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134-601: Nowadays the institution is based on secular ideas and remains very influential in Colombian culture and public life. At least 28 of Colombia's presidents have been students of this university. It has influenced and participated in very important transitional processes like the revolution for the independence from Spain and the drafting of the Political National Constitution of 1991. One of the most important 1886 Constitution's Supreme Court (1936),

268-407: A "National Architectural and Cultural Heritage" good. In its interior, it is possible to admire the statue of the founder, Fray Cristóbal de Torres, erected in bronze by Catalan sculptor Renart Dionisio Garcia in 1909. This landmark has been preserved throughout these three centuries almost in its entirety. The Aula Máxima, where the protocolary ceremonies are held, is one of the best art galleries in

402-476: A "natural born" citizen of Colombia. Although Colombia has historically been considered an independent country since 1819, the quality of "president" of Colombia of the leaders who governed the current South American country before the Independence of Spain was consolidated is equally accepted. The following is a list of those rulers prior to 1819, considered official by various sources in the country such as

536-413: A coup, handed power to the previous administration; Obando would have taken back the presidency, but he had been impeached by Congress and hence there was no president to take power. During this time Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela served as acting president until the end of his term, at which point the newly elected vice president Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen served as acting president for

670-417: A daughter Margarita Teresa , born in 1651, and the future Charles II of Spain in 1661 – but the latter was sickly and considered in frequent danger of dying, making the line of inheritance potentially uncertain. Perceptions of Philip's personality have altered considerably over time. Victorian authors were inclined to portray him as a weak individual, delegating excessively to his ministers, and ruling over

804-690: A debauched Baroque court. Victorian historians even attributed the early death of Balthasar to debauchery , encouraged by the gentlemen entrusted by the King with his education. The doctors who treated the Prince at that time in fact diagnosed smallpox , although modern scholars attribute his death to appendicitis . Historians' estimation of Philip gradually improved in the 20th century, with comparisons between Philip and his father being increasingly positive – some noting that he possessed much more energy, both mental and physical, than his diffident father. Philip

938-441: A humorous touch. A keen theatre-goer, he was sometimes criticized by contemporaries for his love of these 'frivolous' entertainments. Others have captured his private personality as 'naturally kind, gentle and affable'. Those close to him claimed he was academically competent, with a good grasp of Latin and geography , and could speak French, Portuguese and Italian well. Like many of his contemporaries, including Olivares, he had

1072-471: A keen interest in astrology . His handwritten translation of Francesco Guicciardini 's texts on political history still exist. Although interpretations of Philip's role in government have improved in recent years, Diego Velázquez 's contemporary description of Philip's key weakness – that 'he mistrusts himself, and defers to others too much' — remains relevant. Although Philip's Catholic beliefs no longer attract criticism from English language writers, Philip

1206-482: A large empire, war somewhere across his domains was an inevitable condition, and he appeared genuinely upset when he came to power and contemplated how much the people of Castile had paid 'in blood' to support the wars of his royal predecessors. The 1620s were good years for Spanish foreign policy: the war with the Dutch went well, albeit at great expense, culminating in the retaking of the key city of Breda in 1624. By

1340-650: A maximum of two terms. Under the Colombian Constitution of 1991 , the President of Colombia is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Colombia . As chief of the executive branch and head of the national government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in Colombia as measure by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of

1474-633: A more aggressive foreign policy in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire . This would lead Philip to renew hostilities with the Dutch in 1621 in an attempt to bring the provinces to the negotiating table with the aim of achieving a peace treaty favourable to Spanish global interests. Philip's government would pursue a 'Netherlands first' strategy throughout the war until 1643. Despite this shift in policy, Philip does not seem to have been particularly bellicose; early on he noted that having inherited such

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1608-402: A nephew of Olivares and a childhood playmate of Philip's, and the counter-reform of the committee system halted. De Haro has not been highly regarded by historians; the comment of one, that de Haro was the 'embodiment of mediocrity', is not atypical. After de Haro's death in 1661, Olivares' son-in-law, Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán , became a royal favourite in his place. Philip was to reign through

1742-533: A new line of succession system featuring the figures of first, second, and third Presidential designates . These designates were elected annually by Congress amongst its members, but held no office or duties other than providing a succession for the president in the event of the resident's temporal or permanent absence. Both changes to vice presidency and presidential designates were kept by the Colombian Constitution of 1863. This system of succession

1876-583: A new palace to display both his art and the ritual of court. Through Olivares, Philip commenced the building of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid, parts of which still remain near the Prado . Work began modestly in 1631, with the magnificent, if costly, 'Hall of Thrones', completed by 1635. The palace included its own 'theatre, ballroom, galleries, bull ring, gardens, and artificial lakes', and became

2010-399: A period of four years each, resulting in a president having two vice presidents given normal circumstances. The Colombian Constitution of 1832, just like its predecessor, did not provide for a way to fill a vacancy in the presidency or the vicepresidency until the next electoral period, because of this the presidency was vacant between 1854 and 1857 when Melo, who had deposed President Obando in

2144-464: A provisional basis but in 1833 began a regular four-year term as president of the Republic of New Granada, to which he was popularly elected. Santander spent the longest time in office with 5 years and 22 days. José María Obando del Campo spent the shortest time in office with just 1 year and 6 days before being deposed. The president and the vice president were elected separately two years apart for

2278-451: A royal favourite as first minister and the system of junta government, which he began to dismantle in favour of the older system of royal councils. Clemency was shown to the Duke of Medina Sidonia. The situation began to stabilise, and before long Philip felt secure enough to revert to his preferred method of government. Luis de Haro , Olivares' nephew, took over as favourite and minister and

2412-492: A short issue of coins with the text Philippus Sextus dei Gratia Navarrae rex ("Philip the Sixth king of Navarre by the grace of God"). Philip IV's reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military adversity. He has been held responsible for the decline of Spain , which was mainly due to organic causes largely beyond the control of any one ruler. Philip IV died in 1665, expressing

2546-429: A shorter timescale, and having to pay significantly inflated salaries to get grandees to take up even these appointments. The performance of these officers at battles such as Rocroi left much to be desired. In 1640, Philip IV's initial strategy to undermine the new Portuguese government involved dividing the extensive border shared between Portugal and Castile into military districts. Each district would be overseen by

2680-529: A son, Balthasar Charles , who died at the age of sixteen in 1646. The death of his son deeply shocked the King, who appears to have been a good father by the standards of the day. Elisabeth was able to conspire with other Spanish nobles to remove Olivares from the court in 1643, and for a brief period she held considerable influence over Philip; by the time of her death, however, she was out of favour, following manoeuvering by Olivares' successor and nephew, Luis de Haro . Aged 44 in 1649, Philip remarried, following

2814-518: A succession to the presidency in the event of the president's temporal or permanent absence. There were only 3 people in office who served a presidency each. Mariano Ospina Rodríguez initially took office in 1857 as the 8th and last president of the Republic of New Granada . In 1861 Julio Arboleda Pombo became the first person to be elected President of the Granadine Confederation under the new electoral college system set up by

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2948-520: Is directly elected to a four-year term in a popular election . Since the passing of the Legislative Act 2 of 2004 , no person may be elected president more than twice. In 2015, a constitutional amendment repealed the 2004 changes and reverted to the original one-term limit. Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 30 years of age and

3082-803: Is Stéphanie Lavaux. Political scientist at the Institute of Political Studies (IEP) in Toulouse, France. DEA (Master) political science with an emphasis in international relations at the University of Social Sciences of Toulouse, where he is currently pursuing a doctorate in political science. She was director of the Center for Political and International Studies (CEPI), a research group of the Faculty of Political Science and Government and International Relations between 2002 and 2011. The "Consiliatura" appoints

3216-550: Is composed by the Rector, who chairs the "Consiliatura", and five members, who are called "Consiliarios". It's the supreme governing body of the University of El Rosario. Besides acting as advisory board to the Rector, it takes care of the university's assets and approves the annual budget of revenues and expenses, among other functions conferred by the Old and New constitutions. The "Consiliarios" are chosen by an electoral body composed by

3350-687: Is in the Historic Center of Bogotá, separated from the Avenida Jimenez de Quesada by Plazoleta del Rosario and located at 14th Street and Old Town Street, classified by experts as the oldest in the city, thus informing the Teusaquillo Zipa with the urban areas demarcated by the conquerors. The cloister, was built in the colonial era in Spanish seventeenth century architecture style by Fray Cristobal de Torres. It has been declared

3484-527: Is still criticized for his failure to make timely decisions. Philip himself argued that it was hardly appropriate for the King himself to go house to house amongst his ministers to see if his instructions were being carried out. The close relationship between Philip and Olivares was demonstrated by their portraits' being placed side by side at the Buen Retiro Palace — an act unheard of in Europe at

3618-472: Is still felt to have been 'unduly pious' in his personal life. Notably, from the 1640s onwards he sought the advice and counsel of a noted cloistered abbess, Sor María de Ágreda , exchanging many letters with her. This did not stop Philip for becoming known for his numerous affairs, particularly with actresses, as encouraged by the Count-Duke Olivares. The most famous of these affairs was with

3752-713: Is the response of King Philip IV of Spain to the intention of the Archbishop of Santafé, Don Cristobal de Torres, to form the Universidad Colegio mayor nuestra señora del Rosario, following the model of the College Archbishop in Salamanca. Among the most significant documentary series are: real ballots, information and cleaning of nobility of blood, decrees on education, text books and medieval tuition books. The Cloister: this architectural symbol

3886-479: The Colombian Constitution of 1991 , the president of Colombia is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Colombia . As chief of the executive branch and head of the national government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in Colombia by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Military Forces of Colombia . The president

4020-533: The Congress of Angostura . This quasi- constituent assembly was formed to lay the ground work for a self-ruled governing administration after independence. The Constituent Assembly was formed by regional leaders that represented areas under rebel control; these areas did not include parts of what is now Colombia, as those areas were still under Spanish control, but aimed to legislate on its behalf. Congress elected an interim-executive officer and vested this figure with

4154-619: The Granadine Confederation following the passing of the Colombian Constitution of 1858 , which took effect on 22 May 1858. The Constitution of 1858 abolished the Office of the Vice Presidency. The line of succession was modified by the introduction of the figures of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Presidential Designates , who were elected annually by Congress amongst its members, but held no office or duties other than providing

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4288-468: The Netherlands and elsewhere. The results were not entirely as hoped. The grandees dragooned into service in this way were disinclined to spend years learning the normal professional military skill set; they wished 'to start out as generals and soldiers on the same day', to quote one disgruntled career soldier. By the 1630s, the King was waiving the usual rules to enable promotion to higher ranks on

4422-655: The Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta ), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III ) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez , and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War . By the time of his death, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometres (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other aspects

4556-418: The Republic of New Granada following the passing of the Colombian Constitution of 1832 , which took effect on 26 November 1832. There were 8 people in office serving a presidency each. All were popularly elected under an electoral college system except one, José María Melo y Ortiz who took power by mounting a coup d'état . Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña , the first president, served initially on

4690-560: The Spanish currency , which had become increasingly unstable during the reign of his father and grandfather, but in practice, inflation soared. Partly this was because in 1627 Olivares had attempted to deal with the problem of Philip's Genoese bankers – who had proved uncooperative in recent years – by declaring a state bankruptcy. With the Genoese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds. In practice,

4824-748: The Treaty of Madrid (1630) , Philip was styled "Philip, by the grace of God king of the Spains , Both the Sicilies , Jerusalem , the Indies, etc., archduke of Austria , duke of Burgundy , Milan , etc., count of Habsburg , Tyrol , etc." in full and "the Most Serene Philip IV, Catholic King of the Spains," for short. In the Treaty of Münster (1648) , he was styled "Don Philip the Fourth, by

4958-497: The United States of Colombia following the passing of the Colombian Constitution of 1863 , which took effect on 8 May 1863. There were 11 people in office, and 14 presidencies as three presidents served two non-consecutive terms each and are counted chronologically twice, they are: Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda , Manuel Murillo Toro , and Rafael Núñez Moledo , the last two having actually been elected twice. Out of

5092-486: The loss of Dunkirk to an Anglo-French force, Philip was personally desperate for peace. The Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, and the marriage of Philip's daughter Maria Theresa to the young King Louis XIV finally brought the war with France to a conclusion. The war against Portugal continued, however, as Philip fruitlessly attempted to regain control over his lost kingdom. Philip and Olivares attempted to address

5226-538: The military of Colombia . The president is directly elected to a four-year term in a popular election . The Legislative Act 2 of 2004 established that no person may be elected president more than twice, allowing Álvaro Uribe and Juan Manuel Santos consecutive reelection in 2006 and 2014 respectively. Nonetheless, in 2015 Congress reformed the Constitution again and suppressed consecutive and non-consecutive presidential reelection. Since 1991 Constitution it

5360-500: The 11 individuals in office, 9 were elected, one succeeded to the presidency ( José Eusebio Otálora Martínez ), and one took the presidency by mounting a coup d'état ( Santos Acosta Castillo ). Only one president died in office from natural causes ( Francisco Javier Zaldúa y Racines ). Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda, the first president of the United States of Colombia, had actually started his tenure in 1861 (he became

5494-431: The 1640s at least, fewer than the usual number of fiscal revolts for an early modern European state. In the first years of his reign, heavily influenced by his royal favourite Olivares, Philip focused on efforts to reform the most chaotic aspects of this system. Frustrated by the notorious slowness of the system of royal councils, Philip supported Olivares' establishment of juntas – small committees designed to circumvent

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5628-623: The Baroque model of a sovereign, which would form a key political tool for Philip throughout his reign. Philip was a fine horseman, a keen hunter and a devotee of bull-fighting , all central parts of royal public life at court during the period. Privately, Philip appears to have had a lighter persona. When he was younger, he was said to have a keen sense of humor and a 'great sense of fun'. He privately attended 'academies' in Madrid throughout his reign – these were lighthearted literary salons, aiming to analyze contemporary literature and poetry with

5762-507: The Constitutional Reform of 1954. The vice presidency was abolished after the Constitutional Reform of 1905 and was only re-introduced after the passing of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 which remains in place. Article 127 of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 only allowed for re-election of the president in a non-immediate form; this was changed by the Constitutional Reform of 2005 allowing for immediate re-elections for

5896-575: The French invasion threat resulted in revolt and the years long Reapers' War . An alliance of Catalan rebels and French royal forces proved challenging to suppress, and in trying to mobilise Portuguese noble support for the war, Olivares triggered a second uprising. Lisbon 's nobles expelled Philip, and gave the throne to the House of Braganza , marking the end of sixty years of the Iberian Union and

6030-500: The King rejecting Olivares' replacement, de Haro and the remaining pro-Olivares nobles at court. The various mystics were not acceptable to broader Spanish noble opinion and, with de Haro's encouragement, they were ultimately dismissed. Instead, Philip turned to a better-established female mystic, Sister María de Ágreda , a prioress known for her religious writings. He asked her to correspond with him and to advise him in spiritual matters. The two became regular correspondents throughout

6164-489: The King, who argued that joint land and naval operations were essential. Some of his conclusions on naval policy were quite advanced: after the peace of 1648, Philip argued that the Dutch fleets off the Spanish peninsula were actually good for trade, despite concerns from his senior officials, since they provided protection against the English and French navies . Philip had inherited a huge empire from his father, spanning

6298-547: The Liberal forces and left Manuel del Río y de Narváez , his Secretary of Government and War, as acting president of the government-in-exile. This struggle for power all came to an end in 1863 when del Río finally capitulated to Mosquera presenting the surrender of the government-in-exile and recognising the presidency of Mosquera bringing the civil war to an end. (1804–1866) This list includes those persons who were sworn into, succeeded to, or forcibly took office as President of

6432-407: The Liberal forces, marched into Bogotá deposing Calvo in a coup d'état . Giving the great animosity between Conservatives and Liberals at the time of the 1860-62 civil war, another thing that marked this period in regards to the presidency was that there were multiple attempts to undermine the government in power by laying claims on the presidency using various arguments. The first one of these

6566-878: The Museum of the Bank of the Republic. The following were the leaders who exercised executive power during the First Republic, either as presidents of the Supreme Junta of Santa Fe (1810–1811), presidents of the State of Cundinamarca (1811–1814) (in red) or presidents of the Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1816), the last two states in dispute. & State Council This list includes those persons who were sworn into or forcibly took

6700-783: The New Granada under the uti possidetis principle, and it included the political entities that had formed in the New Granada after the initial wars of independence of 1810 against the Kingdom of Spain under King Joseph I ; those included the Second Republic of Venezuela , the United Provinces of New Granada , the Presidency of Quito , and the Royal Audiencia of Panama . The presidency dates back to

6834-411: The Rector and the fifteen "Colegiales", for a period of four years with the possibility of an indefinite re-election. The "Consiliatura" has the responsibility to call the election and elect the president ("Rector") among with "Colegiales". Current "Consiliarios" are Andrés Cadena Venegas, Alberto Fergusson Bermúdez, Andrés López Valderrama, Víctor Hugo Malagón Basto and Ann Mason. The current rector of

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6968-521: The Sandoval noble family, most strikingly by Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma , Philip III's principal favourite and chief minister for almost all of his reign. Philip IV came to power as the influence of the Sandovals was being undermined by a new noble coalition, led by Don Baltasar de Zúñiga . De Zúñiga regarded it as essential that the Sandovals be unable to gain an influence over

7102-656: The Spains, Don Philip the Fourth and King of Portugal and the Algarves Don Philip the Third ", for short. After the Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 , between 1651 and 1652, the mint of Pamplona issued coins with the text Philippus Dei Gratia Castelle et Navarrae rex ("Philip king of Castile and Navarre by the grace of God "). The Cortes of Navarre protested this offence to the charter of Navarre. The king then compensated in 1652 with

7236-456: The Síndico' (trustee) for the same period of the rector and may hold office indefinitely. The trustee is responsible for the management of the resources and assets of the university and must submit an annual report to the then Consiliatura. Miguel Francisco Diago Arbeláez is the current 'Síndico'. The mission of the 'Secretaría General' (secretary-general) is to certify the institutional acts of

7370-780: The Universidad del Rosario is Jose Manuel Restrepo Abondano, elected on September 22, 2014. He graduated from the Economics Program of the Rosary, where he also completed the Specialization in Finance. He has a master's degree in economics from London School of Economics, Specialist in Management of Inalde and PhD candidate in management of institutions of higher education at the University of Bath. The vice rector

7504-496: The Universidad del Rosario, including twenty-eight presidents of the Republic and many other members of their Cabinets. There has never been a government in Colombian history that is not composed by at least one alumni from the university. Among them: Primary/Secondary Male School (Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario): 4°21′36″N 74°02′32″W  /  4.360085°N 74.04235°W  / 4.360085; -74.04235 List of presidents of Colombia Under

7638-415: The ability of the crown to raise more funds and men from this source was increasingly limited. Philip and his government were desperately trying to reduce the responsibilities of the central government in response to the overstretch of the war, and various reform ideas that might have been pursued during the 1620s were rejected on this basis. Financial restraints and higher taxes were put in place, but Philip

7772-423: The actress María Calderón (La Calderona), with whom he had a son in 1629, Juan José , who was brought up as a royal prince. By the end of the reign, and with the health of Carlos, Prince of Asturias in doubt, there was a real possibility of Juan José's claiming the throne, which added to the instability of the regency years. During the reign of Philip's father, Philip III, the royal court had been dominated by

7906-455: The age of 10, Philip was married to 13-year-old Elisabeth of France . Although the relationship does not appear to have been close, some have suggested that Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares , his key minister, later deliberately tried to keep the two apart to maintain his influence, encouraging Philip to take mistresses instead, by whom he is known to have had at least 30 progeny. Philip had ten children with Elisabeth, with only one being

8040-571: The age'; in practice, however, it met fierce opposition from the various regional assemblies and the plan was withdrawn. During the 1620s, again influenced by a desire to reform Spanish life for the better, Philip also passed considerable legislation with puritanical overtones. In 1623, he closed all the legal brothels in Spain, extended the dormant sumptuary laws on luxury goods and supported Papal efforts to regulate priests' sexual behaviour more tightly. Philip had clear intentions to try to control

8174-460: The army, he found only one of the Castilian nobility arrived at court on Easter Day 1641. The threat of Philip's being deposed by the grandees of Castile seemed increasingly real. Much shaken by events, Philip's solution was to remove his royal favourite Olivares from office in 1643 in an attempt to compromise with the Spanish elite. He announced he would rule alone, rejecting both the concept of

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8308-433: The art and display at his court has been interpreted in the context of his need to project power and authority, over both Spaniards and foreigners alike. Older interpretations, which perceived Philip's court as being completely decadent, have been largely superseded, but the art and symbolism of the period certainly did not reflect the wider threat and decline of Spanish power. Indeed, the limited Spanish military successes of

8442-678: The beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War . He was succeeded in Portugal in 1640 by John IV . The next year, Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia attempted another rebellion against Philip from Andalusia , possibly attempting to reproduce the Braganzas' success in Portugal. Although Philip and Olivares were able to repress the ducal revolt, Philip had found himself increasingly isolated. On his return from Zaragoza , where he had been commanding

8576-521: The centre for artists and dramatists from across Europe. The palace was built during one of the more difficult periods of Philip's reign. Given both its cost, in a time of stringent wartime savings, and the protest that ensued from a disgruntled public, it is considered to have been an important part of the attempt to communicate royal grandeur and authority. The Catholic religion and its rituals played an important part in Philip's life, especially towards

8710-568: The claimed presidency as next in the line of succession being the oldest government secretary of the previous administration. When Gutiérrez was captured by Mosquera, the next in line of succession by age was the Secretary of Government and War, General Leonardo Canal González . As pretender to presidency, he moved the capital of the nation to Pasto , where he led the Conservative Government in exile. In 1862 Canal left to fight

8844-453: The counter-reform of the juntas halted. The spark of reform from Philip's earlier years never returned, however. The Catalan rebellion dragged on for several years. In 1652, the Spanish army retook Barcelona and Philip issued an amnesty for the rebels, promising to respect traditional customs and rights in the future. Philip has been remembered both for the 'astonishing enthusiasm' with which he collected art and for his love of theatre. On

8978-477: The country, with beautiful paintings dating from 1700. "The Cloister" is listed as a National Heritage Monument of the Republic of Colombia. The 200 Colombian pesos banknote (noe out of circulation) has in his reverse the image of the Cloister of the Del Rosario University and the La Bordadita Chapel, as well as in his obverse the portrait of Jose Celestino Mutis , university teacher. In almost four centuries of history, many distinguished figures have been formed at

9112-408: The crisis of 1640–1643, the victim of failed policies and jealousy from the nobles excluded from power, Philip initially announced that he would rule alone, becoming in effect his own first minister. The junta system of government began to be dismantled in favour of the older council system. In due course, however, this personal rule reverted to rule through a royal favourite, initially Luis de Haro ,

9246-409: The day, although later this routine declined until the King would hold only one short meeting on policy with Olivares each day. Philip intervened far more in policies during 1641–1642, however, and it has been suggested that Philip paid more attention to policy making than has traditionally been depicted; some recent histories go so far as to describe him as 'conscientious' in policy making, although he

9380-406: The deaths of both Elisabeth and his only son. His choice of his second wife, 14-year-old Maria Anna , also known as Mariana, Philip's niece and the daughter of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor , was guided by politics and Philip's desire to strengthen the relationship with Habsburg Austria . They were married on 7 October 1649. Maria Anna bore him five children, but only two survived to adulthood,

9514-507: The end of his reign. Depressed by events across his domains, he became increasingly concerned with religious affairs. In particular, Philip paid special devotion to a painting of the Nuestra Señora del Milagro , the Virgin of Miracles ; the painting was said to miraculously raise and lower its eyes in response to prayer. Whilst married to Elisabeth , Philip had placed their children under the protection of this image; married to Mariana , they undertook special religious ceremonies together under

9648-704: The end of the decade, however, Philip's government was faced with the question of whether to prioritise the war in Flanders or Spain's relationship with France during the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631). Philip's advisors recommended prioritising the war in Flanders, taking action to safeguard the Spanish Road to the Netherlands but at the cost of antagonising Louis XIII . Strategically this

9782-435: The first elected president to serve the four-year constitutional term would be his successor, José Vicente Concha Ferreira elected in 1914. Eduardo Santos Montejo was the first to be elected by men of all classes in 1938 after all land-ownership and literacy restrictions were repealed by the Constitutional Reform of 1936. Alberto Lleras Camargo in 1958 became the first president elected after women gained voting rights after

9916-553: The first president, was actually inaugurated in 1884 as the 14th and last president of the United States of Colombia for a two-year constitutional term; in this capacity he was appointed by the National Constituent Assembly of 1885 to serve a new six-year term while the assembly drafted, passed, signed, and implemented a new constitution; at the end of this term he was elected in 1892 for his first constitutional six-year term as president of Colombia. Núñez spent

10050-508: The future king; de Zúñiga first began to develop his own influence over Prince Philip, and then introduced his nephew, Olivares , to the prince, ten years old at the time. At first, Philip did not particularly take to Olivares. Over the course of at least a year, however, the relationship became very close, with Philip's tendency towards underconfidence and diffidence counteracted by Olivares' drive and determination. Olivares rapidly became Philip's most trusted advisor, and when Philip ascended

10184-547: The gaze of the painting. Philip also had a large standard made with the image of the painting on one side and the royal coat of arms on the other, brought out in processions each year on 12 July. As well as marking a strong personal religious belief, this increasingly visible link between the crown, the Church and national symbols such as the Virgin of Miracles, represented a key pillar of support for Philip as king. Monarchs during

10318-745: The grace of God king of Castile , Leon , Aragon , the Two Sicilies , Jerusalem, Navarre , Granada , Toledo , Valencia , Galicia , Majorca , Minorca , Seville , Sardinia , Cordoba , Corsica , Murcia , Jaen , Algeciras , Gibraltar , the Canary Islands , the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and terra firma of the Ocean, archduke of Austria, duke of Burgundy, Brabant , Milan, count of Habsburg, Flanders , Tyrol, Barcelona , lord of Biscay and Molina , etc." in full and "King of

10452-684: The highest-ranking nobleman on the Castilian side. For example, the 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia was tasked with managing the Algarve district from his headquarters in Ayamonte . The Ayamonte junta consisted of six members, and Don Matías González de Medrano , the king's secretary in the Council of War, acted as the junta's secretary. Philip was also notable for his interest in the Spanish Navy . Shortly after taking power, he began to increase

10586-603: The institution of the Castile monarchy and the person of Philip IV. Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than that in Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the less favoured provinces. This loose system had successfully resisted reform and higher taxation before, ironically resulting in Spain's having had historically, up until

10720-421: The known world, but many of his most difficult challenges as king would stem from domestic problems in Spain itself. Spain in the early 17th century was a collection of possessions – the kingdoms of Castile , Aragon , and Portugal , the autonomous provinces of Valencia Catalonia and Andalusia , complete with the wider provinces of Naples , the Netherlands , Milan etc. – all loosely joined together through

10854-616: The long-running Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands and the wars in Germany, but the conflict with France dragged on. Philip responded to the perceived weakness of France during the Fronde rebellions of 1648 by continuing the fight; he took personal responsibility for the decision to start a fresh, and ultimately successful, offensive against the French in Catalonia in 1651. True victory over France never emerged, however, and by 1658, after

10988-424: The longest time in office with 10 years, 5 months, and 17 days, but having only spent 2 years, 1 month, and 11 days as the elected president of Colombia before his death. The longest serving elected president was Álvaro Uribe Vélez with 8 years between 2002 and 2010 having been re-elected for a second term in 2006. Ramón González Valencia spent the shortest time in office with just 1 year between 1909 and 1910 when he

11122-554: The majority of the Thirty Years' War in Europe, a turbulent period of military history. In Philip III's final years, Baltasar de Zúñiga had convinced him to intervene militarily in Bohemia and the Electoral Palatinate on the side of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor . Once Philip himself came to power, he was convinced by de Zúñiga, appointed his principal foreign minister, and Olivares that he should commit Spain to

11256-479: The more formal system and to enact policies quickly. Although successful, these juntas excluded many of the traditional grandees and caused resentment. Olivares put forward the idea of a Unión de Armas , or ' Union of Arms '. This would have involved establishing a force of 140,000 paid soldiers, supported by equitable taxes from across the Empire, and has been termed 'the most far-sighted proposal of any statesman of

11390-401: The new constitution, however during this time the country was going through a civil war and Congress was closed down. Furthermore, according to the new constitution the president had to take office before Congress; since this couldn't happen, Pombo could not take office and did not become the president. When Ospina's term ended on 1 April 1861, with no congress to swear in the elected president,

11524-594: The office of president of the Republic of Colombia following the passing of the Colombian Constitution of Cúcuta , which took effect on 30 August 1821. The Republic of Colombia of 1821–1831 is now commonly referred to as the Gran Colombia to differentiate it from the present-day Republic of Colombia . Gran Colombia was the union of the territories that comprised the Viceroyalty of

11658-442: The past been considered to be 'unimaginative' in his politics, but recent histories have stressed the more radical elements of his first two decades in power. There was a febrile atmosphere in Spain in the early 17th century, with numerous arbitrista offering various advice on how to solve Spain's various ills; this advice could, and would, be given in person by those of the lower classes to the King on suitable occasions, provided it

11792-407: The perceived issues of the army, which they concluded were primarily due to the falta de cabezas , or a lack of leadership. In keeping with their wider agenda of renewing the concepts of duty, service and aristocratic tradition, the King agreed to efforts to introduce more grandees into the higher ranks of the military, working hard to overcome the reluctance of many to take up field appointments in

11926-496: The period also had a key role in the canonization process and could utilise this for domestic or international political effect. Philip, for example, keen to reach out to his Portuguese subjects, put his considerable influence behind the case for Isabella of Portugal , a 14th-century role model of a 'perfect queen', to great effect, ultimately paying for a lavish celebration in Lisbon after her canonisation in 1625. Internationally, it

12060-417: The period of Philip II , invoking traditional values at home – Philip's policies were also radical, rejecting the policy towards the rebellious Dutch that had held since 1609, entering into the Thirty Years' War , and introducing a system of junta , or small committee, government across Spain in competition to the traditional Polysynodial System of royal councils. Following Olivares' fall from power amidst

12194-567: The period were celebrated by royal artists to a disproportionate extent. Numerous artists from the Spanish Netherlands produced work extolling the Army of Flanders , including Sebastian Vrancx , Peter Snayers , Jan Miense Molenaer and Willem Hondius . The re-capture of Breda alone resulted in major works by Velázquez and the French etcher Jacques Callot , in addition to various plays and books. The 'Planet King' also invested in

12328-541: The pious hope that his surviving son, Charles II , who was only 4 years old at the time, would be more fortunate than himself. On his death, a catafalque was built in Rome to commemorate his life. In his will, Philip left political power as regent on behalf of the young Charles II to his wife Mariana, with instructions that she heed the advice of a small junta committee established for this purpose. This committee excluded John Joseph , Philip's illegitimate son, resulting in

12462-487: The plan was a disaster. The Spanish treasure fleet of 1628 was captured by the Dutch, and Spain's ability to borrow and transfer money across Europe declined sharply. By the 1630s, Philip's domestic policies were being increasingly impacted by the financial pressures of the Thirty Years' War, and in particular the growing war with France. The costs of the war were huge, and whilst they had largely fallen upon Castile,

12596-610: The power would have been transferred to one of the Presidential Designates, however with Congress closed down no designates were elected for that year, and with no designates to succeed Ospina, the presidency was handed out to the next person in the line of succession which was the Inspector General , Bartolomé Calvo Díaz . Calvo's presidential tenure was short; within three months of holding the post, General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda , leader of

12730-464: The present-day Republic of Colombia following the passing of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 , which took effect on 6 August 1886. For Colombian leaders before this, see the above lists. There have been 31 people in office, and 32 presidencies as Alfonso López Pumarejo served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 14th and 16th president. Out of the 31 individuals in office, 26 were elected president, three succeeded to

12864-485: The presidency ( Miguel Antonio Caro Tobar , Ramón González Valencia and Jorge Holguín Mallarino ), two took the presidency by mounting a coup d'état ( José Manuel Marroquín Ricaurte and Gustavo Rojas Pinilla against Manuel Antonio Sanclemente Sanclemente and Laureano Gómez Castro respectively), two permanently resigned from office ( Rafael Reyes Prieto and Marco Fidel Suárez ) and one died in office of natural causes ( Rafael Núñez Moledo ). Rafael Núñez Moledo,

12998-406: The presidency remained vacant as there was no law for succession of power. In 1832, former vice president Santander was elected by Congress as president of Gran Colombia, and it would be the last, since the territories of Venezuela and Ecuador broke away, which prompted the drafting of a new constitution. This list includes those persons who were sworn into or forcibly took the office of president of

13132-434: The remainder of the term Obando had been elected for until 1857 when Mariano Ospina Rodríguez was elected. The vice presidency was also vacant between 1837 and 1839, when Vice President José Ignacio de Márquez Barreto was elected president and the post remained vacant until the next vice presidencial election in 1839. This list includes those persons who were sworn into, succeeded to, or forcibly took office as President of

13266-541: The remainder of their lives. This is documented in over 600 confidential letters between them over a period of twenty-two years. Philip clearly believed that Maria could intercede with God on his behalf and provide advice on what God wished him to do, to improve Spain's failing fortunes. Most believe that Philip was involved in protecting Maria from the Inquisition 's investigation of 1650. Philip's son, Charles II , also protected her writings from later censorship. In

13400-407: The result. The Spanish-French war that ensued from 1635 onwards was not a foregone conclusion. Early Spanish successes threatened Paris, and even after the Spanish defeat at Rocroi , Spain remained a strong opponent. But from 1640 onwards, a period which saw large-scale revolts across Spanish territories in protest against the rising costs of the conflict, Spain was finding it difficult to sustain

13534-460: The revolts, the French advances and the loss of his trusted favourite Olivares appears to have deeply shaken him. Queen Isabella and the new president of the Council of Castile , Don Juan Chumacero – both involved in the removal of Olivares – encouraged the King to invite mystics and visionaries from across Europe to his court at Zaragoza . The mystics' principal advice centred on the importance of

13668-435: The same region. Velázquez was summoned to Madrid by the King in 1624. Despite some jealousy from the existing court painters, Velázquez rapidly became a success with Philip, being retained for the rest of his career until his death, painting a celebration of the Treaty of the Pyrenees for Philip. The King and Velázquez shared common interests in horses, dogs and art, and in private they formed an easy, relaxed relationship over

13802-399: The size of his fleets, rapidly doubling the size of the naval budget from the start of his reign, and then tripling it. Philip is credited with a 'sensible, pragmatic approach' to provisioning and controlling it. He was prepared to involve himself in considerable details of naval policy; he was commenting on the detail of provisions for the armada in 1630, for example. The Junta de Armadas

13936-531: The so-called golden court, was composed in its majority by lawyers from the Faculty of Jurisprudence. Under the authorization of King Philip IV of Spain , the archbishop of Santa Fe, Cristóbal de Torres founded the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario in 1653. By the Royal Decree of 1768 Charles III recognized the institution as a 'College' among with the six halls of Spain, which continued

14070-782: The stage, he favoured Lope de Vega , Pedro Calderón de la Barca , and other distinguished dramatists. Philip has been credited with a share in the composition of several comedies. Court theatre used perspective scenery , a new invention from Italy not used in commercial theatre at the time. Some writers have likened the illusion of Baroque royal theatre to the illusion of kingly power the performances were designed to reinforce. Some recent scholarship has suggested that Philip's financial sponsorship of playwrights, however, may have been less extensive than once thought. Artistically, Philip became famous for his patronage of his court painter Diego Velázquez , who originated from Seville ; mutual contacts caused him to become known to Olivares, who came from

14204-429: The students, established on the basis of "Universitas Scholarium". It is Colombia's oldest higher education institution, never having interrupted instruction during its almost 360 years of existence, except for a couple of years in 1819 when General Morillo of Spain pursued reconquest of Colombian territory. During those years it served as a prison, and many of the republic's most notable characters were held imprisoned at

14338-420: The third and last president of the Granadine Confederation with a coup). In this capacity he was appointed by the National Constituent Assembly of 1863 to continue serving while the assembly drafted, passed, signed, and implemented a new constitution. The first elected president of the United States of Colombia was Manuel Murillo Toro, elected in 1864 for a constitutional two-year term. The longest serving president

14472-464: The throne in 1621, at the age of sixteen, he showed his confidence in Olivares by ordering that all papers requiring the royal signature should first be sent to the count-duke. Philip retained Olivares as his confidant and chief minister for the next twenty years. Early in his reign, Philip would be woken by Olivares in the morning to discuss the day's affairs and would meet with him twice more during

14606-426: The time. Philip's relationship with Olivares, however, was not a simplistic one. The pair had many rows and arguments over the course of their relationship, both as a result of their different personalities and differences of opinion over policies. Initially, Philip chose to confirm the reappointment of his father's household to assuage grandee opinion. Under the influence of de Zúñiga and Olivares, however, Philip

14740-509: The title of president . Chosen to be first president of Colombia, was General Simón Bolívar y Palacios , leader of the revolutionary forces, who up to that point was titled "Supreme Chief" for his role in the revolution. The following day, Congress elected Francisco Antonio Zea Díaz , first vice president of Colombia. Bolívar was subsequently re-elected interim president by the Angostura Assembly on 17 December 1819 after Colombia

14874-627: The tradition of the University of Salamanca . Original constitutions of the university, were written by its founder Fray Cristobal de Torres and published by Crístobal de Araque Ponce de León , then Chancellor. The founder established the Calatrava Cross as the symbol of the university and issued the Constitutions, which remain as the governing documents of the school. The University of El Rosario has always been "from" and "for"

15008-1016: The university, acting as notary and guaranteeing the legality of the decisions adopted by the university's authorities. The 'Secretaria General' also ensures the conservation and restoration of the historical heritage of the university and supports the rector and the Consiliatura in the fulfillment of their responsibilities. The current 'Secretaria General' is Catalina Lleras Figueroa. The university has five faculties, which are: Faculty of Jurisprudence, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of International, Political and Urban Studies and Faculty of Creation. It also has 4 schools which are: School of Administration, School of Human Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and School of Engineering, Science and Technology. Each of these faculties and schools offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. A male primary/secondary school, which shared its name (Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario)

15142-478: The university. Jose Celestino Mutis taught astronomy and mathematics at the university beginning on March 13, 1762. He is buried at the university's chapel. For over five years, from 1762 to 1767, Jose Celestino Mutis was a professor of El Rosario. He taught mathematics and physical and natural sciences, both in Latin. In 1790 after several attempts to consolidate the Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Vincent Cancino Román

15276-557: The war. Philip reacted to the increased French threat by finally abandoning his 'Netherlands first' strategy; resources for the Army of Flanders were savagely cut, and the fight against the French-supported rebels in Catalonia took the first priority. Shortly after Rocroi, Philip – now having had to dismiss his favourite, Olivares – issued instructions to his ambassadors to seek a peace treaty. The Peace of Westphalia , delivered by Olivares' replacement Luis de Haro , resolved

15410-430: The years. Philip supported a number of other prominent painters, including Eugenio Caxés , Vincenzo Carducci , Gonzales Coques and Angelo Nardi . Philip obtained paintings from across Europe, especially Italy, accumulating over 4,000 by the time of his death; some have termed this unparalleled assemblage a 'mega-collection'. Philip was nicknamed el Rey Planeta , the 'Planet King', by his contemporaries, and much of

15544-430: Was Rafael Núñez Moledo with 10 years, 5 months, and 17 days, of which only 2 years, 4 months, and 5 days were actually served as the elected president of the United States of Colombia, but still longer than anyone else. Francisco Javier Zaldúa y Racines spent the shortest time in office with just 8 months, and 20 days in 1882. The Colombian Constitution of 1858 had effectively abolished the vice presidency, and introduced

15678-534: Was appointed inspector general by President Calvo when he was in power, thus when Mosquera captured him, Arboleda claimed the presidency as the next in theline of succession to Calvo, even though that by this time the government and city had fallen, and the Conservative administration had fled the capital. After Arboleda was also captured by Mosquera a few days after Calvo was taken prisoner, the Secretary of Finance, Ignacio Gutierrez Vergara , succeeded Arboleda to

15812-619: Was appointed responsible of the Medicine Program. Of his initial disciples only one, the young Juan Bautista Vargas, graduated in 1974, shortly before the death of his preceptor. It then became the first medical school in Colombia. It is the only Colombian university that made an accreditation process, supported by the European Association of Universities. It is ranked as "Very Superior" by the ICFES. The "Consiliatura"

15946-501: Was away in battle fighting to liberate Spanish colonies in Bolivia, and Peru. Bolívar was formally elected in a national election in 1826 for a period of four years, but on 27 August 1828, Bolívar declared martial law and assumed dictatorship style powers after the Congress of Ocaña failed to pass a new constitution. Bolívar eventually relinquished power in 1830, and Congress elected Joaquín de Mosquera y Arboleda as his successor, but

16080-498: Was conquered following the Battle of Boyacá , and elected again in 1821 in a permanent interim basis, pending national elections, by the Congress of Cúcuta , another constituent assembly mandated by the Angostura Assembly, and this time with elected officials representing the Colombian territories, during this time, and until 1826, the executive power was entrusted to the vice president Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña , while Bolívar

16214-466: Was elected by Congress to finish the term that President Rafael Reyes Prieto had resigned to. The shortest serving elected president was Manuel Antonio Sanclemente Sanclemente with 1 year, 11 months, and 24 days before he was deposed. Carlos Eugenio Restrepo Restrepo , was the first president to serve under the new four-year constitutional term after the Constitutional Reform of 1910 when he was appointed president by that year's National Constituent Assembly;

16348-577: Was established that if no presidential candidate obtain more than 50% of the popular vote a run-off vote is needed. Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 30 years of age and a "natural born" citizen of Colombia. Philip IV of Spain Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria , Portuguese : Filipe ; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665), also called

16482-513: Was founded as part of the university. The symbols of the University of El Rosario are: The Virgin of "La Bordadita": "the Bordadita" Virgin is the Patroness of the university. The chapel is named in her honor. The Historic Archive: preserves original documents on the history of the university, which are also part of the historical memory of Colombia. The oldest document dates from 1646. It

16616-436: Was idealized by his contemporaries as the model of Baroque kingship. Outwardly he maintained a bearing of rigid solemnity; foreign visitors described him as being so impassive in public he resembled a statue, and he was said to have been seen to laugh only three times in the course of his entire public life. Philip certainly had a strong sense of his 'royal dignity', but was also extensively coached by Olivares in how to resemble

16750-514: Was implemented in 1882 when President Zaldúa died in office and the third presidential designate, Clímaco Calderón Reyes , became acting president while the first presidential designate, Rafael Núñez Moledo, took office, however Núñez turned down the presidency and therefore the second presidential designate, José Eusebio Otálora Martínez, succeeded Zaldúa to presidency.     Liberal This list includes those persons who were sworn into, succeeded to, or forcibly took office as president of

16884-503: Was important for Spanish prestige for her to receive at least a proportionate and ideally greater, share of new saints than other Catholic kingdoms, and Philip sponsored a flurry of texts and books supporting Spain's candidates, particularly in competition with Catholic France. During the emergency of 1640–1643, Philip appears to have had a crisis of faith. Philip genuinely believed the success or failure of his policies represented God's favour and judgement on his actions. The combination of

17018-559: Was in decline , a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. He was succeeded on his death by his young son Charles II as King of Spain and in 1640 (with the collapse of the Iberian Union) by John IV as King of Portugal. Philip IV was born in the Royal Palace of Valladolid , and was the eldest son of Philip III and his wife, Margaret of Austria . In 1615, at

17152-479: Was increasingly selling off regalian and feudal rights, along with much of the royal estate to fund the conflict. It has been argued that the fiscal stringencies of the 1630s, combined with the strength and role of Olivares and the juntas , effectively cut Philip off from the three traditional pillars of support for the monarchy: the grandees, the Church and the Council of Castile. A crisis came in 1640. An attempt by Olivares to intervene in Catalonia to deal with

17286-441: Was presented with the aim of strengthening the crown. Those debates extended to the nature of the monarchy. It has been suggested that the writers of the period who best captured Philip's view of royal authority were Justus Lipsius and Giovanni Botero , who promoted religiously inspired, stoic self-sacrifice and a view of Habsburg family-led hegemony respectively. Whilst at one level conservative – harking back in foreign policy to

17420-417: Was shortly deposed by General Rafael Urdaneta y Faría who hoped Bolívar would once again re-take power, but Bolívar not only declined the presidency, but also shortly died, leaving Urdaneta with no mandate for power. Urdaneta ceded executive-power to the vice president Domingo Caycedo y Sanz de Santamaría , as Congress had impeached Mosquera for his failure to prevent the coup; during this time, and until 1832

17554-566: Was the Liberal General Juan José Nieto Gil , who claimed the presidency by disregarding the legitimacy of Ospina and claiming power in virtue of being the second presidential designate; he finally ceded power to his fellow Liberal General, Mosquera, when he took power in Bogotá. Mosquera had also claimants to the presidency in opposition to him. Julio Arboleda Pombo who was elected president but could not take office

17688-513: Was the only junta committee to survive the fall of Olivares intact. Even after the disastrous Battle of the Downs , Philip remained closely interested in his navy, including ensuring ministerial attention. In 1646, de Haro was personally involved in supplying and equipping the Atlantic fleet from Cádiz . Throughout the period there was no 'weakening of the importance attached to naval forces' by

17822-532: Was then quick to place Lerma's estates – expanded considerably during his long period as favorite – under administration, and to remove from office Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda , Lerma's son, who had initially helped de Zúñiga remove his own father from office to advance his own position. Philip's initial announcements reflected an intent to reform the monarchy to the sober, moral position it had been under his grandfather, including selecting ministers whose grandfathers had served under Philip II. Philip has in

17956-552: Was to prove a disaster. Despite fresh Spanish successes in the mid-1630s – in particular, the triumph of Philip's government in raising a fresh Spanish army, marching it into Germany to defeat the Swedish-led Protestant forces at the Battle of Nördlingen (1634) – the increased tensions with France made war between the two Catholic states increasingly inevitable. Olivares advised Philip that the coming war with France would be all or nothing; Spain would win or fall by

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