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85-548: Headed by Colonel Marmaduque Grove , left-wing troops deposed the September Junta in the 1925 coup , and handed power to General Pedro Dartnell as interim president, with the hope of recalling Arturo Alessandri Palma from exile. Dartnell, however, decided to form another junta, the January Junta , which ended with Alessandri's return on March 20, 1925. Alessandri had a new Constitution drafted, and approved in

170-755: A freemason and the following year he joined the War Academy. Later he was transferred to the Tacna Garrison, where he remained until 1917 during which he married Rebeca Valenzuela , with whom he had six children. Grove had a brilliant military career, and from 1920 to 1924 he was Under-Director of the Military Academy. After being promoted to Colonel, he was named Director of the Air Force Academy in 1925. 1924 also marked Grove's beginnings in politics. On September 3, 1924, he had

255-443: A referendum by 134,421 voters on August 30. The Constitution, which was promulgated on September 18, 1925, reinforced presidential powers over the legislature. Furthermore, Alessandri created a Central Bank , initiating the first rupture with classical liberalism 's laissez faire policies. Alessandri's second government began with the support of left-wing and radical groups. However, this second group began to distance itself from

340-420: A "development inwards" approach to growth. With respect to nitrates, he dissolved COSACH and created COVENSA (Corporation of Nitrate and Iodine Sale), a multi-faceted distributor rather than a producer. He balanced the fiscal deficit with new taxes and resumed payment of the external debt, with losses for holders of Chilean bonds. When the government achieved a surplus, they focused on public works, most notably

425-534: A 17.7% of the vote. On April 19, 1933, together with Oscar Schnake , Salvador Allende , and Carlos Alberto Martínez , Grove founded the Socialist Party of Chile . He became General Secretary of that party in 1938 and president of the Popular Front coalition that won the presidential election that same year with the candidate Pedro Aguirre Cerda . Grove was elected Senator on May 9, 1934, in

510-546: A French corvette bound for Tahiti , and from there he went to Marseilles . Nonetheless he only was able to return to Chile after the fall of Ibáñez on July 26, 1931. Once back in Chile, President Juan Esteban Montero reincorporated Grove to the Army and on March 17, 1932 promoted him to Air Commodore and named him Air Force Commander-in-chief. Still, Grove continued conspiring against Montero, and toppled him on June 4, 1932 through

595-569: A by-election held to replace deceased Senator Eugenio Matte Hurtado , who had died in January of that year. His slogan was, "From the jail to the Senate", because he had to campaign from jail, where he was kept for conspiring against President Alessandri. As senator he proposed the first plan of Agrarian Reform in Chile in 1939. His slogan this time was, "Neither land without men nor men without land" ( Ni tierra sin hombres, ni hombres sin tierra ). He

680-427: A depletion of Chile's gold reserves. On July 13, 1931, Ibáñez named a "Cabinet of National Salvation" ( Gabinete de Salvación Nacional ) whose members included Pedro Blanquier and Juan Esteban Montero . Ibáñez's popularity dropped further as Blanquier's revelations on the state of Chile's finances were disseminated widely by Montero's relaxed censorship of the press. Ibáñez's lavish public spending did not alleviate

765-515: A little red plane and landed in Concepción . The plan failed and Grove, together with lieutenant Carlos Charlín Ojeda were arrested and deported to Easter Island . He managed to escape from there on board a French corvette bound for Tahiti , and from there he went to Marseilles . Nonetheless he only was able to return to Chile after the fall of Ibáñez on July 26, 1931. Once back in Chile, President Juan Esteban Montero reincorporated Grove to

850-490: A long period of travels through Europe, as military attaché. When Carlos Ibáñez del Campo became president, he was confirmed as military attaché in London, as a way to keep him outside the country. While in London, he contacted ex-president Alessandri who was also in exile. Together they started to conspire against Ibáñez. On January 17, 1929, together with also exiled General Enrique Bravo and major Carlos Millán , they signed

935-577: A member of the conservative wing of the Radical Party, Juan Antonio Ríos , who defeated Ibáñez in the February 1942 election , obtaining 56% of the votes. Ríos' presidency was marked by parliamentary instability, caused by rivalries between different political tendencies in his cabinet, and the renewed influence of Congress. The Chilean Communist Party opposed Ríos who had initially chosen neutrality and refused to break off diplomatic relations with

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1020-548: A military coup. He then proceeded to create the Socialist Republic of Chile . This republic lasted only 12 days. The Socialist republic was headed by a Government Junta composed of General Arturo Puga , Carlos Dávila and Eugenio Matte . He became Defense minister, a position he held from June 5 to June 16, 1932. In that short time, the Socialist republic only managed to approve a few social measures, such as

1105-424: A notorious participation in the incident known as the " saber rattling ", where 56 military officers protested against their low salaries. The next day the officers involved created the "military committee" to defend themselves from the government. He was selected to carry the petitions to the president. These included increase of the military salaries, changes to the income tax , constitutional reforms, and changes to

1190-544: A position he held from June 5 to June 16, 1932. In that short time, the Socialist republic only managed to approve a few social measures, such as the obligation of the Central Bank to grant credits to small mining and agricultural concerns and the return of the pawned articles at the government-owned pawnbroker to their owners. They also established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The Government Junta

1275-497: A protest by government employees broke out in 1950, the radicals immediately declared their support for the protesters' demands. The right-wingers responded by resigning from González's cabinet. By losing the liberal and conservative support, González lost the pro-government majority in Congress. He was of course unable to achieve much thereafter, but he did manage to make significant improvements in women's rights. González appointed

1360-410: A quite diverse, although not that strong, national industry had developed in the country, leading to a deep renewal of the economical and social structure of Chile. For the first time, agriculture ceased to be the primary productive sector, and was replaced by the secondary sector (in particular by mining) and a primitive service sector . On the other hand, the 1952 presidential election displayed

1445-481: A result, all loans were halted and recalled. With no influx of foreign currency and protectionist policies in the United States and Europe, Chile was nearly bankrupt. Tens of thousands of workers in the country's northern mines became unemployed within weeks. Although Ibáñez's government increased export taxes to 71% and imposed restrictions on exit of devises , he did not the balance of trade , leading to

1530-484: A second time from the presidency on October 2, 1925. This break with the working classes caused Alessandri to try to maintain a right-wing-radical alliance until 1937, when it took a turn towards the left. Alessandri's resignation prompted Ibáñez to convince the parties to find a common candidacy, as required by Alessandri. Emiliano Figueroa Larraín , the candidate of the Liberal Democratic Party ,

1615-485: The Alianza Popular Libertadora coalition supporting Carlos Ibáñez, but after the attempted coup, Ibáñez opposed Ross, lending indirect support to Aguirre. Pedro Aguirre Cerda promoted the development of technical-industrial schools as a means to promote the training of technicians for the nascent industrialization of the country. He also created thousands of new regular schools and the expanded

1700-664: The Caja de Crédito Popular banking institution to return pawned objects to their owners and decreed three days of closure of the banks. The new junta was however deeply divided, and on June 16, 1932, less than two weeks after the coup, Carlos Dávila deposed Grove and Matte and deported them to the Easter Islands. Dávila proclaimed himself "provisional President" on July 8, 1932. The Armed Forces did not support Dávila. On September 13, 1932, they forced him to cede power to his Minister of Interior, General Guillermo Blanche Espejo , who

1785-736: The Winnipeg , whose journey had been organized by the Special consul for Spanish emigration in Paris, the poet Pablo Neruda . In 1941 due to his rapidly escalating illness, Aguirre appointed his minister of the Interior, Jerónimo Méndez as vice-president, and died soon after, on November 25, 1941. The left-wing coalition remained intact after President Aguirre's death, united by a common opponent, General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo . The Democratic Alliance ( Alianza Democrática ) chose as its candidate

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1870-725: The Axis Powers , while the right-wing accused him of complacency regarding the Left. At the same time, the Chilean Socialist Party accused him of being too laissez-faire regarding big business and criticized him for not passing labour legislation to protect workers. In 1944, the Radical Party presented a series of proposals to Rios, which he deemed unacceptable. Those included the break-off of relations with Francoist Spain – diplomatic and especially economic pressure had caused him to finally break off relations with

1955-534: The Communist Party was proscribed, and the workers' movement repressed. Before these actions, Congress allowed Ibáñez to rule by decree , finding support in Minister of Finances Pablo Ramírez . In 1929, Ibáñez requested from Chile's political parties a list of their candidates for the general elections, in order to select for himself which ones would be permitted to campaign. Ibáñez then traveled to

2040-711: The Liberal Party . The Radicals, who had chosen a member of its left-wing as their candidate, did not succeed in reviving the Democratic Alliance left-wing coalition, as the Socialist Party decided to go it alone for the elections. However, the Radicals did ally themselves with the Communists, with the poet and Communist senator Pablo Neruda leading González's electoral campaign. González

2125-894: The Palace of Cerro Castillo in Viña del Mar , restoration of the façade of La Moneda , and increased public spending. Ibáñez also reformed the police in 1927, merging the Fiscal Police, the Rural Police, and the Cuerpo de Carabineros into the Carabineros de Chile ; he also appointed himself their first Director General. Ibáñez also created the Chilean Air Force , LAN Airlines and the COSACH . In June 1929, Ibáñez signed

2210-402: The Socialist Party of Chile . He became General Secretary of that party in 1938 and president of the Popular Front coalition that won the presidential election that same year with the candidate Pedro Aguirre Cerda . Grove was elected Senator on May 9, 1934, in a by-election held to replace deceased Senator Eugenio Matte Hurtado , who had died in January of that year. His slogan was, "From

2295-677: The Treaty of Lima with Peru , whereby Chile agreed to return Tacna Province —which had been seized during the War of the Pacific —to Peru in exchange for financial compensation. Ibáñez's popularity diminished once the effects of the Great Crash started to be felt in Chile at the end of 1930. The prices of saltpeter and copper , on which the Chilean economy depended, plummeted. As

2380-465: The middle classes . It finally succeeded in gaining power as part of the Popular Front left-wing coalition, although its cabinets were fragile due to constant parliamentary instability . The first Radical President, Pedro Aguirre Cerda , was a teacher and lawyer from the University of Chile, a perfect example of the socio-economic classes supporting the Radical Party. He was elected in 1938 as

2465-658: The 1953 elections. Despite the latter, he was still at the mercy of an unified opposition. Marmaduque Grove Marmaduke Grove Vallejo (July 6, 1878 – May 15, 1954), was a Chilean Air Force officer, political figure and member of the Government Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile in 1932. Grove was born in Copiapó , Chile, the son of lawyer, José Marmaduke Grove Avalos and Ana Vallejo Burgos. His first studies were in School Nº 1 of Copiapó and later at

2550-470: The Army and on March 17, 1932 promoted him to Air Commodore and named him Air Force Commander-in-chief. Still, Grove continued conspiring against Montero, and toppled him on June 4, 1932 through a military coup. He then proceeded to create the Socialist Republic of Chile . This republic lasted only 12 days. The Socialist republic was headed by a Government Junta composed of General Arturo Puga , Carlos Dávila and Eugenio Matte . He became Defense minister,

2635-604: The Axis Powers in January 1943 – the recognition of the USSR and a cabinet exclusively composed of Radicals. By breaking off relations with the Axis, President Ríos made Chile eligible for the United States' Lend-Lease program, and obtained loans necessary to help Chile's economic recovery. The close relations that developed with the United States were, however, problematic for him at home. Furthermore, his refusal to implement

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2720-516: The Chilean political field as divided between three sectors, including the emerging centrist Christian Democrat Party which had the support of a large spectrum of personalities. Furthermore, for the first time, women were granted the right to vote and stand for election. Four main candidates ran in the 1952 presidential election . On the right, the Conservative and Liberal parties endorsed

2805-546: The Interior, Alfredo Duhalde Vásquez , who acted as vice-president until his death on June 27, 1946. For the second time in five years, a presidential election was held on September 4, 1946, opposing the Radical candidate Gabriel González Videla to the physician Eduardo Cruz-Coke as representative of the Conservative Party , Bernardo Ibáñez for the Socialist Party and Fernando Alessandri Rodríguez for

2890-584: The Parliament on several occasions to vote for a state of constitutional exception , resulting in actions such as the famous burning of the 285th issue of the satirical magazine Topaze , which published a caricature of Alessandri he considered offensive. Such precautions were not without reason, especially considering the appearance of new violent movements, such as the Nazi -inspired National Socialist Movement of Chile of Jorge González von Marées . In 1934,

2975-545: The President. In March 1925, Alessandri's government repressed a demonstration, leading to the Marusia massacre (500 deaths), soon followed by La Coruña massacre . Henceforth, Alessandri encountered opposition from his own Minister of Defence , Colonel Carlos Ibáñez del Campo who had also participated to the January 1925 coup and also enjoyed support from the masses. Alessandri wanted to run only one official candidate in

3060-516: The Radical Party's propositions caused the resignation of all of the Radical ministers, leaving the President without a party. These internal divisions partly explained the right-wing success during the 1945 legislative elections , which were a debacle for the Socialists and the Communists, who obtained close to no seats in Parliament. The Radicals themselves lost a number of seats. Furthermore,

3145-492: The arrest of the coup leaders, including the head of the operation, General Ramón Vergara . Ibáñez, however, was absolved of all responsibility. In the parliamentary elections of 1949 , the pro-government parties triumphed. However, the unity between right-wing parties and radicals and socialists did not last long. Radicals were unhappy with the economic policies of the right-wing Finance Minister, Jorge Alessandri , no matter how successful they were in controlling inflation. When

3230-537: The attempted putsch, in particular General Herera, were strongly influenced by Italian fascism : Herera had served in Italy as a military attaché in the 1930s. Aguirre also campaigned for a Nobel prize for Gabriela Mistral , a campaign which achieved its objective under his successor, Juan Antonio Ríos . On September 3, 1939, 2,200 Spanish Republican refugees landed in Valparaíso on board of an old cargo ship,

3315-419: The byline of Ekud. This incident was a turning point. Even though the petitions were approved, the committee was not dissolved. President Arturo Alessandri , noticing that he had lost control over these officers, resigned and left the country on September 10. This led to the creation of a Government Junta , with the participation of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo . In 1925, Grove was promoted to colonel and started

3400-622: The candidate of the Popular Front , under the slogan " Gobernar es educar " ("to educate is to rule"). He narrowly defeated the conservative candidate Gustavo Ross , mostly because of the political backlash caused by the Seguro Obrero Massacre which followed an attempted coup d'état by the National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNS), intended to take down the rightwing government of Arturo Alessandri and place Ibáñez in power. The fascist MNS had merged into

3485-402: The centrist Arturo Matte ; the Socialist Party ran Salvador Allende , his first campaign for the presidency, while the Radicals supported Pedro Enrique Alfonso . Finally, General Carlos Ibáñez again ran for the presidency as an independent . He promised to "sweep" out political corruption and bad government with his "broom" and was nicknamed the "General of Hope". Apart from his criticisms of

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3570-584: The construction of the National Stadium in Santiago, inaugurated in December 1938. The Radical Party 's ideology was rooted in the principles of the 1789 French Revolution , upholding the values of liberty , equality , solidarity, participation and well-being. It had been created in the middle of the 19th century as a response to the conservative liberals then in power, and mainly represented

3655-445: The country on September 10. This led to the creation of a Government Junta , with the participation of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo . In 1925, Grove was promoted to colonel and started a long period of travels through Europe, as military attaché. When Carlos Ibáñez del Campo became president, he was confirmed as military attaché in London, as a way to keep him outside the country. While in London, he contacted ex-president Alessandri who

3740-447: The declaration of martial law, but were successfully repressed. González's new supporters, who approved of his anti-communist stance, were the two right-wing parties, the conservatives and the liberals . He assembled a new cabinet made up of conservatives, liberals, radicals, some socialists, and members of the small Democratic Party . González's tough stance against social movements led to protests, allegedly in an intent to repeat

3825-458: The employment code. He also was in charge of obtaining the support from the navy officers, which he got. He also tried his hand at journalism, and had a column in the newspaper La Nación supporting the committee, under the byline of Ekud. This incident was a turning point. Even though the petitions were approved, the committee was not dissolved. President Arturo Alessandri , noticing that he had lost control over these officers, resigned and left

3910-609: The events of the Bogotazo in Colombia. However, these were quickly repressed, while González's government also had to confront, from the right, an attempted military coup which aimed at bringing back Carlos Ibáñez to power, the Pig Trotters conspiracy ( complot de las patitas de chancho ), thus named because the coup leaders met in a restaurant which specialized in this Chilean dish. He immediately ordered an investigation and

3995-569: The first female cabinet minister and the first female ambassador, and created the Oficina de la Mujer . Despite this political, social and economical instability, González's government did achieve some important successes, including the complete integration of women in political life, the remodeling of the city of La Serena , the development of an Antarctic policy with the creation of the Antártica Chilena Province – González

4080-414: The government. He was selected to carry the petitions to the president. These included increase of the military salaries, changes to the income tax , constitutional reforms, and changes to the employment code. He also was in charge of obtaining the support from the navy officers, which he got. He also tried his hand at journalism, and had a column in the newspaper La Nación supporting the committee, under

4165-427: The jail to the Senate", because he had to campaign from jail, where he was kept for conspiring against President Alessandri. As senator he proposed the first plan of Agrarian Reform in Chile in 1939. His slogan this time was, "Neither land without men nor men without land" ( Ni tierra sin hombres, ni hombres sin tierra ). He was reelected as a Senator in 1941. He was defeated by Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and retired from

4250-781: The left-wing coalition, as the Comintern then abandoned the Popular Front strategy and anti-fascism in favour of advocating peace with Germany. However, following the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany , the Chilean Communist Party joined again the government. During Aguirre's first year he had to face the military opposition to his plans, which boiled over with the Ariostazo in August 1939, led by General Ariosto Herera and Ibáñez. The leaders of

4335-513: The local Liceum . From a very young age he was interested in the army, and in 1892, was accepted to the Chilean Naval Academy. Very shortly before graduation, he participated in the so-called “ Stale-bread rebellion ”, as a result of which he was expelled from the navy. That incident proved to be his turning point and from then on he declared his motto to be an “ undying love for the underdogs and for true justice ”. In 1897, Grove

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4420-470: The next day. Before leaving, Ibáñez designated Pedro Opazo as his successor; he, in turn, resigned in favor of Interior Minister Juan Esteban Montero , a member of the Radical Party , who was proclaimed the new president by Congress. Meanwhile, Alessandri had returned to Chile, and the presidential campaign began, with Alessandri running against Juan Montero. The October 1931 Presidential election

4505-410: The obligation of the Central Bank to grant credits to small mining and agricultural concerns and the return of the pawned articles at the government-owned pawnbroker to their owners. They also established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The Government Junta was in turn toppled by Carlos Dávila on June 16, 1932, who in turn remained in power for only one hundred days. In the meantime Grove

4590-619: The presidency, González had a fallout with the communists. Following the municipal elections, during which the Communist Party greatly increased its representation, the PCC demanded more cabinet seats, which González refused to grant. On the other hand, afraid of the success of the PCC, the Liberal Party withdrew from the cabinet. In June 1947, incidents during a strike affecting public transport in Santiago led to several casualties and

4675-484: The presidential election — himself — while Ibáñez gave his support to a manifesto drafted from various political parties which called on him to run as a candidate. This crisis led to the cabinet's resignation. Ibáñez then published an open letter to the President, recalling him that he could only issue decree through his approbation, as he was the only minister of the cabinet. Alessandri then decided to nominate Luis Barros Borgoño as Minister of Interior , and resigned

4760-534: The pressure of the United States, González enacted a Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy ( Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia , aka known as Cursed Law , Ley Maldita ) which outlawed the Communist Party and banned more than 20,000 persons from the electoral registers. The detention center in Pisagua , used during Ibañez's dictatorship (and which would also be used during Pinochet's dictatorship ),

4845-465: The proclamation of a state of siege in the capital. In August and October 1947, various strikes occurred in the coal mines in the South, jeopardizing the government. Finally, President González's travel to the region succeeded in restoring tranquility. A few days afterwards, the miners of Chuquicamata initiated another strike, prompting González to make increasing use of emergency laws. Finally, under

4930-411: The rebels' surrender, the fragility of the new government was exposed to the public. On June 4, 1932, planes from El Bosque Air Base fled over the presidential palace, La Moneda , leading to the resignation of Montero's cabinet. The putsch's leaders, Marmaduque Grove , Carlos Dávila and Eugenio Matte , proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Chile . The military junta dissolved Congress, ordered to

5015-602: The repression of riots on Plaza Bulnes in Santiago, leading to several deaths, gave further ammunition to critics of the President, and led to the resignation of members of the cabinet. Finally, shortly after the war, in October 1945, his entire cabinet resigned in protest of a state visit he made to Washington, DC. Economically, he faced labor unrest at home, brought about, in large part, by the drop in copper prices worldwide. Faced with terminal cancer , he gave up his presidential powers in January 1946 in favour of his Minister of

5100-430: The resort town of Termas de Chillán , from where he selected members of both houses. The resulting legislative body which emerged from his choices became known as the “ Congreso Termal .” Ibánez's popularity was buoyed by loans from American banks, which helped to promote a high rate of growth in the country and the launching important public works projects. He ordered the construction of canals, bridges, prisons, ports,

5185-446: The rest of his long military and political life. In 1906 he was sent to Germany to specialize in artillery, and remained there until 1911. By 1912 he had become a freemason and the following year he joined the War Academy. Later he was transferred to the Tacna Garrison, where he remained until 1917 during which he married Rebeca Valenzuela , with whom he had six children. Grove had a brilliant military career, and from 1920 to 1924 he

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5270-515: The right-wing Partido Agrario Laborista (PAL) and, in a lesser measure, by dissidents of the Socialist Party, who had formed the Popular Socialist Party , and some feminist political unions — the feminist María De la Cruz was his campaign manager, but she then refused a ministerial office. He formed an initial cabinet which included contradictory figures, but despite this initial fragility, managed to win some successes in

5355-532: The rural rebellion of Ranquil was crushed, 477 workers and Mapuches being killed during the Ranquil Massacre in the upper Bio-Bio River , which had recently been opened for Chilean and foreign settlers of the occupation of the Araucania . In the economic sphere, the recovery from the crisis of 1929 was begun with the work of Treasury Minister Gustavo Ross , a pragmatic liberal who implemented

5440-680: The same time, the Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) oil state company was created, as well as ENDESA electricity company, the Compañía de Acero del Pacífico (CAP) steel holding and the Industria Azucarera Nacional (IANSA) sugar company. This was the basis for the industrialization of Chile. The German–Soviet Non Aggression Pact of 1939 during the Second World War led to the dismantling of

5525-449: The situation; his opponents, primarily the exiled Grove and Alessandri, began to plan a comeback. Several conspiracies attempted to remove Ibáñez from power. Public unrest followed, during which students from the University of Chile and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile protested, later joined by physicians and lawyers. Carabineros killed more than ten people, resulting in Ibáñez's resignation on July 26, 1931, followed by his exile

5610-444: The threats of a coup, Alessandri relied on the republican forces, trusted to repress any revolts and to not get involved in politics. They were created shortly before Alessandri's return, as a consequence of the civil movement. They functioned in secret and then publicly, marching in a great parade May 7, 1933 in front of the President, who saluted them. They disbanded in 1936, having considered their mission complete. The President asked

5695-412: The traditional political parties, he remained vague in his proposals and had no clear position on the political spectrum . He was elected on September 4, 1952, with 47% of the vote, and after Congress' ratification of his election, was invested on December 4, 1952. Ibáñez's first issue was the 1953 legislative elections , which he hoped would bring him a parliamentary majority. He was mostly supported by

5780-447: The university system to cover the whole of the country. A strong earthquake shook Chile on January 24, 1939, killing more than 30,000 people and destroying much of the infrastructure. Aguirre's cabinet thereafter created the Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (CORFO) to encourage an ambitious program of import substitution industrialization through subsidies and direct investments as well as launching important public works. At

5865-406: The vote. Carlos Ibáñez 's administration remained popular until the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1931. He exercised dictatorial powers and suspended parliamentary elections, instead naming politicians to the Senate and Chamber of Deputies himself. Freedom of press was restricted, 200 politicians were arrested or exiled (among whom were Alessandri and his former ally Marmaduque Grove ),

5950-577: The “Calais pact" and swore to bring democracy back to Chile. In November of that year, a meeting of the conspirators was discovered at Dover by the Ibáñez agents, and on November 28 he was sent into retirement from the army and deported to Buenos Aires . Once in Argentina, Grove immediately started to conspire again. On September 21, 1930, he flew to Chile in a little red plane and landed in Concepción . The plan failed and Grove, together with lieutenant Carlos Charlín Ojeda were arrested and deported to Easter Island . He managed to escape from there on board

6035-477: Was Emiliano's brother. In February 1927, Ibáñez succeeded in being designated as Minister of Interior (who, in case of a vacancy in the presidency, would be designated Vice President of Chile - in the Chilean context effectively the designated acting president), and in convincing President Figueroa to resign in April 1927. Ibáñez thus took his place as vice president and called for elections. He ran against communist Elías Lafertte , and won in May 1927 with 98% of

6120-446: Was Under-Director of the Military Academy. After being promoted to Colonel, he was named Director of the Air Force Academy in 1925. 1924 also marked Grove's beginnings in politics. On September 3, 1924, he had a notorious participation in the incident known as the " saber rattling ", where 56 military officers protested against their low salaries. The next day the officers involved created the "military committee" to defend themselves from

6205-647: Was a supporter of ex-President Carlos Ibáñez . General Espejo, who was not keen on organizing elections, and who was in turn threatened with a mutiny from the garrisons of Antofagasta and Concepción , ceded power to the President of the Supreme Court, Abraham Oyanedel , who called for elections. The center-right candidate, Arturo Alessandri , subsequently won 54% of the votes in the October 30, 1932 presidential election , defeating his still-exiled opponent Marmaduque Grove, who obtained 18%. In order to see off

6290-399: Was accepted in the Military Academy, from which he graduated as an artillery sub-lieutenant. At the Military Academy, he was a classmate of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Arturo Puga Osorio , both of whom he remained in contact with for the rest of his long military and political life. In 1906 he was sent to Germany to specialize in artillery, and remained there until 1911. By 1912 he had become

6375-654: Was also in exile. Together they started to conspire against Ibáñez. On January 17, 1929, together with also exiled General Enrique Bravo and major Carlos Millán , they signed the “Calais pact" and swore to bring democracy back to Chile. In November of that year, a meeting of the conspirators was discovered at Dover by the Ibáñez agents, and on November 28 he was sent into retirement from the army and deported to Buenos Aires . Once in Argentina, Grove immediately started to conspire again. On September 21, 1930, he flew to Chile in

6460-408: Was born in Copiapó , Chile, the son of lawyer, José Marmaduke Grove Avalos and Ana Vallejo Burgos. His first studies were in School Nº 1 of Copiapó and later at the local Liceum . From a very young age he was interested in the army, and in 1892, was accepted to the Chilean Naval Academy. Very shortly before graduation, he participated in the so-called “ Stale-bread rebellion ”, as a result of which he

6545-432: Was elected with 40% of the votes against 29% for the conservative candidate, Cruz Coke, and 27% for the liberal candidate Alessandri Rodríguez. Since González did not reach the necessary 50%, he had to be confirmed by Congress. He was duly confirmed on October 24 that year, following various negotiations between the parties, which led to the creation of a composite cabinet, including liberals, radicals and communists. Once in

6630-432: Was expelled from the navy. That incident proved to be his turning point and from then on he declared his motto to be an “ undying love for the underdogs and for true justice ”. In 1897, Grove was accepted in the Military Academy, from which he graduated as an artillery sub-lieutenant. At the Military Academy, he was a classmate of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Arturo Puga Osorio , both of whom he remained in contact with for

6715-455: Was in turn toppled by Carlos Dávila on June 16, 1932, who in turn remained in power for only one hundred days. In the meantime Grove was once again exiled, this time to Easter Island . During the presidential elections of 1932, Grove was nominated as a candidate by the Socialist forces. He was only able to return from his exile on Easter Island two days before the election, but still managed to finish second, behind Arturo Alessandri , with

6800-457: Was once again exiled, this time to Easter Island . During the presidential elections of 1932, Grove was nominated as a candidate by the Socialist forces. He was only able to return from his exile on Easter Island two days before the election, but still managed to finish second, behind Arturo Alessandri , with a 17.7% of the vote. On April 19, 1933, together with Oscar Schnake , Salvador Allende , and Carlos Alberto Martínez , Grove founded

6885-485: Was re-opened to imprison Communists, Anarchists and revolutionaries, although no detainee was executed this time. Prominent Communists, such as senator Pablo Neruda , fled into exile . He also broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact states. A pro-communist miners' strike in Lota was brutally suppressed. Demonstrations against what the communists called la ley maldita ("the damned law") led to

6970-414: Was reelected as a Senator in 1941. He was defeated by Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and retired from the Senate in 1949. Grove died at the age of 75 on May 15, 1954, at Santiago, Chile . Marmaduque Grove Marmaduke Grove Vallejo (July 6, 1878 – May 15, 1954), was a Chilean Air Force officer, political figure and member of the Government Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile in 1932. Grove

7055-647: Was the first chief of state of any nation to visit Antarctica, and the Gonzalez Videla Antarctic Base was named after him – and the determination along with Peru and Ecuador of the 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the Exclusive Economic Zone . Chile undertook an important economic transition after World War II. Due to the protectionist policies of the Radical Governments and of their predecessors,

7140-564: Was this time won by the Radical candidate Montero, elected with 64% of the votes, defeating Alessandri, the candidate of the Liberals (35%). A short time after his investiture in December 1931, President Montero was confronted by the Escuadra uprising , during which revolutionaries took some military ships and sank them in the Bay of Coquimbo . Although the mutiny was peacefully resolved after

7225-593: Was thus chosen as the governmental candidate, and was elected in October 1925 with nearly 72% of the votes, defeating José Santos Salas from the Social Republican Worker's Union . Alessandri had been confronted by increased opposition from his popular Minister of Defence, Ibáñez. Both had struggled over the purging of the justice apparatus , Ibáñez opposing in particular the President of the Supreme Court , Javier Ángel Figueroa Larraín , who

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