83-763: Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of King George VI . She was also the last Empress of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved on 15 August 1947. After her husband died , she was officially known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , to avoid confusion with her daughter Queen Elizabeth II . Born into
166-461: A ball, and threw the other end. The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them. [Returning them to the students she said,] 'Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?' And it was her sang-froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this, which immediately silenced all the students. She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions. She doesn't rise to being heckled at all; she just pretends it must be an oversight on
249-429: A bottle of Australian red over the liner's bow just before it slid out of reach. In 1954, Elizabeth sailed to New York on her namesake. List of British royal consorts A royal consort is the spouse of a reigning monarch. Consorts of British monarchs have no constitutional status or power but many have had significant influence, and support the sovereign in their duties. There have been 11 royal consorts since
332-465: A canopy. They have also been anointed with holy oil and been crowned. Traditionally, male consorts are not crowned or anointed during the coronation ceremony. An unusual case was Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , who had separated from her husband, George IV , before his accession, became queen consort by law but had no position at court and was forcibly barred from attending his coronation and being crowned. The earliest surviving consort's crown
415-530: A fall that kept her recuperating at home over Christmas and the New Year. On 1 August 2001, Elizabeth had a blood transfusion for anaemia after suffering from mild heat exhaustion, though she was well enough to make her traditional appearance outside Clarence House three days later to celebrate her 101st birthday. Her final public engagements included planting a cross at the Field of Remembrance on 8 November 2001;
498-456: A family of British nobility , Elizabeth came to prominence in 1923 when she married Prince Albert, Duke of York , the second son of King George V and Queen Mary . The couple and their daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret , embodied traditional ideas of family and public service. The Duchess undertook a variety of public engagements and became known for her consistently cheerful countenance. In 1936, Elizabeth's husband unexpectedly ascended
581-679: A fat Scots cook. Claims that Elizabeth remained embittered towards Wallis were denied by her close friends; the Duke of Grafton wrote that she "never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor, except to say she really hadn't got a clue what she was dealing with". In summer 1938, a state visit to France by the King and Queen was postponed for three weeks because of the death of Elizabeth's mother. In two weeks, Norman Hartnell created an all-white trousseau for Elizabeth, who could not wear colours as she
664-695: A female inheriting the title if there was any surviving male heir (in the United Kingdom, a male took precedence over only his own sisters, until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 which removed male primogeniture ). In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Hanover was annexed by Prussia and became the Province of Hanover . Not all wives of monarchs have become consorts, as they may have died, been divorced before their husbands' acceding to
747-483: A gala, she mounted a staircase lined with guards. Noticing Coward's eyes flicker momentarily across the soldiers, she murmured to him: "I wouldn't if I were you, Noël; they count them before they put them out." After being advised by a Conservative minister in the 1970s not to employ homosexuals, Elizabeth observed that without them, "we'd have to go self-service". On the fate of a gift of a nebuchadnezzar of champagne (20 bottles' worth) even if her family did not come for
830-535: A lump was removed from her breast. Her bouts with cancer were never made public during her lifetime. During her widowhood, Elizabeth continued to travel extensively, including on over forty official visits overseas. In 1975, she visited Iran at the invitation of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . The British ambassador and his wife, Anthony and Sheila Parsons, noted how the Iranians were bemused by her habit of speaking to everyone regardless of status or importance, and hoped
913-419: A member of a royal family, though the daughter of a peer, was considered a gesture in favour of political modernisation; previously, princes were expected to marry princesses from other royal families. They selected a platinum engagement ring featuring a Kashmir sapphire with two diamonds adorning its sides. The couple married on 26 April 1923, at Westminster Abbey . Unexpectedly, Elizabeth laid her bouquet at
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#1732798694880996-757: A million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to Elizabeth's final resting place in the King George VI Memorial Chapel beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel. At her request, after her funeral the wreath that had lain atop her coffin was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, in a gesture that echoed her wedding-day tribute 79 years before. Known for her personal and public charm, Elizabeth
1079-423: A parade on 27 June that involved many of the 300 organisations of which she was a patron. In 1995, she attended events commemorating the end of the war fifty years before, and had two operations: one to remove a cataract in her left eye, and one to replace her right hip. In 1998, her left hip was replaced after it was broken when she slipped and fell during a visit to Sandringham stables. Elizabeth's 100th birthday
1162-401: A person whose indomitable optimism, zest for life, good manners, mischievous sense of humour, and interest in people and subjects of all kinds contributed to her exceptional popularity and to her longevity. Sir Hugh Casson said Elizabeth was like "a wave breaking on a rock, because although she is sweet and pretty and charming, she also has a basic streak of toughness and tenacity. ... when
1245-527: A politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century". However, historians argue that the King only ever followed ministerial advice and acted as he was constitutionally bound to do. In May and June 1939, Elizabeth and her husband toured Canada from coast to coast and back, the first time a reigning monarch had toured Canada. They also visited the United States, spending time with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at
1328-670: A reception at the Guildhall, London, for the reformation of the 600 Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force on 15 November; and attending the re-commissioning of HMS Ark Royal on 22 November. In December 2001, aged 101, Elizabeth fractured her pelvis in a fall. Even so, she insisted on standing for the national anthem during the memorial service for her husband on 6 February the following year. Just three days later, their second daughter Princess Margaret died. On 13 February 2002, Elizabeth fell and cut her arm in her sitting room at Sandringham House; an ambulance and doctor were called, and
1411-413: A reigning queen does not share the regal title and style of his wife, and the three men who served as consort held various titles. The title of "Prince Consort" has only been held by Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert . Queens consort participate in the coronation ceremony, undertaking many of the same ceremonies as the monarch. Queens traditionally wear elaborate robes and walk in the procession under
1494-512: A socialist heaven on earth" as fading and presumably describes those who voted for him as "poor people, so many half-educated and bemused. I do love them." Woodrow Wyatt thought her "much more pro-Conservative" than other members of the royal family, but she later told him, "I like the dear old Labour Party." She also told the Duchess of Grafton , "I love communists." During the 1947 royal tour of South Africa , Elizabeth's serene public behaviour
1577-734: A successful royal visit to Northern Ireland in July 1924, the Labour government agreed that Albert and Elizabeth could tour East Africa from December 1924 to April 1925. The Labour government was defeated by the Conservatives in a general election in November (which Elizabeth described as "marvellous" to her mother) and the Governor-General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , Sir Lee Stack , was assassinated three weeks later. Despite this,
1660-514: A wave breaks on a rock, it showers and sparkles with a brilliant play of foam and droplets in the sun, yet beneath is really hard, tough rock, fused, in her case, from strong principles, physical courage and a sense of duty." Sir Peter Ustinov described her during a student demonstration at the University of Dundee in 1968: As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls. They kept hold of one end, like streamers at
1743-625: A wheelchair (which she hated being seen in) could be taken—she insisted that she be shielded from the press—she travelled to the service in a people carrier with blacked-out windows, which had been previously used by Margaret. On 5 March 2002, Elizabeth was present at the luncheon of the annual lawn party of the Eton Beagles, and watched the Cheltenham Races on television; however, her health began to deteriorate precipitously during her last weeks, after retreating to Royal Lodge for
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#17327986948801826-492: Is that created in 1685 for Mary of Modena . In the early-20th century, new crowns were created for each queen consort in turn. However, Queen Camilla did not have a new crown created for her coronation in 2023 and she was crowned using the 1911 Crown of Queen Mary . The Queen Consort's Ring was first created for the coronation of Queen Adelaide in 1831, and has been used by queens consort ever since. The Queen Consort's Rod with Dove represents 'equity and mercy' and
1909-454: Is referred to as "Her Majesty" and addressed as "Your Majesty". Since her coronation in 2023, the current royal consort, Queen Camilla, has also been styled as "Her Majesty The Queen" per tradition. Camilla was styled as "Her Majesty The Queen Consort" preceding the coronation to distinguish her from her then recently deceased mother-in-law, Queen Elizabeth II, who as a queen regnant was also styled as "Her Majesty The Queen". The husband of
1992-601: Is said to have called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe" because he viewed her popularity as a threat to German interests. However, before the war both she and her husband, like most of Parliament and the British public, had supported appeasement and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, believing after the experience of the First World War that war had to be avoided at all costs. After the resignation of Chamberlain,
2075-489: The Acts of Union in 1707, eight women and three men. Prince Philip , the husband of Queen Elizabeth II , is the longest-serving consort, whilst his mother-in-law Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother is the longest-lived consort. Since the accession of Charles III on 8 September 2022, his wife Camilla has held the position of queen consort. Since the union of England and Scotland in 1707 , there have been eleven consorts of
2158-526: The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland with Princess Margaret. She laid the foundation stone of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland—the current University of Zimbabwe . Upon her return to the region in 1957, Elizabeth was inaugurated as the college's president, and attended other events that were deliberately designed to be multi-racial. During her daughter's extensive tour of
2241-599: The Oxford Local Examination with distinction at age thirteen. On Elizabeth's fourteenth birthday, Britain declared war on Germany . Four of her brothers served in the army. Her elder brother Fergus , an officer in the Black Watch Regiment , was killed in action at the Battle of Loos in 1915. Another brother, Michael , was reported missing in action on 28 April 1917. Three weeks later,
2324-580: The Second World War , the royal couple became symbols of the fight against fascism. Shortly after the declaration of war, The Queen's Book of the Red Cross was conceived. Fifty authors and artists contributed to the book, which was fronted by Cecil Beaton 's portrait of Elizabeth and was sold in aid of the Red Cross . She also broadcast to the nation in an attempt to comfort families during
2407-563: The Vigil of the Princes at the lying in state of King George V. On the day of Elizabeth's funeral, 9 April, the governor-general of Canada , Adrienne Clarkson , issued a proclamation asking Canadians to honour Elizabeth's memory that day. In Australia, Governor-General Peter Hollingworth read the lesson at a memorial service held in St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney . In London, more than
2490-512: The White House and his Hudson Valley estate . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said that Elizabeth was "perfect as a Queen, gracious, informed, saying the right thing & kind but a little self-consciously regal". The tour was designed to bolster trans-Atlantic support in the event of war, and to affirm Canada's status as an independent kingdom sharing with Britain the same person as monarch . According to an often-told story, during one of
2573-533: The evacuation of children and the mobilisation of fighting-age men. Elizabeth publicly refused to leave London or send the children to Canada, even during the Blitz , when the British Cabinet advised her to do so. She declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave." Elizabeth visited troops, hospitals, factories, and parts of Britain that were targeted by
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2656-401: The "Queen Mother" or the "Queen Mum". She was devastated by her husband's death and retired to Scotland. However, after a meeting with Prime Minister Winston Churchill, she broke her retirement and resumed her public duties. Eventually, she became just as busy as queen mother as she had been as queen consort. In July 1953, she undertook her first overseas visit since the funeral when she visited
2739-518: The 1880s around the time he composed The Mikado . St Paul's Walden Bury is owned by the Bowes-Lyon family . Members include Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother . While the details of her birth in 1900 are uncertain, the house is one of the locations that has been posited as her birthplace. It is accepted that she was baptised in All Saints' church, St Paul's Walden. On 23 January 1923,
2822-473: The British monarch. Queens between 1727 and 1814 were also Electresses of Hanover , as their husbands all held the title of Elector of Hanover . Between 1814 and 1837, queens held the title as Queen of Hanover, as their husbands were kings of Hanover . The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws ( Salic Law ) in Hanover prevented
2905-441: The British royal family at the time of her death. Her surviving sister-in-law, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester , exceeded that, dying at the age of 102 on 29 October 2004. She was one of the longest-lived members of any royal family. Elizabeth grew camellias in each of her gardens, and before her flag-draped coffin was taken from Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall , an arrangement of camellias from her own gardens
2988-655: The Commonwealth over 1953–54, Elizabeth acted as a counsellor of state and looked after her grandchildren, Charles and Anne . In February 1959, she visited Kenya and Uganda. Elizabeth oversaw the restoration of the remote Castle of Mey , on the north coast of Scotland, which she used to "get away from everything" for three weeks in August and ten days in October each year. She developed her interest in horse racing, particularly steeplechasing , which had been inspired by
3071-527: The Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya on a Commonwealth tour, and with George's death his daughter immediately became Queen Elizabeth II. Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother because the normal style for the widow of a king, "Queen Elizabeth", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. Popularly, she became
3154-680: The German Luftwaffe , in particular the East End near London's docks . Her visits initially provoked hostility; rubbish was thrown at her and the crowds jeered, in part because she wore expensive clothes that served to alienate her from people suffering the deprivations of war. She explained that if the public came to see her they would wear their best clothes, so she should reciprocate in kind; Norman Hartnell dressed her in gentle colours and avoided black to represent "the rainbow of hope". When Buckingham Palace itself took several hits during
3237-512: The King asked Winston Churchill to form a government. Although the King was initially suspicious of Churchill's character and motives, in due course the royal couple came to respect and admire him. In the 1945 British general election , Churchill's Conservative Party was soundly defeated by the Labour Party of Clement Attlee . Elizabeth's political views were rarely disclosed, but a letter she wrote in 1947 described Attlee's "high hopes of
3320-575: The King's decision to marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson caused a constitutional crisis that resulted in his abdication . Albert reluctantly became king of the United Kingdom and emperor of India on 11 December 1936 under the regnal name of George VI. Elizabeth became queen and empress. Their coronation took place in Westminster Abbey on 12 May 1937, the date previously scheduled for Edward VIII's coronation . Elizabeth's crown
3403-456: The King's public engagements in his place. In September, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. After a lung resection, he appeared to recover, but the delayed trip to Australia and New Zealand was altered so that Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh , went in the King and Queen's place in January 1952. George VI died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and
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3486-563: The Shah's entourage would learn from the visit to pay more attention to ordinary people. Between 1976 and 1984, she made annual summer visits to France, which were among 22 private trips to continental Europe between 1963 and 1992. In 1982, Elizabeth was rushed to hospital when a fish bone became stuck in her throat, and had an operation to remove it. Being a keen angler , she calmly joked afterwards, "The salmon have got their own back." Similar incidents occurred at Balmoral in August 1986, when she
3569-531: The Tomb of the Unknown Warrior on her way into the abbey, in memory of her brother Fergus. Elizabeth became styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York . Following a wedding breakfast at Buckingham Palace prepared by chef Gabriel Tschumi , Elizabeth and Albert honeymooned at Polesden Lacey , a manor house in Surrey owned by the wealthy socialite and friend Margaret Greville . They then went to Scotland, where she caught "unromantic" whooping cough . After
3652-514: The advent of armed conflict, the British prime minister Neville Chamberlain was invited onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace with the King and Queen to receive acclamation from a crowd of well-wishers. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe George VI's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with
3735-586: The age of 101, seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter, Princess Margaret. Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of Claude Bowes-Lyon , Lord Glamis (later the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne in the Peerage of Scotland ), and his wife, Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck . Her mother was descended from British prime minister William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland , and Governor-General of India Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley , who
3818-468: The amateur jockey Lord Mildmay of Flete in 1949. She owned the winners of approximately 500 races. Although (contrary to rumour) she never placed bets, she did have the racing commentaries piped direct to her London residence, Clarence House , so she could follow the races. As an art collector, she purchased works by Claude Monet , Augustus John and Peter Carl Fabergé , among others. In February 1964, Elizabeth had an emergency appendectomy, which led to
3901-538: The dove, with its folded wings, is symbolic of the Holy Ghost. The Queen Consort's Sceptre with Cross , originally made for the coronation of Mary of Modena in 1685, is inlaid with rock crystals. St Paul%27s Walden St Paul's Walden is a village about 5 miles (8 km) south of Hitchin in Hertfordshire , England. The civil parish of St Paul's Walden also includes the village of Whitwell and
3984-585: The earliest of the royal couple's repeated encounters with the crowds, a Boer War veteran asked Elizabeth, "Are you Scots or are you English?" She replied, "I am a Canadian!" Their reception by the Canadian and U.S. public was extremely enthusiastic, and largely dissipated any residual feeling that they were a lesser substitute for Edward VIII. Elizabeth told Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , "that tour made us", and she returned to Canada frequently both on official tours and privately. During
4067-421: The family discovered he had been captured after being wounded. He remained in a prisoner of war camp for the rest of the war. Glamis was turned into a convalescent home for wounded soldiers, which Elizabeth helped to run. She was particularly instrumental in organising the rescue of the castle's contents during a serious fire on 16 September 1916. One of the soldiers she treated wrote in her autograph book that she
4150-664: The family—who would later become Queen Elizabeth II . Albert and Elizabeth, without their child, travelled to Australia to open Parliament House in Canberra in 1927. She was, in her own words, "very miserable at leaving the baby". Their journey by sea took them via Jamaica, the Panama Canal and the Pacific; Elizabeth fretted constantly over her baby back in Britain, but their journey was a public relations success. She charmed
4233-474: The final time. On 30 March 2002, at 15:15 GMT , Elizabeth died at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, at the age of 101. Her surviving daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, was by her side. The Queen Mother had been suffering from a chest cold since Christmas 2001. At 101 years and 238 days old she was the first member of the British royal family to live past the age of 100 . She was the longest-living member of
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#17327986948804316-417: The fire was brought under control. The couple's second daughter, Princess Margaret , was born at Glamis Castle in 1930. The couple initially lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park , before moving to 145 Piccadilly . On 20 January 1936, George V died and his eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales, became King Edward VIII . Elizabeth's husband, Albert, became heir presumptive . Just months into Edward's reign,
4399-664: The girl who had stolen her son's heart. She became convinced that Elizabeth was "the one girl who could make Bertie happy", but refused to interfere. At the same time, Elizabeth was courted by James Stuart , Albert's equerry , until he left the prince's service for a better-paid job in the American oil business. In February 1922, Elizabeth was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Albert's sister, Princess Mary , to Viscount Lascelles . The following month, Albert proposed again, but she refused him once more. Eventually in January 1923, Elizabeth agreed to marry Albert, despite her misgivings about royal life. Albert's freedom in choosing Elizabeth, not
4482-523: The hamlet of Bendish . At the 2011 Census , the population of the civil parish was 1,293. After the Reformation the manor belonged to St Paul's Cathedral ; the name St Paul's Walden serves to distinguish the parish from King's Walden , although the Dean and Chapter sold their property in the 17th century. St Paul's Walden has two 18th-century mansions. Sir Arthur Sullivan rented the property in
4565-472: The height of the bombing, Elizabeth said, "I'm glad we've been bombed. It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face." Though the King and Queen spent the working day at Buckingham Palace, partly for security and family reasons they stayed at night at Windsor Castle about 20 miles (32 km) west of central London with their daughters. The palace had lost much of its staff to the army , and most of
4648-485: The holidays, she said, "I'll polish it off myself." Emine Saner of The Guardian suggests that with a gin and Dubonnet at noon, red wine with lunch, a port and martini at 6 pm and two glasses of champagne at dinner, "a conservative estimate puts the number of alcohol units she drank at 70 a week". Her lifestyle amused journalists, particularly when it was revealed she had a multi-million pound overdraft with Coutts Bank. Elizabeth's habits were parodied by
4731-420: The part of the people doing it. The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind, but was so charming and so disarming, even to the most rabid element, that she brought peace to troubled waters. Elizabeth was well known for her dry witticisms. On hearing that Edwina Mountbatten was buried at sea, she said: "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash." Accompanied by the gay writer Sir Noël Coward at
4814-401: The postponement of a planned tour of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji until 1966. She recuperated during a Caribbean cruise aboard the royal yacht, Britannia . In December 1966, she underwent an operation to remove a tumour, after she was diagnosed with colon cancer . Contrary to rumours which subsequently spread, she did not have a colostomy . She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1984 and
4897-659: The public in Fiji when, as she was shaking hands with a long line of official guests, a stray dog walked in on the ceremony; she shook its paw as well. In New Zealand she fell ill with a cold and missed some engagements, but enjoyed the local fishing in the Bay of Islands accompanied by Australian sports fisherman Harry Andreas . On the return journey, via Mauritius, the Suez Canal, Malta and Gibraltar, their transport, HMS Renown , caught fire and they prepared to abandon ship before
4980-656: The rationed food served in the Palace and the limited bathwater that was permitted. Claims that Elizabeth used racist slurs to refer to black people were strongly denied by Major Colin Burgess, the husband of Elizabeth Burgess, a mixed-race secretary who accused members of Prince Charles's household of racial abuse. Elizabeth made no public comments on race, but according to Robert Rhodes James , in private she "abhorred racial discrimination" and decried apartheid as "dreadful". Woodrow Wyatt records in his diary that when he expressed
5063-462: The rooms were shut. The windows were shattered by bomb blasts, and had to be boarded up. During the " Phoney War " the Queen was given revolver training because of fears of imminent invasion. French prime minister Édouard Daladier characterised Elizabeth as "an excessively ambitious young woman who would be ready to sacrifice every other country in the world so that she may remain Queen." Adolf Hitler
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#17327986948805146-950: The satirical 1980s television programme Spitting Image . This was the first satirical depiction on television; the makers initially demurred from featuring her, fearing that it would be considered off-limits by most of the viewing public. In the end, she was portrayed as a perpetually tipsy Beryl Reid soundalike. She was portrayed by Juliet Aubrey in Bertie and Elizabeth , Sylvia Syms in The Queen , Natalie Dormer in W.E. , Olivia Colman in Hyde Park on Hudson , Victoria Hamilton (Seasons 1 and 2), Marion Bailey (Seasons 3 and 4) and Marcia Warren (Season 5 and 6) in The Crown and in The King's Speech by Helena Bonham Carter , who
5229-521: The sisters as dead, apparently because their mother, Fenella (Elizabeth's sister-in-law), "was 'extremely vague' when it came to filling in forms and might not have completed the paperwork for the family entry correctly". When Nerissa died in 1986, her grave was originally marked with a plastic tag and a serial number. Elizabeth said that the news of their institutionalisation came as a surprise to her. In her later years, Elizabeth became known for her longevity. Her 90th birthday—4 August 1990—was celebrated by
5312-478: The sovereign's consort and the first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 may be appointed counsellors of state . Counsellors of state perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while the sovereign is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. The wife of the reigning king as his consort is styled as "Her Majesty The Queen" during her husband's reign and "Her Majesty Queen [first name]" upon her husband's death. The Queen
5395-637: The then Prince Albert, Duke of York , later to become King George VI, drove up to St Paul's Walden in his sports car, and proposed to Elizabeth in the woods at the Bury. The gardens of St Paul's Walden Bury are listed as grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England . They are occasionally opened to the public under the National Garden Scheme ,
5478-446: The throne as George VI when his older brother, Edward VIII , abdicated in order to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson . Elizabeth then became queen consort . She accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America before the start of the Second World War . During the war, her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public. After the war, her husband's health deteriorated, and she
5561-442: The throne, or married after abdication. Such cases include Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle , wife of George, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later King George I); Wallis Warfield , wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (the former King Edward VIII); and Lady Diana Spencer , wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III). Only George I and Edward VIII were unmarried throughout their reigns. Since 1937,
5644-441: The tour went ahead, and they visited Aden , Kenya , Uganda , and Sudan, but Egypt was avoided because of political tensions. Albert had a stammer, which affected his ability to deliver speeches, and after October 1925, Elizabeth assisted in helping him through the therapy devised by Lionel Logue , an episode portrayed in the 2010 film The King's Speech . In 1926, the couple had their first child, Princess Elizabeth—"Lilibet" to
5727-544: The view that non-white countries have nothing in common with "us", she told him, "I am very keen on the Commonwealth . They're all like us." However, she did distrust Germans; she told Wyatt, "Never trust them, never trust them." While she may have held such views, it has been argued that they were normal for British people of her generation and upbringing, who had experienced two vicious wars with Germany. In his official biography, William Shawcross portrays Elizabeth as
5810-551: The wound was dressed. She was still determined to attend Margaret's funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , two days later on the Friday of that week, even though the Queen and the rest of the royal family were concerned about the journey the Queen Mother would face to get from Norfolk to Windsor; she was also rumoured to be hardly eating. Nevertheless, she flew to Windsor by helicopter, and so that no photographs of her in
5893-400: Was broken, exceptionally, when she rose from the royal car to strike an admirer with her umbrella because she had mistaken his enthusiasm for hostility. The 1948 royal tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed because of the King's declining health. In March 1949, he had a successful operation to improve the circulation in his right leg. In summer 1951, Elizabeth and her daughters fulfilled
5976-699: Was celebrated in a number of ways: a parade that celebrated the highlights of her life included contributions from Sir Norman Wisdom and Sir John Mills ; her image appeared on a special commemorative £20 note issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland ; and she attended a lunch at the Guildhall, London , at which George Carey , the Archbishop of Canterbury , accidentally attempted to drink her glass of wine. Her quick admonition of "That's mine!" caused widespread amusement. In November 2000, she broke her collarbone in
6059-509: Was educated at home by a governess until the age of eight, and was fond of field sports, ponies and dogs. When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon 's Anabasis . Her best subjects were literature and scripture. After returning to private education under a German Jewish governess, Käthe Kübler, she passed
6142-617: Was hospitalised at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary overnight but no operation was needed, and in May 1993, when she was admitted to the Infirmary for surgery under general anaesthetic . In 1987, Elizabeth was criticised when it emerged that two of her nieces, Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon , had been committed to a psychiatric hospital in Redhill, Surrey , in 1941 because they had severe learning disabilities. However, Burke's Peerage had listed
6225-473: Was made of platinum and was set with the Koh-i-Noor diamond. Edward married Wallis Simpson, and they became the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, but while Edward was a Royal Highness, George VI withheld the style from Wallis, a decision that Elizabeth supported. Elizabeth was later quoted as referring to Wallis as "that woman", and Wallis referred to Elizabeth as "Cookie", because of her supposed resemblance to
6308-494: Was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal. The Cunard White Star Line's RMS Queen Elizabeth was named after her. She launched the ship on 27 September 1938 in Clydebank , Scotland. Supposedly, the liner started to slide into the water before Elizabeth could officially launch her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash
6391-490: Was one of the most popular members of the royal family , and helped to stabilise the popularity of the monarchy as a whole. Elizabeth's critics included Kitty Kelley , who falsely alleged that she did not abide by the rationing regulations during the Second World War. This, however, was contradicted by the official records, and Eleanor Roosevelt during her wartime stay at Buckingham Palace reported expressly on
6474-623: Was placed on top. An estimated 200,000 people over three days filed past as she lay in state in Westminster Hall at the Palace of Westminster . Members of the Household Cavalry and other branches of the armed forces stood guard at the four corners of the catafalque . At one point, her four grandsons–Prince Charles, Prince Andrew , Prince Edward and Viscount Linley –mounted the guard as a mark of respect, an honour similar to
6557-573: Was registered at Hitchin , Hertfordshire, near the Strathmores' English country house , St Paul's Walden Bury , which was also given as her birthplace in the 1901 and 1911 censuses. She was christened there on 23 September 1900, in the local parish church, All Saints. Elizabeth spent much of her childhood at St Paul's Walden and at Glamis Castle , the Earl's ancestral home in Scotland . She
6640-478: Was still in mourning . The visit was designed to bolster Anglo-French solidarity in the face of aggression from Nazi Germany . The French press praised the demeanour and charm of the royal couple during the delayed but successful visit, augmented by Hartnell's wardrobe. Nevertheless, Nazi aggression continued, and the government prepared for war. After the Munich Agreement of 1938 appeared to forestall
6723-493: Was the elder brother of another prime minister, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington . The location of Elizabeth's birth remains uncertain, but reputedly she was born either in her parents' Westminster home at Belgrave Mansions , Grosvenor Gardens , or in a horse-drawn ambulance on the way to a hospital. Other possible locations include Forbes House in Ham, London , the home of her maternal grandmother, Louisa Scott . Her birth
6806-650: Was to be "Hung, drawn, & quartered ... Hung in diamonds, drawn in a coach and four, and quartered in the best house in the land." On 5 November 1916, she was confirmed at St John's Scottish Episcopal Church in Forfar . Prince Albert, Duke of York —"Bertie" to the family—was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary . He initially proposed to Elizabeth in 1921, but she turned him down, being "afraid never, never again to be free to think, speak and act as I feel I really ought to". When he declared he would marry no other, Queen Mary visited Glamis to see for herself
6889-486: Was widowed at the age of 51. Her elder daughter, aged 25, became the new queen . After the death of Queen Mary in 1953, Elizabeth was viewed as the matriarch of the British royal family . In her later years, she was a consistently popular member of the family, even at times when other royals were suffering from low levels of public approval. She continued an active public life until just a few months before her death at
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