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107-677: In the 1960s, the prevailing understanding of race relations was underdeveloped and was acknowledged by sociologists for its failure to predict the anti-racist struggles. It was critiqued for being explicitly used to give an explanation of violence connected to race. The use of paradigm was criticized for overlooking the power differential between races, implying that the source of violence is disharmony rather than racist power structures. Race relations are divided into positive and negative. Positive or good race relations promote equality, empathy, and inclusivity, while negative race relations generate tension , conflict, and social divisions. Detractors of

214-405: A homicide caused by " cardiopulmonary arrest complicating law enforcement subdual, restraint, and neck compression", though fentanyl intoxication and recent methamphetamine use may have increased the likelihood of death. A second autopsy, commissioned by Floyd's family, also found his death to be a homicide, specifically citing asphyxia due to neck and back compression; it ruled out

321-570: A plea deal and was paroled in January 2013. After his release, Floyd became more involved with Resurrection Houston, a Christian church and ministry, where he mentored young men and posted anti-violence videos to social media. He delivered meals to senior citizens and volunteered with other projects, such as the Angel By Nature Foundation, a charity founded by rapper Trae tha Truth . Later, Floyd became involved with

428-592: A rapper using the stage name Big Floyd in the hip-hop group Screwed Up Click . The New York Times described his deep-voiced rhymes as "purposeful", delivered in a slow-motion clip about " 'choppin' blades' – driving cars with oversize rims – and his Third Ward pride." The second rap group he was involved in was Presidential Playas and he worked on their album Block Party released in 2000. Between 1997 and 2005, Floyd served eight jail terms on various charges, including drug possession, theft, and trespass. In one of these cases, Floyd

535-529: A $ 120 million donation to be split equally among Morehouse College , Spelman College , and the United Negro College Fund . The donation was the largest ever made to historically black colleges and universities . In 2020, social-media-based artists and activists posted tributes to Floyd; one of the more popular tributes was a digital illustration created by Shirien Damra , which had more than 3.4 million likes on Instagram. Damra's work

642-484: A 90-day rehabilitation program at the Turning Point program in north Minneapolis. He expressed the need for a job and took up security work at Harbor Light Center, a Salvation Army homeless shelter. He lost that job and took several other ones. Floyd hoped to earn a commercial driver's license to operate trucks. He passed the required drug test, and program administrators felt that his criminal past did not pose

749-445: A counterfeit $ 20 bill. Floyd was sitting in a car with two other passengers. Police officers forcibly removed him from the car and handcuffed him. Floyd was murdered by Derek Chauvin, a white Minneapolis police officer, who pressed his knee to Floyd's neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds while Floyd was handcuffed face down in the street. As seen in a witness's cellphone video, two other officers further restrained Floyd, and

856-409: A deadly weapon; according to investigators, he entered an apartment by impersonating a water department worker and barging in with five other men, held a pistol to a woman's stomach, and searched for items to steal. Floyd was arrested three months later during a traffic stop, and victims of the robbery identified him from a photo array . In 2009, Floyd was sentenced to five years in prison as part of

963-477: A discussion about how the intention of a comment or action can have a damaging impact. For example, phrases such as "I know you meant that joke to be funny, but that stereotype really hurt me" can educate a person on the difference between what was intended and how it is harmful to a person of color. Anti-racist microintervention strategies give the tools for people of color, white allies, and bystanders to combat against microaggressions and acts of discrimination. It

1070-402: A fourth prevented onlookers from intervening as Floyd repeatedly stated that he could not breathe . During the final two minutes, Floyd was motionless and had no pulse, but Chauvin kept his knee on Floyd's neck and back even as emergency medical technicians arrived to treat Floyd. The medical examiner found that Floyd's heart stopped while he was being restrained and that his death was

1177-639: A friend of future National Basketball Association (NBA) player Stephen Jackson , who was referred to as his twin because of their strong resemblance to one another, after being introduced in the mid-1990s. At his tallest, he was 6 feet 6 inches (198 cm) tall. By the time of his autopsy, he was 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm) tall and weighed 223 pounds (101 kg). Floyd returned to Houston from college in Kingsville , Texas, in 1995 where he became an automotive customizer and played club basketball. Beginning in 1994, he performed as

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1284-506: A marker at the intersection with 38th Street where the incident took place. The intersection had been the location of a makeshift memorial that emerged the day after his murder. On October 6, 2020, Amnesty International delivered a letter with one million signatures from around the world to the US Attorney General William Barr to demand justice for George Floyd. The human rights advocacy group demanded that

1391-783: A measure of moral authority to help begin the American abolitionist movement. Woolman died of smallpox in England in 1775, shortly after crossing the Atlantic to spread his anti-slavery message to the Quakers of the British Isles . During and after the American Revolution, Quaker ministrations and preachings against slavery began to spread beyond their denomination. In 1783, 300 Quakers, chiefly from London , presented

1498-477: A ministry that brought men from the Third Ward to Minnesota in a church-work program with drug rehabilitation and job placement services. A friend of his acknowledged that Floyd "had made some mistakes that cost him some years of his life" and noted that he was turning his life around through religion. In 2014, Floyd moved to Minneapolis to rebuild his life and find work. Soon after his arrival, he completed

1605-553: A minor crash. He was looking for another job when the COVID-19 pandemic hit Minnesota, and his personal financial situation worsened when the club closed in March because of pandemic rules. Also in March, Floyd was hospitalized after overdosing on drugs. In April, he contracted COVID-19 , but he recovered a few weeks later. On May 25, 2020, police were called by a Cup Foods grocery store employee, who suspected that Floyd had used

1712-419: A multitude of points.’ German ethnographer Adolf Bastian promoted the idea known as "psychic unity of mankind", the belief in a universal mental framework present in all humans regardless of race. Rudolf Virchow , an early biological anthropologist criticized Ernst Haeckel 's classification of humanity into "higher and lower races". The two authors influenced American anthropologist Franz Boas who promoted

1819-532: A number of anti-racist organizations such as Love Music Hate Racism , Stand Up to Racism, Anti-Nazi League and Unite Against Fascism . Friedrich Tiedemann was one of the first people to scientifically contest racism. In 1836, using craniometric and brain measurements (taken by him from Europeans and black people from different parts of the world), he refuted the belief of many contemporary naturalists and anatomists that black people have smaller brains and are thus intellectually inferior to white people, saying it

1926-425: A problem. But he dropped out because his job at a nightclub made it difficult to attend morning classes, and he felt pressure to earn money. Floyd later moved to St. Louis Park and lived with former colleagues. He continued to battle drug addiction and went through periods of use and sobriety. An influential member of his community, Floyd was respected for his ability to relate with others in his environment based on

2033-586: A range of ideas and political actions which are meant to counter racial prejudice , systemic racism , and the oppression of specific racial groups . Anti-racism is usually structured around conscious efforts and deliberate actions which are intended to create equal opportunities for all people on both an individual and a systemic level. As a philosophy, it can be engaged in by the acknowledgment of personal privileges, confronting acts as well as systems of racial discrimination and/or working to change personal racial biases. Major contemporary anti-racism efforts include

2140-548: A shared experience of hardships and setbacks, having served time in prison and living in a poverty-stricken project in Houston. In a video addressing youth in his neighborhood, Floyd reminded his audience that he had his own "shortcomings" and "flaws" and that he was not better than anyone else. He also expressed his disdain for violence taking place in the community, advising his neighbors to put down their weapons and remember that they were loved by him and God. In May 2019, Floyd

2247-421: A tool used to act against racial discrimination. Microintervention strategies aim to provide the tools needed to confront and educate racial oppressors. Specific tactics include: revealing the hidden biases or agendas behind acts of discrimination, interrupting and challenging oppressive language, educating offenders, and connecting with other allies and community members to act against discrimination. The theory

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2354-565: A trade unionist and, like most others in the working class, was very strongly opposed to Asian immigration to Australia. (The exclusion of Asian immigration was a popular cause with unions in Canada, the US, Australia, and New Zealand in the early 20th century.) The Chinese delegation, which was otherwise at daggers drawn with the Japanese over the question of the former German colony of Qingdao and

2461-461: A treaty before that did not mention God, which caused Cecil to remark perhaps this time, they would all just have to a take a chance of avoiding the wrath of the Almighty by not mentioning Him. Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes clarified his opposition and announced at a meeting that "ninety-five out of one hundred Australians rejected the very idea of equality. Hughes had entered politics as

2568-533: A video on YouTube which included a warning that it might be seen as "inappropriate for some viewers". The video featured footage of protesters and police clashing violently in 2020 and 1968. YouTube eventually removed the video, claiming it violated their community guidelines. On September 18, 2020, the Minneapolis City Council approved designating the section of Chicago Avenue between 37th and 39th Streets as George Perry Floyd Jr. Place , with

2675-402: Is claimed that white racial justice activists can cause activism burnout for activists of color. According to Gorski and Erakat (2019), of the 22 racial justice activists in the sample, 82% of the participants identified behaviors and attitudes of the white racial justice activists as a major source of the burnout that they feel. The same study also found that 72.2% of the participants said that

2782-409: Is commonly associated with the topic of white genocide , a white nationalist conspiracy theory which states that mass immigration , integration , miscegenation , low fertility rates and abortion are being promoted in predominantly white countries in order to deliberately turn them minority-white and hence cause white people to become extinct through forced assimilation . The phrase

2889-664: Is currently discredited. He believed race relations have a universal pattern: when races come into contact, at first they are hostile, but thaw over time. However, Park only conducted minimal studies related to it and did not examine its validity across ethnic groups to ensure its accuracy in representing reality. The cycle was postulated to be driven by subjective attitudes that members of races feel toward other races. The steps in Park's cycle were contact, competition, accommodation, and assimilation . Park's students tested his ideas by studying communities of Chinese and Japanese origin living in

2996-722: Is not because of some naturally inherent racial animosity but is deeply rooted in the way societal systems are or the society is organized and structured. In 2020, the world witnessed the murder of George Floyd , an African American man, by Derek Chauvin, a white police officer, in a live-streamed video. This event triggered a significant shift in the US and around the world, leading to a new awareness and consciousness about race relations. The dominant culture started engaging in discussions about racial justice and anti-racist practices, as well as seeking ways to understand and address racial issues. The need to reduce negative race relations practices and promote racial justice became more apparent after

3103-806: Is on the side of Scott Food Mart in the Third Ward , while the other is on the property of The Breakfast Klub restaurant in Midtown . A childhood friend of Floyd's said that Floyd would never "have imagined that this is the tragic way people would know his name." A GoFundMe account to support Floyd's funeral costs and benefit his family broke the site's record for number of individual donations. By June 6, murals had been created in many cities, including Manchester , Dallas , Miami , Idlib , Los Angeles , Nairobi , Oakland , Strombeek-Bever , Berlin , Pensacola , and La Mesa . The mural in Manchester

3210-545: Is seen as one of the steps to counteract the effects of past discrimination and create a more level playing field where dominant racist social structures are present. This allows underrepresented groups to have access to the same opportunities, presence, and benefits as others. The goal is to correct the imbalances caused by historical discrimination, to interrupt the cycle of culturally reproduced discrimination, and foster greater inclusion and diversity in society. The concept of race relations became institutionally significant in

3317-453: Is that these microinterventions allow the oppressor to see the impact of their words, and provide a space for an educational dialogue about how their actions can oppress people marginalized groups. Microaggressions can be conscious acts where the perpetrator is aware of the offense they are causing, or hidden and metacommunicated without the perpetrator's awareness. Regardless of whether microaggressions are conscious or unconscious behaviors,

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3424-765: The Laws of Burgos and Valladolid in response. Enforcement was lax, and the New Laws of 1542 have to be made to take a stronger line. Because some people like Fray Bartolomé de las Casas questioned not only the Crown but the Papacy at the Valladolid Controversy whether the Indigenous were truly men who deserved baptism, Pope Paul III in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or Sublimis Deus (1537) confirmed that

3531-833: The Black Lives Matter movement and workplace anti-racism. European racism was spread to the Americas by the Europeans , but establishment views were questioned when they were applied to indigenous peoples . After the discovery of the New World , many of the members of the clergy who were sent to the New World who were educated in the new humane values of the Renaissance , still new in Europe and not ratified by

3638-670: The British Parliament with a petition against the Britain's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1785, English abolitionist Thomas Clarkson , studying at Cambridge , and in the course of writing an essay in Latin ( Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare (Is it lawful to enslave the unconsenting?), read the works of Benezet, and began a lifelong effort to abolish the British slave trade. In 1787, British abolitionists formed

3745-583: The Chicago Commission on Race Relations . This was composed entirely of men, six African Americans and six European Americans Sociologist Everett Hughes published a collection of Park's articles in 1950, seven years after Park's death. The beginnings of the civil rights movement in the 1950s caused interest in the study of race, and Park's work became a founding text in the emerging field named "race relations." Because race relations model imagined steady progress of whites, it failed to predict

3852-965: The Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws were repealed in the South and blacks finally re-won the right to vote in Southern states. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential force, and his " I Have a Dream " speech is a condensation of his egalitarian ideology. Mass mobilization around the Black Lives Matter movement have sparked a renewed interest in anti-racism in the U.S. Mass movement organizing has also been accompanied by academic efforts to foreground research regarding anti-racism in politics, criminal justice reform , inclusion in higher education, and workplace anti-racism. Anti-racism has taken various forms such as consciousness-raising activities aimed at educating people about

3959-665: The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade , a small nondenominational group that could lobby more successfully by incorporating Anglicans, who, unlike the Quakers, could lawfully sit in Parliament. The twelve founding members included nine Quakers and three pioneering Anglicans: Granville Sharp , Thomas Clarkson , and William Wilberforce – all evangelical Christians. Later successes in opposing racism were won by

4066-515: The Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles recommended Floyd be posthumously pardoned for this conviction but withdrew the recommendation (and also withdrew 24 other clemency recommendations) in December 2021, citing "procedural errors and lack of compliance with board rules", while announcing that it would reconsider these recommendations. In 2007, Floyd faced charges for aggravated robbery with

4173-599: The United Kingdom through the establishment of the Department of Social Anthropology under the leadership of Kenneth Little at the University of Edinburgh . The Institute of Race Relations was established in 1958. Its remit was to research, publish and collect resources on race relations across the world. However, in 1972, the membership of the institute supported the staff in the radical transformation of

4280-537: The White Australia policy . Opposition to racism revived in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time, anthropologists such as Franz Boas , Ruth Benedict , Margaret Mead , and Ashley Montagu argued for the equality of humans across races and cultures. Eleanor Roosevelt was a very visible advocate for minority rights during this period. Anti-capitalist organizations like the Industrial Workers of

4387-590: The abolitionist movement in England and in the United States . Though many Abolitionists did not regard blacks or mulattos as equal to whites, they did, in general, believe in freedom and often even equality of treatment for all people . A few, like John Brown , went further. Brown was willing to die on behalf of, as he said, "millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments ..." Many black Abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass , explicitly argued for

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4494-678: The COVID-19 pandemic." Religious leaders have also been called upon to address violence taking place against black Americans. The length of time that Chauvin was initially believed to have had his knee on Floyd's neck, eight minutes 46 seconds , was widely commemorated as a "moment of silence" to honor Floyd. Floyd's murder was featured prominently in The Economist , with the magazine running an obituary , multiple articles, and numerous reader letters, ultimately making Floyd's legacy its June 13 cover story. It wrote that his legacy "[is]

4601-525: The Civil Rights era." Calls to defund and abolish the police were widespread. The protests became the first civil disorder event to exceed $ 1 billion in losses to the insurance industry. In some cities, protests were so violent that curfews were put in place. Several memorial services were held. On June 4, 2020, a memorial service for Floyd took place in Minneapolis. Al Sharpton delivered

4708-490: The George Floyd incident. Efforts were reinforced to ensure equality, dismantle systemic racism, and address historical and present-day discrimination that affects marginalized racial and ethnic groups. To rectify the impacts of past and ongoing racial disparities, specific policies and practices like affirmative action gained importance. Affirmative action is not considered as a solution to negative race relations, but it

4815-601: The Indigenous and other races are fully rational human beings who have rights to freedom and private property, even if they are heathen. Afterward, their Christian conversion effort gained momentum along social rights, while leaving the same status recognition unanswered for Africans of Black Race, and legal social racism prevailed towards the Indians or Asians. By then, the last schism of the Reformation had taken place in Europe in those few decades along political lines, and

4922-662: The International Wall in Belfast commissioned by Festival of the People ( Féile an Phobail ) and Visit West Belfast ( Fáilte Feirste Thiar ) featured a large portrait of Floyd above a tableau showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck while the three other officers turn their backs and each covers his eyes, ears, or mouth in the manner of the Three wise monkeys ("See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil"). One Houston mural

5029-429: The Japanese proposal was a very controversial one and he suggested that perhaps the matter was so controversial that it should not be discussed at all. Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos also suggested that a clause banning religious discrimination should also be removed since that was also a very controversial matter. That led to objections from a Portuguese diplomat, who stated that his country had never signed

5136-533: The U.S. was using the war as an excuse to expand slavery into new territories. Thoreau's response was chronicled in his famous essay " Civil Disobedience ", which in turn helped ignite Mahatma Gandhi 's successful leadership of the Indian independence movement . Gandhi's example in turn inspired the American civil rights movement. As James Loewen writes in Lies My Teacher Told Me : "Throughout

5243-457: The United States and found that, contrary to Park's theory, adopting white culture did not lead to acceptance by white Americans . However, Park did not discard his theory in spite of the failures to verify it. In 1919, white residents of Chicago instigated the mass murder of black residents, an event known as the Chicago race riot of 1919 . After this violent event, city authorities established

5350-528: The United States. His dying words, " I can't breathe ", became a rallying slogan. Born in Fayetteville, North Carolina , Floyd grew up in Houston , Texas, playing football and basketball throughout high school and college. Between 1997 and 2005, he was convicted of eight crimes. He served four years in prison after accepting a plea bargain for a 2007 aggravated robbery in a home invasion. After he

5457-528: The Vatican, began to criticize Spain's as well as their own Church's treatment and views of indigenous peoples and slaves. In December 1511, Antonio de Montesinos , a Dominican friar, was the first European to rebuke openly the Spanish authorities and administrators of Hispaniola for their "cruelty and tyranny" in dealing with the American natives and those forced to labor as slaves. King Ferdinand enacted

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5564-665: The World , which gained popularity during 1905–1926, were explicitly egalitarian. In the 1940s Springfield, Massachusetts , invoked The Springfield Plan to include all persons in the community. Beginning with the Harlem Renaissance and continuing into the 1960s, many African-American writers argued forcefully against racism. The struggles against racial segregation in the United States and South African apartheid including Sharpeville massacre saw increased articulation of ideas opposed to racism of all kinds. During

5671-422: The cause of their burnout was attributed to the white activists having unevolved or racist views. 44.4% of the activists also said that their burnout was due to white activists invalidating their perspectives as activists of color. 50% of the participants said that their burnout was caused by white activists not willing to "step up" to achieve the goals of the movement. 44.4% of participants said that their burnout

5778-751: The clause in the Covenant of the League of Nations . The first draft was presented to the League of Nations Commission by Makino Nobuaki on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21: The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord, as soon as possible, to all alien nationals of States Members of the League equal and just treatment in every respect, making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality. After Makino's speech, Lord Cecil stated that

5885-700: The complete and unconditional right of the blacks to independence. Only on the basis of a mutual struggle against the domination of the white exploiters can the solidarity of black and white toilers be cultivated and strengthened". Through the 1930s, the first viable black trade unions in Transvaal , South Africa were established by Trotskyists . Modern left-wing commentators have argued that capitalism promotes racism alongside culture wars over issues such as immigration and representation of ethnic minorities whilst refusing to address economic inequalities . Socialist groups have also been closely aligned with

5992-708: The complete equality of all nations and "give effect to the right of oppressed nations to self-determination ". Lenin would make anti-imperialism a tenet of Marxist ideology and coordinate revolutions through the Comintern . Marxist theorist Leon Trotsky had advocated for national self-determination for the black population in South Africa . In response to the programmatic document of the South African Left Opposition, he wrote in 1935: "We must accept decisively and without any reservation

6099-641: The different views on the value of human lives of different races were not corrected in the lands of Northern Europe, which would join the Colonial race at the end of the century and over the next, as the Portuguese and Spanish Empires waned. It would take another century, with the influence of the French Empire at its height, and its consequent Enlightenment developed at the highest circles of its Court, to return these previously inconclusive issues to

6206-860: The eulogy. Services were held in North Carolina with a public viewing and private service on June 6 and in Houston on June 8 and 9. Floyd was buried next to his mother in Pearland, Texas . Colleges and universities that created scholarships in Floyd's name included North Central University , which hosted a memorial service for Floyd, Alabama State , Oakwood University , Missouri State University , Southeast Missouri State , Ohio University , Buffalo State College , and Copper Mountain College . Amid nationwide protests over Floyd's murder, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings and his wife, Patty Quillin, made

6313-548: The federal government. The Ku Klux Klan grew to its greatest peak of popularity and strength; the success of D. W. Griffith 's The Birth of a Nation played a major part in this member increase. In 1911 the First Universal Races Congress met in London, at which distinguished speakers from many countries for four days discussed race problems and ways to improve interracial relations. Karl Marx

6420-419: The first anti-racist intervention is to name the ways it is harmful for a person of color. Calling out an act of discrimination can be empowering because it provides language for people of color to bring awareness to their lived experiences and justifies internal feelings of discrimination. Anti-racist strategies also include confronting the racial microaggression by outwardly challenging and disagreeing against

6527-539: The forefront of the political discourse championed by many intellectual men since Rousseau . These issues gradually permeated to the lower social levels, where they were a reality lived by men and women of different races from the European racial majority. In 1688, German immigrants to the Province of Pennsylvania issued a anti-slavery petition opposing slavery in the colony. After being set aside and forgotten, it

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6634-537: The humanity of blacks and mulattoes, and the equality of all people. Due to resistance in the Southern United Statesand a general collapse of idealism in the North, Reconstruction ended, giving way to the nadir of American race relations . The period from about 1890 to 1920 saw the re-establishment of Jim Crow laws . President Woodrow Wilson , who regarded Reconstruction as a disaster, segregated

6741-543: The idea of "races" is based on racism rather than any scientific factuality. After the end of seclusion in the 1850s, Japan signed unequal treaties , the so-called Ansei Treaties , but soon came to demand equal status with the Western powers. Correcting that inequality became the most urgent international issue of the Meiji government. In that context, the Japanese delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference proposed

6848-445: The idea of human " races " and distances itself from the racial theories of Ernst Haeckel and other 20th century scientists. It claims that genetic variation between human populations is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific genes or genetic markers that match with conventional racial categorizations . It also indicates that

6955-415: The idea that differences in behavior between human populations are purely cultural rather than determined by biological differences. Later anthropologists like Marcel Mauss , Bronisław Malinowski , Pierre Clastres , and Claude Lévi-Strauss continued to focus on culture and reject racial models of differences in human behavior. The Jena Declaration , published by the German Zoological Society , rejects

7062-422: The incident. In 2019, Floyd worked in security at the El Nuevo Rodeo club, where police officer Derek Chauvin also worked off-duty as a security guard. In 2020, Floyd was working part-time as a security guard at the Conga Latin Bistro club and began another job as a delivery driver. He lost the delivery driver job in January after being cited for driving without a valid commercial license and for being involved in

7169-419: The many problems between different races in this country is a slightly disingenuous, because even though racism is not a one way street, there is definitely a glaring difference in the way this country treats certain races. Softening the reality of our world leads to ignorance, and racism is rooted from hatred and ignorance by large. Reconciliation is a term used in truth and reconciliation commissions around

7276-404: The microaggression that harms a person of color. Microinterventions such as a verbal expression of "I don't want to hear that talk" and physical movements of disapproval are ways to confront microaggressions. Microinterventions are not used to attack others about their biases, but instead they are used to allow the space for an educational dialogue. Educating a perpetrator on their biases can open up

7383-405: The organization: rather than being a policy-oriented academic institution it became an anti-racist think tank . The Race Relations Board was created following the passing of the Race Relations Act 1965 as a body "to assess and resolve individual cases of discrimination." Its remit was originally restricted to places of public resort and regarding disposal of tenancies, but this was expanded with

7490-484: The outpouring of protest regarding Floyd's murder. The phrase has been especially popular on social media platforms. Since Floyd's murder, there has also been a global outcry for memorials commemorating bigoted individuals to be demolished. A bill proposed by US Representative Sheila Jackson Lee , the George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act , was designed to reduce police brutality and establish national policing standards and accreditations. In addition to

7597-468: The passage of the Race Relations Act 1968. Race Relations Acts are legislation in the United Kingdom to outlaw racial discrimination and to tackle institutional racism : The concept of race relations has been criticized for implying a matched relationship between races. Stephen Steinberg of CUNY contends that the term "racial oppression" should be used in unevenly matched instances instead of negative race relation or simply "race relations": While

7704-548: The police officers involved in the murder of George Floyd be held accountable. The NAACP , which has already published a criminal justice fact sheet, issued a statement voicing their support for the protests taking place demanding justice for George Floyd. On May 21, 2021, Bridgett Floyd gave a $ 25,000 check from the George Floyd Memorial Foundation to Fayetteville State University in Fayetteville, North Carolina , to be used for scholarships. On

7811-448: The possibility that underlying medical problems contributed to Floyd's death and said that Floyd being able to speak while under Chauvin's knee did not mean he could breathe. On March 12, 2021, the Minneapolis city council approved a settlement of $ 27   million to the Floyd family after a wrongful death lawsuit . Chauvin was fired and charged with second-degree murder , third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter . He

7918-570: The proposal received a majority (11 out of 16) of votes, the proposal was still problematic for the segregationist US President Woodrow Wilson , who needed the votes of segregationist Southern Democrats to succeed in getting the votes needed for the US Senate to ratify the treaty. Strong opposition from the British Empire delegation gave him a pretext to reject the proposal. Hughes and Joseph Cook vigorously opposed it as it undermined

8025-741: The radical upheavals of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Everett Hughes delivered an address at the American Sociological Association (of which he was president) titled Race Relations and the Sociological Imagination in which Hughes confessed the failure of prediction: "Why did social scientists — and sociologists in particular — not foresee the explosion of collective action of Negro Americans demanding immediate full integration into American society?" African American scholars had little more than token representation in this field. Race relations model

8132-455: The relationship between two groups of people rather than the discrimination against them. Specifically labeling racism this way almost implies that racism is not here, or at least makes it seem like huge changes in our governing systems have changed. It is true that, today the average American knows and understands the dangers of racism, however many of the laws that are set in place have disproportionately targeted certain groups of people. To label

8239-458: The report's recommendations. In the 1970s, some sociologists in America sought to replace the term race relations with racial oppression, because that was the better notion of what race meant in that period. For example, the 1972 book Racial Oppression in America by Bob Blauner challenged the race relations paradigm on negative effects, he explained that the source of the problem between races

8346-681: The rest of the German concessions in Shandong Province , also said that it would support the clause. One contemporary Chinese diplomat said the Shandong question was far more important to his government than the clause. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George found himself in an awkward situation since Britain had signed an alliance with Japan in 1902, but he also wanted to hold the British Empire 's delegation together. Although

8453-552: The rich promise of social reform ." In August 2020, musician John Mellencamp released the song "A Pawn in the White Man's Game", a reworking of Bob Dylan 's 1964 song " Only a Pawn in Their Game ", which reflected on the killing of Civil Rights activist Medger Evers . Mellencamp's version featured new lyrics that reflected the racial conflicts in the U.S. that followed in the wake of Floyd's murder. Mellencamp also posted

8560-577: The rise of Black Lives Matter , an anti-racism movement. The term "race relations", according to Blow, "suggests a relationship that swings from harmony to disharmony". Objecting to racism creates awareness of disharmony, whereas silently submitting to racial oppression creates a false impression of harmonious race relations. Because of this counterintuitive result, Blow argues that the terms "race relations," "racial tension", and "racial division" are unhelpful euphemisms for what should properly be called white supremacy . The term "race relations" describes more

8667-410: The same day, the city declared May 25 George Floyd Jr. Day. After Floyd's murder, a petition was started on the public benefit corporation website change.org , asking for "Justice for George Floyd". The petition quickly gathered more signatures than any other petition that had been placed on the site, amounting to roughly five million in the first few days. The petition was considered a "success" with

8774-470: The sentencing of Derek Chauvin. At the time that the petition was closed to new signers, it had attained close to twenty million signatures. In May 2022, a biography of Floyd titled His Name Is George Floyd was published, written by Washington Post journalists Robert Samuels and Toluse Olorunnipa . In 2022, the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles declined to issue a posthumous pardon for

8881-401: The term "race relations" have called it as a euphemism for white supremacy or racism. Opinion polls, such as Gallup polls, use the term "race relations" to group together various responses connected to race. University level sociology courses are often named " Race and Ethnic Relations ". Robert E. Park of the University of Chicago formulated a theory known as "race relations cycle," which

8988-522: The term "race relations" is meant to convey value neutrality, on closer examination it is riddled with value. Indeed, its rhetorical function is to obfuscate the true nature of "race relations", which is a system of racial domination and exploitation based on violence, resulting in the suppression and dehumanization of an entire people over centuries of American history. Journalist Charles M. Blow observes that Americans who were polled on their "satisfaction with race relations" reported lower satisfaction after

9095-473: The use of excessive force by police officers against black suspects and a lack of police accountability . Protests began in Minneapolis the day after Floyd’s murder and developed in cities throughout all 50 U.S. states and internationally . The New York Times described the events in the wake of Floyd's murder and the video that circulated of it as "the largest protests in the United States since

9202-732: The ways they may perpetuate racism, enhancing cross-cultural understanding between racial groups, countering "everyday" racism in institutional settings, and combating extremist right-wing neo-Nazi and neo-Fascist groups. Proponents of anti-racism claim that microaggressions can lead to many negative consequences in a work environment, learning environment, and to their overall sense of self-worth. Anti-racism work aims to combat microaggressions and help to break systemic racism by focusing on actions against discrimination and oppression . Standing up against discrimination can be an overwhelming task for people of color who have been previously targeted. Anti-racists claim that microinterventions can be

9309-486: The work of lawmakers, there has been an outcry from leaders in varieties of fields. Researcher Temitope Oriola, author of 'How police departments can identify and oust killer cops', wrote the piece intending to prevent more deaths mirroring Floyd's. Oxiris Barbot, former New York City Health Commissioner , wrote an article describing Floyd's murder as "collective moral injury" and compared it to "the sustained acuity of health inequities playing out in horrifying details through

9416-639: The world, and used in various countries when referring to improving relations between their First Nations peoples and the rest of the population. Reconciliation in Australia has been part of Australian Government policy since 1991, and the term is also used in New Zealand, Canada, the United States (as in the Maine Wabanaki-State Truth and Reconciliation Commission ), and in Europe. Anti-racism Anti-racism encompasses

9523-459: The world, from Africa to Northern Ireland , movements of oppressed people continue to use tactics and words borrowed from our abolitionist and civil rights movements." Some of these uses have been controversial. Critics in the United Kingdom , such as Peter Hain , stated that in Zimbabwe , Robert Mugabe had used anti-racist rhetoric to promote land distribution , whereby privately held land

9630-497: Was murdered by a white police officer in Minneapolis , Minnesota, during an arrest made after a store clerk suspected Floyd might have used a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill , on May 25, 2020. Derek Chauvin , one of four police officers who arrived on the scene, knelt on Floyd's neck and back for 9 minutes and 29 seconds, fatally asphyxiating him. After his murder, a series of protests against police brutality , especially towards black people , quickly spread globally and across

9737-552: Was co-captain of the basketball team, playing as a power forward . He was also on the football team as a tight end , and in 1992, his team went to the Texas state championships. The first of his siblings to go to college, Floyd attended South Florida Community College for two years on a football scholarship and also played on the basketball team. He transferred to Texas A&M University–Kingsville in 1995, where he also played basketball before dropping out. Floyd became

9844-511: Was considered by them as a failure of white social science. The Kerner Report , commissioned by the US government in 1967 to study the causes of 1960s race riots, said that the Watts riots of 1965 "shocked all who had been confident that race relations were improving in the North." The report clarified that the major cause of the riots was white racism, and recommended job creation measures and police reform . President Lyndon B. Johnson discarded

9951-515: Was convicted on two counts of murder and one count of manslaughter on April 20, 2021, and on June 25, 2021, was sentenced to 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 years in prison. The other three officers at the scene were also later convicted of violating Floyd's civil rights . Floyd was born on October 14, 1973, in Fayetteville, North Carolina, to George Perry (1949–2002) and Larcenia "Cissy" Jones Floyd (1947–2018). He had four siblings. When Floyd

10058-585: Was convicted of possessing half a gram of crack cocaine in 2004 based on the sole testimony of police officer Gerald Goines. Later in 2019, Goines' involvement in the Harding Street raid led to Goines being investigated for a pattern of falsifying evidence. As a result, in April 2021, the district attorney of Harris County , Texas, requested a posthumous pardon for this particular conviction of Floyd's because of Goines' lack of credibility. In October 2021,

10165-511: Was defaced with graffiti, resulting in a Greater Manchester Police investigation into the incident. Beyond the creation of the mural, Floyd's murder has also brought attention to the presence of institutional racism within the United Kingdom . Protest graffiti has also been put up throughout Los Angeles, offering phrases such as "I Can't Breathe", "Say Their Names", and others. The phrase "Black Lives Matter" has also been used often in

10272-544: Was detained by Minneapolis police when an unlicensed car in which he was a passenger was pulled over in a traffic stop. Floyd was found with a bottle of pain pills. Officers handcuffed him and took him to the city's third police precinct station. Floyd told police he did not sell the pills and that they were related to his own addiction. When he appeared agitated, officers encouraged him to relax and helped calm him down, and they later called an ambulance as they grew worried about his condition. No charges were filed in connection with

10379-467: Was due to white fragility . 50% of the participants said that their burnout was caused by white activists taking credit for the work of activists of color or exploiting them in other ways. Egalitarianism has been a catalyst for feminist , anti-war , and anti-imperialist movements. Henry David Thoreau 's opposition to the Mexican–American War , for example, was based in part on his fear that

10486-432: Was found guilty on all three murder and manslaughter charges on April 20, 2021. On May 12, Hennepin county district judge Peter Cahill allowed the prosecution to seek a greater prison sentence for Chauvin after finding that he treated Floyd "with particular cruelty". On June 25, Judge Cahill sentenced Chauvin to twenty-two and a half years in prison. After Floyd's murder, there were global protests and riots against

10593-517: Was later turned into painted murals in many communities and used in other ways. Other viral social-media-based tributes to Floyd were made by Nikkolas Smith , Stormy Nesbit, Dani Coke, Robin Hilkey, and Miriam Mosqueda. Street artists globally created murals honoring Floyd. Depictions included Floyd as a ghost in Minneapolis, as an angel in Houston, and as a saint weeping blood in Naples . A mural on

10700-500: Was paroled in 2013, he served as a mentor in his religious community and posted anti-violence videos to social media. In 2014, he moved to the Minneapolis area, residing in the nearby suburb of St. Louis Park , and worked as a truck driver and bouncer . In 2020, he lost both jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic . After his death, the City of Minneapolis settled a wrongful death lawsuit with Floyd's family for $ 27   million. Chauvin

10807-584: Was perceived as a rupture with imperialism for various civil rights and decolonization struggles and providing a space for oppressed groups across the world. This was given further credence with the Soviet Union supporting many anti-colonial third world movements with financial funds against European colonial powers. In his work, The Socialist Revolution and the Rights of Nation to Self-Determinism , Vladimir Lenin wrote that socialism would enforce

10914-550: Was rediscovered by American abolitionists in 1844, misplaced around the 1940s, and once more rediscovered in March 2005. Prior to the American Revolution , a small group of Quakers , including John Woolman and Anthony Benezet , persuaded many fellow Quakers to emancipate their slaves, divest from the Atlantic slave trade and create unified Quaker policies against slavery. This afforded the religious denomination

11021-516: Was scientifically unfounded and based merely on the prejudiced opinions of travelers and explorers. The evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin wrote in 1871 that ‘[i]t may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant’ and that ‘[a]lthough the existing races of man differ in many respects, as in colour, hair, shape of skull, proportions of the body, &c., yet if their whole structure be taken into consideration they are found to resemble each other closely in

11128-455: Was spotted on billboards near Birmingham, Alabama in 2014, and it was also spotted on billboards in Harrison, Arkansas in 2013. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Anti-racism at Wiktionary [REDACTED] Media related to Anti-racism at Wikimedia Commons George Floyd George Perry Floyd Jr. (October 14, 1973 – May 25, 2020) was an African American man who

11235-690: Was supportive of the Union during the American Civil War and advocated more radical abolitionist measures with his Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Lincoln would in return commend the International Working Men's Association for their support and declared that the defeat of the South would be a victory for all of humanity. The Russian Revolution

11342-515: Was taken from white farmers and distributed to black Africans (see: Land reform in Zimbabwe ). Roman Catholic bishops stated that Mugabe framed the land distribution as a way to liberate Zimbabwe from colonialism, but that "the white settlers who once exploited what was Rhodesia have been supplanted by a black elite that is just as abusive." The phrase "Anti-racist is a code word for anti-white", coined by white nationalist Robert Whitaker,

11449-638: Was two, after his parents separated, his mother moved with the children to Houston, Texas. The family settled in the Cuney Homes public housing complex, known as the Bricks, in Houston's Third Ward , a historically African-American neighborhood . Floyd was called Perry as a child and also Big Floyd; being over six feet (183 cm) tall in middle school, he saw sports as a vehicle for improving his life. Floyd attended Ryan Middle School and graduated from Yates High School in 1993. While at Yates, he

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