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78-546: La Mano Dura ("Firm Hand" or "Iron Fist") is a set of tough-on-crime policies put in place by Latin American governments in response to the problem of gang violence , organized crime and insecurity. These policies were put in place in response to popular calls for the government to do something about the problem of rampant crime. La Mano Dura policies have come under criticism due to human rights concerns. Gang violence became an increasingly difficult problem for El Salvador in

156-631: A Fox News cable television interview 12 September 2020, hosted by Jeanine Pirro , President Trump commenting on Reinoehl's death said, " This guy [Reinoehl] was a violent criminal, and the U.S. Marshals killed him ... And I will tell you something – that's the way it has to be ". At an October 15, 2020 rally in Greenville, North Carolina he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting. Trump said " they didn't want to arrest him ", which Rolling Stone characterized as Trump describing Reinoehl's death as an extrajudicial killing. although in

234-781: A drone strike in Yemen killed American citizens Anwar al-Awlaki and Samir Khan . Both resided in Yemen at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by Barack Obama in 2010, and was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Constitutional Rights in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the National Security Council , that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as

312-449: A judicial proceeding . It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in authoritarian regimes often involves political, trade union , dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated; deaths caused by legal police actions (such as self defense) or legal warfighting on

390-693: A 14% drop in murders in 2004. That success was short-lived, however, as the murder rate increased to 64.7 per 100,000 people by 2006. Murder rates remained well above 2003 levels until 2012, when a truce was brokered between the MS-13 and Calle 18 gangs. La Mano Dura has come under criticism both for its perceived failure at reducing violent crime in the country and over human-rights concerns. State security forces have at times been accused of committing extrajudicial killings of suspected gang members. The arbitrary nature of many arrests of gang members has also raised concerns. Furthermore, some critics have been unnerved by

468-589: A 14% drop in murders. This success dwindled beginning in the next year, and as of 2005, El Salvador had 65 homicides per 100 000 inhabitants, more than triple the current rate of Mexico. Recent efforts by mayor Norman Quijano to restore public safety have been somewhat successful. Security measures in San Salvador's most troubled Districts (5 and 6, which border Soyapango, and are home to many gangs) included safety campaigns and recreational activities to keep youth from joining gangs. The mayor also initiated

546-561: A battlefield are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including lynchings and honor killings . Morris Tidball-Binz was appointed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions on 1 April 2021 by

624-472: A civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 Fort Hood Massacre and the 2009 Christmas Day bomb plot , the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane. The following month, al-Awlaki's son Abdulrahman al-Awlaki , an American citizen ,

702-484: A deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation. The legality of killings such as in the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011 and

780-612: A dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that

858-469: A familial environment, social status, and economic opportunities. The average age for one to join a gang is between 10 and 14 years old. MS-13 and Mara 18 have an unknown relationship with drug traffickers . El Salvador police report that traffickers cultivate ties and build alliances with gangs that eventually mature into international syndicates. The drug business has been growing with more gangs becoming involved with them and disputing over territory with

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936-525: A familial environment, social status, and economic opportunities. These young people are often unable to find respect or validation in other forms, such as within families, community, work, or schools, and turn to violence to gain respect on the streets. Some of these young people grew up in Los Angeles as the children of war refugees, and experienced gang involvement there. Sent to El Salvador as deportees, these people now find community and protection in

1014-603: A gang for several reasons. Sometimes this is understood as a choice, but other motivations include feeling neglected and abandoned by family or feeling they do not belong anywhere except where violence occurs. Juan Fogelbach argues that general risk factors associated with gang membership include: poverty, family disintegration or separation, neglect, violent domestic environments, unemployment, scarcity of educational and developmental opportunities, and family membership in gangs. The presence of one or more of these factors may compel an adolescent or child to turn to gangs in hope of finding

1092-567: A gang member simply for having gang-related tattoos or flashing gang signs in public." Before this policy was ruled unconstitutional, it put tens of thousands of gang members as young as 12 years old in jail between 2003 and 2004. Following La Mano Dura was a government program called Super Mano Dura ("Super Firm Hand"). Super Mano Dura was highly criticized by the UN . According to the Salvadoran government, it saw temporary success in 2004 with

1170-495: A large number of members, or be beaten. Youth gangs are a major source of concern for society. Though gangs are primarily male-dominated, young women in El Salvador are also involved. Being initiated into the gangs for young women often involves group beatings, like it does for males, but can also involve sexual assault by several of the male gang members. Mo Hume explains: "Because gangs believe women are less suspicious in

1248-490: A lay worker—were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as Rutilio Grande . Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran Armed Forces , which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during

1326-579: A leaked WikiLeaks cable it was found that RAB was trained by the UK government. 16 RAB officials (sacked afterwards) including Lt Col (sacked) Tareque Sayeed , Major (sacked) Arif Hossain, and Lt Commander (sacked) Masud Rana were given death penalty for abduction, murder, concealing the bodies, conspiracy and destroying evidences in the Narayanganj Seven Murder case. Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by

1404-709: A problem. The 18th Street gang , originating in Los Angeles, California, has proliferated in San Salvador as has the Mara Salvatrucha , a rival gang. In 2002, crime rates skyrocketed, and the municipal government was unable to combat the rise. Recent efforts by mayor Norman Quijano to restore public safety have been somewhat successful. Security measures in San Salvador's most troubled Districts (5 and 6, which border Soyapango, and are home to many gangs) included safety campaigns and recreational activities to keep youth from joining gangs. The mayor also initiated

1482-448: A security camera program so the police can monitor the most heavily trafficked areas of the city. The project was launched in the historic downtown and will expand throughout the entire city. As of 2011, San Salvador had managed to reduce its crime rate and reduce its murder rate to a level lower than that of Haiti, Venezuela, Mexico, Guatemala, or Honduras, although at over 90 murders per 100,000 residents, San Salvador's per capita rate

1560-401: A security camera program so the police can monitor the most heavily trafficked areas of the city. The project was launched in the historic downtown and will expand throughout the entire city. In late April, President Nayib Bukele ordered that prisons containing gang members be placed on lockdown following a spate of violence between April 24 and April 27, 2020, that killed 77 people, which

1638-520: A series of stiff penalties for gang-related crimes and activities, ranging from three to twenty years imprisonment. In addition to gang suppression, the Funes administration put in place a series of programs known as Mano Amiga ("Helping Hand"), which included "social prevention, law enforcement, rehabilitation, victim support, and institutional and legal reforms". These programs were praised for their timely interventions in communities previously neglected by

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1716-517: A six-month emergency action, the policy involved increased police raids in gang-held areas, greater policing responsibilities for the military, and tougher sentences for suspected gang members. Additionally, the policy "permitted the arrest of suspected gang members on the basis of their physical appearance alone". In the first year after the policy was put in place, almost 20,000 suspected gang members, many of them young people, were arrested. Up to 91% of those detained were released without charge. In 2004,

1794-410: A slightly higher crime rate than 3 or 4, while District 5, bordering San Marcos, and District 6, bordering Soyapango , have the highest crime rates. Extrajudicial killing This is an accepted version of this page An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing ) is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by

1872-898: A statement immediately after the death the United States Marshals Service had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl. President Joe Biden continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include: Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Venezuela . According to Human Rights Watch almost 18,000 people have been killed by security forces in Venezuela since 2016 for "resistance to authority" and many of these killings may constitute extrajudicial execution . Amnesty International estimated that there were more than 8,200 extrajudicial killings in Venezuela from 2015 to 2017. Ahead of

1950-742: A three-week session of the United Nations Human Rights Council , the OHCHR chief, Michelle Bachelet , visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019. Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the Special Action Forces (FAES). The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of

2028-402: Is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime. These included intellectuals , labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives. Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by

2106-399: Is particularly devastating for refugee children. Concerns about public safety in the capital San Salvador increased in the late 1980s due to the civil war. Although it was fought primarily in the countryside, during the latter years of the war, guerrillas started attacking the capital city. San Salvador recovered quickly after the cessation of hostilities, but gang ("mara") violence became

2184-554: The 1973 Chilean coup d'état , he immediately ordered the purges, torture, and deaths of more than 3,000 supporters of the previous democratic socialist government without trial. During his regime , which lasted from 1973 to 1989, elements of the Chilean Armed Forces and police continued committing extrajudicial killings. These included Manuel Contreras, the former head of Chile's National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), which served as Pinochet's secret police . He

2262-424: The 2020 coronavirus pandemic . In March 2012, two of El Salvador's largest gangs, MS-13 and Barrio 18 , established a truce . This truce was established as a collaborative effort with the Salvadoran government to attempt to reduce the number of gang related homicides. This truce received criticism because it has been seen as the Salvadoran government's forfeiting sovereignty to these gangs. In early 2012, there

2340-415: The 2022 Salvadoran gang crackdown which has led the country to have the highest incarceration rate in the world at 1086 people per 100 000 with an estimated 1.6% of the country's total population said to be currently incarcerated. The Salvadoran Civil War , which lasted from 1979 to 1992, took the lives of approximately 80,000 soldiers and civilians in El Salvador. Throughout the war, nearly half of

2418-646: The American South because the majority of African Americans lived there, but racially motivated lynchings also occurred in the Midwest and border states . One issue regarding extrajudicial killing is the legal and moral status of targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States . Section 3(a) of the United States Torture Victim Protection Act contains a definition of extrajudicial killing:

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2496-686: The Carter administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Reagan administration, although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well. Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was Battalion 316 . Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from

2574-816: The First Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial. Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Burundi . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Democratic Republic of the Congo . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Egypt . Egypt recorded and reported more than

2652-705: The Government of Colombia , falsely claimed to be FARC rebels by the Military Forces of Colombia . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in El Salvador . During the Salvadoran Civil War , death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, four Americans—three nuns and

2730-569: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) . Many human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , campaign against extrajudicial punishment. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative measures the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution for countries around the world, using a survey of in-country human rights experts. Article 3(d) of

2808-568: The Salvadoran Supreme Court of Justice declared the law to be unconstitutional. Despite this ruling, in 2006 President Antonio Saca of ARENA announced the implementation of Super Mano Dura ("Super Firm Hand"). This policy cemented the tough-on-crime approach of the Mano Dura policy and included a series of anti-gang legal reforms, including changes to the country's Penal Code. These policies were largely kept in place when

2886-718: The Telangana Police in the 2019 Hyderabad gang rape case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing. Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Indonesia . In the 1953 Iranian coup d'état a regime was installed through the efforts of the American CIA and the British MI6 in which the Shah (hereditary monarch) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi used SAVAK death squads (also trained by

2964-410: The civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated , they became the primary targets of white Southerners . Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimised ethnic minorities . Most of the lynchings occurred in

3042-480: The leftist Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) won the presidency in 2009. In 2010, President Mauricio Funes responded to a series of attacks on bus passengers by suspected gang members by criminalizing gang affiliation and deploying 2,800 soldiers to assist the national police in fighting the gangs. The Anti-Gang Law of 2010 made "any legal act performed as part of a gang's criminal activity by its members or others on its behalf unlawful" and established

3120-547: The 1990s and early 2000s, in the wake of the country's civil war . During that war, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled to the United States, many of them settling in Los Angeles . It was in southern California that the two largest Central American gangs, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Calle 18 , were formed. After the end of the Salvadoran Civil War, the United States began deporting thousands of arrested gang members. This brought street gangs to El Salvador;

3198-642: The CIA) to imprison, torture and/or kill hundreds of dissidents. After the 1979 revolution death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government. In 1983, the CIA gave the Supreme Leader of Iran — Ayatollah Khomeini —information on KGB agents in Iran. This information was probably used. The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; however by

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3276-452: The U.S. has risen dramatically. Between 2009 and 2012, less than 2,000 UACs were encountered annually. In the 2014 fiscal year, over 16,000 were encountered. The fiscal years 2012 through 2016 saw an average of nearly 8,000. According to a report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "Given the fundamental role played by the family in the protection, physical care and emotional well-being of its members, separation from families

3354-683: The United States Central Intelligence Agency . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Jamaica . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Mexico . On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Dési Bouterse 's ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the December murders . The acting commander of the army Dési Bouterse

3432-780: The brutal violence. Exposure to these traumatic events and the dislocation of families caused damaging psychological side effects from these traumatic exposures. Salvadoran youths join gangs for many reasons. Sometimes this is understood as a choice, but it can also be attributed to a feeling of neglect and abandonment from family as well as a normalization of violence in society. Juan Fogelbach argues that general risk factors associated with gang membership include poverty, family disintegration or separation, neglect, violent domestic environments, unemployment, scarcity of educational and developmental opportunities, and family membership in gangs. The presence of one or more of these factors may compel an adolescent or child to turn to gangs in hope of finding

3510-586: The country to achieve peace." However, President Salvador Sánchez Cerén had rejected the gangs' offer. The administration of President Cerén launched a crackdown on the security and public officials of the previous administration who were responsible for mediating and implementing the truce between the government and the crime groups. The crackdown is part of the government's mano dura or "iron fist" approach, which has been criticized for its indiscriminate use of force against predominantly young male targets, suspected to be gang members. In 1996, Homies Unidos

3588-533: The country's population fled from violence and poverty, and children were recruited as soldiers by both the military-run government and the guerrilla group Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). Hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans relocated to Los Angeles, California. This conflict ended with the Chapultepec Peace Accords , but the violence in El Salvador has not stopped since. Many of those who had relocated to Los Angeles during

3666-612: The death of Qasem Soleimani in 2020 have been brought into question. In that case, the US defended itself claiming the killing was not an assassination but an act of "National Self Defense". There had been just under 2,500 assassinations by targeted drone strike by 2015, and these too have been questioned as being extrajudicial killings. Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas counter-terrorism activities have been raised by lawyers, news firms and private citizens. On 30 September 2011

3744-451: The drug traffickers. The United States is home to 10,000 members of the MS-13 gang who are involved with the transnational criminal networks of drugs, weapons, and violent gang culture. The government has set up numerous programs to try to guide the youth away from gang membership. La Mano Dura was a form of zero tolerance policy, a strategy that had flowed into El Salvador from Los Angeles, which called for "the immediate imprisonment of

3822-409: The eyes of authorities, they are also often tasked with acting as drug 'mules,' smuggling illicit goods into jails, gathering intelligence on rival gangs, and carrying arms in public spaces". Young people are fleeing El Salvador to the United States, fearful of gang violence. Since the breakdown of the gang peace agreement in 2012, the number of these Unaccompanied Alien Children (UACs) encountered in

3900-425: The familiar groups that have been brought to El Salvador from the U.S., like Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18. Gang members are " jumped in ," an initiation process through which they have to prove their loyalty by committing criminal acts such as murder, theft or violence. This can also involve being beaten by several other gang members at once, and female recruits often must choose between engaging in sexual acts with

3978-450: The first time in over three years, there were no killings in the country. Overall, there were 411 killings in the month of January 2012, but in March the number was 188, more than a 40% reduction in crime. The truce ended in 2014, with the murder rate subsequently rising again. In 2021, the homicide rate reached the lowest it has been since the Salvadoran Civil War ended in 1992, with 18 homicides per 100 000 people. In recent years,

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4056-553: The government" since 2016. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies, Human Rights Watch alleged in its report from March 2015. Australian extrajudicial killings: Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Bangladesh . The Bangladesh Police special security force Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) has long been known for extrajudicial killing. In

4134-452: The government, though were critiqued for being underfunded. One of the main effects of the Mano Dura policy was an increase in El Salvador's prison population. It is estimated that between 2004 and 2008, the number of incarcerated gang members doubled, increasing from 4,000 to 8,000. This has led to a major problem of prison overcrowding . According to El Salvador's director general of the prison system, as of September 2013 prison overcrowding

4212-505: The guise of counter-terrorism operations. Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Libya . Argentina 's National Reorganization Process military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called " Dirty War " or what is known in Spanish as La Guerra Sucia . During this violent period, it

4290-615: The homicide rate of El Salvador has plummeted drastically amid the 2022 Salvadoran gang crackdown . Mara 18 and MS-13 are the largest and most notorious in El Salvador. Mara 18 is also known as 18th Street and MS-13 as Mara Salvatrucha. 18th Street was formed in the 1960s by Mexican-American youth in the Rampart neighborhood of Los Angeles, California." Gangs contribute to the generally high levels of social violence in El Salvador. They engage in various serious criminal acts which terrorize and paralyze society. Homicide and extortion are

4368-480: The most publicized crimes. There are different forms of violence constructed in El Salvador such as political, gender, and structural violence . Women and children have been particular targets of violence, torture, and abuse. Gangs engage in sex trafficking in El Salvador as an alternative source of profit to drugs. Criminal youth gangs dominate life in El Salvador; an estimation of at least 60,000 young people belong to gangs. Salvadoran young men decide to join

4446-665: The murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called Escuela Mecanica de la Armada . The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from insurgents . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Brazil . Senator Flávio Bolsonaro , son of President Jair Bolsonaro , was accused of having ties to death squads. When General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in

4524-545: The name of Crossfire . In 2018, many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of " War on Drugs " in Bangladesh. The United Nations criticised the government under Sheikh Hasina for high rates of extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances, especially the members of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami , including former elected MPs . Hardeep Singh Nijjar was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He

4602-565: The phone and eating candy without verbal warning. Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone. Reinoehl was a self-described Antifa activist who was charged of second-degree murder by the Portland Police Bureau following the fatal shooting on 29 August 2020, of a Patriot Prayer supporter, Aaron J. Danielson , in Portland, Oregon . In

4680-415: The street. Access to cell phones has allowed gang members to run their operations from jail. In response to government policies, Salvadoran gangs have formed more hierarchical command structures, become more selective in choosing members, and instructed members to dress in a way that makes them less likely to be arrested by police. La Mano Dura met initial success in reducing the country's homicide rate, with

4758-487: The two gangs quickly became the largest criminal organizations in the country. The country's murder rate increased to 139 per 100,000 people in 1995, making El Salvador one of the most violent countries in the world. In 2003, President Francisco Flores of the conservative Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) unveiled the Plan Mano Dura to curb the power of the gangs and reduce the homicide rate. Intended to be

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4836-752: The use of the military in police operations, given the country's commitment to keep civilian and military affairs separate following its civil war. Finally, in 2004 the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child condemned Mano Dura. Despite these criticisms and the failure of La Mano Dura to reduce El Salvador's homicide rate, the policy remains very popular amongst the Salvadoran population. Crime in El Salvador The homicide rate in El Salvador has plummeted drastically since

4914-973: The victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities. The 2019 Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council found that in 2016, Eritrean authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder". Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ethiopia . Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ivory Coast . Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in Kenya . Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under

4992-413: The violent Salvadoran Civil War , children joined the fight for many reasons. Some were kidnapped and forced into the army, some others joined for the economic benefits while the country struggled through high rates of poverty. Family members had been killed or had fled the country, leaving the children alone with few other options other than joining the war effort. Even those who were not soldiers witnessed

5070-482: The war as refugees became involved in gang violence. During this time, the U.S. War on Drugs and anti-immigrant politics had been popularized. Following these sentiments, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 was passed, which called for deportation of "immigrants--documented or undocumented--with criminal records at the end of their jail sentences". Throughout

5148-508: The years following, thousands of Salvadorans had been deported back to El Salvador. Gangs that had originated in Los Angeles, namely Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18 , were spread transnationally through this process. In 2012, El Salvador saw a 41% drop in crime compared to 2011 figures due to what the Salvadoran government called a gang truce . In early 2012, there were an average of 16 killings per day, but in late March that number dropped to fewer than five per day, and on April 14, 2012, for

5226-413: Was 52% higher than that of the same time period the prior year. There were also allegations that the police were involved in extrajudicial killings of alleged gang members, following the fracturing of gangs and a radicalization of the security forces in an attempt to tackle the gang problem after the 2012 truce collapsed. The year before, in 2014, several gangs had offered a new truce as "a second chance for

5304-482: Was an average of 16 killings per day, but in late March that number dropped to fewer than five per day, and on April 14, 2012, for the first time in over three years, there were no killings in the country. Overall, there were 411 killings in January 2012, but in March the number was 188, more than a 50% reduction. In March 2015, 481 people were murdered—roughly 16 people a day—as the gang truce collapsed. This murder rate

5382-628: Was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States. Comments on Michael Reinoehl's death On 3 September 2020, a law enforcement officer in Lacey, Washington fatally shot Michael Forest Reinoehl during a shootout. Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials. However, there were conflicting witness reports, most notably Nathaniel Dingess, who told The New York Times , that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on

5460-434: Was at 320 percent. This has led some prisons to be almost entirely controlled by gangs. Additionally, violence between MS-13 and Calle 18 gang members in prison forced the Salvadoran government to separate the gangs into different prisons. This has had a significant impact on how Salvadoran gangs operate. Placing gang leaders and large numbers of members together in prisons meant that gang leaders were often safer in jail than on

5538-635: Was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and forced disappearance of Socialist Party of Chile leader Victor Olea Alegria . Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called Operation Condor . There were reports of United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement, particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti-Communist coups. While CIA's complicity

5616-411: Was blamed on gang members. As part of the Salvadoran government's crackdown, prisoners were locked in crowded cells for 23 hours a day; cell were barricaded with plywood and sheets of metal; mobile and wifi signals were blocked, and rival gang members were mixed together. Human Rights Watch has criticized the treatment of prisoners as humiliating, degrading, and endangering their health in the midst of

5694-623: Was formed to prevent violence and gang-membership among youth in El Salvador. With a base in Los Angeles as well as within El Salvador, the organization also provides a link for deportees and for those with family split between the two areas. The organization helps navigate the complicated and dangerous gang geography of El Salvador for deportees and also provides programming and care for young people in both locations. The organization encourages employment, education, and physical and mental health and provides tools and resources for achieving these things, such as tattoo removal and job connections. During

5772-565: Was killed by another US drone strike and in January 2017 Nawar al-Awlaki , al-Awlaki's eight-year-old daughter, also an American citizen and half-sister of Abdulrahman, was shot to death during the raid on Yakla by American forces along with between 9 and 29 other civilians, up to 14 al-Qaeda fighters, and American Navy SEAL William Owens . President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include: The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah

5850-424: Was more than 10 times higher than that of major cities such as New York or London. Also, according to a UN Development report, San Salvador has a relatively low robbery rate of 90 per 100,000, compared to San José , the capital of Costa Rica , which has 524 robberies per 100,000. Districts 3 and 4 are the safest in the country; their crime rates are comparable to those of European cities. Districts 1 and 2 have

5928-750: Was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity. Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in India. A form of extrajudicial killing is called police encounters . Such encounters are also being staged by military and other security forces . Extrajudicial killings are also common in Indian states especially in Uttar Pradesh where 73 people were killed from March 2017 to March 2019. Police Encounter on 6 December 2019, by

6006-603: Was not proven, American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration. CIA, for instance, helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets. Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Colombia . An investigation of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace found that from 2002 to 2008, 6402 civilians were killed by

6084-566: Was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on 29 November 2019. Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0-10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution. Lynching was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' pre–Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during

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