85-584: Purandar Fort is a mountain fort in Pune district in Western Indian state of Maharashtra , India. The fort stands at 1,374 metres (4,508 ft) above the sea level in the Western Ghats , 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the southeast of Pune . The twin forts of Purandar (or Indraneel Parwat) and Vajragad (or Rudramal) of which the latter is the smaller of the two, is located on the eastern side of
170-455: A literacy rate of 87.19 percent. By age, 685,022 were age four or younger; 1,491,352 were between ages five and 15; 4,466,901 were 15 to 59, and 589,280 were 60 years of age or older. For every 1,000 males age 6 and older, there were 919 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 12.52% and 3.70% of the population respectively. Hindus are the largest religious community, with a significant Muslim minority. In rural areas, Hindus are
255-734: A book on it. The fort's major use however, was as a sanatorium for the British soldiers. The thousand-year-old Narayaneshwar temple of the Hemadpanthi architecture built by the Yadavas still exists at the base village of the fort called Narayanpur . It is believed that Purandar is the broken part of the Dronagiri Parvat , which Hanuman carried in the Ramayana . The fort has two distinct levels. The lower part of Purandar
340-536: A complex of ancient Indian Buddhist rock-cut shrines which were developed from the second century BCE to the fifth century CE; the oldest of the shrines is believed to date to 160 BCE. Traders and Satvahana rulers financed construction of the caves. Buddhists, identified with commerce and manufacturing through their early association with traders, tended to locate their monasteries in natural formations near major trade routes to provide lodging for travelling traders. Inscriptions at Karla and Junnar suggest that in
425-530: A relay station was built in Khadki to relay telegraph signals for the Imperial Wireless Chain . In 1885, Pune was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which also offered money-order and savings-bank services. Areas east of Pune receive less rainfall than areas west of the city adjacent to the Western Ghats . To minimize drought risk, a masonry dam
510-495: A sound economic footing. The Maratha war of succession between Tara Bai and Shahu resulted in latter's victory and assumption of Maratha throne as Chhatrapati. In 1713, Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) , as Peshwa. The appointment of Balaji's son, Baji Rao I , as Peshwa in 1719 by Shahu made the position hereditary in the Bhat family. Baji Rao proved his loyalty by controlling the feudal chieftains who wanted independence from
595-559: A specific group of varkaris.). Company rule came to an end when, under the terms of a proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Bombay Presidency , Pune and the rest of British India came under the British crown in 1858. Villages in the district saw rioting in 1875 by peasants protesting Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders. The disturbances involved peasants getting the moneylenders to burn their documents and, in some cases, torching their houses. The riots were responsible for
680-521: A treaty known as the First Treaty of Purandar with Aurangzeb in 1665. According to the treaty, Shivaji handed over twenty-three forts including Purandar, and a territory with a revenue of four lakh hons and was made the jagirdar of the territory. On 8th March 1670 the fort was recaptured by Neelakanth Sondev Bhadanekar, Amatya/Mazumdar of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. During the tenure of Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj (1689-1700) Mughal captured
765-586: Is a popular tourist destination and is also used by the National Cadet Corps academy for training purposes. The fort is a hotspot for paragliders and trekkers . 18°17′N 73°59′E / 18.283°N 73.983°E / 18.283; 73.983 Pune district Pune district (Marathi pronunciation: [puɳeː] ) is a district in Western Maharashtra with Administrative Headquarters in Pune city. Pune district
850-475: Is called the machi . North of the machi is a flat area where the cantonment and hospital was housed. There are many temples dedicated to Purandareshwar (the fort's patron god, from which it also takes its name) and Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa here. There is a statue of Murarbaji Deshpande , the commander ( killedar ) of the fort who gave up his life in order to protect the fort from the Mughals . The northern part of
935-446: Is considered vulnerable until 20 September. Pune district had a population of 9,429,408 in the 2011 census , roughly equal to the nation of Benin . The fourth most populous of India's 640 districts, it has a population density of 603 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,560/sq mi). The district's population-growth rate between 2001 and 2011 was 30.34 percent. Pune has a sex ratio of 910 females to every 1,000 males, and
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#17327870516501020-774: Is the most populous district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is one of the most industrialised districts in India. According to archaeological discoveries of the Jorwe culture in Chandoli and Inamgaon , portions of the district have been occupied by humans since the Chalcolithic (the Copper Age, 5th–4th millennium BCE). Many ancient trade routes linking ports in western India (particularly those of coastal Konkan ) with
1105-412: Is unpredictable, in tune with the Indian monsoon. Summers, from early March to July, are dry and hot. Temperatures range from 20 to 38 °C (68 to 100 °F), and may reach 40 °C (104 °F). Winter runs from November to February. Temperatures usually hover around 7 to 12 °C (45 to 54 °F), sometimes dipping to 3 °C (37 °F). June is the driest month, and the agricultural sector
1190-666: The Deccan Plateau pass through the district. The town of Junnar has been an important trading and political center for the last two thousand years, and it was first mentioned by Greco-Roman travellers in the early first millennium CE. The Karla Caves in Karli , near Lonavala , are near the Western Ghats and a major ancient trade route running eastward from the Arabian Sea to the Deccan Plateau. The caves are
1275-829: The Krishna River 's main tributary, rises in the Western Ghats and flows east. All the district's rivers (the Pushpavati, Krushnavati, Kukadi , Meena, Ghod , Bhama, Andhra, Indrayani , Pavna , Mula , Mutha , Ambi, Mose, Shivganga, Kanandi, Gunjavni, Velvandi, Nira , Karha and Velu) flow into the Bhima or its tributaries. Major dams are on the Kukadi , Pushpavati, Ghod , Bhima , Pavna, Bhama , Mula , Mutha (the Temghar and Khadakwasla Dams ) and Mose . Nine of
1360-579: The Maval region, winning over (or subduing) most of the local Maval leaders. He rebuilt the settlement of Pune, and prominent families who had left the town during its 1631 destruction by the Adilshahi general Murar Jaggdeo returned. Among Kondadeo's reported reforms was a tax of one-fourth the cash equivalent of a land's yield, and the Fasli calendar was introduced at this time. He is said to have focused on
1445-530: The Mughals between 1690 and 1694, some in person, as well as personally conducting guerilla war techniques. When Rajaram I fled to Jinji in 1689, before leaving Maharashtra, he gave "Hukumat panha" (King Status) to Pant. Ramchandra Pant managed the entire state under many challenges such as the Mughal influx, the betrayal of Vatandars , and scarcity of food. With his help, Sachiv kept the Maratha State on
1530-755: The Ramoshi caste). The best-known kotwal in Pune during Peshwa rule was Ghashiram Kotwal , and the city's police force was admired by European visitors. The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in Pune's expansion, with the construction of about 250 temples and bridges (including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill ). Many temples like Maruti , Vithoba , Vishnu , Mahadeo , Rama , Krishna and Ganesha temples were built during this era. Their patronage extended to 164 schools ( pathshalas ) in
1615-603: The Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. The plates call the region "Puny Vishaya " and "Punaka Vishaya", respectively. The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this time, and the area included Theur , Uruli , Chorachi Alandi, and Bhosari . The region became part of the Yadava Empire of Deogiri from the ninth to the 13th centuries. The Muslim Khalji rulers of the Delhi Sultanate overthrew
1700-605: The Treaty of Purandar (1665) , signed by the Mughal general Mirza Jaisingh and Shivaji, Shivaji ceded control of a number of forts in the district to the Mughals. Shivaji recaptured many of these forts when the truce ended. He was succeeded on the Marathi throne by his eldest son, Sambhaji , in 1680. Shortly afterwards, the Mughal army under Aurangzeb moved into the Deccan Plateau and remained there for nearly three decades. Sambhaji
1785-549: The Yadavas of Devagiri . The Pune Jagir which was restored to Shahaji after he joined the Adilshahi service in 1637.Since he was required to be based in Bengaluru as the Adilshah commander, Shahaji selected Pune as the residence for [Jijabai and son Shivaji, and appointed Dadoji Konddeo as administrator of the Pune jagir.Konddeo oversaw the construction of their Lal Mahal palace. Konddeo established complete control over
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#17327870516501870-552: The machi has a low fall with several bastions and an imposing gate with two towers. From the lower level of the machi , a staircase leads to the upper level called Ballekilla . The first structure of the Ballekilla that comes into view is the Dilli Darwaja (Delhi Gate). This area also houses an ancient Kedareshwar ( Shiva ) temple. The BALLEKILLA is also surrounded by steep drop on three sides. The Purandar Fort
1955-465: The 1790s, the city had a population of 600,000. In 1781, after a city census, a household tax ( gharpatti ) was levied on the more affluent: one-fifth to one-sixth of the property value. Order in Peshwa Pune was maintained by the kotwal , who was a police chief, magistrate and municipal commissioner and whose duties included investigating, levying and collecting fines for offences. The kotwal
2040-686: The Bhosale family. In 1632, Shahaji forsook the Mughals and accepted the friendship of the Adilshahi rulers of Bijapur (the traditional rivals of Ahmadnagar Sultanate ). After the fall of the Ahmadnagar (Nizamshahi) Sultanate, its territory was divided between the Adilshahi and the Mughals with Pune region going to the former. Shahaji refused to surrender Junnar (the seat of the Nizamshahi dynasty) before he finally capitulated. However, Shahaji
2125-629: The Bombay presidency government enacting the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act to protect peasants from land grabbing by money lenders. During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it took four or five weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. An 1804 military road constructed by the British East India Company reduced the journey to four or five days. The company built a macadam road between
2210-583: The Government offered Ramji a pardon and gave him an important police post. The word Peshwa is from Persian پیشوا pēshwā , meaning "foremost, leader". The term was inherited from the political vocabulary of previous Persianate empires operating in the Deccan. As early as 1397, the Bahmani Sultanate designated its prime minister as "peshwa". In the 16th and 17th centuries, this practice
2295-664: The Maratha Empire. The rebellion of General Trimbak Rao Dabhade, the senapati (commander in chief), over Chauthai (revenue collection) of Gujarat is one example of such internal Maratha feuds. The followers of Baji and Trimbak clashed at the Battle of Bilhapur on 1 April 1731, and Trimbak was killed. In gratitude, Shahu gave the Peshwas and the Bhat family unchallenged control over Maratha empire. who also appointed Baji Rao's son as Peshwa in 1740, gave considerable authority to
2380-433: The Mughal invaders, and stabilise the territories ruled by Ahmednagar, local Maratha chieftains were given increased power. Amongst the chieftains was Maloji , who was made a raja in 1595; the districts of Pune and Supa were given to him as a jagir ( fief ). Maloji was also given charge of the forts at Shivneri and Chakan , which played an important role in the district's early political history. In 1600, Ahmednagar
2465-610: The Mughal siege. Before the Mughals captured Gingee, Rajaram returned to Maharashtra and died in Sinhagad in 1700. Ambikabai, one of his widows, committed sati at Rajaram's death. The Bhimthadi (or Deccani) horse was developed in the region under Maratha rule by crossing Arabian and Turkic breeds with local ponies. rightShivaji's grandson, Shahu I , appointed the Chitpavan Brahmin Balaji Vishwanath as his Peshwa in 1714. Vishwanath received
2550-484: The Nizamshahi capital was moved to Junnar at the beginning of the 16th century. The Bhosale family received a jagir (land grant), and control of the region shifted among the Bhosale rulers, the sultanates and the Mughals during the century. The district was central to the founding of the Maratha Empire by Shivaji . With the establishment of Nizamshahi rule, with Ahmednagar its headquarters, nearly all of
2635-478: The Peshwa also became a ceremonial head of state after the battle of Panipat and the death of Madhavrao . The first Peshwa to receive the status of a pantpradhan was Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar in 1689 by Rajaram. The first (Bhat) Deshmukh family Peshwa was Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) Deshmukh. He was succeeded as Peshwa by his son Baji Rao I , who never lost a battle. Baji Rao and his son, Balaji Baji Rao, oversaw
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2720-514: The Peshwas to command the Maratha armies, and they responded well during his reigns. At the time of his death in 1749, Shahu made the Peshwas his successors under these conditions: Shivaji's descendants, who remained as the titular Raja of Satara , were called Swami ( Marathi for the 'real owner') by the Peshwas who reported to them, and officially they were to seek guidance from the Raja. However,
2805-474: The Pune region, taking possession of the key Torna Fort and controlling the Chakan and Purandar forts and raiding Junnar. He moved his administration to the renovated Rajgad fort in 1648, aand kept it there until his coronation in 1674. During the 1660s, the Mughals under Aurangzeb began paying attention to Shivaji. Pune and the region's forts frequently changed hands between the Mughals and Shivaji. In
2890-668: The Purandar Fort and the father of the sacrificed boy was rewarded with two villages. To protest Adilshahi commander Fatehkhan In 1649 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took the charge of fort temporarly from Raje Mahadaji Neelkanthrao Sarnaik who was his father's friend and commander of Purandar for 4 generations. On the occasion of Diwali in 1656 after 2 years of death of Mahadajipant Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took advantage of family disputes in Mahadajipant's 4 sons Neelkanth, Shankar, Tryambak/Pilaji and Vishwanath/Visaji and captured
2975-600: The Silver Bus Company, and Tanga (horse-drawn carriage) drivers went on strike in protest. Tangas were a common mode of public transport well into the 1950s, and bicycles were a private vehicle choice in the 1930s. The British installed a telegraph system in Pune in 1858. According to the 1885 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona , the city and the GIPR had telegraph offices. In 1928,
3060-748: The Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric-supply company, a Tata company, received power from the Khopoli (on the Mumbai side of the Ghats) and Bhivpuri plants near the Mulshi dam. Power was used to electrify trains running between Mumbai and Pune and for industrial and residential use, and a dam was built on the Velvandi River in Bhor . The district is surrounded by Thane district on
3145-701: The Yadavas in 1317, beginning three hundred years of Islamic control. The Khalji were followed by another sultanate dynasty, the Tughlaqs . A Tughlaq governor on the Deccan Plateau rebelled and created the Bahamani Sultanate , which later dissolved into the Deccan sultanates . During the 1400s, Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season and vividly describes life in
3230-563: The area around Pune from the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers for saving her son's life. In 1718, Shahu sent him to Delhi to assist the Sayyads; in return for this help, Muhammad Shah (the Mughal emperor in Delhi) granted Shahu sardeshmukhi rights for Pune, Supa, Baramati, Indapur and Junnar. Shahu appointed Baji Rao I Peshwa in 1720, succeeding his father. Baji Rao moved his administration from Saswad to nearby Pune in 1728, laying
3315-518: The building of temples and temple rituals led to religion being responsible for about 15 percent of the city's economy during this period. Peshwas and knights residing in the city had individual hobbies and interests; Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals, such as lions and rhinoceros, near the Peshwe Park zoo. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II , was a strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics ( mallakhamba )
3400-1250: The city of Pune namely Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) and Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC). PCMC, Pune is north western city limits of Pune and its corporation covers Nigdi , Akurdi, Pimpri , Chinchwad and Bhosari . The region was zoned for industrial development by the state of Maharashtra in the early 1960s & later acceded to the city limits. Pune District is divided into fifteen talukas – Pune City taluka , Pimpri-Chinchwad taluka , Haveli taluka , Mulshi taluka , Velhe taluka , Bhor taluka , Purandar taluka , Baramati taluka , Daund taluka , Indapur taluka , Maval taluka , Khed taluka , Shirur taluka , Ambegaon taluka and Junnar taluka . There are thirteen panchayat samitis . The district has 1,866 villages and 21 Vidhan Sabha constituencies: Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed-Alandi, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli, Bopodi, Shivajinagar, Parvati (SC), Kasba Peth, Bhvani Peth, Camp Cantonment , Shirur, Daund, Indapur, Baramati, Purandhar and Bhor. Its four Lok Sabha constituencies are Pune, Baramati, Shirur and Maval (shared with Raigad district). The district has three cantonments , in Camp , Khadki and Dehu Road . Smaller towns in
3485-561: The city which taught Hindu holy texts ( shastras ) to Brahmin men. Pune also had many public festivals. Major festivals were Ganeshotsav , the Deccan New Year ( Gudi Padwa ), Holi , and Dasara . Holi at the Peshwa court was celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival, celebrated in the Hindu month of Shravan (when millions of rupees were distributed), attracted Brahmins from throughout India to Pune. The festivals,
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3570-462: The commandant had to accept terms and the British flag was hoisted at Purandar on 16 March 1818. During the British Raj , the fort was used as a prison. During World War II, it was an internment camp for enemy-alien (i.e. German ) families. Jews from Germany were interned. A German prisoner, Dr. H. Goetz was held here during World War II . He studied the fort during his stay and later published
3655-566: The defeat of Maratha forces in the 1761 Battle of Panipat , but Pune remained the seat of power. However, the city's fortunes declined rapidly after the 1795 accession of Baji Rao II . Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the 1802 Battle of Pune , precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Baji Rao II by the British East India Company , under
3740-677: The defeat of the Marathas in 1761 , the office of the Peshwa became titular as well and from that point onwards served as the ceremonial head of the Confederacy underneath the Chhatrapati. All Peshwas during the rule of Shivaji , Sambhaji and Rajaram belonged to Deshastha Brahmin community. The first Peshwa was Moropant Pingle , who was appointed as the head of the Ashta Pradhan (council of eight ministers) by Shivaji,
3825-489: The disastrous 1761 Battle of Panipat , and the Nizam of Hyderabad looted the city. It (and the empire) recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa Madhavrao. The rest of the Peshwa era was rife with family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role was played by the ambitious Raghunathrao , the younger brother of Nanasaheb, who wanted power at the expense of his nephews Madhavrao I and Narayanrao . After Narayanrao's 1775 murder by order of Raghunathrao's wife, power
3910-408: The district have Nagar Palikas (municipal councils). Most are these are the headquarters of their respective taluka or its main town: The growth of the Pune metropolitan area has led to the development of township schemes in the city such as Magarpatta , Amanora and Nanded City and development further from the city in the mountains, such as Lavasa . Pune District Court administers justice at
3995-441: The district level, and is the principal court of original jurisdiction in civil matters. The district court is also a Sessions Court for criminal matters. It is presided over by a Principal District and Sessions Judge appointed by the state government . Court decisions are subject to the appellate jurisdiction of Bombay High Court . Pune District Court is under the High Court's administrative control. Peshwa The Peshwa
4080-421: The district's fifteen talukas are identified as drought-prone, covering a total area of 1,562,000 hectares (6,030 sq mi) and a cropped area of 1,095,000 hectares (4,230 sq mi). Of the cropped area, only 116,000 hectares (450 sq mi) are irrigated—nearly half by wells and tanks, and 40 percent by government canals. The district had a population of 4.2 million in 1991, of which 52 percent
4165-456: The early part of the Common Era , the area was controlled by the Shaka ruler Nahapana . Coins found further east in the district, near Indapur , suggest that the region may have been controlled by the Traikutaka king Dahragana in 465 CE; silver coins found at Junnar suggest that the region may also have been ruled by Andhra kings . The first reference to the Pune region is found on two copper plates, dated to 758 and 768 CE and issued by
4250-506: The fort once again but soon Marathas took the charge back under the leadership of Sachiv/Suranvis Shankaraji Narayan Gandekar. Balaji Vishwanath 's family took the shelter on this fort when Krishnarav Khatavkar attacked on Balajipant. Peshwa Nanasaheb took the fort from Shankarajipant's descendants and gave it to Madahev Ambaji a.k.a. Baba Purandare. In 1674 A.D. old guardians Of purender named Ramoshi and Mahadev Koli people rebelled against Neelkanth Mahadev a.k.a. Aba Purandare and captured
4335-412: The fort. In 1596 A.D, the Bahudar Shah of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate granted the territory of "Pune" and "Supa" to Malojiraje Bhosale , the grandfather of Shivaji. The Purandar Fort was included in the territory. In 1649 A.D, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, still in his youth, in one of his first victories for the Maratha Empire , raided and established control of the fort. In 1665 A.D, the Purandar Fort
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#17327870516504420-428: The fort. On the condition of deposing Aba Purandare and Shankar Ganesh a.k.a. Baba Sarnaik they return the fort to Peshwa. Under the Peshwa rule, the Purandar Fort acted as a stronghold whenever their capital city of Pune was under attack. In 1776 A.D, a treaty was signed between the British Raj and the Maratha States known as the Second Treaty of Purandar . Its conditions were never fulfilled, being overruled by
4505-431: The foundation for turning a kasbah into a large city. Pune grew in size and influence as Maratha rule extended through the subcontinent in subsequent decades. A well-known saying in the era before the third battle of Panipat was that the "ponies of Bhimthadi drank the water of the Indus river ". Pune gained more influence under the rule of Baji Rao I's son, Balaji Baji Rao (Nanasaheb). Maratha influence waned after
4590-459: The founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The initial Peshwas were all ministers who served as the chief executives to the king. The later Peshwas held the highest administrative office and also controlled the Maratha confederacy. Under the Chitpavan Brahmin Bhat family , the Peshwas became the de facto hereditary administrators of the Confederacy. The Peshwa's office was most powerful under Baji Rao I (r. 1720–1740). Under Peshwa administration and with
4675-412: The hands of the invaders who further fortified the Purandar Fort in 1350 A.D. During the early rule of the Bijapur and Ahmednagar kings, The Purandar Fort was among the forts directly under the Government rule and was never entrusted to Jagirdars . Under the rule of the Bahamani Sultanate , the fort was besieged several times. To prevent the Purandar Fort from ever falling again, a sacrificial ritual
4760-430: The hills and forests of the Sahyadri range with his Maval friends, acquiring skills and familiarity with the land which would be useful in his military career. Around 1645, the teenaged Shivaji first expressed his concept of Hindavi Swarajya (Indian self-rule) in a letter. According to legend, he took an oath to that effect at the temple of Raireshwar near Bhor in the district. Shivaji began his rule in 1648 of
4845-413: The hills and organised a series of gang robberies, causing widespread terror and misery throughout the country. For twenty years he held out bravely, defeating and killing the generals the Peshwa's Government sent against him. At last he was so hotly pursued that, on the advice of Dhondo Gopal, the Peshwa's governor at Nasik , he surrendered all his forts to Tukoji Holkar and, through Holkar 's influence,
4930-404: The important for of Sinhagad overlooking the city of Pune. The governor of the new territories, Mountstuart Elphinstone , appointed a commissioner and left the district's boundaries almost intact. Elphinstone and other British officers enjoyed Saswad and the fertile valley around it. The annual Pandharpur Wari starts in two places in the district, namely Alandi and Dehu. In its present form
5015-534: The lake to Shaniwar Wada. The city received an underground sewage system in 1782 which discharged into the river. Pune prospered during Nanasaheb's reign. On the southern fringe of the city, he built a palace on the Parvati Hill , developed a garden known as Heera Baug, and dug a lake near the hill with a Ganesha temple on an island in its centre which is called Sarasbaug . Nanasaheb also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities: Sadashiv Peth , Narayan Peth , Rasta Peth and Nana Peth . During
5100-489: The leadership of Mountstuart Elphinstone , in 1818. In 1818, the Pune region and the rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British East India Company .One of the first tasks that the company did was to destroy Hill forts previously under Maratha control.This was to stop Maratha forces regrouping in the hills. The forts destroyed in Pune district included those in the Junnar region such Shivaji's birthplace of Shivneri, Hadsar , Narayangad , Chavand , and
5185-412: The main fort rising 1,347 metres (4,419 ft) above sea level. The village of Purandar takes its name from this fort. It is the birthplace of Dharmaveer Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj . The oldest known reference of existence of the Purandar fort dates back to the Yadava dynasty in the 11th century. After the defeat of the Yadavas by the foreign invaders, the territory surrounding the fort fell into
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#17327870516505270-436: The northwest, Raigad district on the west, Satara district on the south, Solapur district on the southeast, and Ahmednagar district on the north and northeast. On the leeward side of the Western Ghats , it extends to the Deccan Plateau on the east. Pune is at an altitude of 559 metres (1,863 feet). The district is located between 17.5° and 19.2° north latitude and 73.2° and 75.1° east longitude. The Bhima River ,
5355-425: The period of greatest Maratha expansion, brought to an end by the Marathas' defeat by an Afghan army at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II , was defeated by the British East India Company in the Battle of Khadki which was a part of Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818). The Peshwa's land (Peshwai) was annexed to the British East India Company 's Bombay province , and Bajirao II,
5440-553: The predominant community. Buddhists are also significant, with smaller numbers of Christians and Jains concentrated in Pune city. Languages in Pune district (2011) Marathi is the only official language of the district. At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 78.17% of the population in the district spoke Marathi , 10.00% Hindi , 1.89% Urdu , 1.40% Kannada , 1.34% Marwadi , 1.30% Telugu , 1.15% Gujarati , 0.58% Tamil , 0.53% Malayalam and 0.46% Sindhi as their first language. The district has two municipal corporations in
5525-420: The region under Bahamani rule. The fort at Chakan played an important role in the history of the Deccan sultanates. The Bahamani Sultanate broke up in the early 16th century; the Nizamshahi kingdom controlled the region for most of the century, with Junnar its first capital. During the early 1600s, the Nizam Shahi general Malik Ambar moved his capital there. The district became politically important when
5610-411: The region was controlled by the Nizamshahi. It was formed into a district (or sarkar ), with sub-divisions ( paragana ) and smaller ranges ( prant or desh ). Revenue collection was delegated to important chieftains of the Nizamshahi. At Ahmednagar, the Sultan bore the brunt of a heavy attack from Mughal armies who converged on the capital in 1595. To rally the strongest possible local support against
5695-438: The subsequent Treaty of Salbai in 1782 between the Bombay Government and Raghunathrao , at the close of the First Anglo-Maratha War . In 1790, it was conquered by a Koli chief Kuroji Naik and a Victory Bastion also erected here. In 1818, the Purandar Fort was invaded by a British force under General Pritzler. On 14 March 1818, a British garrison marched into Vajragad (the smaller fort). As Vajragad commanded Purandar,
5780-422: The support of several key generals and diplomats, the Maratha Confederacy reached its zenith, ruling major areas of India . The subsequent Peshwas brought in autonomy and as a result later on many states were controlled and administered by the Maratha chiefs such as Scindias and Gaekwads . In 1760, the peace of Peshwa government was broken by a rising of Kolis under their Naik Javji Bamble . Javji withdrew to
5865-404: The two cities in 1830 which permitted mail-cart service. A rail line from Bombay, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), reached Pune in 1858. In the following decades, the line was extended east and south of the city. The GIPR extended its line east to Raichur in 1871, where it met the Madras Railway and connected the city to Madras . The metre-gauge Pune- Miraj line
5950-404: The wari dates back to 1820s. At that time, Sant Tukaram's descendants, and a devotee of Sant Dnyaneshwar named Haibatravbaba Arphalkar, who was a courtier of Scindias , the Maratha rulers of Gwalior made changes to wari. Haibatravbaba's changes involved carrying the paduka in a palkhi, having horses involved in the procession, and organizing the devotees or varkaris in Dindis (Dindi stands for
6035-418: The western Pune region, and has been credited with overseeing Shivaji's education and training. Kondadeo died in 1647, and Shivaji became his father's deputy. Many of Shivaji's comrades (and, later, a number of his soldiers) came from the Maval region in the district's western mountains, including Yesaji Kank , Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, Baji Prabhu Deshpande and Tanaji Malusare . Shivaji traveled
6120-585: Was apparently considered important enough by the Adilshah to play a key role in the new regime's administration. His jagir was confirmed, continuing the region's connection with the Bhosale family. Shahaji second son, Shivaji (founder of the Maratha Empire), was born on the hill fort of Shivneri near Junnar on 19 February 1630. His mother was Jijabai , the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed (a Mughal-allied sardar claiming descent from
6205-443: Was assisted by police officers who manned the chavdi (police station), and clerks collected fines and paid informants who provided intelligence. Crimes included illicit affairs, violence and murder; in the case of murder, sometimes only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also resolved with fines. Although the kotwal's salary was as high as 9,000 rupees per month, it included officer salaries (mainly from
6290-416: Was besieged by the forces of Aurangzeb , under the command of Jai Singh II and assisted by Diler Khan . Murar Baji Deshpande of Mahad , who was appointed as the killedar (keeper of the fort), offered strong resistance against the Mughal forces ultimately giving up his life in a struggle to retain the fort. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, daunted at the prospect of the fall of his grandfather's fort, signed
6375-466: Was built on the Mutha River at Khadakwasla in 1878. At the time, the dam was considered one of the world's largest. Two canals were dug on each riverbank to irrigate land east of the city and supply drinking water to the city and its cantonment . In 1890 Poona Municipality spent Rs. 200,000 to install water filtration works. In the early part 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in
6460-600: Was captured and executed, at Aurangzeb's order, in the village of Tulapur at the confluence of the Bhima river and the Indrayani Rivers . The period following his 1689 death was one of political ferment in the Deccan Plateau, and the Pune region experienced major fluctuations in administrative authority. Shivaji's younger son, Rajaram I , ruled after his brother's death. He spent most of his time in Gingee , fighting
6545-538: Was captured by the Mughals. Nizamshahi minister Malik Ambar raised Murtaza Nizam Shah II to the throne, with its temporary headquarters at Junnar. For nearly a generation, Ambar guided the Nizamshahi kingdom and the Pune region benefited from his leadership. By his death in 1626, the region's revenue system was sound and fair. The Pune region was administered as a jagir during much of the 17th century by Maloji Bhosale, his son Shahaji and his grandson Shivaji . Its nominal sovereignty changed with shifting allegiances of
6630-451: Was completed in 1886, making the city a rail junction . The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the 1920s; this cut travel time between the cities to three hours, enabling day trips for events such as the Poona races . Many villages in the west, east and south of the district, such as Lonavla , Uruli Kanchan and Daund , were connected by rail. Pune's first bus service began in 1941 with
6715-715: Was continued by the Ahmednagar Sultanate and the Bijapur Sultanate , both successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate. After the coronation of Shivaji in 1674, he appointed Moropant Trimbak Pingle as his first Peshwa. Shivaji renamed this designation as Pantpradhan in 1674 but this term was less commonly used. Moropant Trimbak Pingale's son, Nilopant Moreshvar Pingale , succeeded him during Sambhaji 's rule after Moropant Pingle's death in 1683. Ramchandra Amatya recaptured many forts from
6800-511: Was developed in Pune under his patronage by Balambhat Deodhar. Many Peshwas and their courtiers were patrons of lavani and Maharashtrian dance, and a number of composers (such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar and Honaji Bala ) flourished during this period. The dancers primarily came from the Mang and Mahar castes. Lavani used to be essential part of Holi celebrations in the region's Peshwa courts. Peshwa influence in India declined after
6885-558: Was exercised in the name of his son Madhavrao II by a regency council led by Nana Fadnavis for most of the century. Under Peshwa rule, the urban elite came from the Chitpavan Brahmin community; they were the military commanders, the bureaucrats and the bankers, and had ties to each other by marriage. Nanasaheb built a lake in Katraj , on the city's outskirts, and a still-operational underground aqueduct to bring water from
6970-455: Was pardoned and placed in military and police charge of a district of sixty villages with powers of life and death outlaws. In 1798, a fresh disturbance took place among the Kolis. The leader of this outbreak was Ramji Naik Bhangria, who was an abler and more daring man than his predecessors, and succeeded in baffling all the efforts of the Government officers to seize him. As force seemed hopeless,
7055-408: Was performed where a man and a woman were buried alive under one of the fort bastions to appease its patron deity. Another ritual was soon performed where the king ordered a minister to bury a first-born son and his mother into the foundation of the bastion which was promptly done with a further offering of gold and bricks. When the bastion was finished, The minister, Yesaji Naik, was given possession of
7140-416: Was rural. There were 1,530 villages in the district. Its average rainfall is 600 to 700 millimetres (24 to 28 in), most of which falls during the monsoon months (July to October). The area adjacent to the Western Ghats gets more rain than areas further east. The Daund and Indapur talukas experience more-frequent droughts than Maval, on the district's western edge. Temperatures are moderate and rainfall
7225-616: Was the second highest office in the Maratha Confederacy , next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati . Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom , the office became hereditary after the death of Shahu in 1749. During the reign of Shahu, the office of Peshwa grew in power and the Peshwas came to be the de facto rulers of the Maratha Confederacy . However following
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