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111-669: The Rauwolf Lute was made by Sixtus Rauwolf in Augsburg , Germany . Rauwolf was active as a lutemaker there from 1577 until ca.1625. The lute now known as the "Rauwolf Lute" is estimated to have been made in 1590. Only six surviving lutes made by Rauwolf are known, all having been altered over the years to satisfy changing musical tastes, such as a new neck installed on this one in 1715 by Leonard Mausiel, Nuremberg. The lute has "a very attractive and finely varnished maple back, and soundboard with many original bars, made by Sixtus Rauwolf". The lute's owner, lutenist Jakob Lindberg , describes

222-569: A siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. During the Swedish occupation and the siege by Catholic troops, the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000. Diseases such as typhus and the plague ravaged the city. In the first half of the 17th century Augsburg was pivotal in the European network of goldsmiths . Augsburg attracted goldsmith journeymen from all over Europe and in

333-519: A 10-course lute in "renaissance" tuning." The instrument was reconstructed and repaired recently. The goal of the reconstruction of this lute was to "achieve a conceivable historical correctness." The process involved studying other lutes made by Rauwolf. The reconstruction was done by Stephen Gottlieb, the lutemaker Michael Lowe, and the violin maker David Munro. The reconstruction process has been documented in detail. The Rauwolf Lute has become more widely known through Jakob Lindberg's recordings playing

444-627: A large forestland. The city itself is also heavily verdant. As a result, in 1997 Augsburg was the first German city to win the Europe-wide contest Entente Florale for Europe's greenest and most livable city. Augsburg is surrounded by the counties Landkreis Augsburg in the west and Aichach-Friedberg in the east. The suburbs of Augsburg are Friedberg , Königsbrunn , Stadtbergen , Neusäß , Gersthofen , Diedorf . Neighbouring municipalities: Rehling , Affing , Kissing , Mering , Merching , Bobingen , Gessertshausen . The city of Augsburg

555-717: A large group of monks, including Martin Luther. Partly because of the corruption within the church, Martin Luther was prompted to write his Ninety-five Theses . Following the death of Pope Alexander VI in August 1503 Jakob Fugger intensified his contacts to the Vatican in Rome. For the new Pope Julius II Fugger financed the recruitment in 1505/1506 of the Swiss Guard , which still exists today. Early dealings in Rome are attributed to

666-460: A large portion of their wealth following three Spanish state bankruptcies (1557, 1560 and 1575) under the reign of Philip II of Spain . Likely at the insistence of Jakob Fugger the company became one of the first open trading companies ( German : "der compagnia palese des welschen Rechts" ) in Europe in 1494. At the same time, it was renamed into "Ulrich Fugger of Augsburg and brothers" to show

777-474: A loan of 20,000 guilders to persuade the Roman Curia to approve his additional election as Archbishop of Mainz , for this choice violated the canonical prohibition to hold more than one bishopric. Albert also did not meet the requirements for taking over a diocese , since the 24-year-old had not yet reached the appropriate age and did not have a university degree and therefore needed a study leave for which

888-580: A mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt . Augsburg's economic boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the bank and metal businesses of the merchant families Fugger , Welser and Hochstetter . These families held a near total monopoly in important industries. Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled

999-619: A population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung . The mayor of Augsburg has been Eva Weber of the Christian Social Union (CSU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: The Augsburg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and

1110-721: A population of about 30,000. This put it on a level with cities like Cologne and Prague . Augsburg passed 100,000 residents in 1909 and the population has grown steadily since then. Augsburg is twinned with: The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart . Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Augsburg transport and tariff association, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as several taxi companies. The Augsburg tramway network

1221-651: A realm where the sun never set , was now deeply indebted to Jakob Fugger. In 1521 the debts amounted to more than 600,000 guilders. The Emperor amortized 415,000 of this sum and in return granted the Fugger company the silver and copper mining operations of Tyrol . During the Imperial Diet of 1523 in Nuremberg it was debated whether to restrict trade capital and the number of trade establishments companies were allowed to maintain. Jakob Fugger intervened and reminded

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1332-468: A relatively small role compared to the two main branches of the Fugger business, banking and mining. It is only because of the associated exotic investments that Jakob Fugger's early trading expeditions take a prominent place in the history of the Fugger business. After Vasco da Gama 's discovery of the sea route to India and the establishment of the Portuguese spice monopoly, Jakob Fugger took part in

1443-504: A result, they were at times entitled to all the silver and copper out of Tyrol. The expansion of high-risk, albeit very lucrative, business connections to Maximilian I was undoubtedly promoted by Fugger. In his view, the House of Habsburg was bound to be the dominant power and dynasty within the German region, and as such should receive his financial and political support. Jakob Fugger met

1554-401: A share of their profits to Sigismund. Despite this income he was constantly short of money owing to a lavish lifestyle, several illegitimate children and his extensive construction projects. A responsibility to pay the amount of 100,000 guilders of war reparations to Venice was eventually financed by Jakob Fugger. In 1488 the total debt already amounted to more than 150,000 guilders. Notable

1665-405: A smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units. The American military presence in the city started with the U.S. 5th Infantry Division stationed at FLAK Kaserne from 1945 to 1955, then by 11th Airborne Division , followed by the 24th Infantry Division , U.S. Army VII Corps artillery, USASA Field Station Augsburg and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade , which returned

1776-460: A sum of more than 500,000 guilders, a significant portion of his wealth and of the total amount raised in his support, to ensure the seven prince-electors would choose him. Thereby he helped prevent the election of Francis I of France which would have endangered his claims and investments gravely, although it also made him highly dependent on the House of Habsburg. Much later the Fugger family lost

1887-459: A surplus of 2,132,261 guilders. Because Fugger had no direct descendants, the company and its assets were bequeathed to his nephews Raymund and Anton Fugger , who also led the company. Anton managed to double the family's fortune once more by 1546. Jakob was a lifelong Roman Catholic . In 1513 he granted the Archbishop of Magdeburg and bishop of Halberstadt , Albert of Brandenburg ,

1998-637: Is a university town and the regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg . It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg ), with a population of 304,000 and 885,000 in its metropolitan area. After Neuss , Trier , Worms , Cologne and Xanten , Augsburg

2109-699: Is among the most well-known Germans and arguably the most famous citizen of Augsburg, with his wealth earning him the moniker "Fugger the Rich". In 1967 a bust of him was placed in the Walhalla , a "hall of fame" near Regensburg that honors laudable and distinguished Germans. Jakob Fugger was born the tenth of eleven children to Jakob Fugger the Elder (1398–1469) and his wife Barbara Bäsinger (1419–1497), daughter of Münzmeister Franz Bäsinger. The Fugger family had already established themselves as successful merchants in

2220-504: Is how the remarkable fact came about that part of the church is denominationally different from the rest, and that the burial place of the Fugger family, who are considered strictly Catholic, is now in a Protestant church. The Fugger family already owned two houses in Augsburg in prominent locations when Jakob Fugger built the Fuggerhäuser near the wine-market (now Maximilianstraße ) from 1512 to 1515. The Builder of this Residence

2331-681: Is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), opened in December 2010. In December 2021, tram line 3 was extended southward to the neighboring city of Königsbrunn . There is one station for intercity bus services in Augsburg: Augsburg Nord, located in

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2442-529: Is on the Munich–Augsburg and Ulm–Augsburg lines and is connected by ICE and IC services to Munich , Berlin , Dortmund , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Stuttgart . As of December 2007, the French TGV connected Augsburg with a direct High Speed Connection to Paris . In addition EC and night train services connect to Amsterdam , Paris and Vienna and connections will be substantially improved by

2553-545: Is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus . It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of

2664-607: The Austrian state archive has now shown that Jakob Fugger was already representing his family business in Venice in 1473 at the age of 14. Other research showed that Jakob Fugger spent the years between 1473 and 1487 mostly at the Fondaco dei Tedeschi , the house of German merchants in Venice. Venice being one of the most important centers of trade at the time proved to be an ideal environment for Jakob Fugger's education in banking and

2775-643: The Dachau concentration camp outside Augsburg supplied approximately 1,300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm, headquartered in Augsburg. In 1941 Rudolf Hess , without Adolf Hitler 's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham , to the south of Glasgow. His objective

2886-850: The Dutch Republic . The coalition was formed to defend the Electorate of the Palatinate and fought against France in the Nine Years' War . The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss or the Final Recess of 1803, saw the annexation of nearly all of the 51 Free Imperial Cities, excepting Augsburg and five others. However, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, Napoleon encouraged his German allies to annex their smaller neighbours, and Augsburg lost its independence. It

2997-634: The Emperor , especially since he operated his mines in Habsburg lands and had very high outstanding debts with the Emperor, into contrast to the majority of his fellow citizens. The Fugger family largely financed the House of Habsburg , who would play a prominent role in the Counter-Reformation . Fugger insisted that only Catholic inhabitants should "find care and cure" in his Fuggerei . As

3108-401: The Holy Roman Empire , while more recent research shows that this was only partially true. However, close to the end of his life Maximilian was so heavily indebted to Jakob Fugger that he had no choice but to continue his support for the Emperor to still be able reclaim his outstanding debits. When Maximilian's grandson Charles V stood for election to become the next Emperor, Jakob Fugger raised

3219-635: The Holy Roman Empire . To secure his essential investments into House Habsburg Jakob Fugger decided to support the election of the 19-year-old claimant to the throne. In addition to Charles, the English king Henry VIII , the French king Francis I and Frederick III, Elector of Saxony announced their candidacy. Francis I had already secured the votes of the Archdiocese of Trier and the Electorate of

3330-636: The Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I . The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Fuggerei , the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger . In 2019 UNESCO recognised

3441-719: The Reformation progressed, the complex found itself located in an increasingly Protestant city of Augsburg. Only a few years after Jakob Fugger's death the Augsburg Confession by Philip Melanchthon was formulated at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. The Confessio Augustana represents the confessional and founding document of the Lutheran Church. The descendants of Jakob Fugger have remained Catholic to this day. Together with his brother Ulrich and on behalf of his deceased brother Georg , Jakob Fugger founded

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3552-670: The Reformation . After the Diet of Augsburg in 1518, Luther had to answer for his theses in the Fugger House before Cardinal Thomas Cajetan , who had been commissioned by the Pope. When Luther refused to retract his theses, he had to flee the city at night. The citizens of Augsburg now demanded the unhindered spread of the Evangelical faith , which brought Jakob Fugger, who preferred to remain Catholic and thus remain loyal to

3663-619: The Welser family, Jakob Fugger's participation in the overseas trade was very cautious and conservative, and the only other operation of this kind he invested in was a failed 1525 trade expedition to the Maluku Islands led by the Spaniard Garcia de Loaisa . There is some evidence that he financed Magellan 's famed voyage. Especially for mining projects in upper Hungary the Fugger company required enormous capital, which at

3774-451: The spice trade and in 1503 opened a manufactory in Lisbon . He received permission to trade pepper, other spices, and luxury goods such as pearls and gemstones through Lisbon. Along with other merchant houses of Germany and Italy he contributed to a fleet of 22 Portuguese ships led by Francisco de Almeida that sailed to India in the year 1505 and returned in 1506. Even though one third of

3885-583: The 0 °C isotherm, a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). The water systems of Augsburg have been the site of innovations in hydraulic engineering for centuries. Augsburg was built on top of an aquifer fed by the Lech and Wertach rivers, which provided purified groundwater that ran through the city through springs and streams. The canals channelling this water through the city were first mentioned in 1276, and by 1416 waterworks, pumps and water towers were added to distribute this water effectively. In 1545 Augsburg

3996-415: The 1490s onwards, as official members of the court of Maximilian I). Several witch hunts occurred in Augsburg in the late 16th century. Following the 1585–1588 plague epidemic, southeast Germany was shattered by the 1589–1591 witch hunts. Following the 1592–1593 plague epidemic, cities in southeast Germany entered a period of inflation , marked by brutal witch hunts in urban areas. Religious peace in

4107-577: The 18th century a large number of silversmiths and goldsmiths became master craftsman in Augsburg. In 1686 the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formed the League of Augsburg , also known as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined in 1689. The coalition consisted at various times of Austria, Bavaria , Brandenburg , England, the Holy Roman Empire , the Electorate of the Palatinate , Portugal, Savoy , Saxony , Spain, Sweden, and

4218-567: The Bavarian State Government recognised this fact and promoted Augsburg to Metropole . Jakob Fugger The foundation of the family's wealth was created mainly by the textile trade with Italy . The company grew rapidly after the brothers Ulrich , Georg and Jakob began banking transactions with the House of Habsburg as well as the Roman Curia , and at the same time began mining operations in Tyrol , and from 1493 on

4329-552: The Emperor that "It is known that your imperial majesty could not have claimed the Roman crown without my help,..." ( German : „Es ist auch wissentlich und liegt am Tage, dass Eure Kaiserliche Majestät die römische Krone ohne mein Zutun nicht hätte erlangen können,…" ) The added demand of repayment of all debts eventually led to all discussions of trade restrictions and limits to monopolies being dropped. In addition to this Jakob Fugger

4440-497: The Fugger chapel in the Carmelite monastery's St. Anna church located in Augsburg . It became the burial place of the three brothers and the two nephews Raymund Fugger and Hieronymus Fugger (1499–1538). Construction began in 1509 and was finished in 1512. The chapel was modeled after Italian burial chapels with clear influences out of Venice and Rome , thereby becoming Germany's first renaissance construction. The interior

4551-557: The Fugger family enlarged the complex several times. The complex was mostly destroyed during air raids on Augsburg in World War II and rebuilt in a simplified way in 1955. The courtyards and several other rooms however are still in their original state. The houses are still owned by the Fugger family, partly being used to house the Fürst Fugger Privatbank . In 1515 Jakob Fugger advocated for an improved sermon in

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4662-537: The Fuggerei today, still paying an annual rent of the equivalent of one guilder (€0.88). The Fuggerei is a major tourist attraction of Augsburg and since 2006 also houses a museum. The settlement is still administered by the descendants of the Fugger family and financed through a foundation (originally from 1521). Jakob Fugger made several contributions to churches and monasteries in Augsburg some of which still show

4773-557: The German re-armament before the Second World War , the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27); Arras Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27)). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen . The MAN factory at Augsburg

4884-562: The Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the sixteenth century, and "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from Innsbruck to Venice and from Brussels to Antwerp , in these cities,

4995-479: The Habsburg possessions in Further Austria to Jakob Fugger. Maximilian I who crowned himself Holy Roman Emperor in 1508 received a payment of 50,000 guilders for these sales. More sales followed in 1508 where he sold manor Schmiechen and in 1514 where he sold the lordship Biberbach to Fugger. Maximilian I elevated Jakob Fugger into nobility in 1511 and granted him the title of Imperial Count in 1514 so

5106-652: The Palatinate as well as offering a sum of 300,000 guilders of election money. The prince-electors consisted of the three archbishops of Mainz , Cologne and Trier in addition to the King of Bohemia , the Elector of the Palatinate, the Margrave of Brandenburg and the Duke of Saxony . This was a difficult situation for Charles who now relied on the riches of Jakob Fugger to sway the election in his favor. Fugger transferred

5217-411: The Pope. However, in return for his support, Maximilian I demanded the continuous financial support of his ongoing military and political campaigns. Since the death of his brothers Georg in 1506 and Ulrich in 1510, Jakob Fugger was now running the Fugger business as the sole policy and decision maker. The company was renamed into "Jakob Fugger und Gebrüder Söhne" (Jakob Fugger and Brother's Sons). In

5328-597: The Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering. Augsburg lies at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and on the Singold . The oldest part of the city and the southern quarters are on the northern foothills of a high terrace, which has emerged between

5439-523: The administrative capital of the Roman province of Raetia . Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century. Augsburg was granted the status of a Free Imperial City on 9 March 1276 and from then until 1803, it was independent of its former overlord, the Prince-Bishop of Augsburg . Frictions between

5550-658: The airport is used almost entirely by business airplanes. Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely MAN , EADS or KUKA produce high technology products like printing systems, large diesel engines, industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich , Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs , yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers. In 2018

5661-757: The base of two banking families that rose to great prominence, the Fuggers and the Welsers . The Fugger family donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516, which remains in use today. In 1530, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg . Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected,

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5772-409: The chapel was consecrated to the patron saint of Jesus Christ in the altar sacrament, the Holy Virgin Mary and the Evangelist Matthew and has remained a consecrated Catholic place of worship to this day. When St. Anne's Church became Protestant in 1548, the Fugger Chapel remained Catholic because the Fugger Foundation continued to look after it and contributed to the upkeep of the church. This

5883-403: The charge in the 1530s. In the 16th century Augsburg became one of Germany's largest cities. Augsburg was a major manufacturing centre for textiles , armor , scientific instruments , as well as gold- and silver-smithing. The prolific printers of Augsburg also made the city the largest producer of German-language books in the Holy Roman Empire . Like other free imperial cities , Augsburg

5994-417: The church of his parish St. Moritz . In 1517 Pope Leo X issued a papal bull granting Fugger and his heirs the patronage to the church and being able to choose the priest. The foundation still exists and the Fugger family still recommends the priests. Beginning in 1516 Jakob Fugger funded the construction of a settlement for craftsmen and day laborers in need. In 1523, 52 houses of the estate were built. It

6105-508: The city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1629, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution , which restored the legal situation of 1552. However, the edict was revoked in April 1632, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg. In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated at the nearby Battle of Nördlingen . By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish army refused to surrender and

6216-401: The city-state and the prince-bishops were to remain frequent however, particularly after Augsburg became Protestant and curtailed the rights and freedoms of Catholics . With its strategic location at an intersection of trade routes to Italy, the Free Imperial City of Augsburg became a major trading centre. Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became

6327-404: The city. Hans Fugger , grandfather of Jakob Fugger, had taken up residence in Augsburg in 1367, became a burgher through marriage and acquired considerable wealth by trading textiles with Italy. A few years before his death his son Jakob Fugger the Elder was already one of the richest citizens of Augsburg. Jakob's older brothers Ulrich (1441–1510) and Georg (1453–1506) created the basis for

6438-462: The cleric Markus Fugger in 1473. In 1477 the Fugger business was responsible for transferring church revenues from Sweden to Rome. Between 1508 and 1524, the company leased the Roman mint, the Zecca , manufacturing 66 types of coins for four different popes. After this the Fugger family was represented by only one manufactory in Rome, mostly due to the 1527 Sack of Rome and the less German-friendly Medici pope Clement VII . The commodity trade played

6549-402: The communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well (despite a widely circulated theory which holds that the Fuggers themselves operated their own communication system, in reality they relied upon the imperial posts, presumably from

6660-418: The company. The enormous growth potential in the mining and ore trade was very profitably harnessed by Jakob Fugger in the following years. As collateral for loans that he had given to the Habsburgs and the King of Hungary , he demanded mine revenues of Tyrol and the transfer of mining rights in Upper Hungary to him. Through this method he eventually established a dominant and almost monopolistic hold on

6771-432: The copper trade in Central Europe . With his business partner Hans Thurzó he founded the Hungarian trade in 1494. Mines funded by Fugger were constructed in Neusohl (present-day Banská Bystrica , Slovakia ), at the time part of the Hungarian Kingdom. The expansion continued with the construction of smelting plants in Neusohl and nearby Moschnitz , Arnoldstein in Carinthia , Hohenkirchen in Thuringia. The copper

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6882-437: The creation of the planned Magistrale for Europe . The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to: Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn. Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport was relocated to Munich Airport . Since then,

6993-414: The curia charged a high " processing fee ". In 1514 Albert suggested to Pope Leo X that a special indulgence be announced in his three dioceses as well as in his native diocese of Brandenburg and that half of the income should be used for the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and half for his repayments to Jakob Fugger. An according papal bull was issued on March 31, 1515. The indulgence

7104-406: The deaths of several hundred people. Following the war the three Kasernen changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War . They became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan 'united' the former infantry barracks with

7215-414: The election of the Spanish king Charles I to become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V . Jakob Fugger also funded the marriages which later resulted in the House of Habsburg gaining the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. Jakob Fugger secured his legacy and lasting fame through his foundations in Augsburg . A chapel funded by him and built from 1509 to 1512 is Germany's first renaissance building and contains

7326-408: The enormous sum of more than 850,000 guilders to the prince-electors which ultimately resulted in the unanimous election of Charles Holy Roman Emperor on 28 July 1519 . Out of this 850,000 guilders Fugger himself funded around 550,000 while another merchant house of Augsburg, the Welser family, contributed about 150,000 and three Italian bankers providing the rest. What today would be seen as bribery

7437-436: The equality of the three brothers involved in business issues, even though Tyrolean sources almost universally speak of the Jakob Fugger company and central contracts of the Hungarian trade were all signed by him. At this development the greatly increased influence of Jakob within the company can be observed. During the late 1480s Jakob Fugger dominated the company's policies, although the eldest brother Ulrich still formally led

7548-433: The establishment and expansion of the Kaiserliche Reichspost in the late 15th and early 16th century. This postal system, which was the first modern postal service in the world, was created through negotiations and agreements between the Taxis family represented by Franz von Taxis  [ de ] and the early Habsburgs monarches, notably Maximilian I , his son Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V. Even when

7659-403: The export to India . Part of the copper was also transported through Wiener Neustadt and the Adriatic ports Triest and Zengg to the copper market in Venice. At the time mines from both Tyrol and Hungary provided the bulk of the total European production in copper which provided an incredibly advantageous position in the European market, albeit not a total monopoly. The Fugger family were

7770-465: The extraction of silver , and copper in the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary . As of 1525 they also had the right to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén . After 1487, Jakob Fugger was the de facto head of the Fugger business operations which soon had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market. Copper from Hungary was transported through Antwerp to Lisbon , and from there shipped to India . Jakob Fugger also contributed to

7881-561: The family of Meckau all claiming the inheritance now demanded the immediate payback of these assets which would have resulted in insolvency for Jakob Fugger. It was this situation that prompted Emperor Maximilian I to step in and assist his banker. On the condition of assisting Pope Julius II in a war against the Republic of Venice the Habsburg monarch was recognized as being the rightful heir of Cardinal Melchior von Meckau. The inheritance could now be settled by amortizing outstanding debts. Fugger also had to deliver jewels as compensation to

7992-602: The first German trading house in a direct business relationship with the Roman Curia. In the year 1500, Jakob Fugger loaned the Vatican the money necessary to build the new St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, as well as other buildings within the Vatican. To repay Jakob the massive amount of money owed, Pope Leo X had to heavily tax the German people as well as sell indulgences, which was heavily unpopular with

8103-477: The first and only trade expedition to India that German merchants cooperated in, a Portuguese fleet to the Indian west coast (1505–1506), as well as a failed 1525 Spanish trade expedition to the Maluku Islands . With his support of the Habsburg dynasty as a banker, he had a decisive influence on European politics at the time. He financed the rise of Maximilian I and made considerable contributions to secure

8214-460: The following years up until his death Jakob Fugger managed to raise the family fortune which amounted to about 200,000 guilders in 1511 to more than two million guilders, perhaps 2% of Europe's GDP. Emperor Maximilian died in January 1519 and bequeathed to his grandson Charles the hereditary lands of House Habsburg with adjoining Burgundian lands as well as a disputed claim to the throne of

8325-547: The former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and an Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne but was demolished by the occupying Americans. From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger , who officiated for several years and

8436-410: The former burgher could operate his business without interference from local nobility. In the course of his life Jakob Fugger also became lord of more than 50 smaller villages. Criticism from reformer Martin Luther on the Fugger business methods and novelistic portrayal from early research have led to the notion that Jakob Fugger exercised considerable power over Maximilian I the king and emperor of

8547-461: The imported wares had to be ceded to the King of Portugal the operation was still profitable. Soon afterwards the King declared the spice trade a monopoly of the crown in order to secure his income and exclude foreign merchants from participating. However, the Portuguese were still largely dependent on the copper delivered by Fugger which was an essential export good for the trade with India. Unlike

8658-504: The independent silver mine owners in the Salzburg Slate Alps which had constant need for new capital. Instead of receiving the usual documents acknowledging debt, he demanded "Kuxe", which essentially made him a shareholder in the mines. Through this he forced more and more mine operators in the area of Gastein and Schladming to sell their silver directly to the Fugger family instead of intermediary traders. Jakob Fugger

8769-601: The instrument, e.g. Bach on the Rauwolf Lute , 2021, Catalogue No: BIS2552. Augsburg Augsburg ( UK : / ˈ aʊ ɡ z b ɜːr ɡ / OWGZ -burg , US : / ˈ ɔː ɡ z -/ AWGZ - , German: [ˈaʊksbʊʁk] ; Swabian German : Ougschburg ) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia , Germany, around 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of the Bavarian capital Munich . It

8880-428: The instrument: "My lute... would originally have been probably a 7 or 8-course lute. There is also inside the lute a label of Leonhard Mausiel of Nüremberg dated 1715 and undoubtedly this was the time when the lute was given its new neck and "updated" into an 11-course lute...This "renaissance" lute therefore has been restored to its latest playable condition as an 11-course "baroque" lute, although it can also be strung as

8991-446: The king. Maximilian then promised to repay all loans of its predecessor to Jakob Fugger. Thus the Fugger business became one of the most important financial backers of Maximilian, who since 1486 was co-regent of the Holy Roman Empire . After his father Frederick III died in 1493 he became the reigning emperor. Despite having constant financial difficulties due to an extravagant lifestyle and many failed political projects his reign saw

9102-464: The kingdoms of Spain , Bohemia and Hungary gained for the House of Habsburg , not by waging war but through advantageous marriage arrangements which were funded with the help of Jakob Fugger. On 15 July 1507 Maximilian I sold the County of Kirchberg , located at Ulm , the adjacent lordship Weißenhorn with the associated city, as well as the lordships Wullenstetten and Pfaffenhofen (Roth) from

9213-587: The long-awaited aspiration of a seat on the city council (German Stadtrat ) of Augsburg. Four years after the wedding, Jakob Fugger bought for his young wife 40,000 guilders' worth of jewels from the treasure of Burgundy , among them the jewel known as the Three Brothers , which the Fuggers later sold to Edward VI to become part of the Crown Jewels of England . Jakob wanted to demonstrate that he

9324-571: The metal trade. His long residence in Italy also helped bring the renaissance style to the German region, with his funding the construction of the first buildings of this style that originated in Italy. Legal and architectural structures of Venice also had a significant influence on the funding of the Fuggerei which was similar to the social housing of Venice . Jakob Fugger laid the foundation of his mining business in Salzburg . He provided loans to

9435-494: The north of the city. Augsburg has seven stations, the Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof ), Hochzoll , Oberhausen , Haunstetterstraße , Morellstraße , Messe and Inningen . The Central Station, built from 1843 to 1846, is Germany's oldest main station in a large city still providing services in the original building. It is currently being modernised and an underground tram station is built underneath it. Hauptbahnhof

9546-473: The reason for the family being granted the lily coat of arms in 1473. The "of the lily" ( German : von der Lilie ) naming after this coat of arms distinguishes this line of the Fugger family from the "of the doe" ( German : vom Reh ) branch. Until 2009 historians assumed that Jakob Fugger, who was a minor order at the age of 12, had lived as a canon in a church located in Herrieden . A document from

9657-923: The results were as follows: Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and parts of the District of Augsburg ( Landkreis Augsburg ). Volker Ullrich of the CSU was directly elected to the Bundestag in the 18th German Bundestag . Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the Landesliste were Ulrike Bahr for the SPD and Claudia Roth for Bündnis 90/Die Grünen . Augsburg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) or, following

9768-587: The rise of the company in Europe. Around 1470 they founded manufactories in Venice and Nuremberg , then important centers of trade. Jakob Fugger's brothers Andreas and Hans both died young in Venice. His brother Markus was a cleric and from 1470 on a writer in a papal chancery in Rome where he died in 1478. His brother Peter died in an epidemic in Nuremberg in 1473. Loans given to Emperor Frederick III and supplies given to his entourage by Ulrich Fugger were

9879-482: The steep rim of the hills of Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats. Augsburg borders the nature park Augsburg Western Woods ,

9990-408: The time it could not raise. Hence Cardinal Melchior von Meckau was the main sponsor of the Fugger business in 1496. The Prince-Bishop had secretly and unknown to his church chapter invested 150,000 guilders in the Fugger company in return for interest, thereby evading the official church ban on interest. When he died in Rome in 1509 this investment was uncovered. The Pope, the bishopric Brixen and

10101-487: The tombs of the brothers Ulrich , Georg and Jakob. The Fuggerei which was founded by Jakob in 1521 is the world's oldest social housing complex still in use. The Damenhof, part of the Fuggerhäuser in Augsburg, is the first secular renaissance building in Germany and was built in 1515. At his death on 30 December 1525, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders . He

10212-514: The world to generate electricity from water and they are still in use today. On 6 July 2019 the Water Management System of Augsburg was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Augsburg has a population of about 300,000. It is the third largest city in Bavaria and the largest city in the Swabia region. In the 16th century, Augsburg was one of the largest cities in Holy Roman Empire , with

10323-492: The young Roman-German king for the first time in 1489 at a Frankfurt fair. At that time, his plans for the independent Duchy of Tyrol had been agreed upon with the king's chancellor, Johann Waldner. On 16 March 1490 Sigismund and the Tyrol Estates came together with King Maximilian also present. The archduke had to resign under the pressure from the estates, who accused him of mismanagement, and his possessions fell to

10434-609: Was after all equal to the Habsburgs , at least financially. However, the jewels were left in a chest in the basement of his house for fear of theft and envy. The couple had no children. Seven weeks after her husband died, Sybille Arzt married a business partner of Jakob and converted to the Protestant faith. Jakob Fugger died on 30 December 1525. The inventory performed by his heirs revealed assets totaling 3,000,058 guilders and liabilities amounting to 867,797 guilders resulting in

10545-537: Was an independent entity, and had authority over its tax policies. Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking patrons . The city rapidly became a creative centre for sculptors and musicians . Augsburg became the base of the Holbein family, starting with Hans Holbein the Elder . The composer Leopold Mozart was born and educated in Augsburg. Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as "Augsburg style" throughout Germany. Augsburg benefitted majorly from

10656-545: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1817, the city became an administrative capital of the Oberdonaukreis , then administrative capital in 1837 for the district Swabia and Neuburg . During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the machine manufacturing industry. Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During

10767-496: Was common practice in the election of the Emperor. Exceptional however were the immense sums involved, mainly due to the keen competition among the princely candidates. A few days later the Pope granted Charles the right to name himself Elected Emperor. It was only in 1530 that Charles V was crowned Emperor by the Pope in Bologna . He was the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation . Charles V , since his election reigning over

10878-558: Was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the U.S. Army occupied the city. The city and its Messerschmitt works were bombed on three occasions during the war. Collateral damage included the destruction of just under 25% of all homes in the city and

10989-493: Was designed with the help of many notable German artists of the time, such as Albrecht Dürer , Hans Burgkmair , Jörg Breu the Elder and Hans Daucher . The building is thought to have been built in preparation for Fugger's elevation into nobility and to distance himself from the local Patricians . Furthermore, it was a medium to preserve the name and memory of Fugger in the style of the Italian "Memoria" architecture. In 1518

11100-655: Was distributed through manufactories in Breslau , Leipzig , Kraków and Ofen . For transportation to the ports of Gdańsk , Stettin and Lübeck on the Baltic Sea Fugger funded the construction of a new road across the Jablunkov Pass . From those ports the copper was shipped to the Russian region and additionally through Antwerp to Lisbon where it was an important Portuguese trade good destined for

11211-570: Was entrusted to Albert in 1517 for publication in Saxony and Brandenburg. It cost him an additional sum of ten thousand ducats , and Albert employed Johann Tetzel for the actual preaching of the indulgence. Later, Martin Luther , then professor of theology in Wittenberg , addressed a letter of protest to Albert concerning the conduct of Tetzel. Largely in reaction to Tetzel's actions, Luther wrote his famous Ninety-five Theses , which led to

11322-426: Was first named Fuggerei in 1531. Originally it was meant to house people who were in a difficult situation through no fault of their own until they could establish a stable household on their own. The yearly rent was one symbolic guilder , though additionally requested were three daily prayers in the name of Fugger and his family . The settlement was expanded several times, lastly in 1973. About 150 people live in

11433-519: Was founded in 15 BC on the orders of Emperor Augustus . Emperor Augustus conducted extensive military campaigns and established administrative settlements. The Roman colony that became Augsburg was known as Augusta Vindelicorum , meaning "the Augustan city of the Vindelici ". The settlement was established at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach . In 120 AD Augsburg became

11544-601: Was granted a concession to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén . The Fugger company was involved in the Spanish mining business up to the year 1645. In 1498 the 40-year-old Jakob Fugger married Sybille Arzt (also: Artzt) Grand Burgheress of Augsburg , the 18-year-old daughter of an eminent Augsburg Grand Burgher . This marriage opened the opportunity for Jakob to elevate to Grand Burgher of Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg ) and later finally giving Jakob Fugger

11655-555: Was most likely Hans Hiebe. Inside the Fuggerhäuser, the Damenhof (Ladies courtyard) was modeled after the florencian style grand courtyards, thus becoming Germany's first secular renaissance building. The complex was expanded once more in 1523 to accommodate the receiving of illustrious guests. The Fuggerhäuser were the private residence and administrative center of Jakob Fugger and his wife Sybille Fugger-Arzt. Later members of

11766-407: Was one of the first European towns to separate drinking water from water used for industry, effectively preventing water-borne diseases. The pumps and waterwheels also generated power for fountains and food processing, such as a 17th-century butcher's hall that still stands today. In the 19th and 20th centuries hydroelectic power plants were also installed. These power plants were some of the first in

11877-630: Was responsible for his family's business in Augsburg, Tyrol , Venice and Rome . Around 1485 the family also founded manufactories in Innsbruck (since 1510 in Hall , since 1539 in Schwaz ). Through a small loan he there first came into contact with Archduke Sigismund , a member of the Habsburg family. The archduke had as the sole owner of the Tyrol property rights handed out permissions for mining operations to private investors which in return had to pay

11988-461: Was the form of payment: Instead of paying the Fürst directly the Fugger family paid the money to his creditors as well as providing the wages for the royal court and craftsmen. Fugger met an engineer by the name of Jan Thurzo , and they formed a powerful copper company in the neighbouring town of Banská Bystrica in 1495. In 1517 the Fugger family financed more than half of Tyrol 's public budget. As

12099-608: Was the largest German manufacturer of engines for U-boats in World War II and became the target of the Augsburg Raid. When the Avro Lancaster bomber was new in service, the RAF sent 12 at low level to bomb the factory in daylight, on 17 April 1942. The bombers were intercepted en route and only five returned, all damaged. The factory was damaged but production continued; the factory was repeatedly bombed later. A subcamp of

12210-496: Was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger . After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige . As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled Oberbürgermeister , as Augsburg had reached

12321-669: Was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign. The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14)

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