the United States. The pharmacists have indeed a research and a clinical experience during their degree. The master's degree in Pharmacy was available at Tehran University since 1926. In 1930, Tehran University changed the Pharmacy degree from a master's to a doctorate, and the duration of the study was increased to 5 years. Currently, in Iranian universities, graduates need to present and defend their thesis in different fields of pharmacy, and this adds another year to their studies, and generally after 6 years, students can graduate as
20412-401: The fifth year, although some flexibility is possible for students choosing industry. Sixth year for industry is generally dedicated to further specialisation with a former Professional master's degree or a former Research master's degree including internship. In France, since the harmonization of European Union in September 2005, the student who chooses the industry/research orientation have
20574-447: The first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. Thus pharmacists have a significant role in assessing medication management in patients, and in referring patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to: The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing, and continuing education vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, pharmacists must obtain
20736-404: The fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner was to check and distribute drugs to doctors for medication that had been prescribed to patients. In more modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications, and act as a learned intermediary between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor
20898-457: The health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice compounding ; however, many medicines are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a primary care physician through an agreed upon protocol called
21060-408: The highest paid followed by those who worked in the multilateral non-governmental organizations. The public sector including public retail pharmacies and faith based organizations paid much less. The Ministry of Health salary scale for medical doctors was considerably higher than that of pharmacists despite having a difference of only one year of training. In Trinidad and Tobago , pharmacy practice
21222-407: The largest group of pharmacists was employed in the public sector (44%). Those working in private retail pharmacies were 23%, and the rest were mostly working for private wholesalers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, in academia/teaching, or with faith-based or non-governmental facilities. The salaries of pharmacists varied significantly depending on the place of work. Those who worked in the academia were
21384-712: The men who fulfilled roles similar to pharmacists were respected. The place of pharmacists in society was settled in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre- Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists — and even pharmacist assistants — were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In
21546-535: The most appropriate medication for a given patient). Upon graduation, pharmacists are licensed, either nationally or regionally, to dispense medication of various types in the areas they have trained for. Some may undergo further specialized training, such as in cardiology or oncology or long-term care. Specialties include: The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health oversee pharmacy school accreditation in Armenia . Pharmacists are expected to have competency in
21708-468: The national professional body of pharmacists, Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), have envisaged that in the near future, PharmD degree will become the minimum educational qualification for the registration/licensing of fresh graduates of Nigeria's pharmacy schools for practice in the country. Through the efforts of the PCN, most pharmacy schools in Nigeria are now intensifying their preparations to commence
21870-519: The next two batches for further continuation of the Pharm D program. Pharmacy Council of Pakistan (PCP) is the professional regulatory authority for Pharmacists in Pakistan. Earlier (before 2003), pharmacy degree was a 4-year undergraduate B.Pharmacy ( Bachelor of Pharmacy ) that focused mainly on drug manufacturing and pharmaceutics but later in 2004, Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and Pharmacy Council of Pakistan collaboratively changed
22032-412: The number of disciplines offered in the college expanded to the chemistry pharmaceuticals, pharmacists, drugs and medicinal plants, and drugs and toxins, and the laboratory sciences, clinical, and clinical pharmacy. The period of study at the college is 5 years. The college follows the seasonal semester system where the academic year is made up of 2 independent semester courses. This system is accredited by
22194-409: The pharmacist for indications such as hair restoration, weight loss, emergency hormonal contraception and erectile dysfunction). The titles Pharmacist, Pharmacy Technician and Pharmacy are legally protected in the United Kingdom . They can only be used by individuals that are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council ; any other users are guilty of a criminal offence. Traditionally in
22356-469: The pharmacist licensure exam. The universities offering Pharm. D. program or BSc. Pharm. program are listed below. (6-year program) (4-year program) (5-year program) In Thailand , Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Care) program first curriculum in Asia was established at Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University in 1913. The PharmD Program (Pharmaceutical care or Industrial Pharmacy)
22518-484: The pharmacy prerequisite coursework. Students completing a “2-4” program must apply for admission into the professional pharmacy program. The application process usually begins after completion of the third semester of study for entry into the professional program the following fall. Pharmacists A pharmacist , also known as a chemist in Commonwealth English , is a healthcare professional who
22680-450: The profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on the legal scope of practice , pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as " pharmacist prescribers ") and administering certain medications (e.g., immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesaling, research, academia, formulary management, military, and government. Historically,
22842-418: The professional degree program upon successful completion of entrance requirements and application procedures. This program is referred to as “0-6,” as students are accepted into the professional pharmacy program, contingent upon the aforementioned requirements, during the undergraduate college application process. Similarly, programs may be “2-4”. The “2” describes the first 2 years of study necessary to complete
23004-453: The programme followed by three years of core health sciences, professional and pharmacy practice courses. In India, group of national level institutes of pharmaceutical sciences or Pharmacy school in India called NIPERs also various colleges and universities offer D.Pharm, B.Pharm , M.Pharm and Pharm.D programs. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) are responsible government bodies for
23166-474: The programs. Additional evaluations may be conducted at the discretion of ACPE in the interim between comprehensive evaluations. Acceptance into a doctorate of pharmacy program depends upon completing specific prerequisites or obtaining a transferable bachelor's degree. Pharmacy school is four years of graduate school (accelerated Pharmacy Schools go January to January and are only 3 years), which include at least one year of practical experience. Graduates receive
23328-523: The public. The new professional role for pharmacist as prescriber has been recognized in the UK since May 2006, called the " Pharmacist Independent Prescriber ". Once qualified, a pharmacist independent prescriber can prescribe any licensed medicine for any medical condition within their competence. This includes controlled drugs except schedule 1 and prescribing certain drugs for the treatment of addiction ( cocaine , diamorphine and dipipanone ). Pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy premises in
23490-756: The regulatory role to the GPhC in 2010. The following criteria must be met for qualification as a pharmacist in the United Kingdom (the Northern Irish body and the GPhC operate separately but have broadly similar registration requirements): In 2014 the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that there were 297,100 American pharmacist jobs. By 2024 that number is projected to grow by 3%. The majority (65%) of those pharmacists work in retail settings, mostly as salaried employees but some as self-employed owners. About 22% work in hospitals, and
23652-443: The requirements for accreditation, but have not yet enrolled any students. This status indicates that the school of pharmacy has developed its program in accordance with the ACPE standards and guidelines. Once a school has enrolled students, but has not yet had a graduating class, they may be granted Candidate status. The expectations of a Candidate program are that they continue to mature in accordance with stated plans. The graduates of
23814-560: The rest mainly in mail-order or Internet pharmacies , pharmaceutical wholesalers, practices of physicians, and the Federal Government. All graduating pharmacists must now obtain the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree before they are eligible to sit for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination ( NAPLEX ) to enter into pharmacy practice. In addition, pharmacists are subject to state-level jurisprudence exams in order to practice from state to state. The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) has operated since 1932 as
23976-448: The student both works and completes assignments, leading to the award of an M.Pharm degree from the Royal College of Surgeons. A five-year integrated master's degree program will commence in September 2015. At the moment there are three universities in Ireland offering a B.Pharm degree: Trinity College Dublin , the University College Cork , and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . In New Zealand , as with other western nations,
24138-451: The student is submitted to nationwide exams for their university application. The process is the same for every degree the student chooses, from medicine to pharmacy to engineering. The student takes the master's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (equivalent to the PharmD program) in one of the nine Pharmacy faculties with their own respective numerous clausus which comprises a six-year rigorous study (5 year as an integrated masters according to
24300-399: The student must pass a nationwide exam to be legally entitled for practicing the profession of pharmacy, after acquiring the pharmacist work license. According to the new law in 2008, which is valid from 2009, all pharmacists, who have acquired the master's degree of pharmacy, are entitled to the Doctor of Pharmacy. In order to obtain the state diploma of "Doctor of Pharmacy", the studies last
24462-803: The study of pharmacy the 5+0 uniform master's studies lasts 5 years - first and second cycles combined. Students have 5 months of pharmacy practice in their last yeat at the university. After completing master's studies it is possible to contitune and finish one of Specialist study programmes. Those are intended for the candidates who have finished the university pharmacy programme and passed the professional examination or Uniform master's study programme Pharmacy. Those programmes are: Medicinals design, Medicinals testing, Clinical pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Community pharmacy or Clinical chemistry (Medical Biochemistry). All specialist study programmes, except for Clinical chemistry, include training which lasts 36 months and theoretical part (1st year) in form of lectures and exams within
24624-540: The supervision of a registered pharmacist. In addition, graduates are required to complete an approved graduate training course. On meeting these requirements, graduates are eligible to sit the registration examination which may involve both written and oral components. In Canada , pharmacists must complete undergraduate four-year Bachelor of Science degrees in pharmacy after completing a minimum of one or two years of university study studies beforehand. The University of Waterloo requires two years of prerequisite study in
24786-401: The supervision of an already Registered Pharmacist(a preceptor) in a recognized and designated Institution before they can become Registered Pharmacists. The Profession is Regulated by a Government Statutory body called the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria . The West African Post Graduate College of Pharmacy runs post-registration courses on advanced-level practice in various fields of pharmacy. It
24948-451: The syllabus and upgraded the B.Pharmacy degree to Pharm.D. Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) is a 5-year professional degree in Pakistan. Admission requirements for Pharm.D is 12-years of schooling or HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) in pre-medical subjects (Biology, Chemistry and Physics etc.) or A-levels in similar subjects. Passing an aptitude test is mandatory for getting admission into Pharm.D program. As compared to B.Pharm., Pharm.D
25110-522: The title after graduation is " Master of Pharmacy " (магистар фармације/magistar farmacije). The usual information that students attain include pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical technology, cosmetology, nutrition, chemistry, and other pharmaceutical-based studies. Graduated pharmacists can either move on to postgraduate studies or get employed in pharmacies, pharmaceutical industry, control of quality of medications, laboratories for researching, in nursing schools as teachers, as
25272-500: The top rated private universities. It is the best for home and abroad students. The B.Pharm. is completed in 4 years and the M.Pharm. in one year. Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB) is the Professional Regulatory Authority for Pharmacists in Bangladesh. The PharmD degree was introduced by the Government of India and Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) in 2008. It is a post-graduate professional doctorate of 6 years which includes 5 years of study and 1 year of internship or residency. It
25434-489: The universities that offer this degree include Cairo University, Ain Shams University, Mansoura University, Tanta University, Alexandria University, Suez Canal University, Beni- Suef University and Galala University. PharmD is a 6-year course offered in Ghana from the academic year 2012/2013, initially by the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). It leads to the award of the Doctor of Pharmacy certificate making one eligible to qualify, register and operate as
25596-438: The university's current numerus clausus and the number or registered students, ranging from 10 to 30% bearing in mind that second-time participants are three to four times more likely to succeed than students trying for the first time. In order to obtain the state diploma of "Doctor of Pharmacy", the studies last a minimum of six years, or nine years for students choosing residency ( hospital pharmacy or medical biology ). It
25758-435: The warrant to practice as a pharmacist is given after the Master of Pharmacy course is completed successfully. The University of Malta, however, offers a Level 8 Postgraduate Degree known as the Doctorate in Pharmacy (PharmD) which expands the pharmacist's knowledge on clinical, pharmacoeconomic, and regulatory aspects. The Doctorate in Pharmacy course is offered in collaboration with the University of Illinois in Chicago and uses
25920-576: The wellness and correct use of medications for patients. Nepal started three years post baccalaureate Pharm.D in 2010 in Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre. It is the first batch in Nepal pursuing the degree. The first batch is now currently involved in a 1 years internship at different well established teaching hospitals of Nepal. The students are enrolled in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, College of Medical Sciences Bharatpur and KIST medical College, Lalitpur for their internship of 1 year. Kathmandu University has already enrolled
26082-422: The whole of Sweden offer a pharmacy education, Uppsala University , where the Faculty of Pharmacy is located, the University of Gothenburg , and Umeå University . In Sweden, pharmacists are called Apotekare . At pharmacies in Sweden, pharmacists work together with another class of legislated health care professionals called Receptarier , in English so-called prescriptionists , who have completed studies equal to
26244-521: Was introduced to improve clinical pharmacy services in the country and is the only service which is in direct contact with the patient health care system. The first batch of post-baccalaureate PharmD students graduated in August 2011 and the first regular batch graduated in June 2014. The PharmD degree requires 5 years of classroom and hospital-based didactic study (two years didactic post-baccalaureate course), followed by one year of internship training in hospitals in addition to ongoing practicals and finishing
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