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115-582: When completed, the Power Plant is expected to generate over 16 billion units of electricity annually. The plan to establish a nuclear power plant in the then East Pakistan was made in 1961. In 1963, the Rooppur village of the Pabna district was selected for the proposed plant and 260 acres of land was acquired. The plan was to establish a 200MW nuclear power plant on the selected site. The plan to construct

230-434: A "revolution to clean up the mess of black marketing and corruption". Khan replaced Mirza as president and became the country's strongman for eleven years. Martial law continued until 1962 when the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan commissioned a constitutional bench under Chief Justice of Pakistan Muhammad Shahabuddin, composed of ten senior justices, each five from East Pakistan and five from West Pakistan. On 6 May 1961,

345-512: A 200 MW PWR power plant was completed in 1969 with the assistance of Belgium. However, in 1969-1971, the project was scrapped by the then Pakistan Government . After Bangladesh gained independence , the Government of Bangladesh resumed the effort to construct the 200-megawatt nuclear power plant. From 1977–86, the French company MS Sofratom carried out a feasibility study and determined that

460-721: A crackdown against pro-democracy leaders. Khan enacted the Constitution of Pakistan of 1962 which ended universal suffrage. By 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman emerged as the preeminent opposition leader in Pakistan and launched the six-point movement for autonomy and democracy. The 1969 uprising in East Pakistan contributed to Ayub Khan's overthrow. Another general, Yahya Khan , usurped the presidency and enacted martial law . In 1970, Yahya Khan organised Pakistan's first federal general election . The Awami League emerged as

575-733: A crackdown on 26 March whose purpose was to curb the resistance, some of these operations include Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Dhaka University massacre . This led to the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence . As the Bangladesh Liberation War and the 1971 Bangladesh genocide continued for nine months, East Pakistani military units like the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles defected and formed

690-556: A free and fair election?" in which he lamented Bangladesh's democratic backsliding . Throughout 2022 and 2023, Anam wrote a series of articles on the importance of free and fair elections, press freedom, the Digital Security Act (which was repealed), the role of the bureaucracy, political history, political parties and the Bangladesh Election Commission . Only two years after launching

805-664: A government under the Westminster tradition. But the League failed to win a single seat in West Pakistan, where the Pakistan Peoples Party emerged as the single largest party with 81 seats. The military junta stalled the transfer of power and conducted prolonged negotiations with the League. A civil disobedience movement erupted across East Pakistan demanding the convening of parliament. Rahman announced

920-511: A loss of AC power, the bypass line of the steam generator opens, directing steam to the air-cooled heat exchangers, which uses atmospheric air to condense the steam and return it to the steam generators. This system requires that 3 out of 4 trains remain operational to ensure effective cooldown and can function indefinitely. The VVER-1200/523 is also equipped with a redundant shutdown system that consists of control rods made of boron carbide and Emergency Boron Injection System (EBIS). In addition to

1035-595: A major share of exports. However, President Ayub Khan did implement significant industrialisation in East Pakistan. The Kaptai Dam was built in 1965. The Eastern Refinery was established in Chittagong . Dacca was declared as the second capital of Pakistan and planned as the home of the national parliament. The government recruited American architect Louis Kahn to design the national assembly complex in Dacca . In 1955, Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra implemented

1150-437: A pressure tactic because government advertisements generate a significant share of revenue for the newspaper; this suspension was later lifted. In 2021, a commentary by Mahfuz Anam criticized army chief General Aziz Ahmed for controversial remarks in which Aziz suggested that criticizing the army chief was tantamount to criticizing Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. On 22 April 2022, Anam wrote a commentary titled "Can we really have

1265-539: A research paper published in 2020 found the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) to be between US$ 43.8 per MWh and US$ 82.5 per MWh, using the Financial Analysis of Electric Sector Expansion Plans (FINPLAN) for nine different postulated scenarios. Reducing dependence on electricity generated from oil and gas is crucial for Bangladesh due to the depletion of these resources and their adverse effects on

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1380-669: A research paper published in 2020 suggests that the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant is expected to be lower than the global average of US 9.59 cents/kWh. The research paper also indicates that the LCOE for Rooppur Nuclear Plant is estimated at US 9.48 cents/kWh, which is similar to the Ostrovets Nuclear Power Plant in Belarus at US 8.03 cents/kWh and

1495-405: A series of major labour strikes against the economic policies of Suhrawardy were supported by the elite business community and the private sector. Furthermore, in order to divert attention from the controversial One Unit Program, Prime Minister Suhrawardy tried to end the crisis by calling a small group of investors to set up small businesses in the country. Despite many initiatives and holding off

1610-452: A significant part of the equipment for the machine room. Over 70 tenders have been issued for ‘non-critical’ works where Bangladeshi and Indian construction companies can participate. On 14 July 2018, the first concrete was poured for Unit 2. The following month, Rosatom began installing a 200-tonne core catcher as the first large piece of equipment in the reactor building of Rooppur 1, describing it as "a unique protection system". When

1725-500: A specified threshold. In addition to the safety systems for injecting coolant into the core, there are also systems used for removing heat from the core. One of these systems is the Steam Generator Emergency Cooldown System. It is an entirely closed-loop system. Each train of this system is connected to two steam generators. When the pressure in the steam generator reaches a specific threshold,

1840-526: A struggle for independence from Pakistan during a speech on 7 March 1971 and called for a non-cooperation movement from the Bengali populace. Between 7–26 March, East Pakistan was virtually under the popular control of the Awami League. On Pakistan's Republic Day on 23 March 1971, the first flag of Bangladesh was hoisted in many East Pakistani households. Pakistan Army was ordered to immediately launch

1955-548: A system dubbed 'Basic Democracy'. Under the system, an electoral college would be responsible for electing the president and national assembly. The 1962 constitution created a gubernatorial system in West and East Pakistan. Each province ran its own separate provincial gubernatorial governments. The constitution defined a division of powers between the central government and the provinces. Fatima Jinnah received strong support in East Pakistan during her failed bid to unseat Ayub Khan in

2070-485: A third contract was signed on June 5, 2014, concerning the "Performance of First Priority Works for the Preparatory Stage of Rooppur NPP Construction". In 2015, Rosatom offered to build two units featuring VVER-1200 reactors which increased the total output to 2400 MW, up from the initial offer of two VVER-1000 reactors with a total capacity of 2000 MW made in 2010. On December 25, 2015, representatives of

2185-494: A wide readership in Dhaka and Chittagong , particularly among the urban elites, the business community and the diplomatic community . In 2007, The Daily Star editor Mahfuz Anam called out army chief General Moeen U Ahmed for suggesting political reforms, arguing that it was beyond the mandate of the army chief to speak about politics. In a widely read commentary titled "This is no way to strengthen democracy", Anam also blasted

2300-480: Is 90% funded by a loan from the Russian government. The two units generating 2.4 GWe are planned to be operational in 2024 and 2025. Rosatom will operate the units for the first year before handing over to Bangladeshi operators. Russia will supply the nuclear fuel and take back spent nuclear fuel . On 4 November 2017, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission received, from Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority ,

2415-543: Is being financed mainly through Russian export credit, accounting for 90% of the total cost at US$ 11.38 billion. As of September 3, 2024, US$ 7.3 billion of this credit has been utilized. The Russian export credit has a 7-year utilization period from 2017 to 2024, with a 10-year grace period. A report from the Government of Bangladesh estimated the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) at US$ 56.73 per MWh. However,

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2530-558: Is owned by Mediaworld, in which a major share is held by the Transcom Group . Star Business, the business edition of the paper, is highly popular. The newspaper serves its Bengali readership digitally through its website. It is highly active in social media as well including in Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. The newspaper's multimedia news contents are widely followed through its YouTube channel @TheDailyStarNews. In

2645-554: The 1965 presidential election . Dacca was declared as the second capital of Pakistan in 1962. It was designated as the legislative capital and Louis Kahn was tasked with designing a national assembly complex . Dacca's population increased in the 1960s. Seven natural gas fields were tapped in the province. The petroleum industry developed as the Eastern Refinery was established in the port city of Chittagong. In 1966, Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announced

2760-672: The Awami League . During the Bangladesh Nationalist Party government in the 2000s, Anam faced defamation lawsuits from ruling BNP leaders. He was co-accused with Matiur Rahman , editor of the Bengali newspaper Prothom Alo , in defamation cases filed by Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury . Anam was represented in court by Kamal Hossain . In 2016, speaking at a panel discussion on ATN News , Mahfuz Anam admitted that The Daily Star ran stories fed to

2875-594: The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) embarked on a new initiative to develop a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 600 MW. In 2005, Bangladesh signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with China. Two years later, in 2007, the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) put forth a proposal for the construction of two 500 MW nuclear reactors in Rooppur, aiming for completion by 2015. In 2008,

2990-742: The Bangladesh Forces . The Provisional Government of Bangladesh allied with neighbouring India which intervened in the final two weeks of the war and secured the surrender of Pakistan's eastern command . With Ayub Khan ousted from office in 1969, Commander of the Pakistani Army, General Yahya Khan became the country's second ruling chief martial law administrator. Both Bhutto and Mujib strongly disliked General Khan, but patiently endured him and his government as he had promised to hold an election in 1970. During this time, strong nationalistic sentiments in East Pakistan were perceived by

3105-622: The COVID-19 pandemic struck Bangladesh in early 2020, many projects such as the Dhaka Metro Rail were stalled, but the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant remained on track to be completed by 2023 or 2024. Progress in this period includes Rosatom's engineering company Atommash completing hydraulic tests for Rooppur unit 1. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, however, meant international sanctions and restrictions on movement of Russian capital and personnel. By 2022, Russia claimed its work on

3220-698: The Eastern Refinery in Chittagong. The Comilla Model of the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (present-day Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development ) was conceived by Akhtar Hameed Khan and replicated in many developing countries. In 1965, Pakistan implemented the Kaptai Dam hydroelectric project in the southeastern part of East Pakistan with American assistance. It was the sole hydroelectric dam in East Pakistan. The project

3335-510: The One Unit scheme which merged the four western provinces into a single unit called West Pakistan while East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan. Pakistan ended its dominion status and adopted a republican constitution in 1956, which proclaimed an Islamic republic. The populist leader H. S. Suhrawardy of East Pakistan was appointed prime minister of Pakistan. As soon as he became the prime minister, Suhrawardy initiated legal work reviving

3450-479: The Pakistan Navy , had previously served as political and military adviser of East Pakistan to former President Ayub Khan. Having such a strong background in administration, and being an expert on East Pakistan affairs, General Yahya Khan appointed Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan as Martial Law Administrator , with absolute authority in his command. He was relieved as naval chief and received an extension from

3565-594: The Paks II Nuclear Power Plant under construction in Hungary at US 8.56 cents/kWh, as calculated using the INPRO model. All three projects utilize two VVER-1200 reactors with similar electrical power output. East Pakistan East Pakistan was the eastern province of Pakistan between 1955 and 1971, restructured and renamed from the province of East Bengal and covering the territory of

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3680-687: The People's Republic of China . His contribution in formulating the 1956 constitution of Pakistan was substantial as he played a vital role in incorporating provisions for civil liberties and universal adult franchise in line with his adherence to the parliamentary form of liberal democracy. In 1958, President Iskandar Mirza enacted martial law as part of a military coup by the Pakistan Army 's chief Ayub Khan . Roughly after two weeks, President Mirza's relations with Pakistan Armed Forces deteriorated leading Army Commander General Ayub Khan relieving

3795-726: The Rapid Action Battalion . The killing took place while the victim was speaking with his family on the phone. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) did not give any explanation for the block. In February 2024, Executive Editor Syed Ashfaqul Haque and his wife Tania Khondoker were sent to jail after they surrendered to a court in Dhaka, following the death of a fifteen year old female maid at their house in Mohammadpur Thana . Haque and his wife faced charges of child abuse . The deceased maid

3910-660: The Russia signed a framework agreement on “Cooperation in Using Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purpose”. On November 10, 2010, the National Parliament of Bangladesh made the decision to proceed with the immediate implementation of a nuclear power project. In 2011, International Atomic Energy Agency conducted IAEA Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) mission in Bangladesh to understand

4025-526: The Sitara-e-Imtiaz and the Pride of Performance . Religion in Pakistan (1951 Official Census) The Daily Star (Bangladesh) The Daily Star is a Bangladeshi English-language daily newspaper. It is by far the largest circulating English-language newspaper in the country. Founded by Syed Mohammed Ali on 14 January 1991, as Bangladesh transitioned and restored parliamentary democracy ,

4140-586: The six-point movement in Lahore . The movement demanded greater provincial autonomy and the restoration of democracy in Pakistan. Rahman was indicted for treason during the Agartala Conspiracy Case after launching the six-point movement. He was later released in the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan . Ayub Khan resigned in March 1969. Below includes the historical six points: Muhammad Ayub Khan

4255-607: The world's largest delta , 700 rivers, and tropical hilly jungles. The Chittagong Division of East Pakistan was home to hill ranges and forests (mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Sylhet). The Khulna Division and parts of the Dacca and Chittagong Divisions were largely Deltaic. East Pakistan was almost entirely an alluvial plain which consists of lower course of the Padma and Jamuna. Climatically, East Pakistan

4370-551: The Adamjee family were pioneers of industrialisation in the region. Many of modern Bangladesh's leading companies were born in the East Pakistan period. An airline founded in British Bengal, Orient Airways , launched the vital air link between East and West Pakistan with DC-3 aircraft on the Dacca - Calcutta - Delhi - Karachi route. Orient Airways later evolved into Pakistan International Airlines , whose first chairman

4485-800: The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission and the Russian state nuclear corporation Rosatom signed the General Contract for Rooppur nuclear power plant worth US$ 12.65 billion. The General Contract for the construction of two units is an EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) contract and it includes construction, installation, erection work, the development of working documentation, the supply of equipment and materials, nuclear fuel for initial loading and two reloads, personnel training, and commissioning. Following this development, three days later, The Daily Star echoed criticism from Germany-based Transparency International about increased costs, from statements of around US$ 4 billion made earlier in

4600-659: The Bangladesh Liberation Forces. In April 1971, Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan succeeded General Yaqub Khan as the Corps Commander. General Tikka Khan led the massive violent and massacre campaigns in the region. He is held responsible for killing hundreds of thousands of Bengali people in East Pakistan, mostly civilians and unarmed peoples. For his role, General Tikka Khan gained the title of "Butcher of Bengal". General Khan faced an international reaction against Pakistan, and therefore, General Tikka

4715-889: The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, most Bengali members elected to the Pakistani National Assembly and the East Pakistani provincial assembly became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. Due to the strategic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani union was a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization . The economy of East Pakistan grew at an average of 2.6% between 1960 and 1965. The federal government invested more funds and foreign aid in West Pakistan, even though East Pakistan generated

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4830-499: The Bangladeshi government reaffirmed its commitment to collaborate with China on the construction of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, with China extending an offer of financial support for the project. A year later, on May 13, 2009, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Rosatom on “Cooperation in Using Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purpose”. Then, on May 21, 2010, Bangladesh and

4945-685: The Bay of Bengal until the Army reached the shore. The Indian Air Force dismantled the capability of the Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan. Air Commodore Inamul Haque Khan , Dacca airbase's AOC, failed to offer any serious resistance to the actions of the Indian Air Force. For the most part of the war, the IAF enjoyed complete dominance in the skies over East Pakistan. On 16 December 1971,

5060-546: The Indian Navy until the end of the conflict. Admiral Shariff's effective plans made it nearly impossible for the Indian Navy to land its naval forces on the shores of East Pakistan. The Indian Navy was unable to land forces in East Pakistan and the Pakistan Navy was still offering resistance. The Indian Army , entered East Pakistan from all three directions of the province. The Indian Navy then decided to wait near

5175-706: The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the Rooppur NPP is currently higher than that of gas-based power plants in Bangladesh. However, this situation may change as the country becomes more reliant on liquefied natural gas (LNG) imported from the international market. The Rooppur pillow scandal involved corruption by engineers tasked with furnishing 966 flats for plant workers. This included inflated prices for domestic products, such as pillows that were priced at BDT 5957. On August 17, 2024, Global Defense Corp alleged that former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her family members embezzled over $ 5 billion in kickbacks for

5290-654: The NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy's political position and image deteriorated in the four provinces in West Pakistan. Many nationalist leaders and activists of the Muslim League were dismayed by the suspension of the constitutionally obliged NFC Program. His critics and Muslim League leaders observed that with the suspension of the NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy tried to give more financial allocations, aids, grants, and opportunities to East Pakistan than West Pakistan, including West Pakistan's four provinces. During

5405-861: The Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered to the joint liberation forces of Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, headed by Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Arora , the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General AAK Niazi, the last corps commander of Eastern Corps , signed the Instrument of Surrender at about 4:31 pm. Over 93,000 personnel, including Lt. General Niazi and Admiral Shariff, were taken as prisoners of war . On 16 December 1971,

5520-853: The Pakistan Army. This started the nine-month long Bangladesh Liberation War in which the freedom fighters , joined in December 1971 by 400,000 Indian soldiers , faced the Pakistani Armed Forces of 365,000 plus paramilitary and collaborationist forces . An additional approximately 25,000 ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan Armed Forces. Bloody guerrilla warfare ensued in East Pakistan. The Pakistan Armed Forces were unable to counter such threats. With no intel and low morale, they performed poorly and were inexperienced in guerrilla tactics, Pakistan Armed Forces and their assets were defeated by

5635-528: The Pakistani Armed Forces and the central military government. Therefore, Khan and his military government wanted to divert the nationalistic threats and violence against non-East Pakistanis. The Eastern Command was under constant pressure from the Awami League and requested an active-duty officer to control the command under such extreme pressure. The high flag rank officers, junior officers, and many high command officers from Pakistan's Armed Forces were highly cautious about their appointment in East-Pakistan, and

5750-432: The Rooppur project was viable. Subsequently, the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) approved a 125 MW nuclear power plant. However, the project did not materialize. In 1987–88, another feasibility study was conducted by Lahmeyer International and Motor Columbus which proved that the site was technically, economically, and financially viable for a 300-500 MW nuclear power plant. Between 1997 and 2001,

5865-473: The US$ 500 million export credit (which expired in 2017) provided by Russia for the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant project in Bangladesh has been utilized, and only the utilized portions of state export credits are deemed as the debt of the foreign state borrower. The press release further stated that the absence of any corruption on the Rooppur Nuclear Power Project can be proven by the fact that Russian law does not allow direct transfer of funds of export credits to

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5980-412: The United Company NIAEP-Atomstroyexport, said that he expected the Rooppur Nuclear Project to be based on a modified AES-2006 design. This was followed in 2014 by Moscow Atomenergoprom 's confirmation that it would deliver two units based on the AES-2006 design, with Novovoronezh II designated as the reference plant for the project. In 2016 ground preparation work commenced. The $ 12.65 billion contract

6095-459: The VVER-1200/523 consists of active and passive systems. Two of the active safety systems that ensure cooling are high pressure injection system (HPIS), and low pressure injection system (LPIS). Both these systems have two independent trains with 100% redundancy. Another active system that ensures cooling is the Emergency and Planned Cooldown System, which comprises the HPIS, LPIS, and the Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System. In contrast, passive cooling of

6210-401: The assignment of governing East Pakistan and appointment of an officer was considered highly difficult for the Pakistan High Military Command. East Pakistan's Armed Forces, under the military administrations of Major-General Muzaffaruddin and Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan , used an excessive amount of show of military force to curb the uprising in the province. With such action,

6325-416: The commission sent its draft to President Ayub Khan. He thoroughly examined the draft while consulting with his cabinet. In January 1962, the cabinet finally approved the text of the new constitution , promulgated by President Ayub Khan on 1 March 1962, which came into effect on 8 June 1962. Under the 1962 constitution, Pakistan became a presidential republic . Universal suffrage was abolished in favour of

6440-430: The constitutional right to form a government without forming a coalition with any other party. Khan invited Mujib to Rawalpindi to take the charge of the office, and negotiations took place between the military government and the Awami Party. Bhutto was shocked with the results and threatened his fellow Peoples Party members if they attended the inaugural session at the National Assembly , famously saying he would "break

6555-407: The containment during a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PAR) remove hydrogen produced from fuel rods during a LOCA by mixing it with oxygen and producing water through a catalytic reaction. The Core Catcher (CC) retains the materials of the molten core, ensures its cooling, and maintains its subcriticality in the event of a meltdown. The US$ 12.65 billion project

6670-407: The core is ensured by the four first and eight second stage hydro-accumulator tanks, which are filled with a boric acid solution. Each hydro accumulator tank in the first stage has a capacity of 60 m³, while each tank in the second stage has a capacity of 120 m³. These tanks are designed to automatically inject boric acid solution into the core when the pressure in the Reactor Coolant System falls below

6785-409: The design and construction license of Unit 1, paving the way for the nuclear island first concrete pour. The nuclear reactor and critical infrastructure are being built by Russian companies. Atomenergomash is the engineering division of Russia 's state nuclear corporation, Rosatom . This company is the supplier of all the equipment for the reactor compartment of Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant and

6900-433: The elite monopolist and the business community angrily refused to adhere to his policies. The business community in Karachi began its political struggle to undermine any attempts of financial distribution of the US$ 10 million ICA aid to the better part of East Pakistan and to set up a consolidated national shipping corporation. In the financial cities of West Pakistan, such as Karachi , Lahore , Quetta , and Peshawar ,

7015-404: The environment. Experts believe that the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant will play a crucial role in ensuring energy security and reducing CO2 emissions at a low cost. Additionally, a research article published in 2020 indicates that the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the Rooppur NPP is competitive with those of coal, oil, and renewable energy sources. The research article also points out that

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7130-534: The exportation of Bengali jute and tea. As late as 1960, approximately 70% of Pakistan's export earnings originated in East Pakistan, although this percentage declined as international demand for jute dwindled. By the mid-1960s, East Pakistan was accounting for less than 60% of the nation's export earnings, and by the time Bangladesh gained its independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below 50%. In 1966, Mujib demanded that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened overseas. By

7245-449: The following. At the time of the Partition of British India , East Bengal had a plantation economy . The Chittagong Tea Auction was established in 1949 as the region was home to the world's largest tea plantations. The East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association was established in 1954. Many wealthy Muslim immigrants from India, Burma , and former British colonies settled in East Pakistan. The Ispahani family , Africawala brothers, and

7360-430: The former prime minister Sheikh Hasina requested Rosatom to build other two units, on completion of the first two units. The safety of VVER-1200/523 units of the power plant is ensured by emergency core cooling systems, reactor shutdown systems, and heat removal systems. Some of these safety systems are active, while others are passive. All these systems have 2 to 4 times redundancy. The emergency core cooling system of

7475-502: The government sent Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff as Flag Officer Commanding of Eastern Naval Command (Pakistan). Admiral Shariff served as the deputy of General Niazi when doing joint military operations. However, General Niazi proved to be a failure and ineffective ruler. Therefore, General Niazi and Air Commodore Inamul Haque Khan , AOC, PAF Base Dacca, failed to launch any operation in East Pakistan against Indian or its allies. Except for Admiral Shariff who continued to keep pressure on

7590-415: The government. The tense relations between East and West Pakistan reached a climax in 1970 when the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , (Mujib), won a landslide victory in the national elections in East Pakistan. The party won 160 of the 162 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the Parliament. This gave the Awami League

7705-532: The holding company of The Daily Star after the death of longstanding chairperson Rokeya Afzal Rahman . Syed Ashfaqul Haque, who worked in both management and the newsroom for 31 years, was appointed as Executive Editor. Aasha Mehreen Amin , the granddaughter of Pakistan's last Bengali premier Nurul Amin , serves as the Joint Editor while S.S. Preetha is head of the Op-Ed section, which was previously headed by Zafar Sobhan . Amin continues to wield significant influence over commentaries and Op-Eds. Amin previously ran

7820-531: The joint electorate system. There was strong opposition and resentment to the joint electorate system in West Pakistan. The Muslim League had taken the cause to the public and began calling for the implementation of a separate electorate system. In contrast to West Pakistan, the joint electorate was highly popular in East Pakistan. The tug of war with the Muslim League to establish the appropriate electorate caused problems for his government. The constitutionally obliged National Finance Commission Program (NFC Program)

7935-460: The last days of his Prime ministerial years, Suhrawardy tried to remove the economic disparity between the Eastern and Western wings of the country but to no avail. He also tried unsuccessfully to alleviate the food shortage in the country. Suhrawardy strengthened relations with the United States by reinforcing Pakistani membership in the Central Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization . Suhrawardy also promoted relations with

8050-519: The late 1980s, plans for a major English newspaper in Bangladesh were drawn up by Syed Mohammad Ali and Mahfuz Anam in Bangkok . Ali previously served as Editor of The Bangkok Post in Thailand and the Hong Kong Standard in British Hong Kong . Anam was working in UNESCO when he teamed up with Ali to establish a newspaper in Bangladesh. They secured funding from leading Bangladeshi financiers, including Azimur Rahman, A. S. Mahmud, Latifur Rahman , A. Rouf Chowdhury and Shamsur Rahman. The newspaper

8165-477: The legs" of any member of his party who dared enter and attend the session. However, fearing East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded Mujib to form a coalition government. After a secret meeting held in Larkana , Mujib agreed to give Bhutto the office of the presidency with Mujib as prime minister. General Yahya Khan and his military government were kept unaware of these developments and under pressure from his own military government, refused to allow Rahman to become

8280-466: The mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's "Decade of Progress" with its successful Green Revolution in wheat and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level. Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, the seat of the national government, received more foreign aid. However, East Pakistan did nonetheless benefit from industrialisation and development, which

8395-556: The military-backed caretaker government for the arrest of Sheikh Hasina in 2007. In 2009, an investigative report by The Daily Star implicated former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia's son Tarique Rahman and close aides from Hawa Bhaban in the 2004 Dhaka grenade attack . Tarique Rahman was later sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the attack. In 2015, the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina suspended all tender notices and government adverts in The Daily Star as

8510-605: The modern country of Bangladesh . Its land borders were with India and Burma , with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal . East Pakistanis were popularly known as "Pakistani Bengalis"; to distinguish this region from India's state West Bengal (which is also known as "Indian Bengal"), East Pakistan was known as "Pakistani Bengal". In 1971, East Pakistan became the newly independent state Bangladesh, which means "country of Bengal " or "country of Bengalis " in Bengali language . East Pakistan

8625-415: The newspaper became popular for its outspoken coverage of politics , corruption, and foreign policy . It is considered a newspaper of record for Bangladesh. The newspaper has been described as having a "reputation for journalistic integrity and liberal and progressive views - a kind of Bangladeshi New York Times ". Mahfuz Anam serves as the editor and publisher of The Daily Star. The Daily Star

8740-416: The newspaper by military intelligence outfit DGFI during the military-backed state of emergency and caretaker government in 2007 and 2008. The stories accused Awami League and BNP leaders of corruption. A string of lawsuits were filed against Anam following his admission. The newspaper's website was briefly blocked on 1 June 2018 after it reported the extrajudicial killing of Ekramul Haque by members of

8855-466: The newspaper, SM Ali died and a young Anam, who was Ali's protege, became the editor of the fledgling daily. As editor and publisher, Anam has been widely credited for steering the paper's editorial independence. Financial affairs are overseen by a six-member board of directors of the holding company Mediaworld Limited. Syed Fahim Munaim was the CEO and Managing Editor of the newspaper for many years. Munaim

8970-615: The only officers to object to the plans. When it became obvious that military action in East Pakistan was inevitable, Admiral Ahsan resigned from his position as martial law administrator in protest, and immediately flew back to Karachi , West Pakistan. Disheartened and isolated, Admiral Ahsan took early retirement from the Navy and quietly settled in Karachi. Once Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal commenced, Air Marshal Masud flew to West Pakistan, and unlike Admiral Ahsan, tried to stop

9085-720: The paper's defunct Star magazine supplement. Mizanur Rahman, the Head of Operations, and Tajdin Hasan, the Chief Business Officer, are the two other key leaders of the newspaper. In recent years, the paper has complained of growing restrictions on press freedom in Bangladesh. It also faced pressure from the government which affected its ad revenues. PEN America strongly criticized the lawsuits filed against Mahfuz Anam, including as many as 83 lawsuits and 30 counts of criminal defamation lodged by members and supporters of

9200-483: The plant was unaffected. In October 2023, the plant received its first shipment of uranium , signaling a milestone for the project. Concrete work for Unit 2 was completed in January 2024. On September 17, 2024, the loading of Dummy Fuel Assemblies (DFAs) into the core of Unit 1 started in order to validate reactor hydraulic parameters during circulation flushing, as well as during reactor hot and cold tests. In 2024,

9315-527: The president from his presidency and forcefully exiling President Mirza to the United Kingdom. General Ayub Khan justified his actions after appearing on national radio declaring that: "the armed forces and the people demanded a clean break with the past...". Until 1962, the martial law continued while Field Marshal Ayub Khan purged a number of politicians and civil servants from the government and replaced them with military officers. Ayub called his regime

9430-655: The prime minister of Pakistan. This increased agitation for greater autonomy in East Pakistan. The military police arrested Mujib and Bhutto and placed them in Adiala Jail in Rawalpindi. The news spread like a fire in both East and West Pakistan, and the struggle for independence began in East Pakistan. The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, began to pressure General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party. Bhutto later distanced himself from Yahya Khan after he

9545-536: The purchase of two VVER-1200 reactors from Rosatom. However, the website did not provide any sources to support this claim. In response to allegations of embezzlement, the Russian Embassy in Dhaka issued a press release on September 11, 2024, clarifying that as of September 3, 2024, approximately US$ 7.3 billion of the US$ 11.38 billion export credit (set to expire on December 31, 2024) and US$ 491.3 million out of

9660-775: The religions of Buddhism , Christianity and Hinduism. East Pakistan was home to immigrant Muslims from across the Indian subcontinent , including West Bengal , Bihar , Sindh , Gujarat , the Northwest Frontier Province , Assam , Orissa , the Punjab and Kerala . A small Armenian and Jewish minority resided in East Pakistan. The Asiatic Society of Pakistan was founded in Old Dacca by Ahmad Hasan Dani in 1948. The Varendra Research Museum in Rajshahi

9775-547: The safety systems for the primary and secondary circuits, the double containment also is equipped with its own safety features designed to prevent radiation release and protect against external events. Among these systems are the Containment Spray System (CSS), Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PAR) , and the Core Catcher (CC) . The Containment Spray System (CSS) lowers pressure and temperature within

9890-535: The same year. On June 27, 2013, the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) and Atomstroyexport signed the first contract, which covered the Feasibility Studies, Engineering Survey, and Environmental Impact Assessment. On October 2nd of the same year, a second contract was signed between the same two entities for the development of design documentation, which included first priority working documentation and necessary engineering surveys. Subsequently,

10005-536: The same year. Transparency International also expressed concern about the safety of the proposed plant. The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) considered building a power plant using VVER-1000 technology or equivalent from other suppliers in 2007, estimating costs between $ 0.9 billion and $ 2 billion. By 2009, Russia proposed constructing two units using AES-92 technology, which the government of Bangladesh responded to favorably. As discussions progressed, several Bangladeshi media outlets reported in 2015 that Russia

10120-593: The single largest party, followed by the Pakistan Peoples Party . The military junta stalled in accepting the results, leading to civil disobedience, the Bangladesh Liberation War , 1971 Bangladesh genocide and persecution of Biharis . The East Pakistan Provincial Assembly was the legislative body of the territory, it was the largest provincial legislature in Pakistan and elections were held only twice in 1954 and 1970. During

10235-461: The situation became highly critical and civil control over the province slipped away from the government. On 24 March, dissatisfied with the performance of his generals, Yahya Khan removed General Muzaffaruddin and General Yaqub Khan from office on 1 September 1969. The appointment of a military administrator was considered quite difficult and challenging with the crisis continually deteriorating. Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan , Commander-in-Chief of

10350-816: The sovereign borrower. On September 3, 2024, the chairman of the National Democratic Movement, Bobby Hajjaj, submitted a petition to the High Court asking the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) to investigate allegations of $ 5 billion in embezzlement from the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Project by Sheikh Hasina and her family members. Many experts have expressed concerns over the high cost of Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, arguing that it costs higher than similar projects worldwide. However,

10465-419: The state of Bangladesh's nuclear infrastructure. Later on the same year, IAEA examined and offered suggestions for the national nuclear power infrastructure. On January 15, 2013, Bangladesh and Russia established an Intergovernmental Credit Agreement worth US$ 500 million to fund the preparatory phase activities of the Power Plant, and construction of the first phase of the project was also approved on April 2 of

10580-470: The territory of East Pakistan was handed over to the Indian Army under the surrender agreement from West Pakistan and in the Simla Agreement became the newly independent state of Bangladesh . The Eastern Command, civilian institutions, and paramilitary forces were disbanded in the following months. In contrast to the desert and rugged mountainous terrain of West Pakistan, East Pakistan featured

10695-517: The use of the East's foreign exchange surpluses to finance the West's imports. The discrimination occurred despite the fact that East Pakistan generated a major share of Pakistan's exports. The annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4.4% in West Pakistan versus 2.6% in East Pakistan from 1960 to 1965. Bengali politicians pushed for more autonomy, arguing that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East Pakistan from

10810-534: The valve on the steam lines that lead to the heat exchanger open automatically, allowing the steam to be condensed back into water, after which the water is sent back to the steam generator. Furthermore, the VVER-1200/523 is equipped with a Passive Heat Removal System (PHRS) designed to remove decay heat from the core during a Station Blackout (SBO). This system features four independent trains, each containing two air-cooled heat exchangers. When activated during

10925-404: The violence in East Pakistan. When he failed in his attempts to meet General Yahya Khan, Masud too resigned from his position as AOC of Dacca airbase and took retirement from Air Force. Lieutenant-General Sahibzada Yaqub Khan was sent into East Pakistan in an emergency, following a major blow of the resignation of Vice Admiral Ahsan. General Yaqub temporarily assumed the control of the province, he

11040-547: Was Pakistan's first pop star and became popular in India as well. Shabnam was a leading actress from East Pakistan. Feroza Begum was a leading exponent of Bengali classical Nazrul geeti . Jasimuddin and Abbasuddin Ahmed promoted Bengali folk music. Munier Chowdhury , Syed Mujtaba Ali , Nurul Momen , Sufia Kamal and Shamsur Rahman were among the leading literary figures in East Pakistan. Several East Pakistanis were awarded

11155-411: Was a hotbed of Bengali nationalism . There were open calls for self-determination . When the federal general election was held, the Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the Pakistani parliament. The League won 167 out of 169 seats in East Pakistan, thereby crossing the half way mark of 150 in the 300-seat National Assembly of Pakistan . In theory, this gave the League the right to form

11270-546: Was a teenage girl named Preeti Urang who worked as a servant in the house of the executive editor. Urang hailed from a tea garden worker's family in Moulvibazar District . Protests were held demanding justice for the girl's death. The newspaper issued a formal apology over the incident. Starting in May 1996, The Daily Star published a weekly magazine supplement titled The Star every Friday. Aasha Mehreen Amin

11385-485: Was also made the corps-commander of Eastern Corps . General Yaqub mobilised the entire major forces in East Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman made a declaration of independence at Dacca on 26 March 1971. All major Awami League leaders including elected leaders of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly fled to neighbouring India and an exile government was formed headed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. While he

11500-601: Was an important center of research on the Indus Valley civilization . The Bangla Academy was established in 1954. Among East Pakistan's newspapers, The Daily Ittefaq was the leading Bengali language title; while Holiday was a leading English title. At the time of partition, East Bengal had 80 cinemas. The first movie produced in East Pakistan was The Face and the Mask in 1955. Pakistan Television established its second studio in Dacca after Lahore in 1965. Runa Laila

11615-424: Was arrested by Military Police along with Mujib. Soon after the arrests, a high-level meeting was chaired by Yahya Khan. During the meeting, high commanders of the Pakistan Armed Forces unanimously recommended an armed and violent military action. East Pakistan's Martial Law Administrator Admiral Ahsan , Governor of East Pakistan, and Air Commodore Zafar Masud , Air Officer Commanding of Dacca 's only airbase, were

11730-558: Was controversial for displacing over 40,000 indigenous people from the area. The centrally located metropolis Dacca witnessed significant urban growth. Although, East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget. According to the World Bank , there was much economic discrimination against East Pakistan, including higher government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West, and

11845-466: Was credited for ensuring the financial independence of paper. Ahead of the 2024 general election, the paper hired several pro-BNP journalists and writers, took an aggressively pro-BNP editorial stance, and strongly criticized the ruling Awami League. The election ended up being boycotted by the BNP amid allegations of a lack of a conducive environment for holding elections. In 2023, Anam was appointed chairman of

11960-665: Was discerned by the Kaptai Dam in the Chittagong Hill Tracts for instance. Economists in East Pakistan argued a "Two Economies Theory" within Pakistan itself, which was founded on the Two-Nation Theory with India. The so-called Two Economies Theory suggested that East and West Pakistan had different economic features which should not be regulated by a federal government in Islamabad. East Pakistan

12075-472: Was discovered in the northeastern part of East Pakistan in 1955 by the Burmah Oil Company . Industrial use of natural gas began in 1959. The Shell Oil Company and Pakistan Petroleum tapped 7 gas fields in the 1960s. The industrial seaport city of Chittagong hosted the headquarters of Burmah Eastern and Pakistan National Oil . Iran, an erstwhile leading oil producer, assisted in establishing

12190-463: Was essentially humid, hot climate with heavy to very heavy rainfall. The implication of East Pakistan's heavy rainfall was that the main crops that were grown in East Pakistan were rice, tea, and jute. East Pakistan inherited 17 districts from British Bengal. In 1960, Lower Tippera was renamed Comilla. In 1969, two new districts were created with Tangail separated from Mymensingh and Patuakhali from Bakerganj. East Pakistan's districts are listed in

12305-566: Was home to 55% of Pakistan's population. The largest ethnic group of the province were Bengalis , who in turn were the largest ethnic group in Pakistan . Bengali Muslims formed the predominant majority, followed by Bengali Hindus , Bengali Buddhists and Bengali Christians . East Pakistan also had many tribal groups, including the Chakmas , Marmas , Tangchangyas , Garos , Manipuris , Tripuris , Santhals and Bawms . They largely followed

12420-529: Was immediately suspended by Prime Minister Suhrawardy despite the reserves of the four provinces of West Pakistan in 1956. Suhrawardy advocated for the USSR-based Five-Year Plans to centralise the national economy. In this view, East Pakistan's economy would be quickly centralised and all major economic planning would be shifted to West Pakistan. Efforts leading to centralising the economy were met with great resistance in West Pakistan when

12535-613: Was in a Pakistan prison, Syed Nazrul Islam was the acting president with Tajuddin Ahmed as the prime minister. The exile government took oath on 17 April 1971 at Mujib Nagar, within East Pakistan territory of Kushtia district, and formally formed the government. Colonel MOG Osmani was appointed the Commander in Chief of Liberation Forces and whole East Pakistan was divided into eleven sectors headed by eleven sector commanders. All sector commanders were Bengali officers who had defected from

12650-466: Was removed as Commander of the Eastern front. He installed a civilian administration under Abdul Motaleb Malik on 31 August 1971, which proved to be ineffective. However, during the meeting, with no high officers willing to assume the command of East Pakistan, Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi volunteered for the command of East Pakistan. Inexperienced and the large magnitude of this assignment,

12765-693: Was renamed from East Bengal by the One Unit Scheme of Pakistani Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra . The Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 replaced the Pakistani monarchy with an Islamic republic . Bengali politician H.S. Suhrawardy served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan between 1956 and 1957 and a Bengali bureaucrat Iskander Mirza became the first President of Pakistan . The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état brought general Ayub Khan to power. Khan replaced Mirza as president and launched

12880-497: Was replaced by general Yahya Khan who became the Chief Martial Law Administrator . Khan organised the 1970 Pakistani general election . The 1970 Bhola cyclone was one of the deadliest natural disasters of the 20th century. The cyclone claimed half a million lives. The disastrous effects of the cyclone caused huge resentment against the federal government. After a decade of military rule, East Pakistan

12995-519: Was seeking to supply VVER-TOI reactors. However, in September 2013, Marat Mustasin, general director of Atomenergoproekt, clarified in an interview with Nuclear.Ru that although the geological survey at Rooppur would be conducted under the VVER-TOI project, a decision on which specific reactor design the plant would be adjusted to would be made later. In October 2013, Valery Limarenko, president of

13110-530: Was set up in 1991, which coincided with Bangladesh's return to parliamentary democracy after 15 years of military rule and presidential government. The Daily Star gained popularity for its outspoken coverage of politics in Bangladesh, including the rivalry between the Awami League led by Sheikh Hasina and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) led by Khaleda Zia . It became the country's largest circulating English-language newspaper and quickly overtook The Bangladesh Observer and Weekly Holiday . It gained

13225-678: Was the East Pakistan-based industrialist Mirza Ahmad Ispahani . By the 1950s, East Bengal surpassed West Bengal in having the largest jute industries in the world. The Adamjee Jute Mills was the largest jute processing plant in history and its location in Narayanganj was nicknamed the Dundee of the East . The Adamjees were descendants of Sir Haji Adamjee Dawood , who made his fortune in British Burma . Natural gas

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