134-705: Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina ) is an Italian car design firm and coachbuilder , with headquarters in Cambiano, Turin , Italy. The company was founded by Battista "Pinin" Farina in 1930. On 14 December 2015, the Indian multinational Mahindra Group acquired 76.06% of Pininfarina S.p.A. for about €168 million. Pininfarina is employed by a wide variety of automobile manufacturers to design vehicles. These firms have included long-established customers such as Ferrari , Alfa Romeo , Peugeot , Fiat , GM , Lancia , and Maserati , to emerging companies in
268-533: A debt restructuring that would require the family to sell its stake in the company. The agreement was made after Pininfarina's value dropped 67% during 2008, with a market capitalization of about €36 million. It had total debt of €598 million at the end of November. Of that amount, €555 million was the subject of the debt restructuring agreement that was agreed on with a consortium of banks. Pincar, Pininfarina's family holding company, announced on 24 March 2009 that it had hired investment bank Leonardo & Co. to find
402-727: A 17,000 sq ft (1,600 m ) lot at 53 West 53rd Street west of its existing building, sold it to developer Gerald D. Hines for $ 125 million in January 2007. Hines planned to build a skyscraper called Tower Verre on the site. Work on the tower was delayed because of a lack of funding following the Great Recession . In 2010, MoMA completed its merger with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in Long Island City, New York , formally renaming it as MoMA PS1 . In 2011, MoMA acquired an adjacent building that housed
536-530: A 76% stake in the holding company Pincar for 25.3 million euros. The Indian company will offer the same price for the remaining stock. In addition to buying stock, Mahindra will invest 20 million euros in Pininfarina and provide a guarantee to creditors of 114.5 million euros. On 10 December 2011, Pininfarina announced it would end all automotive production. In truth, production ended in November 2010 with
670-403: A French financier, and Ratan Tata , head of India's Tata Group conglomerate, who already announced their plans to invest, would together invest €100 million. Funding would come through the sale of stock to other investors. The Pininfarina family was willing to reduce its share from 55% to 30%, which would still be enough to secure a controlling interest. On 31 December 2008, Pininfarina announced
804-537: A background in industrial design or sometimes tooling engineering in the case of some Class-A modelers. Autodesk Alias and ICEM Surf are the two most widely used software tools for Class-A development. Uniform surface continuity is critical to ensure Class-A surface standards. The continuity of the areas is between the quality grades G0 through G3, with G3 guaranteeing the cleanest patch-to-patch transitions. Several manufacturers have slightly varied development cycles for designing an automobile, but in practice, these are
938-509: A buyer for its 50.6% stake in Pininfarina per the debt restructuring agreement reached in December. In a statement released on 15 February 2012, the company said its debt repayment date had been extended to 2018, from 2015. And that the company would take advantage of interest rates "significantly lower than [current] market rates". Pininfarina will remain under the control of the Pininfarina family. Pininfarina also saw its net revenue increase by
1072-694: A capacity audience on April 23, 1974), various TV commercials, and Chris Cunningham 's music video for Björk 's All Is Full of Love . The MoMA library is located in Midtown Manhattan, with offsite storage in Long Island City, Queens. The noncirculating collection documents modern and contemporary art, including painting, sculpture, prints, photography, film, performance, and architecture from 1880–present. The collection includes 300,000 books, 1,000 periodicals, and 40,000 files about artists and artistic groups. Over 11,000 artist books are in
1206-515: A casual, snapshot-like look and subject matter so apparently ordinary that it was hard to categorize". Under Szarkowski, it focused on a more traditionally modernist approach to the medium, one that emphasized documentary images and orthodox darkroom techniques. Peter Galassi (curator 1991–2011) worked under his predecessor, whereas Quentin Bajac (curator 2013–2018) was hired from the outside. The current David Dechman Senior Curator of Photography
1340-515: A corporation, Società anonima Carrozzeria Pinin Farina headquartered in Turin, Italy, at 107 Corso Trapani. During the 1930s, the company built bodies for Lancia , Alfa Romeo , Isotta Fraschini , Hispano-Suiza , Fiat , Cadillac , and Rolls-Royce . With its close relationship with Lancia, the pioneer of the monocoque in automobile design, Farina became the first coachbuilder to build bodies for
1474-480: A full-sized wind tunnel was completed. The project was started in 1966. When it opened, it was the first wind tunnel with the ability to test full-sized cars in Italy and one of the first in the world with this ability. For example, GM 's full-sized wind tunnel did not open until 1980. The 1980s started a period of expansion for Pininfarina. In 1982, the company opened "Pininfarina Studi e Ricerche" in Cambiano . It
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#17327834578731608-535: A line of outdoor furniture. In April 2008, after three years of serious losses totaling 115 million euros at the end of 2007, Pininfarina made the first of several moves to raise capital and restructure its enormous debt: On 29 April 2008 Pininfarina announced Piero Ferrari , Alberto Bombassei (chairman of Brembo ), and the Marsiaj family (founders of the Sabelt seatbelt company), would join with Vincent Bolloré ,
1742-428: A million. In 2013 Pininfarina managed a net profit with an operating loss of 8.2 million euros but a net profit of 32.9 million euros from a one-time gain of approximately 45 million euros. Mahindra Group , owner of Indian automobile company Mahindra & Mahindra agreed to buy Italian car designer Pininfarina SpA in a deal worth about 168 million euros. Mahindra group, together with affiliate Tech Mahindra , has
1876-560: A new annex designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and in the existing building, as well as expanded lobbies. In June 2017, the first phase of the $ 450 million expansion was completed. Spread over three floors of the art mecca off Fifth Avenue are 15,000 square-feet (about 1,400 m ) of reconfigured galleries, a new, second gift shop, a redesigned cafe and espresso bar, and facing the sculpture garden, two lounges graced with black marble quarried in France. The museum expansion project increased
2010-585: A place at the entrance to the exhibition to display the two new creations. The managers of the Grand Palais said of the display, "the devil Pinin Farina", but to the press and the public, it was the successful "Turin coachbuilder's anti-salon". At the end of 1945, the Cisitalia 202 Coupé was designed. An elegantly proportioned design with a low hood, it is the car that usually is given credit for establishing Pinin Farina's reputation. The Pinin Farina design
2144-434: A redesign of the sculpture garden by Philip Johnson and relocation to its current home designed by Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone , which opened in 1939. In later decades, the controversial decision to withdraw funding from the antiwar poster " And Babies " in 1969, and the subsequent protests, highlighted the museum's involvement in contemporary sociopolitical issues. It was also among several institutions to aid
2278-434: A specific model consists of a chief designer and an exterior as well as an interior designer. In some cases, all three roles are done by one designer. Several junior designers are involved in the development process as well and make specific contributions all overseen by the chief designer. Apart from this, the color and trim designer works closely with other designers. The clay model team and digital model team work closely with
2412-498: A vehicle. These include paints , plastics , fabric designs, leather , grains, carpet , headliner, wood trim, and so on. Color , contrast, texture , and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with exterior and interior designers. Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as industrial design, fashion , home furnishing, architecture , and sometimes product design . Specific research
2546-472: Is Pininfarina . Some Italian designers whose design services were sought globally include Aldo Brovarone , Giovanni Michelotti , Ercole Spada , Bruno Sacco , Marcello Gandini , Giorgetto Giugiaro , and Walter de Silva . Sweden had Volvo and Saab as domestic automakers, and the nation's northern location required that cars needed to withstand Nordic climate conditions. The Scandinavian design elements are known for their minimalism and simplicity. One of
2680-463: Is Roxana Marcoci, PhD. In 1932, museum founding director Alfred Barr stressed the importance of introducing "the only great art form peculiar to the 20th century" to "the American public which should appreciate good films and support them". Museum Trustee and film producer John Hay Whitney became the first chairman of the museum's Film Library from 1935 to 1951. The collection Whitney assembled with
2814-460: Is absolutely up to you." In 1958, upon leaving for a world tour, Farina added, "In my family, we inherit our legacies from live people–not from the dead." In 1961, at 68, "Pinin" Farina formally turned his firm over to his son, Sergio, and his son-in-law, Renzo Carli. The same year, the President of Italy formally authorized the change of Farina's last name to Pininfarina, and the business took on
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#17327834578732948-529: Is also an aspect of automotive design; this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. The design focuses not only on the isolated outer shape of automobile parts, but concentrates on the combination of form and function, starting from the vehicle package. The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well. In particular, vehicular electronic components and parts will give more challenges to automotive designers who are required to update on
3082-611: Is done into global trends to design for projects two to three model years in the future. Trend boards are created from this research to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models. The design team also develops graphics for items, such as badges, decals, dials, switches, kick or tread strips, or liveries. The sketches and rendering are transformed into 3D digital surface modeling and rendering for real-time evaluation with Math data in
3216-418: Is first designed in a computer program and then "carved" using the machine and large amounts of clay. Even in times of photorealistic (three-dimensional) software and virtual models on power walls, the clay model is still the most important tool for a final evaluation of the exterior design of a vehicle and, therefore, is used throughout the industry. The designer responsible for the vehicles' interior develops
3350-461: Is notable for the Ford Sierra line, a work of Uwe Bahnsen , Robert Lutz , and Patrick le Quément . Other notable British designers include William Towns for Aston Martin , and David Bache for Land Rover and Range Rover , and Ian Callum for Jaguar . In the late 1980s, Royden Axe (previously Chrysler UK Design Director) and Gordon Sked along with Gerry McGovern produced most notably
3484-530: Is organized around six curatorial departments: Architecture and Design, Drawings and Prints, Film, Media and Performance, Painting and Sculpture, and Photography. The MoMA's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to roughly 22,000 films and 4 million film stills. (Access to the collection of film stills ended in 2002, and the collection is stored in a vault in Hamlin, Pennsylvania . ). The collection houses such important and familiar works as
3618-479: Is regarded as one of the most important in the world. The Department of Photography was founded by Beaumont Newhall in 1940 and developed a world-renowned art photography collection under Edward Steichen (curator 1947–1961). Steichen's most notable and lasting exhibit, named The Family of Man , was seen by 9 million people. In 2003, the Family of Man photographic collection was added to UNESCO 's Memory of
3752-524: Is registered and publicly traded on the Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana . When automobile designer and builder Battista "Pinin" Farina broke away from his brother's coachbuilding firm, Stabilimenti Farina , in 1928, he founded "Carrozzeria Pinin Farina" with financial help from his wife's family and Vincenzo Lancia . That first year, the firm employed eighteen and built 50 automobile bodies. On 22 May 1930 papers were filed to become
3886-550: Is the process of developing the appearance (and to some extent the ergonomics ) of motor vehicles , including automobiles , motorcycles , trucks , buses , coaches , and vans . The functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines also included within automotive engineering , however, design roles are not associated with requirements for professional- or chartered-engineer qualifications. Automotive design in this context focuses primarily on developing
4020-836: Is to help expand the collection and display of work by women, Latinos, Blacks, Asians, and other marginalized communities. In connection with the renovation, MoMA shifted its approach to presenting its holdings, moving away from separating the collection by disciplines such as painting, design, and works on paper toward an integrated chronological presentation that encompasses all areas of the collection. The Museum of Modern Art closed for another round of major renovations from June to October 2019. Upon reopening on October 21, 2019, MoMA added 47,000 square feet (4,400 m ) of gallery space, bringing its total floor area to 708,000 square feet (65,800 m ). The MoMA occasionally has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses, which have reflected seminal ideas in architectural history. The MoMA
4154-644: The American Folk Art Museum on West 53rd Street. The building had been completed in 2001 to designs by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and was sold in connection with a financial restructuring of the Folk Art Museum. In January 2014, MoMA decided to raze the American Folk Art Museum, which was between MoMA's existing structure and the proposed tower at 53 West 53rd Street. The architectural community protested
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4288-557: The CIA in its efforts to engage in cultural propaganda during the Cold War . Major expansions in the 1980s and the early 21st century, including the selection of Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi for a significant renovation, nearly doubled MoMA's space for exhibitions and programs. The 2000s saw the formal merger with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center , and in 2019, another major renovation added significant gallery space. In 2022, MoMA
4422-819: The Cadillac Allanté . The Allanté project led to the building of the San Giorgio factory in 1985. In 1996, Mitsubishi entered into talks for Pininfarina to build their new compact SUV, the Pajero , in Italy. While Mitsubishi recognized Pininfarina's expertise in design and engineering, the reason for choosing them was that manufacturing costs were half of those in Germany. After entering into an agreement in 1996, Pininfarina purchased an industrial site at Bairo Canavese near Turin , Italy. in April 1997, Bairo Canavese
4556-589: The Communist regime, the design started falling back and ultimately the domestic automakers ended up as subsidiaries of EU-based companies. Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan , New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues . The institution was conceived in 1929 by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller , Lillie P. Bliss , and Mary Quinn Sullivan . Initially located in
4690-828: The Ferrari Mythos , were concept cars , although several have become production models, including the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti and Ferrari F50 . A recent privately commissioned custom example was the Ferrari P4/5 of 2006, a one-car change to the exterior design of the Enzo Ferrari according to the client's specifications. Its design began in September 2005 with sketches by Jason Castriota moving through computer-aided sculpture and stringent wind tunnel testing. More than 200 components were designed especially for
4824-641: The Heckscher Building on Fifth Avenue, it opened just days after the Wall Street Crash . The museum, America's first devoted exclusively to modern art, was led by A. Conger Goodyear as president and Abby Rockefeller as treasurer, with Alfred H. Barr Jr . as its first director. Under Barr's leadership, the museum's collection rapidly expanded, beginning with an inaugural exhibition of works by European modernists. Despite financial challenges, including opposition from John D. Rockefeller Jr. ,
4958-663: The My Lai Massacre . The MoMA had promised to fund and circulate the poster, but after seeing the 2-by-3-foot (0.61 m × 0.91 m) poster, MoMA pulled financing for the project at the last minute. MoMA's board of trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William S. Paley (head of CBS), who reportedly "hit the ceiling" on seeing the proofs of the poster. The poster was included shortly thereafter in MoMA's Information exhibition of July 2 to September 20, 1970, curated by Kynaston McShine. In 1971, after protests outside
5092-699: The Rockefeller Guest House at 242 East 52nd Street was completed in 1950, some MoMA functions were held in the house until 1964. In 1937, MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Time-Life Building in Rockefeller Center . Its permanent and current home, now renovated, designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone , opened to
5226-410: The 1960s to the 1990s. In Italy, Fiat and Alfa Romeo played a major role in car design. Many coachbuilders were dependent on these two major manufacturers. Italian manufacturers had a large presence in motorsports leading to several sport car manufacturers like Ferrari , Lancia , Lamborghini , Maserati , etc. During the late-1950s, Italian automobile designs gained global popularity coinciding with
5360-445: The 1960s, Ford 's first-generation Ford Mustang and Thunderbird marked another era leading into new market segments from Detroit . The Ford Mustang achieved record sales in its first year of production and established the pony car segment. Personal injury litigation has affected the design and appearance of the car in the 20th century. Until World War I , most automakers were concerned with mechanical reliability rather than
5494-495: The 1980s, and Klaus Luthe until the mid-1990s. The American-born designer Chris Bangle was hired by BMW in the late-1990s to redefine the brand. Bangle incorporated new single-press technology for compound curves to add controversial styling elements to his designs. The Porsche family contribution was instrumental in the evolution of Porsche cars, while the Italian designer Bruno Sacco helped create various Mercedes Models from
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5628-539: The 2012-17 Ferrari F12berlinetta , the last model entirely penned by Pininfarina, while Centro Stile Ferrari has designed each car since 2013's LaFerrari . From 1954 until 1955, Pinin Farina purchased land in Grugliasco , outside Turin, for a new factory. "The factory in no way would look like the one of Corso Trapani. It would be a car no longer on my measurements but those of my children, built looking like them; I had this in mind and wanted it," said Farina. Around
5762-610: The Asian market with Chinese manufactures like AviChina , Chery , Changfeng , Brilliance , JAC and VinFast in Vietnam and Korean manufacturers Daewoo and Hyundai . Since the 1980s, Pininfarina has also designed high-speed trains, buses, trams, rolling stocks, automated light rail cars, people movers, yachts, airplanes, and private jets. Since the 1986 creation of "Pininfarina Extra", it has consulted on industrial design, interior design, architecture, and graphic design. Pininfarina
5896-464: The Corso Trapani facility, "This old plant has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone, I'd leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go–to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It's your decision, and I don't want to know what it is. I'm finished, and it's your time to take over. The future
6030-813: The German Film (1947), traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the Weimar Republic and helped lay the foundation of modern film criticism . Under the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film , the film collection includes more than 25,000 titles and ranks as one of the world's finest museum archives of international film art. The department owns prints of many familiar feature-length movies, including Citizen Kane and Vertigo , but its holdings also contains many less-traditional pieces, including Andy Warhol 's eight-hour Empire , Fred Halsted 's gay pornographic L.A. Plays Itself (screened before
6164-556: The MGF and Rover 800 During the complex changes in the British car industry in the 1990's and beyond a mix of designers worked on all of the remaining mainstream brands under one design director and in one studio. The director most involved was Geoff Upex, with his team of Richard Woolley, Dave Saddington, George Thomson, Alan Mobberley, and Martin Peach (colour and trim). Together they created
6298-582: The MoMA was at the center of a controversy over its decision to withdraw funding from the iconic antiwar poster And Babies . In 1969, the Art Workers Coalition , a group of New York City artists who opposed the Vietnam War , in collaboration with Museum of Modern Art members Arthur Drexler and Elizabeth Shaw, created an iconic protest poster called And babies . The poster uses an image by photojournalist Ronald L. Haeberle and references
6432-922: The Rover 75, 45, and 25 (previously 400 and 200) the L322 Range Rover, the T5 platform-based Discovery and Range Rover sport, the Freelander 2, and the Mini as requested by BMW before the company was sold Germany is often considered the birthplace of industrial design with the Bauhaus School of Design, before it was closed down by the Nazi regime. Ferdinand Porsche and his family played a significant role in German design. Mercedes-Benz passenger cars were also in
6566-477: The Studies and Research Centre ( Studi e Ricerche ) in Grugliasco . The research centre occupied 8,000 sq. metres (2 acres) and employed 180 technicians to produce 25 prototypes yearly. The Calculation and Design Centre was set up in 1967, the first step in the process of technological evolution that, during the 1970s, would take Pininfarina into the lead in automated bodywork design. Then in 1972 construction of
6700-654: The United States , and the third most-visited U.S. art museum. This attendance was 89 percent higher than in 2021, but still well below the pre-COVID attendance in 2019. The idea for the Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller , wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr. , and two of her friends, Lillie P. Bliss and Mary Quinn Sullivan . They became known variously as "the Ladies" or "the adamantine ladies". They rented modest quarters for
6834-690: The United States market. In 1952, Farina visited the U.S. for the unveiling of his design for the Nash Ambassador and Statesman lines, which, although they did carry some details of Pinin Farina's design, were primarily designed by Nash's then-new in-house styling staff when the original Farina-designed model proved unsuited to American tastes, exhibiting a popular 1950s appearance called " ponton ". The Nash-Healey sports car body was, however, completely designed and assembled with Nash drivetrains in limited numbers from 1952 until 1954 at Pinin Farina's Turin facilities. Nash heavily advertised its link to
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#17327834578736968-775: The Volvo P1 platform used in the S40. Pininfarina has helped to plan multi-family residences with Cyrela Real Estate. Related Group, and commercial projects with Bosque Real, Roadside Development, and Higold Group. They were also involved in the building of the Istanbul Airport and Juventus Arena. In 2016 Pininfarina, in collaboration with Reflex, created the Segno furniture Collection; an integrated modular system. They have also collaborated with Italian wood distributor Corà Parquet, to develop wooden flooring surfaces as well as Higold on
7102-505: The World Register in recognition of its historical value. Steichen's hand-picked successor, John Szarkowski (curator 1962–1991), guided the department with several notable exhibitions, including 1967s New Documents that presented photographs by Diane Arbus , Lee Friedlander , and Garry Winogrand and is said to have "represented a shift in emphasis" and "identified a new direction in photography: pictures that seemed to have
7236-543: The adjacent Museum Tower, and mechanical spaces and equipment within the tower were added or relocated. MoMA reopened on November 20, 2004. The renovation received mixed reception. John Updike wrote in The New Yorker that the new structure "has the enchantment of a bank after hours, of a honeycomb emptied of honey and flooded with a soft glow", while Roberta Smith of The New York Times said MoMA had an "overly refined building, whose poor layout shortchanges
7370-490: The associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University , was referred to in those days as a "collector of curators". Goodyear asked him to recommend a director, and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr Jr. , a promising young protégé . Under Barr's guidance, the museum's holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful loan exhibition
7504-782: The car, including the engine, drivetrain, and other components modified from the original Enzo Ferrari. The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is unchanged from the Enzo it was derived from. The P4/5 was publicly revealed on 18 August 2006 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance and shown again at the Paris Motor Show in late September. Another recent prototype is the Pininfarina Nido , a two-seater sub-compact that could make airbags obsolete. The Pininfarina B0 solar-electric concept, designed with Bolloré
7638-455: The collection. The libraries are open by appointment to all researchers. The library's catalog is called "Dadabase". Dadabase includes records for all of the material in the library, including books, artist books , exhibition catalogs , special collections materials, and electronic resources. The MoMA's collection of artist books includes works by Ed Ruscha , Marcel Broodthaers , Susan Bee , Carl Andre , and David Horvitz . Additionally,
7772-649: The company away from boxy-looking cars into more aerodynamic and futuristic designs that were influenced by rockets after WWII. Other influential automotive designers include Raymond Loewy , who was responsible for a number of Studebaker vehicles such as the Avanti , and Gordon Buehrig , who was responsible for the Auburn 851, as well as the Cord 810 and 812 . Starting in the 1960s, Dick Teague , who spent most of his career with American Motors Corporation (AMC), originated
7906-516: The concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings , starting with the AMC Cavalier . Teague was responsible for automotive designs such as the two-seat AMC AMX muscle car, the subcompact Gremlin , the Pacer , and Matador coupe , as well as the original and market segment-creating, Jeep Cherokee . Additionally during
8040-643: The conclusion of the contract to produce the Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider at the San Giorgio plant. Opened in 1958 with nearly 1,000 employees, by 1960 output exceeded 11,000 car bodies. In 2009 Pininfarina sold the factory to Finpiemonte, the public finance of the Piedmont Region, at the price of 14.4 million euro. Finpiemonte, as part of the deal, leases the plant to Gian Mario Rossignolo at a rent per year for six years renewable. The Grugliasco sale did not include an adjacent structure that houses
8174-442: The credit or blame). Critics called his strategy planned obsolescence . Sloan preferred the term "dynamic obsolescence". This strategy had far-reaching effects on the auto business, the field of product design, and eventually the American economy. The smaller automakers could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling. Henry Ford did not like the model-year change because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity,
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#17327834578738308-612: The design project for the expansion. Despite these expansion projects, MoMA's physical space had never been able to accommodate its growing collection. On June 14, 1984 the Women Artists Visibility Event (W.A.V.E.), a demonstration of 400 women artists, was held in front of the newly renovated Museum of Modern Art to protest the lack of female representation in its opening exhibition, "An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture". The exhibition featured 165 artists; only 14 of those were women. By
8442-701: The early original Scandinavian designs was the Saab 92001 by Sixten Sason and Gunnar Ljungström. Koenigsegg , founded in the 1990s, became Sweden's first domestic producer of high end sports cars, with many of their models featuring in house designs by Swedish designers. Before World War II and until the early-1990s, Czechoslovakia had a strong presence in the automotive industry with manufacturers like Skoda , Jawa , Tatra , CZ , Praga , and Zetor . Czech automobiles were generally known for their originality in mechanical simplicity and designs were remarkably Bohemian as evident from Tatra cars and Jawa motorcycles. During
8576-488: The economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931 and became the dominant company in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a body-on-frame rather than the lighter but less adaptable monocoque design used by most European automakers. In the 1930s, Chrysler 's innovations with aerodynamics helped launch the Chrysler Airflow in 1934, which
8710-631: The end of the 20th century, MoMA had 100,000 objects in its collection, an increase from the 40,000 items it had in 1970. After the Dorset Hotel adjacent to the museum was placed for sale in 1996, MoMA quickly purchased it. The next year, the museum began planning a major renovation and expansion, selecting Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi in December 1997. The project nearly doubled the space for MoMA's exhibitions and programs, and features 630,000 square feet (59,000 m ) of space. Taniguchi's initial plan called for two structures, one each to
8844-430: The exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, and surface details of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of manual sketches and digital drawings. Progressively, more detailed drawings are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, followed by digital rendering to images. Consumer feedback is generally sought at this point to help iteratively refine vehicle concepts according to
8978-479: The external appearance of their cars. Later, luxury and aesthetics became a demand, and also an effective marketing tool. Designs from each nation with their own strong cultural identity are reflected in their exterior and interior designs. World War II slowed the progress, but after the early 1950s, Italian designers set the trend and remained the driving force until the early part of the 1980s. In France notable designs came from Bugatti and Avions Voisin . Of
9112-461: The famous Italian designer, much as Studebaker promoted its longtime association with Raymond Loewy . As a result of Nash's million advertising campaign, Pinin Farina became well known in the U.S. Pinin Farina also built the bodies for the limited-series Cadillac Eldorado Brougham for General Motors in 1959 and 1960. They were assembled in Italy and shipped back to the U.S. There were 99 Broughams built in 1959 and 101 in 1960. A similar arrangement
9246-499: The film library was Iris Barry , a British film critic and author whose three decades of work in collecting films and presenting them in artistic and historical contexts gained recognition for the cinema. Barry and her successors built a collection comprising some 8000 titles. Exiled film scholar Siegfried Kracauer worked at the MoMA film archive on a psychological history of German film between 1941 and 1943. The result of his study, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of
9380-412: The first of its kind in the U.S. The MoMA Library includes about 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, more than 1,000 periodical titles and more than 40,000 files of ephemera about individual artists and groups. The archives hold primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The museum attracted 2,190,440 visitors in 2022, making it the 4th most-visited museum in
9514-837: The following: It also holds works by a wide range of influential European and American artists including Auguste Rodin , Henri Matisse , Pablo Picasso , Georges Braque , Joan Miró , Aristide Maillol , Piet Mondrian , Marcel Duchamp , Paul Klee , Fernand Léger , René Magritte , Henry Moore , Alberto Giacometti , Georgia O'Keeffe , Edward Hopper , Walker Evans , Dorothea Lange , Arshile Gorky , Hans Hofmann , Franz Kline , Willem de Kooning , Jackson Pollock , Mark Rothko , David Smith , Helen Frankenthaler , Morris Louis , Kenneth Noland , Robert Rauschenberg , Frank Stella , Andy Warhol , Roy Lichtenstein , Jean-Michel Basquiat and hundreds of others. The MoMA photography collection consists of over 25,000 works by photographers, journalists, scientists, entrepreneurs, and amateurs, and
9648-683: The following: The design process occurs concurrently with other product engineers who will be engineering the styling data for meeting performance, manufacturing, and safety regulations. From mid-phase, back-and-forth interactions between the designers and product engineers culminate into a finished product being manufacturing-ready. Apart from this the engineering team parallelly works in the following areas. Product Engineering (Body In White Sheetmetal Design and Plastic engineering), NVH Development team, Prototype development, Powertrain engineering, Physical Vehicle validation, Tool and Die development, and Manufacturing process design. The design team for
9782-459: The help of film curator Iris Barry was so successful that in 1937 the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences commended the museum with an award "for its significant work in collecting films ... and for the first time making available to the public the means of studying the historical and aesthetic development of the motion picture as one of the major arts". The first curator and founder of
9916-461: The hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago . In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars and historians. This was wholly masterminded by Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest artist of the time, setting
10050-496: The importer for the United States, said he could sell as many as they could make. In 1958, the first year of production, they produced 1,025 units, which then expanded to over 4,000 units in 1959, the first full year of the new Grugliasco factory. Starting with planning the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Farina began to groom his replacements–Sergio, his son, and Renzo Carli, his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Farina said of
10184-526: The initial stages. During the development process succeeding phases will require the 3D model fully developed to meet the aesthetic requirements of a designer as well as all engineering and manufacturing requirements. The fully developed CAS digital model will be re-developed for manufacturing meeting the Class-A surface standards that involve both technical as well as aesthetics. A Product Engineering team will further develop this data. These modelers usually have
10318-515: The joint venture agreement regarding Pininfarina Sverige AB and its operations in Uddevalla , Sweden. As of 31 December 2011, the termination of this agreement would result in a 30 million euros fee paid to Pininfarina. On 25 June 2013, the last Volvo C70 was produced and the Uddevalla assembly plant was closed. Although Pininfarina rarely gave credit to individuals, many of the designers of
10452-461: The latest information and knowledge associated with emerging vehicular gadgetry, particularly dashtop mobile devices, like GPS navigation, satellite radio , HD radio , mobile TV, MP3 players, video playback, and smartphone interfaces. Though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models. The design team(s) responsible for
10586-505: The library has subscription electronic resources along with Dadabase. These include journal databases (such as JSTOR and Art Full Text), auction results indexes (ArtFact and Artnet ), the ARTstor image database, and WorldCat union catalog. MoMA's Department of Architecture and Design was founded in 1932 as the first museum department in the world dedicated to the intersection of architecture and design. The department's first director
10720-473: The lone Vincent van Gogh exhibition on November 4, 1935. Containing an unprecedented 66 oils and 50 drawings from the Netherlands , as well as poignant excerpts from the artist's letters, it was a major public success due to Barr's arrangement of the exhibit, and became "a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the contemporary imagination". The museum also gained international prominence with
10854-428: The luxury segment and played an important role in German car design. After the 1980s, German design evolved into a distinctive Teutonic style often to complement their highly engineered cars suited to Autobahns . The early German design clues of the present-day owe some part to Italian designers like Giovanni Michelotti , Ercole Spada , Bruno Sacco , and Giorgetto Giugiaro . During the mid- and late-20th century one of
10988-573: The mass-selling cars, Citroën launched their vehicles with innovative designs and engineering, aided by the styling of Flaminio Bertoni as evident from the Citroën DS . After World War II, with the decline of the coachbuilding industry, French automakers (except Citroën) followed British and other popular trends until they gained financial stability. During the 1980s, manufacturers like Renault cultivated their own strong design identities with designers like Patrick Le Quément . Peugeot , which
11122-510: The model for all the museum's retrospectives that were to follow. Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . In 1941, MoMA hosted the ground-breaking exhibition, " Indian Art of the United States ", curated by Frederic Huntington Douglas and Rene d'Harnoncourt , that changed the way Native American arts were viewed by the public and exhibited in art museums. Abby Rockefeller's son Nelson
11256-520: The modern fashion and architecture at that time around the world. Various design and technical schools in Turin turned out designers on a large scale. By the late-1960s, almost all Italian coachbuilders transformed into design studios catering to automakers around the world. The trend continued in the 1990s when the Japanese and Korean manufacturers sourced designs from these styling studios. One example
11390-475: The most influential coach builders/designers in Germany was Karmann . German designs started gaining popularity after the 1980s, notable after the formation of Audi . Volkswagen , which was dependent on Marcello Gandini , Giorgetto Giugiaro, and Karmann, later formed the contemporary design language along with Audi. BMW entered the automobile design with sporty-looking everyday sedans using Giovanni Michelotti. These models were later enhanced by Ercole Spada into
11524-468: The most influential cultural institutions globally devoted to modern and contemporary art . At the same time, MoMA has long faced criticism for developing and perpetuating Eurocentric narratives of modernism and for its insufficient focus on expanding access to socioeconomically underprivileged groups. The museum has been involved in controversies regarding its labor practices, and the institution's labor union, founded in 1971, has been described as
11658-645: The motorsport industry. Still, during the 1960s, British manufacturers sought professional help from Italian designers and studios such as Giovanni Michelotti , Ercole Spada , and Pininfarina . Notable British contributions to automobile designs were the Morris Mini by Alec Issigonis , several Jaguar Cars by Sir William Lyons and Malcolm Sayer, Aston Martin DB Series, and several cars from Triumph and MG . Ford Europe, based in Great Britain,
11792-441: The museum (as well as to modern art itself) and refused to release funds for the venture, which had to be obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location. Nevertheless, he eventually donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time, and thus became in effect one of its greatest benefactors. During that time, the museum initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, such as
11926-600: The museum garden, and named it in honor of his mother, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden . The Rockefeller family and he have retained a close association with the museum throughout its history, with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947. Both David Rockefeller Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (wife of former senator Jay Rockefeller ) sit on the board of trustees. After
12060-438: The museum meant to spur inclusion of African Americans Richard Hunt was the first African American sculptor to have a major solo retrospective at the museum. In 1983, the museum more than doubled its gallery space, increased the curatorial department by 30%, and added an auditorium, two restaurants, and a bookstore in conjunction with the construction of the 56-story Museum Tower adjoining the museum. Architect César Pelli led
12194-477: The museum moved to several temporary locations in its early years, and John D. Rockefeller Jr. eventually donated the land for its permanent site. From the 1930s through the 1950s, MoMA gained international recognition with landmark exhibitions, such as Barr's influential "Cubism and Abstract Art" in 1936, a retrospective of Pablo Picasso 's works organized in 1939–40 and the "Indian Art of the United States" exhibition in 1941. Abby Rockefeller's son, Nelson , became
12328-420: The museum's president in 1939, playing a key role in its expansion and publicity. His brother, David Rockefeller , joined the board in 1948 and continued the family's close association with the museum. Significant events during this period included a major fire in 1958, which destroyed a painting by Claude Monet and led to the evacuation of other artworks. The museum's architectural evolution also continued, with
12462-581: The new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash . Abby Rockefeller had invited A. Conger Goodyear , the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York , to become president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it
12596-471: The new technique also known as unibody construction. This development happened in the mid-1930s when others saw the frameless construction as the end of the independent coachbuilder. In 1939, World War II ended automobile production, but the company had 400 employees building 150 bodies monthly. The war effort against the Allies brought work making ambulances and searchlight carriages. The Pinin Farina factory
12730-402: The next month, MoMA relocated its public-facing operations to a temporary facility called MoMA QNS in Long Island City , Queens. The overall project, including an increase in MoMA's endowment to cover operating expenses, cost $ 858 million in total; the renovation of the Midtown Manhattan building alone cost $ 425 million. During the project, new gallery space was added on the first floor of
12864-436: The past have become known. That policy seems to have changed in recent years. As of 2021, Pininfarina had more than 700 employees. Pininfarina designs, manufactures, assembles, and tests prototypes and production vehicles under contract for other automakers. As of 10 December 2011, Pininfarina announced it would end all mass automotive production with the sale of its 40% stake in the Uddevalla, Sweden plant to Volvo in 2013. In
12998-489: The past, Pininfarina produced cars and car bodies under contract from other automakers. This production includes Pininfarina-designed cars and vehicles designed by others. Before the war Pininfarina built car bodies primarily for individual customers, many of the bodies were "one offs" and not mass-produced. In addition to production vehicles , Pininfarina creates prototype , show , and custom cars for auto manufacturers , as well as private clients. Most prototypes—such as
13132-584: The past. Pininfarina opened its third manufacturing plant in 1997. Currently, Pininfarina leases the plant and 57 employees to the Cecomp Group. This agreement to produce 4,000 electric Bolloré Bluecars runs from 1 April 2011 to 31 December 2013. On 13 September 2013 a new lease agreement was announced, this new agreement will run from 1 January 2014 until the end of 2016. A joint venture between Pininfarina S.p.A. and Volvo Car Corporation began in 2003. Volvo and Pininfarina S.p.A. have agreed to terminate
13266-421: The planned demolition in part because that building was relatively new, having been completed in 2001. MoMA decided to proceed with the demolition because the American Folk Art Museum was in the way of MoMA's planned expansion, which included exhibition space within 53 West 53rd Street. The tower, designed by Jean Nouvel and called 53W53 , received construction approval in 2014. Around the same time as 53W53
13400-466: The proportions, shape, placement, and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar trims, etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design (sketch, digital model, and clay model). The color and trim (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on
13534-516: The public indefinitely, as an experimental exhibition and performance space. In addition, the PS1 space would be available while the 53rd Street complex was closed for major renovations. MoMA broke ground on the 53rd Street project in May 2001. Over the next year, the museum gradually closed two-thirds of its galleries and moved some of its exhibits online. The Midtown building closed completely in May 2002;
13668-504: The public on May 10, 1939, attended by an illustrious company of 6,000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1958, workers re-clad the MoMA building's second floor with a glass facade overlooking the sculpture garden. On April 15, 1958, a fire on the second floor destroyed an 18-foot-long (5.5 m) Monet Water Lilies painting (the current Monet Water Lilies
13802-588: The publicly accessible space by 25% compared to when the Tanaguchi building was completed in 2004. The expansion allowed for even more of the museum's collection of nearly 200,000 works to be displayed. The new spaces also allow visitors to enjoy a relaxing sit-down in one of the two new lounges, or even have a fully catered meal. The two new lounges include "The Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin Lounge" and "The Daniel and Jane Och Lounge". The goal of this renovation
13936-409: The same name. Pininfarina was run by Battista's grandson Andrea Pininfarina from 2001 until he died in 2008. Andrea's younger brother Paolo Pininfarina was appointed successor. Paolo died in April 2024. Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started investing in the science of automotive design, a strategy to differentiate itself from the other Italian coachbuilders. In 1966, Pininfarina opened
14070-456: The same time, Alfa Romeo accepted Pininfarina's design over Bertone for the new Giulietta Spider . The Alfa was the first vehicle that Pinin Farina produced in large numbers. Alfa Romeo chose Pinin Farina to make the Spider mainly because they felt confident they could produce 20 cars daily for a run of 1,000 bodies. The Spider was a massive success for Alfa Romeo and Pinin Farina. Max Hoffman ,
14204-414: The styling team all located within the studio. Apart from this, there would be studio heads, studio managers, and prototype engineers who would work across all teams in the studio. The total team size for developing a full car usually ranges from 25 to 40 members and the development time lasts for more than 24 months until signed-off for tooling and production. After that, a smaller team would be working until
14338-413: The targeted market and will continue throughout the rest of the design refinement process. After more progressive refinement, industrial plasticine and or digital models are developed from and along with the drawings and images. The data from these models are then used to create quarter-scale and finally full-sized mock-ups of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the clay model
14472-538: The third and fourth floors were evacuated to the Whitney Museum of American Art , which abutted on the 54th Street side. Among the paintings that were rescued was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte , which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago . Visitors and employees trapped above the fire were evacuated to the roof, and then jumped to the roof of an adjoining townhouse. In 1969,
14606-427: The vehicle launch. In the United States, automotive design reached a turning point in the 1920s when the American national automobile market began reaching saturation. To maintain unit sales, General Motors head Alfred P. Sloan Jr. suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year, an idea borrowed from the bicycle industry (though Sloan usually gets
14740-515: The visual appearance or aesthetics of vehicles, while also becoming involved in the creation of product concepts . Automotive design as a professional vocation is practiced by designers who may have an art background and a degree in industrial design or in transportation design. For the terminology used in the field, see the glossary of automotive design . The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, and color and trim design. Graphic design
14874-598: The west and east of the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden, which was to be enlarged from its original configuration. The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building on the western portion of the site houses the main exhibition gallerie, while the Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Building provides space for classrooms, auditoriums, teacher-training workshops, and the museum's expanded library and archives. MoMA began
15008-726: The wind tunnel. Opened in 1986 to build Cadillac Allante bodies for General Motors, the same year Pininfarina was first listed on the Stock Exchange in Milan. Automotive production ended at San Giorgio with the conclusion of the Ford production in July 2010 and the Alfa Romeo production in November 2010. Following the end of contract manufacturing activities, San Giorgio Canavese is being used to produce spare parts for cars manufactured in
15142-427: The world's greatest collection of Modern art". Witold Rybczynski of Slate wrote: "Most of what has been written about the new MoMA has lauded its minimalist interiors, which, even if they don't exactly disappear, have an opulently ethereal quality. [...] Yet this urban building is not experienced only from inside—and, seen from the sidewalk, Taniguchi's architecture does anything but fade away." MoMA, which owned
15276-508: The year 2000 with the activation of a 1999 agreement formalizing its affiliation with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center , an independent contemporary art organization which had been founded in nearby Long Island City , Queens, New York in 1971. An agreement provided for a 10-year merger process, allowing gradual coordination and consolidation of programming and staff. The location in Queens, a re-purposed former public school, would remain open to
15410-504: Was Harley Earl , who is credited with inventing the idea of a concept car , and who brought the tailfin and other aeronautical design references to auto design starting with the rear fenders of the 1948 Cadillac. Another notable designer was Chrysler group's designer Virgil Exner , who developed the Forward look design in the mid-1950s. Exner is also credited with using wind tunnel testing to justify incorporating tailfins, thus moving
15544-553: Was Philip Johnson who served as curator between 1932 and 1934 and between 1946 and 1954. The next departmental head was Arthur Drexler , who was curator from 1951 to 1956 and then served as head until 1986. The collection consists of 28,000 works including architectural models, drawings, and photographs. One of the highlights of the collection is the Mies van der Rohe Archive. It also includes works from such legendary architects and designers as Frank Lloyd Wright , Paul László ,
15678-533: Was America's premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art, and the first of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism. One of Rockefeller's early recruits for the museum staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami (at that time best known for his portraits of modern dance pioneer Martha Graham ), who served the museum as its official documentary photographer from 1930 until 1968. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees. Sachs,
15812-496: Was acquired shortly after the fire as a replacement). The fire was started by workmen installing air conditioning, who were smoking near paint cans, sawdust, and a canvas drop cloth. One worker was killed by the fire, and several firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation. Most of the paintings on the floor had previously been removed from the work area, although large paintings including the Monet had remained in place. Art works on
15946-450: Was approved, MoMA unveiled its expansion plans, which encompass space in 53W53, as well as an annex on the former site of the American Folk Art Museum. The expansion plan was developed by the architecture firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro in collaboration with Gensler . Following a controversy over the plans, MoMA split the plan into three phases in January 2016. The plan would add 50,000 square feet (4,600 m ) of gallery space in 53W53, in
16080-435: Was chosen because neither Farina nor Enzo Ferrari wanted to meet at the other's headquarters. Battista's son, Sergio Pininfarina recalled, "It is not difficult to imagine how I felt that afternoon when my father, without taking his eyes off the road for one moment, told me his decision as we drove back to Turin: "From now on you'll be looking after Ferrari, from A to Z. Design, engineering, technology, construction—the lot!"—I
16214-476: Was dedicated to the production of the new Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin. Pininfarina Sverige AB in Uddevalla, Sweden, was established in 2003 as a joint venture (JV) between Volvo Cars and Pininfarina to produce a new Volvo convertible that will be sold in Europe and the United States. The JV is owned 60% by Pininfarina and 40% by Volvo. The C70 model designed by Volvo's John Kinsey—was launched on 13 April 2006, sharing
16348-607: Was dependent on Pininfarina since the early post-war period, later established its own brand identity from the 1980s onwards. Its other company, Citroën, still retains its distinctive French innovations for its designs. Great Britain was Europe's leading manufacturer of automobiles until the late-1960s. During that era, there were more British-based automakers than in the rest of Europe combined. The British automobile industry catered to all segments ranging from compact, budget, sports, utility, and luxury-type cars. Car design in Britain
16482-478: Was destroyed by Allied bombers, ending the firm's operations. After the war, Italy was banned in 1946 Paris Motor Show . The Paris show was attended by 809,000 visitors (twice the pre-war figure), and queues stretched from the main gate to the Seine. Pinin Farina and his son Sergio, determined to defy the ban, drove two of their cars (an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 S and a Lancia Aprilia cabriolet) from Turin to Paris and found
16616-411: Was honored in the Museum of Modern Art's landmark presentation "Eight Automobiles" in 1951. A total of 170 Coupés were produced by Pinin Farina. The publicity of the Museum of Modern Art exhibit brought Pinin Farina to the attention of Nash-Kelvinator managers. The subsequent cooperation with Nash Motors resulted in high-volume production of Pinin Farina designs and provided a significant entry into
16750-405: Was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh , Gauguin , Cézanne , and Seurat . First housed in six rooms of galleries and offices on the 12th floor of Manhattan's Heckscher Building, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, the museum moved into three more temporary locations within the next 10 years. Abby Rockefeller's husband, John D. Rockefeller Jr., was adamantly opposed to
16884-660: Was markedly different from other European designs largely because British designers were not influenced by other European art or design movements, as well as the British clay modelers, used a different sweep set. British cars until World War II were sold in most of the British colonies . Innovations in vehicle packaging and chassis engineering combined with global familiarity with British designs meant vehicles were acceptable to public tastes at that time. British skilled resources such as panel beaters, die machinists, and clay modelers were also available partly due to their involvement with
17018-517: Was over the moon with happiness." Since that meeting, a 61-year relationship endured where the only road-going production Ferrari not designed by Pininfarina was the 1973 Dino 308 GT4 . Their relationship was so close that Pininfarina became a partner of Ferrari in "Scuderia Ferrari SpA SEFAC", the organization that ran Ferrari's race team from 1961 until 1989, Pinin was a vice president of Ferrari, and Sergio later sat on Ferrari's board of directors. However, this special relationship came to an end with
17152-631: Was repeated in the late 1980s when Pininfarina designed (and partially assembled) the Cadillac Allanté at the San Giusto Canavese factory. The car bodies were assembled and painted in Italy before being flown from the Turin International Airport to Detroit for final vehicle assembly. It started in 1951 with a meeting at a restaurant in Tortona , a small town halfway between Turin and Modena. This neutral territory
17286-472: Was revolutionary and radical compared to contemporary vehicles. However, inadequate consumer acceptance of the advanced appearance of the cars forced a re-design of succeeding models of the Airflow. This marketing experience made the entire industry take note of the high risks involved in incorporating major design advancements into their production cars. A major influence on American auto styling and marketing
17420-526: Was run by Battista's son Sergio Pininfarina until 2001, then his grandson Andrea Pininfarina until he died in 2008. After Andrea's death, his younger brother Paolo Pininfarina was appointed CEO. At its height in 2006, the Pininfarina Group employed 2,768 people, with subsidiary company offices throughout Europe, Morocco, and the United States. As of 2012, with the end of the automotive production series, employment has shrunk to 821. Pininfarina
17554-516: Was selected by the board of trustees to become its president, in 1939, at the age of 30; he was a flamboyant leader and became the prime instigator and funding source of MoMA's publicity, acquisitions, and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street. His brother, David Rockefeller , joined the museum's board of trustees in 1948, and took over the presidency when Nelson was elected governor of New York in 1958. David Rockefeller subsequently employed noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign
17688-464: Was separate from the factory and wind tunnel in Grugliasco to keep design and research activities independent from manufacturing. On 14 October 2002, Pininfarina inaugurated a new engineering center. The new facility, built at the Cambiano campus, gave greater visibility and independence to the engineering operations. In 1983, Pininfarina reached an agreement with General Motors to design and build
17822-446: Was shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show featuring a range between charges of more than 150 miles (241 km) with an electronically limited 88-mile-per-hour (142 km/h) top speed, and an estimated acceleration to 37 miles per hour (60 km/h) in 6.3 seconds. The car has solar panels on the roof and the nose, while its battery pack is said to last up to 125,000 miles (201,168 km). Automotive design Automotive design
17956-402: Was the 17th most-visited art museum in the world and the 4th most-visited museum in the United States. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th-century to the present, and includes over 200,000 works of architecture and design , drawing , painting , sculpture , photography , prints , illustrated and artist's books , film , as well as electronic media . The museum is considered one of
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