74-412: Puerto Nuevo may refer to: Places [ edit ] Argentina Puerto Nuevo, Argentina Chile Puerto Nuevo, Chile Mexico Puerto Nuevo, Baja California US Puerto Nuevo (Hato Rey) , Puerto Rico Other uses [ edit ] Club Atlético Puerto Nuevo , an Argentinian football club Puerto nuevo (film) ,
148-568: A Workers' self-management system, and remains the nation's largest shipbuilder. Puerto Madero , which served only ancillary port functions following the New Port's inaugural in 1925, was re-established as the Corporación Antiguo Puerto Madero (Old Puerto Madero Corporation), on 15 November 1989. Beginning around 1994, local and foreign investment led to a massive revitalization effort, recycling and refurbishing
222-474: A 1936 Argentine musical film Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Puerto Nuevo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Nuevo&oldid=983650272 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
296-656: A British design purchased by local businessman Eduardo Madero , were presented to Congress in June 1882. Obtaining financing from Baring Brothers , as well as the support of President Roca, Madero's plan received the endorsement of Senator Carlos Pellegrini (one of the Senate's most powerful figures), and it was approved by both houses in October 1882. Drawing from an initiative first raised by Act No. 1257 October 1822, Madero contracted British engineer Sir John Hawkshaw to design
370-510: A compromise in the form of the 1862 creation of the National Customs Administration. The Executive Branch negotiated the transfer of public lands necessary for the project with Buenos Aires authorities, as these belonged to the provincial government. The agreement signed at the end of 1871 provided that the federal government would be responsible for the supervision of works, but jurisdictional disputes continued. Only
444-490: A governor. (See, Adelantado .) Provinces which were under military threat were grouped into captaincies general , such as the Captaincy General of Chile (established in 1541 and established as a Bourbon captaincy general in 1789), and which were joint military and political commands with a certain level of autonomy. (The viceroy was captain-general of the provinces which remained directly under his command). At
518-491: A maximum of 30,000 tons of cereals daily ( cereals were the leading export of Argentina, and the foreign exchange these shipments earned were key to the mercantile model of the time). They operated near or at capacity, however, and an expansion of the port was authorized in September 1907 by President José Figueroa Alcorta . Luis Huergo's dormant plans for staggered docks were approved in 1911, and work promptly began on
592-464: A mooring or pier of shallow and low, swampy terrain. It was, moreover, of difficult access, as the city it served was located atop an incline , and heavy silt deposits on the Río de la Plata estuary limited seaborne access, as well. Merchant ships anchored several miles offshore, where passengers and cargo transshipped to shallow-draft vessels that approach the shore. Silt and other alluvial material from
666-685: A sizable military force, retired to Jauja , and later to Cusco . On July 26, 1822, San Martín and Simón Bolívar met in Guayaquil to define a strategy for the liberation of the rest of Peru. The meeting was secret, and exactly what occurred is not known. However, afterwards San Martín returned to Argentina while Bolívar prepared to launch an offensive against the remaining royalist forces in Peru and Upper Peru (modern-day Bolivia ). In September 1823 Bolívar arrived in Lima with Antonio José de Sucre to plan
740-529: A third expedition to explore the Amazon River , under Cristóbal de Acuña ; this was part of the return leg of the expedition of Pedro Teixeira . Some Pacific islands and archipelagoes were visited by Spanish ships in the sixteenth century, but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them. These included New Guinea (by Ýñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545), the Solomon Islands (in 1568), and
814-662: A total of 100,000 visitors in 2010. Buenos Aires itself was founded as a port by Captain Juan de Garay in 1580 for the Spanish Empire . It was stymied early on, however, by merchants from the Viceroyalty of Perú , who had the port closed in 1595. The difficulty of transporting European goods from Lima fostered an active smuggling trade in Buenos Aires, and locals' reliance on contraband did not subside until after
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#1732771870336888-578: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Puerto Nuevo, Argentina The Port of Buenos Aires ( Spanish : Puerto de Buenos Aires ) is the principal maritime port in Argentina. Operated by the Administración General de Puertos (General Ports Administration), a state enterprise , it is the leading transshipment point for the foreign trade of Argentina . The current port
962-481: Is located in the city's Retiro ward, and is colloquially known as Puerto Nuevo (New Port). The Port of Buenos Aires handles around 11 million metric tons of cargo annually; Dock Sud , which is owned by the Province of Buenos Aires , is south of the city proper, and handles another 17 million metric tons. Passenger traffic at the port peaked during the golden era of immigration in Argentina (until 1930), when
1036-567: The Audiencias of Bogotá , Quito and Panamá . This viceroyalty initially lasted only until 1724, but was reestablished permanently in 1740. With the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata from southern areas that are now Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay and Uruguay in 1776, the Charcas and Buenos Aires audiencias were similarly lost. The 256-year-old Treaty of Tordesillas
1110-537: The Captaincy General of Chile . Francisco Gil de Taboada reincorporated the region of Puno into the Viceroyalty of Peru. José de Armendáriz stimulated the production of silver and took steps against fraud, corruption and smuggling. Amat y Juniet established the first Regulation of Commerce and Organization of Customs rules, which led to the building of the customshouse in Callao. Teodoro de Croix collaborated in
1184-645: The Jesuits were expelled from the colony. Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa promoted educational reforms, reorganized the army, and stamped out local rebellions. During his administration, the Inquisition of Lima was temporarily abolished as a result of the reforms taken by the Cortes in Spain. When the wars of independence broke out in 1810, Peru was the center of Royalist reaction. Abascal reincorporated
1258-478: The Marquesas Islands (in 1595) by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira . The first Jesuit reduction to Christianize the indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas occupied by Brazilians as bandeirantes gradually extended their activities through much of the basin and adjoining Mato Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from
1332-548: The Matanza River (south of Buenos Aires) prevented the opening of a sufficiently deep channel to facilitate shipping. Law 280, passed by the Argentine Congress in 1868, ordered technical studies to determine the most appropriate place for the construction of a modern port. Proximity to the city was deemed essential to maintain the central government's fiscal control of its operations, mainly exerted through
1406-514: The Ordenanza de Obrajes (Ordenance of Manufactures) in 1664 and Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva introduced the papel sellado (literally, sealed paper). In 1683 Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull reestablished the Lima mint, which had been closed since 1572. Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara increased the production of silver in the mines of Potosí , and stimulated production in other mines at San Nicolás , Cajatambo and Huancavelica . He limited
1480-659: The Portuguese empire after the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. It became a state of the Brazilian Republic in 1889. Several viceroys had scientific, political and economic impact on the Viceroyalty. Manuel de Amat y Juniet organized an expedition to Tahiti . Viceroy Teodoro de Croix also decentralized the government through the creation of eight intendencias in the area of the Audiencia of Lima , and two in
1554-467: The Puerto Nuevo (New Port). Located north of Catalinas Norte, this project was directed by Richard Souldby Oldham, Walker & Co., was delayed by the scarcity of material and financing brought about by World War I, and would ultimately require 15 years. This would add a breakwater , five more docks, and then a sixth, to the existing infrastructure, and when these additions were inaugurated in 1925,
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#17327718703361628-458: The Siege of Callao (1826), but after death of King Ferdinand VII of Spain in 1836, the government of Spain renounced its territorial and sovereignty claims over all of continental America. In 1867, Spain signed a peace treaty with Peru and in 1879 it signed a treaty recognizing Peru's independence . The town of Lima , founded by Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as the "Ciudad de los Reyes" (City of
1702-588: The Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima . Along with the Viceroyalty of New Spain , Peru was one of two Spanish viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian established by the Treaty of Tordesillas . The treaty was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal . The creation during
1776-598: The Treaty of Tordesillas and explorations such as that by Francisco de Orellana , but Portugal fell under Spanish control between 1580 and 1640. During this time, Portuguese territories in Brazil were controlled by the Spanish crown, which did object to the spread of Portuguese settlement into parts of the Amazon Basin that the treaty had awarded to Spain. Still, Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón sent out
1850-431: The 1776 establishment of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata . Following this concession, exports (mainly salted meat and cowhides ) flourished, and customs duties became the paramount source of public revenue. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, the natural harbor of Balizas Interiores (Interior Beacons) served as the main port. Before the current infrastructure was built, Buenos Aires had only
1924-544: The 1880 Federalization of Buenos Aires , and the lands' subsequent federal control, resolved these disputes. German Argentine businessman Francisco Seeber had anticipated these developments by establishing the Catalinas Warehouse and Pier Company, Ltd., in 1872. The task of mooring ships was significantly eased with a new harbor, the first in Argentina to result from land reclamation , and of an extensive pier . The pier stretched several hundred meters into
1998-579: The 18th century of the Viceroyalties of New Granada and Río de la Plata (at the expense of Peru's territory) reduced the importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative Andean trade to Buenos Aires , while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish Empire, when challenged by national independence movements at
2072-552: The Dodero family as owners of the management concession. This partnership ended with the 1955 coup that deposed Perón, however, and its management was nationalized as Flota Argentina de Navegaceon de Ultramar . President Arturo Frondizi merged the fleet and management entities into Empresa Líneas Marítimas del Estado (ELMA) in 1960; ELMA was stripped of its cargo preference at the Port of Buenos Aires in 1991, and unable to privatize
2146-513: The Indian population's tribute labor, even the most remote settlements, and therefore, many encomenderos developed reciprocal, if still hierarchical, relationships with the curacas . By the end of the 16th century the quasi-private encomienda had been replaced by the repartimiento system (known in Peru by the Quechua term, mita ), which was controlled by local crown officials. Politically
2220-554: The Kings/ Magi ), became the seat of the new viceroyalty. As the seat of a viceroy, who had oversight over all of Spanish South America except for Portuguese-dominated Brazil, Lima grew into a powerful city. During the 16th, 17th and most of the 18th centuries, all of the colonial wealth of South America created by the silver mines passed through Lima on its way to the Isthmus of Panama and from there to Seville , Spain. The rest of
2294-488: The Pacific coast from French contraband and English and Dutch pirates and privateers. They expanded the naval forces, fortified the ports of Valdivia , Valparaíso , Arica and Callao and constructed city walls in Lima (1686) and Trujillo (1685–1687). Nevertheless, the famous Welsh privateer Henry Morgan took Chagres and captured and sacked the city of Panama in the early part of 1670. Also Peruvian forces repelled
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2368-635: The Port of Buenos Aires was the largest in Latin America, and the southern hemisphere. The Port of Buenos Aires is operated by the state-owned General Port Administration. It was originally established in 1949 by President Juan Perón as the Dirección Nacional de Puertos (National Port Directorate), and oversaw all major port operations in Argentina. The entity was reorganized as the Administración General de Puertos by President Raúl Alfonsín on 4 September 1987. Chronic losses, which by
2442-560: The Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low-level war of territorial conquest. In 1617, viceroy Francisco de Borja y Aragón divided the government of Río de la Plata in two, Buenos Aires and Paraguay, both dependencies of the Viceroyalty of Peru. He established the Tribunal del Consulado , a court and administrative body for commercial affairs in the viceroyalty. Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar , reformed
2516-548: The Spanish under Field Marshal José de Canterac . The two armies met on the plains of Junín on August 6, 1824, and the Peruvians were victorious in a battle fought entirely without firearms. The Spanish troops subsequently evacuated Lima for a second time. As a result of a decree of the Congress of Gran Colombia , Bolívar turned over command of the rebel troops to Sucre on October 7, 1824. At this point, royalist control
2590-399: The Viceroyalty of New Castile, which shortly afterward would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru , in order to properly control and govern Spanish South America. In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named Blasco Núñez Vela Peru's first viceroy. From September 2, 1564, to November 26, 1569, Lope García de Castro , a Spanish colonial administrator who constituted
2664-462: The Viceroyalty of Peru was established, gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and the viceroyalty became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America. The first coins minted for Peru (and indeed for South America) appeared between 1568 and 1570. Viceroy Manuel de Oms y de Santa Pau sent back an enormous sum of money (1,600,000 pesos) to the king to cover some of
2738-571: The attacks by Edward David (1684 and 1686), Charles Wager and Thomas Colb (1708). The Peace of Utrecht allowed the British to send ships and merchandise to the fair at Portobello . In this period, revolts were common. Around 1656, Pedro Bohórquez crowned himself Inca (emperor) of the Calchaquí Indians, inciting the indigenous population to revolt. From 1665 until 1668, the rich mineowners José and Gaspar Salcedo revolted against
2812-468: The beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the modern-day country of Peru , as well as Chile , Colombia , Panama , Ecuador , Bolivia , Paraguay , Uruguay , and Argentina , the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru. After the Spanish conquest of Peru , Charles V granted the conquistadors with adelantados , gave them
2886-705: The carrier, sold its fleet piecemeal. The New Port's electricity supply has been principally supplied by the Dr. Carlos Givogri power plant. Built in 1930 by the Italian Argentine Electric Company (CIAE), its 71 m (233 ft) eclecticist façade is the port's most distinguishable architectural feature. The chief manufacturing firm located on the port district's premises is the Tandanor shipbuilding and repair facility. A worker cooperative since its 1999 bankruptcy, Tandanor operates with
2960-466: The census figures amounted to only 1,100,000 Indians. While the attrition was not an organized attempt at genocide , the results were similar, largely resulting from smallpox and other Eurasian diseases to which the natives had no immunity. Inca cities were given Spanish Christian names and rebuilt as Spanish towns, each centered around a plaza with a church or cathedral facing an official residence. A few Inca cities like Cuzco retained native masonry for
3034-546: The city of Pisco , with the land army under the command of José de San Martín and the navy under the command of Thomas Cochrane . After Cochrane's navy defeated the Spanish navy on the Peruvian coasts, the expedition secured the surrender of Callao. After fruitless negotiations with the viceroy, the expedition occupied the Peruvian capital of Lima on July 21, 1821. The independence of Peru was proclaimed on July 28, 1821. Viceroy José de la Serna e Hinojosa , still in command of
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3108-537: The city of Buenos Aires, currently. Having undergone an impressive revival in merely a decade, it is one of the most successful recent waterfront renewal projects in the world. Viceroyalty of Per%C3%BA The Viceroyalty of Peru (Spanish: Virreinato del Perú ), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru (Spanish: Reino del Perú ), was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of
3182-400: The collection of duties . The distribution of these latter monies, the leading source of public revenue throughout the 19th century and as late as 1940, was the chief point of contention between Buenos Aires leaders and those from the hinterland. The San Nicolás Agreement of 1852, whereby all customs duties were nationalized, was rejected by Buenos Aires leader Bartolomé Mitre , and led to
3256-474: The colonial government. The clergy were opposed to the nomination of prelates from Spain. Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara had to take measures against an uprising of slaves at the hacienda of Huachipa de Lima. There were terrible earthquakes (1655, 1687 ) and epidemics, too. During Baltasar de la Cueva Enríquez 's administration, the laws of the Indies were compiled. Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva issued
3330-580: The costs of the War of the Spanish Succession . This was possible in part because of the discovery of the mines in Caraboya . Silver from mines at Potosí, Bolivia, circulated around the world. Peruvian and other New World silver was so plentiful that it caused inflation in Spain and a collapse in its price. Even today, Peru and Bolivia produce much of the world's silver. While most of the silver from
3404-525: The creation of the Junta Superior de Comercio and the Tribunal de Minería (1786). An earthquake demolished Lima and Callao , in 1746. Viceroy Amat y Juniet constructed various public works in Lima, including the first bull ring. Manuel de Guirior also improved the medical care at ten hospitals in Lima and established a foundling home. War between Spain and Britain again broke out (the War of Jenkins' Ear , 1739–1748). Amat y Juniet constructed
3478-433: The early 1990s averaged over us$ 60 million yearly, prompted its 1992 privatization by President Carlos Menem . Menem, however, vetoed the sale of the Port of Buenos Aires itself, and it remained in the federal government's aegis. The Argentine maritime fleet was initially developed by Croatian Argentine businessman Nicolás Mihanovich , whose Argentina Navigation Company and related firms dominated local shipping during
3552-520: The east side consists currently of three wide boulevards running east–west crossed by the east side's main street, Juana Manso Avenue. The layout is completed with some other avenues and minor streets, running both east–west and north–south, and by several pedestrianised streets. The district is separated from the estuary by the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve . Puerto Madero represents the largest wide-scale urban project in
3626-638: The finances of the viceroyalty was the maintenance of the Valdivian Fort System built in response to the Dutch expedition to Valdivia in 1643. Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera prohibited direct trade between Peru and New Spain (Mexico) and the persecution of Portuguese Jews, the principal traders in Lima . A census taken by the last Quipucamayoc indicated that there were 12 million inhabitants of Inca Peru; 45 years later, under viceroy Toledo,
3700-536: The first Audiencia in Spanish South America, served as the interim viceroy of Peru. Although established, the viceroyalty was not properly organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo , who made an extensive tour of inspection of the region. Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times," established the Inquisition in the viceroyalty and promulgated laws that applied to Indians and Spanish alike, breaking
3774-468: The fiscal system and stopped the interfamily rivalry that was bloodying the domain. Other viceroys, such as Fernando Torres , Fernández de Cabrera, and Fernández Córdoba expanded the royal navy and fortified the ports to resist foreign incursions, such as those led by privateer Thomas Cavendish . Fernández de Cabrera also suppressed an insurrection of the Uru and Mapuche Indians. Viceroys had to protect
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#17327718703363848-542: The fortress of Real Felipe in Callao in 1774. Nevertheless, throughout this period, rebellions by Native Peruvians were not entirely suppressed. In the eighteenth century alone, there were fourteen large uprisings, the most important of which were that of Juan Santos Atahualpa in 1742, and the Sierra Uprising of Túpac Amaru II in 1780. The Comunero Revolt broke out in Paraguay from 1721 to 1732). In 1767,
3922-534: The independence of Peru and South America. During this battle, the losing Spanish army sustained 2,000 dead and wounded and lost 3,000 prisoners, with the remainder of the army entirely dispersed. During the battle, Viceroy Serna was wounded and taken prisoner, where he signed the final capitulation whereby the Spaniards agreed to leave Peru. Serna was released soon afterwards and sailed for Europe. Spain made futile attempts to retain its former territories, such as at
3996-467: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. The firm was sold to a consortium led by a British shipping magnate, Lord Kylsant , and an Argentine investor, Alberto Dodero , in 1918, and would operate as the Compañia Argentina de Navegación Dodero from 1942. This fleet was nationalized in 1949 by President Perón, who established Flota Mercante del Estado (State Merchant Marine) while retaining
4070-468: The local level there were hundreds of districts, in both Indian and Spanish areas, which were headed by either a corregidor (also known as an alcalde mayor ) or a cabildo (town council), both of which had judicial and administrative powers. In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty began phasing out the corregidores and introduced intendants , whose broad fiscal powers cut into the authority of
4144-404: The manufacture of aguardiente from sugar cane to authorized factories, which he taxed heavily. The Churches of Los Desamparados (1672), La Buena Muerte and the convent of Mínimos de San Francisco de Paula were finished and opened. The Hospital of Espiritu Santo in Lima and San Bartolomé hospital were built. In 1717, the Viceroyalty of New Granada was created from the northern territories,
4218-459: The mouth of the Amazon, which was in Portuguese territory. Meanwhile, the Spanish were barred by their laws from enslaving indigenous people, leaving them without a commercial interest deep in the interior of the basin. A famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60,000 indigenous people. In fact, as time passed, they were used as a self-funding occupation force by
4292-537: The new facility. Conceived as four contiguous impounded docks the works began in 1884. The first dock was completed in 1888, and inaugurated on 28 January 1889, by the most prominent early supporter of the plan, Carlos Pellegrini (who was now Vice President of Argentina ). The Panic of 1890 delayed these works, however, and they were completed only in 1897. The port, known as Puerto Madero , had by 1907 become insufficient to meet growing maritime traffic. Puerto Madero, and its complementary Catalinas docks, could handle
4366-571: The offensive. In February 1824 the royalists briefly regained control of Lima. Olañeta's Rebellion started by surprise and the entire royalist army of Upper Peru (today's Bolivia) revolted, led by the royalist commander Pedro Antonio Olañeta against José de la Serna , the liberal viceroy of Peru . This broke the royal army and started a civil war in Upper Peru. Having regrouped in Trujillo , Bolívar in June led his rebel forces South to confront
4440-625: The port was the site of the Hotel de Inmigrantes . In later decades, this was limited mainly to tourist visitors to Argentina , as well as Argentine visitors to Uruguay . A fast ferry service operated by Buquebus and Ferrylíneas operates short routes to and from the Uruguayan cities of Colonia del Sacramento and Montevideo ; Sturla transports tourists to and from Tigre , a popular weekend destination. The Benito Quinquela Martín Terminal, inaugurated in 2000, served 120 cruise ship arrivals with
4514-874: The power of the encomenderos and reducing the old system of mita (the Incan system of mandatory labor tribute). He improved the defensibility of the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges, and la Armada del Mar del Sur (the Southern Fleet) against pirates. He ended the indigenous Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba , executing the Inca Túpac Amaru , and promoted economic development from the commercial monopoly and mineral extraction, mainly from silver mines in Potosí . The Amazon Basin and some large adjoining regions had been considered Spanish territory since
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#17327718703364588-471: The provinces of Córdoba , Potosí , La Paz , Charcas , Rancagua and Quito into the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Royal Army of Peru during 14 years defeated the patriots armies of Argentinians and Chileans, turning Peru into the last royal bastion in South America. A large fire in Guayaquil destroyed approximately half of the city in 1812. Lord Cochrane unsuccessfully attacked Guayaquil and Callao , but on 4 February he captured Valdivia , called at
4662-509: The red brick, warehouses along the west side of the docks into upscale offices, lofts, retail space, restaurants, private university campuses and five-star hotels. Most development along the eastern side consisted of new construction, as well as some of the most extensive parks in the city. Puerto Madero has been redeveloped with international flair, drawing interest from renowned architects such as Santiago Calatrava , Norman Foster , César Pelli and Philippe Starck , among others. Today one of
4736-470: The right to become governors and justices of the region they conquered. Prior to the establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru, several major governorates formed from these grants, including the Governorate of New Castile (1529), Governorate of New Toledo (1534), Governorate of New Andalusia (1534), and Province of Tierra Firme (1539). In 1542, the Spanish organized the existing governorates into
4810-493: The river to facilitate the arrival of smaller vessels, and served both shipping and passenger traffic for two decades; honor of the Parish of Santa Catalina de Sienna, the harbor was christened Catalinas Norte . President Julio Roca then commissioned studies for a new, much larger port in 1881. The Director of Riachuelo River Works, Luis Huergo , presented plans of his own design for a port of staggered docks. This plan, and
4884-674: The time The Key of the South Seas and the Gibraltar of the Pacific , due to its huge fortifications . However, the viceroyalty managed to defend Chiloé Island until 1826. On September 8, 1820, the Expedición Libertadora of Peru, organized mainly by the Chilean government with the objective of executing previous plans laid out by Argentine libertador José de San Martín , landed on the beach at Paracas Bay near
4958-416: The trendiest boroughs in Buenos Aires, it has become the preferred address for growing numbers of young professionals and retirees, alike. Increasing property prices have also generated interest in the area as a destination for foreign buyers, particularly those in the market for premium investment properties. The neighborhood's road network has been entirely rebuilt, especially in the east side. The layout of
5032-462: The viceroyalty dependent upon Lima in administrative matters, in a pattern that persists until today in Peru. By the start of the 18th century, Lima had become a distinguished and aristocratic colonial capital, seat of the 250-year-old Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos and the chief Spanish stronghold in the Americas. At ground level during the first century, Spanish encomenderos depended on local chieftains ( curacas ) to gain access to
5106-410: The viceroyalty ended up in Europe some circulated within South America. Indeed, the Real Situado was an annual payment of silver from the viceroyalty to finance the permanent Spanish army in Chile that which fought a prolonged conflict known as Arauco War . The Spanish in turn traded part of this silver with Mapuches giving origin to a tradition of Mapuche silverwork . Another issue that burdened
5180-448: The viceroyalty of Peru largely depended on the export of silver . The huge amounts of silver exported from the viceroyalty of Peru and Mexico deeply affected Europe, where some scholars believe it caused the so-called price revolution . Silver mining was carried out using contract and free wage labourers, as well as the mita system of unfree labour, a system inherited from pre-Hispanic times. Silver production peaked in 1610. Once
5254-403: The viceroyalty was further divided into audiencias , which were primarily superior tribunals, but which also had administrative and legislative functions. Each of these was responsible to the Viceroy of Peru in administrative matters (though not in judicial ones). Audiencias further incorporated the older, smaller divisions known as "governorships" ( gobernaciones , roughly provinces ) headed by
5328-482: The viceroys, governors and cabildos . ( See Bourbon Reforms . ) With dates of creation: Later Audiencias *Later part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada †Later part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 1. Chile (1789) Listed under year of creation: 1783 1. Lima , 2. Puno 1784 3. Trujillo , 4. Tarma , 5. Huancavelica , 6. Cuzco , 7. Arequipa , (10. Chiloé , abolished in 1789) 1786 8. Santiago , 9. Concepción The economy of
5402-489: Was reduced to Cuzco in the south-central highlands. The viceroy launched a counter-offensive over Ayacucho , and on 9 December 1824. The Battle of Ayacucho (also known as the Battle of La Quinua), took place between royalist Spanish and nationalist ( republican ) troops at Pampa de La Quinua, a few kilometers away from Ayacucho, near the town of Quinua . This battle, led by Bolívar's lieutenant Antonio José de Sucre , sealed
5476-562: Was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it had occupied in South America in the intervening centuries. This Portuguese occupation led to the Guaraní War of 1756. Amazonas is named after the Amazon River , and was formerly part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, a region called Spanish Guyana . It was settled by the Portuguese in the early 18th century and incorporated into
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