90-613: (Redirected from Rumanian ) [REDACTED] Look up Romanian or romanian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Romanian may refer to: anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania Romanians , an ethnic group Romanian language , a Romance language Romanian dialects , variants of the Romanian language Romanian cuisine , traditional foods Romanian folklore Romanian (stage) ,
180-474: A Gendarme raid on Cuca-Măcăi village, during which several peasants were arbitrarily killed. The year 1870 opened with a step toward national sovereignty, as Carol approved the creation of a national currency, the Romanian leu . Unlike Hasdeu's liberals, Românul and Trompeta Carpaților were supporters of the measure, although Carada made sanguine comments about the "feudal" coinage inscription ("Lord of
270-432: A Guard was urgently needed "to preserve obedience to the law, to keep and reaffirm public order and peace, to help the standing army in defending the country's borders, to preserve the country's autonomy and her territorial integrity". Rosetti held the military in high esteem, refusing to protect Aricescu when he was arrested for insulting the officers. The attempts to forge an independent military were not well received by
360-703: A Romance language Romanian dialects , variants of the Romanian language Romanian cuisine , traditional foods Romanian folklore Romanian (stage) , a stage in the Paratethys stratigraphy of Central and Eastern Europe The Romanian: Story of an Obsession , a 2004 novel by Bruce Benderson Românul ( lit. ' The Romanian ' ), a newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania, 1857–1905 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Romanian All pages with titles containing Romanian Topics referred to by
450-585: A direct precursor of Românul . Eventually, the Ottomans intervened in force against the Wallachian revolutionaries. After some mishaps, Rosetti joined his former government colleagues in their Western European exile. At that stage, he adopted the left-wing interpretation of revolutionary failure, proposing that, had land reform been enacted and peasants emancipated from corvées , the revolutionary government would have been legitimate and defended. He saw
540-439: A fellow Romanian". Nevertheless, he stood against his increasingly nationalistic colleagues in the "Red" faction for always prioritizing popular sovereignty and majoritarianism over the supposed interests of the Romanian race. Meanwhile, Românul itself experienced some pushes toward ethnic nationalism . In a later article, explaining his concept of a Roman racial and political legacy in modern-day life, Ion Brătianu came to
630-495: A personal homage to Tsar Alexander . In this setting, a major political scandal shook Romania. The Romanian establishment, internationally noted for its unwillingness to adopt Jewish emancipation , was being asked by the Western governments to naturalize its large Jewish community . As Minister, Rosetti was directly interested in the matter, and looked favorably on the naturalization project. Românul exchanged pleasantries with
720-644: A projected anti-Austrian revolutionary army. These efforts blended with the creation of a Romanian volunteer army: in a letter to Românul , Dunka's father Ștefan offered his services as an officer; meanwhile, in Austrian Transylvania, a military invasion by Romania was being factored in as a likely scenario. Between March 1867 and November 1868, Rosettist radicalism was the governing ideology of Romania, and Rosetti even continued to serve as Minister of Education and Religious Affairs. The three successive Rosettist "Red" cabinets passed legislation favoring
810-672: A quick breakup of the United Principalities. According to its account, the scandal, which ended in bloodshed, had been planted by Russia: "The complicity of the government in Saint Petersburg is self-evident; the enterprise of the Russian subject Moruzi, with his Phanariotes, his Lipovans and his other foreigners, has shown what sort of support Russia can expect to get from the Romanians of Iași !" In contrast,
900-480: A quick compromise with the Ottoman Empire , their liberal suzerain, against the wishes of Imperial Russia , their autocratic supervisor. Between these assignments, he edited the revolution's first and main gazette, Pruncul Român ("The Romanian Infant"). Although short lived, it enshrined in popular memory the ethical and cultural commands of Wallachian pașoptism ("48-ism"). It is also commonly seen as
990-403: A reign of terror had begun. Reportedly, this boycott irritated the government, keen to preserve the image of liberalism. Românul then returned to political news, with a letter from Rosetti's political ally, Ștefan Golescu , who claimed that he and his family were being harassed by the authorities. Afterwards, the newspaper openly attacked Cuza for changing the organic laws and for appealing to
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#17327767753831080-419: A stage in the Paratethys stratigraphy of Central and Eastern Europe The Romanian: Story of an Obsession , a 2004 novel by Bruce Benderson Românul ( lit. ' The Romanian ' ), a newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania, 1857–1905 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Romanian All pages with titles containing Romanian Topics referred to by
1170-467: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Romanian [REDACTED] Look up Romanian or romanian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Romanian may refer to: anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania Romanians , an ethnic group Romanian language ,
1260-557: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Rom%C3%A2nul Românul ( Romanian pronunciation: [roˈmɨnul] , meaning "The Romanian"; originally spelled Romanulu or Românulŭ , also known as Romînul , Concordia , Libertatea and Consciinti'a Nationala ), was a political and literary newspaper published in Bucharest , Romania , from 1857 to 1905. Established as
1350-469: Is revealed in nations", and inducing the notion of a united front against oppression. Early Rosettism was remarkably open to the social integration of Romanian Jews . In the age of liberal nationalism , Rosetti and Românul were condemning the spread of antisemitic violence and blood libel literature in Romania. The campaign, also taken up by Rosetti's political rival Ion Heliade Rădulescu , persuaded
1440-504: Is that people of yours?" Românul , again in print when Cuza left the country, romanticized the events, referring to the coup's anniversary as "a holy day" in the Romanian calendar. According to a popular myth, Rosetti and Carada were the secret authors of the June 1866 Constitution , largely translated, in one night, from the Belgian model . The triumvirate of regents appointed Rosetti
1530-711: The 1848 revolutionary movement , whose press organ, Pruncul Român , was a direct predecessor. In its first editions, Românul helped circulate the slogans of the national emancipation ideal, and campaigned for Moldavia to join Wallachia in a union of the principalities , the basis of modern Romania. Although that union was achieved in 1859, Rosetti fell out with the elected Domnitor Alexander John Cuza , censuring his dictatorial inclinations and being in turn censored. Românul men (Rosetti, Eugeniu Carada ) helped topple Cuza in February 1866, after which Românul became
1620-570: The Domnitor , and acclaimed him for decreeing the secularization of monastery estates . The so-called "rural law", which granted monastery land to the peasants, was republished by Românul in 2,000 copies (about a third of the copies in circulation). The gazette also initiated a humanitarian campaign to help Bucharesters stricken by the June 1864 floods, and collected some 5,000 Ducats through public subscription. On 25 July 1865, during troubles in
1710-636: The Great Powers ) meant C. A. Rosetti and Ion Brătianu were allowed to return home. They both became involved with the " National Party ", which campaigned for a Moldo-Wallachian Union . Românul was founded in this period of turmoil, when the National Party was slowly eroding the separatist vote in the ad-hoc Divans . Its first issue came out on 9 August 1857, barely a month after Rosetti had been invited back to Wallachia. According to one interpretation, Românul existed since February 1857, under
1800-734: The Romanian Minister of Education and Religious Affairs , in which capacity he instituted the Romanian Academic Society . Rumors circulated that the Minister had made strange efforts to democratize his institution, addressing his subordinates as "brothers", and introducing his circulaires with the Românul motto Luminează-te și vei fi . He resigned shortly after his Constitution passed the popular vote , allegedly because he did not enjoy being in power. During
1890-502: The Romans its political backbone; the Celts its intimate link with France. Românul also preserved a mythical image of C. A. Rosetti's Italian models. The newspaper's office was decorated with the portraits of Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi . Years later, Garibaldi wrote to thank Rosetti for having regularly sent him issues of Românul . There was a less transparent agenda followed by
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#17327767753831980-486: The Românul ideologues. According to Călinescu, Rosetti had adopted liberalism only because it conveyed his ideal of national independence, and, beneath the "extravagant and fanatical" liberal dogma, he was more of a " reactionary ". During the struggle for union, Rosetti took a pragmatic approach. He was one of the party's envoys to the French Empire , and noted with satisfaction that Napoleon III "defends us like
2070-497: The authoritarian Domnitor . Like many other liberals, they feared that Cuza was slowly doing away with Romania's two-party system , and monopolizing the application of reforms. In 1863, the newspaper inaugurated its practice of reviving republican rhetoric whenever a ruling monarch disagreed with Rosetti, although it also supported Cuza's replacement with a foreign prince. According to the Brașov paper Gazeta Transilvaniei , Românul
2160-450: The far left of PNL, and had socialist sympathies, being identified by the conservative opinion-makers (writers Titu Maiorescu , Mihai Eminescu and Ion Luca Caragiale ) with excess, demagogy , or corruption. They also ridiculed Românul for its " macaronic " rendition of the Romanian language . Românul unwittingly destabilized the PNL by proposing electoral and other reforms during
2250-465: The " monstrous coalition " coup that brought Cuza's downfall in February 1866. At the helm of a "Mazzinian" secret committee, C. A. Rosetti and his pupil Constantin Ciocârlan represented the leftist "Reds" in the conspiracy. They reputedly promised to lead the Bucharest populace into a show of support. When no one showed up for the rally, the other conspirators teased Rosetti with the question: "Where
2340-408: The "persecution" of liberal newspapers, and in particular the shutting down of " Romanulu , press organ of the democratic leader Mr. Rossetti [sic]", jeopardized Cuza's good reputation. Carada had by then made his way back to Bucharest, and was fast becoming one of the most anti-Cuza publicists. His Consciinti'a Nationala piece of 1 August 1865 claimed that the monarch's offer of universal suffrage
2430-492: The 1880s, and its leaders, Rosetti included, were pushed into leaving the party. In its final edition, put out by Vintilă Rosetti , the openly pro-socialist newspaper went into steady decline. The Rosetti (Ruset) family , of Greek-Byzantine and Phanariote origin, joined the Moldo-Wallachian boyar class in the 17th century, experiencing supreme political power with the rise of Antonie Vodă (1675), and then with
2520-540: The Bessarabian public. By then, Rosetti was hosting pieces which announced projects of uniting the federated principalities with the other Romanian-inhabited provinces. In a letter for Românul , the Bessarabian-born scholar Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu claimed: "I was the first to raise a toast for fusing together all parts of the vast Romania." Meanwhile, Rosetti and his supporters were scheming to depose
2610-565: The Bible and atheistic tracts, and refusing to baptize his children by Maria Rosetti-Grant . By then, Rosetti and his men were perceived as extremists even among the leftist Wallachian émigrés: Nicolae Bălcescu , a radical, complained that the Rosettists were "communists", and that their supposed critique of property as theft was irritatingly obstructionist. The Crimean War (which placed Wallachia and Moldavia under direct supervision of
2700-542: The Bucharest Divan opted not to elect Cuza. Alongside the tightening of Cuza's union, Rosetti's cultural project involved agitation for international cooperation, for Pan-Latinism and Francophilia . In an 1857 editorial for Românul , Ion Brătianu presented the earliest "Red" take on the origin of the Romanians . In his view, the Romanian people belonged to three noble families: the Thracians were its roots;
2790-462: The Citizens' Guard was advertised by Românul as not just an instrument of public order, but also "the great, beautiful, liberal and national institution". The period of instability ended when the liberal bloc agreed to back a foreign aristocrat for the position of Domnitor . The throne was ultimately accepted by a Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen prince, Carol I . The "Reds" were initially placated by
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2880-482: The Citizens' Guard, and supplied it with arms bought at public auction . During this momentary "Red" triumph, Românul was joined by a former rival, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu. Although he only contributed to Românul during that interval, he cemented the Rosettists' all-Romanian unionist agenda. Making frequent study trips to Transylvania (where Românul was available at 40 florins annually), Hasdeu wrote ideological articles against all forms of regionalism , praising
2970-737: The French side, and was also Rosetti's war reporter, before falling wounded outside Soissons . When news of the French Empire's ultimate defeat reached Romania, Românul commended the returning Romanians for having rendered "the most accurate and ardent expression" of Romania's love for "her older sister in the West". Rosetti himself left Romania to cover the French Republic 's effort to resist Prussian attacks, interviewing Léon Gambetta and Garibaldi. The fall of Paris (28 January 1871)
3060-761: The Jewish community leaders during the Choral Temple inauguration, and its editor probably intervened in favor of the Wallachian Jewish communities. Rosetti's tolerance was noticed by an antisemitic lobby within "Red" liberalism, and in particular by Bolliac's Trompeta Carpaților gazette—in August 1866, it alleged that Rosetti, I. Brătianu and Românul were surrendering the country to the Alliance Israélite Universelle . In
3150-543: The Jewish revolutionary painter Constantin Daniel Rosenthal . During the 1848 events, Rosetti and Ion Brătianu organized the tanners and the youth into a revolutionary force, toppling the Regulamentul rule. Briefly imprisoned, Rosetti became Bucharest Agha in just a couple of days, and was instrumental in combating counterrevolutionary activities. He was also among the negotiators who tried to reach
3240-667: The National Theater. With Rosetti absent, he introduced new columns: a summary of foreign news; a Parliamentary column with a summary of political discussions; a section for cultural news and anecdotes; and a new selection of (usually modern French ) serialized novels. In time, he began signing his contributions, including the political column once monopolized by Rosetti, and began using a milder and drier rhetoric, while defending Românul against accusations of frivolousness (specifically, those voiced by writer-politician Ion Ghica ). A historian, Constantin D. Aricescu , became
3330-494: The Ottomans' Christian subjects, even at the risk of upsetting France (isolated as it was by the continental Great Powers ). Before and after the February coup, Rosetti's paper strongly supported the creation of a reformed Romanian Army, under General Gheorghe Magheru . Dimitrie Brătianu's columns suggested a volunteer defense force, comprising some 30,000 men. The newspaper hinted that the Army could switch to an offensive role for
3420-652: The Ottomans, who tried to impose a blockade on the arms trade. Although some weapons were confiscated in the process, Românul informed its readers that, with French assistance, many were still passing through. Românul , available to the Romanian intellectuals in Bessarabia (a Guberniya of the Russian Empire) at some 4 silver руб. per year, was read and censored by the Governor Mikhail Fonton de Verraillon before being made available to
3510-581: The Romanian authorities would take their cue from Tsar Alexander . Românul ' s friendship with the Poles alarmed the fellow "Red" Hasdeu. In Hasdeu's definition, the Poles were "a bunch of irresponsible people" whose revolutionary agenda clashed with popular opinion. Cuza's ultimate decision to banish the Polish diaspora committees, Hasdeu claimed, was prophylactic. In reply, the Rosettists added to their international propaganda campaign allegations that Cuza
3600-499: The Romanians") and the conspicuous absence of senators from the royal ceremony. Titus Dunka, who had settled to a quiet life in Romania, became a correspondent of both Românul and Ghimpele . D. Bolintineanu returned with analytical articles on current events, writing until April 1870, when old age and disease incapacitated him. Only months later, when the Franco-Prussian War erupted, Dunka volunteered to fight on
3690-570: The Wallachian authorities to shut down an antisemitic gazette Praștia ("Slingshot"). With a primarily cultural agenda, Românul gathered around it a cosmopolitan and multicultural club. In its first year, it hosted one of the first serialized novels in Romanian literature , called Omul muntelui ("Man of the Mountain"). Signed by a "Lady L.", it was probably written by the Franco-Romanian Marie Boucher (who enlisted
Romanian - Misplaced Pages Continue
3780-407: The Wallachian government of Nicolae Golescu , Carada refused to fill in as Românul chief, considering himself unfit for the part. Carada still took over much of the editorial activity, since the Românul founders were employed on other tasks, and participated in the debates on dramaturgy. He wrote suggestions about staging Hamlet (March 1861), and published condemnations of "immoral" shows at
3870-483: The arrival of Manolache-Giani Vodă (1770). The Românul founder was a collateral descendant of Antonie, and, despite being identified with Wallachia's liberal school, had a mainly Moldavian ancestry. By the time of his revolutionary debut, the various Rosetti branches populated the entire political landscape of the two principalities. Although born into this aristocratic milieu, Constantin Alexandru "C. A." Rosetti
3960-525: The capital, Cuza again banned the Rosettist tribune. Just one day later, Rosetti produced the newspaper Libertatea ("Freedom"), which was in effect Românul under a new title. This edition was also banned by the Cuza regime, but, after only eight days, the newspaper reemerged as Consciinti'a Nationala ("National Conscience"). Italian observers received such news with concern: Nuova Antologia wrote that
4050-493: The case in his essay Justiție și libertate ("Justice and Freedom"). Ionescu argued that dividing the country into wealth-based electoral colleges was "the ultimate expression of democracy". However, he conditioned the reform's success on the thorough application of "electoral freedom". By then, Rosetti had also been granted approval for his "Citizens' Guard". Legislation to this effect, passed in January 1864 and vetoed by Cuza,
4140-577: The cause of irredentism , referring to the toppling of Imperial Austrian rule over Romanian-inhabited Transylvania —as had been the case in Italy with Garibaldi's Redshirts . At the time, Romania also feared that Cuza's dethronement opened the way for a new Ottoman invasion. At his Românul office, Rosetti was contacted by Bulgarian revolutionary Ivan Kasabov, who represented the Internal Revolutionary Organization in
4230-556: The conclusion that democracy was innate to the Romanian psyche, but also subsumed to the other national characteristics. Just one year after Brătianu's praise of the Thracian-Roman-Celtic conglomerate, Bolliac used Românul to publicize his finds about the ancient Dacians , and his theory that the Romanian identity had very deep, non-Roman, roots. The idea behind Rosetti's movement was a Left-Hegelian concept, paraphrased by literary historian George Călinescu as "God
4320-731: The conspiracy against Ottoman rule. Rosetti, Carada and Ciocârlan were the Romanian contacts of the Bulgarian Central Committee , helping it prepare for an uprising in Rumelia , and transmitting its messages to Mazzini. By summer 1866, Românul was in contact with a Moldavian-born adventurer, Titus Dunka , who had gained distinction as a Redshirt in the Third Italian War of Independence . Recommended to Rosetti by Garibaldi himself, Dunka arrived in Wallachia with his commander István Türr , enlisting local men for
4410-552: The end, Hasdeu's ideas on Jews and antisemitism also made it into the columns of Românul . His 1868 essay Istoria toleranțeĭ religióse în Romănia ("The History of Religious Toleration in Romania"), serialized by the "Red" paper, distinguished between three kinds of Judaism: the ancient religion—indifferent to the Romanians, " Spanish Judaism "—more positive than not, and " Polish Judaism "—entirely pernicious, exploitative. Românul ' s ideological stance, and in particular its antisemitic position, were being reviewed with concern by
4500-668: The expression of radicalism in government. During the early rule of Domnitor Carol , it became noted for bellicose statements favoring the incorporation into Romania of Transylvania , Bukovina , and other regions held by the Austrian Empire ; it also supported Romania's full independence from the Ottoman Empire , and the creation of "Red" paramilitary units. This agenda was taken up by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu , Alexandru Odobescu , and various other Românul writers. Additionally, during brief periods of conflict with Carol, Românul supported republican agitation, most openly so in
4590-439: The first works by the junior "48-ist" Alexandru Odobescu . In an 1859 piece for Românul , Winterhalder assured the reading public that Bucharest was fast becoming recognized for its Westernization efforts. Odobescu himself was a staff writer at Românul , where he published his historical novella on Mihnea cel Rău (October 1857), and then his friendly polemic with Rosetti, on the subject of dramaturgy . The Românul founder
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#17327767753834680-519: The future Romanian state as a republic, without "princes and boyars, without masters and servants, [...] without protectors and suzerains". At the time, Rosetti had found a new idol in Italy 's radical ideologue Giuseppe Mazzini , reading and translating Mazzini's fraternal manifesto Alle popolazioni Rumene ("To the Romanian Peoples"). The Wallachian exile took to agnosticism , reading both
4770-410: The gazettes who had "forgotten the respect they owe to the powers that be"; the other was Nikipercea , a new satirical magazine put out by Orășanu. Among those who protested against this measure was a young liberal, Eugeniu Carada . Remarked by Rosetti, and recommended by Bolliac, Carada worked for Românul until 1871 (and was briefly engaged to Rosetti's daughter Libby). Soon after, the newspaper
4860-563: The government's show of force against the Hungarian colony in Wallachia , applauding from the side as the Hungarian revolutionary journal, Hunnia , was forcefully shut down. Hunnia founder Ferenc Koós , who was ordered to leave Romania, later alleged that the Românul founder had personally warned him not to be too good a Hungarian patriot. However, Rosetti still inventoried cases of government abuse. In October 1869, Românul reported
4950-467: The help of Moldavian author V. A. Urechia ). Two other women writers were noted contributors to Românul . One was Rosetti's Guernseyian wife Maria. The other was a Moldavian unionist, Sofia Cocea . Românul also received contributions from Austrian E. "Iernescu" Winterhalder , the pioneer stenographer and co-owner of Rosetti's print shop. Winterhalder and Rosetti had already collaborated on an almanac of literature, which notably hosted some of
5040-478: The lawyer and Romantic author, published Orășanu's appeal from prison, addressed to the readers of Românul and Nikipercea , then opened a donation list for the anti-Cuza protesters arrested in Oltenia . Odobescu also returned with an open letter, claiming that Wallachia's government, under Manolache Costache Epureanu , was pressuring civil servants into voting "White". During 1861, Rosetti settled his scores with
5130-556: The leader of "48-ist" moderates, Heliade Rădulescu. The radicals' chief, who had helped marginalize Rădulescu since the 1850s, published a scathing satire by the Wallachian Romantic Grigore Alexandrescu , which showed a terrified Rădulescu choking on his envy. In this new edition, Românul campaigned for the creation of a volunteer police force, the "Citizens' Guard", in support of the embryonic Romanian Army . In August 1862, it argued that such
5220-400: The leading voice of Romanian liberalism (the "Red" faction) in the state of Wallachia , it had direct connections to the radical ideology of Western Europe. Its founder and director was the aristocrat C. A. Rosetti , known as Romantic poet, Masonic promoter and left-wing activist, seconded by the brothers Ion C. Brătianu and Dimitrie Brătianu . Românul ' s roots were planted in
5310-476: The major objective of "Red" nationalism: the integration of Transylvania. Distanced from the group, and acting as Romanian diplomatic agent in Pest , Radu Ionescu censured such projects: "People of influence do not take into account the annexation of Transylvania, as that would be very difficult for us, given [the region's] varied races". However, the Romanian community of Austria (and of Austria-Hungary from 1867)
5400-474: The monarch's wrath. In late 1863, Carada was assigned to contact Europe's radical underground, gaining Mazzini's support for Cuza's ouster. Before leaving, he addressed an emotional letter of homage to Rosetti, Brătianu and others "form the great family that is the National Party", honoring them as his educators in matters of civic mindedness. At home, Rosetti began working with the Polish migrants , who came to
5490-463: The more moderate Naționalul , the "ultra-liberal" Rosettist tribune had "the greatest influence on those events which, in Romania, marked the years 1857 to 1859." Românul hosted contributions from the archeologist and political agitator Cezar Bolliac , who spoke out against the anti-Wallachian government of Moldavia. Bolliac attacked separatist Nicolae Vogoride for having shut down the unionist mouthpiece Steaua Dunării , and demanded freedom of
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#17327767753835580-422: The nation . According to Gazeta Transilvaniei , it was losing popular support in the provinces, as many of those "who previously held [ Românul ] as their gospel" switched to the Cuza camp. Gazeta concluded that the Wallachian public was largely unprincipled, with the ideological worth of "watermelon flowers". Although still plotting Cuza's ouster, Românul took a favorable view of the land reform enacted by
5670-413: The new director, having already served as Românul administrator since 1859. He had not previously been regarded as a journalist, since the custom of the day was to formally distinguish between writers and administrators. Also then, the writing staff was joined by Nicolae Nicoleanu , better known as a poet of the Romanian salons. Others were drawn in by Rosetti's criticism of the regime. Pantazi Ghica ,
5760-456: The newly founded Academic Society as the vanguard of ethnic uniformity. Românul ' s agenda was complimented by the satirical magazine Ghimpele , which vulgarized the "Red" interpretation of current events. Românul employed Hasdeu's friend and former Ghimpele contributor Gheorghe Dem Theodorescu , who stayed on as editor until 1874, and, as theater critic, Al. Lăzărescu-Laerțiu (who died in 1876). In Românul , Hasdeu reiterated
5850-550: The newspaper, the Aromanian Romantic poet Dimitrie Bolintineanu introduced the work of his disciple, Mihail Zamphirescu (August 1858), and complained about the disenfranchisement of Aromanian immigrants to Romania (March 1861). Românul played host to the Albano-Romanian aristocrat Dora d'Istria , being one of the first local periodicals to acknowledge her literary work (her text, L'Italia s'è fatta! ,
5940-622: The paper's definitive name showed the patriotic fervor of the 1850s, and especially the cause of Romanian nation-building, when the name "Romanian" slowly replaced references to "Moldavian", "Wallachian" etc. At the time, both sides of the National Party, "White" conservatives and "Red" liberals, were engaged in supporting the unionist project. From the start, the paper used the twin slogans Voesce (or Voiește ) și vei putea; Luminează-te și vei fi ("Will It and You Shall Achieve; Enlighten Yourself and You Shall Become"). On one level, these mottos reflected Rosetti's belief in popular education by means of
6030-410: The premiership. D. Ghica was also supported from abroad as a means to curb the antisemitic disturbances. Again in the opposition, Românul was eventually convinced to tone down its pro-Bulgarian activism, assuming the official government position and, according to Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopædia , "exhort[ing] the inhabitants of Bulgaria to preserve tranquility." Soon after, Românul backed
6120-402: The press . C. A. Rosetti himself was Secretary of the Bucharest ad-hoc Divan, which confirmed the new Moldavian prince Alexander John Cuza as prince of Wallachia . Rosetti then journeyed to Moldavia, as president of the delegation which informed Cuza that the personal union had been effected. He is also credited with having put together the "Red" contingency plan, that of a "revolution", had
6210-536: The press, but were actually coined by Ion Brătianu, and probably inspired to him by Masonic lore. In its first manifesto, also conceived by Brătianu, the paper exhorted the Romanians of both countries to reflect on their shared lineage: "[the Romanians'] interests are identical, they had to suffer through the same things, and they have the same ideas about what they should do to make things better for themselves." Bibliographer Eugène Hatin notes that, together with
6300-544: The principalities in the wake of the January Uprising , and who were still determined to fight Russia. Românul men attended the "sublime ceremony" organized by Polish revolutionaries in Bărăția Church , and praised the Romanian legislators for setting aside funds to benefit the new arrivals (January 1864). As Russia called on Cuza to evict these expatriates, the Rosettists urged tolerance, dismissing rumors that
6390-586: The raid on the Românul offices, confiscating some issues of Rosetti's other periodical ( Ecclesia ) and the manuscript of a Bessarabian novel ( Aglaie , probably written by Constantin Stamati-Ciurea ). When it first seemed that Cuza's regime was going to clamp down on Consciinti'a Nationala , Carada decided to take full responsibility for his own agenda. Without handing in his resignation, he inaugurated his own, entirely anti-Cuza, gazette: Clopotul ("The Tocsin"). The radicals were active participants in
6480-472: The renewed spread of antisemitic violence in the provinces, and accused the radical "Red" ministers, Ștefan Golescu and Ion Brătianu included, of being hypocrites. By late 1868, the liberals' opposition to the status quo , and especially the toleration of Bulgarian revolutionaries on Romanian soil, generated an international scandal, and the radical cabinet of Nicolae Golescu was intimidated into relinquishing power; "Whites" leader Dimitrie Ghica took over
6570-569: The rival newspaper Térra , put out by the "Whites" Nicolae Moret Blaremberg and Petre P. Carp . The latter identified the Hasdeu–Rosetti enterprise of being a " Karkaleki newspaper", following in the footsteps of demagogic and mystifying journalism; it also ridiculed Hasdeu's opinions on politics, art and literature. For Carp, the time of "48-ist" glory had passed, and it fell on the "Whites" to begin "the more modest work of [national] consolidation". Térra accepted Jewish emancipation, condemned
6660-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Romanian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian&oldid=1259532541 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6750-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Romanian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian&oldid=1259532541 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6840-421: The selection, but their discontent grew once Carol made "White" politics his own. For Carol, Rosetti was a suspicious figure on the "far left", or Haupt der extremen Radikalen ("Head of the extreme Radicals"). While the "White" camp became a Prussian party, the liberals oscillated between Francophilia and Russophilia. The Rosettists had a key position: they supported Russia whenever she promised emancipation to
6930-411: The subsequent debates, Românul did not necessarily oppose the annulment of Cuza's universal suffrage, nor its replacement with census suffrage . The paper hosted some articles in which "A Subscriber" proposed to maintain in spirit Cuza's electoral reform, but his opinion had no discernible echoes. Writing for Rosetti's almanac ( Calendarulŭ Romanului ), but a conservative at heart, Radu Ionescu stated
7020-671: The title Concordia ("Concord"), and changed it upon Rosetti's arrival to Bucharest. Românul was originally a weekly (twice a week: 1857–1858; thrice a week: 1858–1859), but became a daily in 1859. The offices were originally located at No. 15 Caimatei Street. Românul then moved into the Pasagiul Român , renting flats from Rosetti's friend and upholsterer Peter Friedrich Bossel (a location later used by Rosetti for his enoteca ). The newspaper would then move shop to Rosetti's house at No. 14 Doamnei Street, and eventually to No. 2 Academiei Street (by Calea Victoriei ). In itself,
7110-639: The troubled year 1870. Its inclinations toward ethnic nationalism and antisemitism were additional topics of controversy. Românul men consolidated the "Red" opposition, creating the National Liberal Party (PNL), which dominated Romanian politics from 1875 onward. Românul gave enthusiastic backing to the Romanian War of Independence , but was not pleased by the establishment of the Romanian Kingdom . The Rosettists became
7200-472: Was a Russophile and a scheming illiberal. According to Rosetti and Românul , Cuza had betrayed his promise that "those who set their foot on Romanian soil are freed men". From early 1864, once Cuza installed a personal regime in lieu of parliamentarism, Românul was explicitly in the political opposition. Rosetti's first editorial after Cuza's coup announced that, as a sign of protest, Românul would simply refuse to publish political news, and implied that
7290-686: Was a man of many trades (actor, translator, printer, shop-owner), a Byronian poet by vocation, and a self-confessed friend of the people. Already as a teenager, he joined the secretive boyar clubs which subverted the Regulamentul Organic regime, and expanded his circle of acquaintances while studying with fellow Romanian radicals at the Collège de France . Also then, he joined the Freemasonry's Athénée des Étrangers , becoming Masonic brothers with Ion C. and Dimitrie Brătianu, and with
7380-485: Was a sham, and that, in the 1864 election , "a flock of ignoramuses" had reconfirmed "a shameless dictator." Cuza retorted by arresting Rosetti, who was briefly held in a Bucharest prison, and by shutting down Consciinti'a Nationala . Românul had already warned its public that, due to the Polish affair, Russia was pressuring Cuza into censoring the press. It is probable that the Russian Consulate ordered
7470-534: Was a shock for Românul . News of this was published with the symbols of mourning, and introduced with the words: [h]oardele teutone calcă sacrul pământ (" Teutonic hordes are trampling upon hallowed ground"). In June, Românul announced that its founder was leaving Romania for a longer while, settling in Southern France with the intent of educating his children. He only returned in March 1871, having left
7560-502: Was again in print, with Carada as editorial secretary, then editorial manager. His articles were a condemnation of censorship and arbitrariness, with slogans such as: "the greater the tyranny, the more violent the liberty." He and Rosetti reputedly wrote much of the newspaper together, and even worked on each other's articles. Such contributions were many times unsigned or pseudonymous, making it nearly impossible to determine authorship. In 1860, when Rosetti served as Minister of Education in
7650-601: Was by then an organ of the "oligarchy" (comprising a "tightly democratic party" and a "boyar party"), backing Premier Nicolae Crețulescu in his standoff with Cuza. At Buciumul gazette, Aricescu and Bolliac also turned against Românul , "the Oligarchy", and the " monstrous coalition ", praising Cuza as the real democrat. Although it lost Aricescu, Românul employed Radu Ionescu , who had been imprisoned by Cuza and had feigned madness to get out, and I. C. Fundescu , who had fled from Bucharest to Moldavia in order to escape
7740-614: Was disappointing for Rosetti, but not so for I. Brătianu. There was a rift between the Românul liberals: Brătianu took the Prussian advise and opened channels of communication with Russia; in Românul , Rosetti cautioned that Russia was only after the Budjak area and the Danube Delta (an argument much like those advanced by "White" diplomacy). Meanwhile, Dunka also took his distance from Rosetti. He traveled to Odessa . where he paid
7830-404: Was enforced in March 1866. The new armed force, primarily a Rosettist and officially classless institution, comprised the petite bourgeoisie and skilled workers, most of whom were also subscribers to Românul . During April 1866, Românul reported about the intrigues of Moldavian separatists and Russophiles, who, under boyars Nicolae Roznovanu and Constantin A. Moruzi , attempted to provoke
7920-619: Was published by Rosetti in December 1860). Just months after the union act, Rosetti fell out with Cuza: he called for faster and ampler structural reforms than those effected by the Domnitor ' s moderate government. Together with the political humorist N. T. Orășanu , he began issuing Țânțarul ("The Mosquito"). Purportedly the first ever Romanian satirical magazine, it was only in print until 15 August 1859. On 24 September, Cuza ordered Românul to be shut down, nominating it as one of
8010-538: Was quick to respond to this agenda. The Banat Romanian Iulian "Julianu" Grozescu , who visited Rosetti in Bucharest, argued that the Bucharest newspaper's "strength of character" was worthy "of the most civilized nations". The Transylvanian militant journalist George Bariț was a regular correspondent, reporting on the clashes of opinion between Romanians and Hungarians, and Ioniță Scipione Bădescu sent in for publishing some of his first poetic works. The evident rapprochement between Prussia, Austria-Hungary and Russia
8100-549: Was twice manager of the National Theater Bucharest , and, as such, published calls for the young boyars to sponsor the national repertoire , or chronicles of the plays staged by theater pioneer Matei Millo . Similar articles were later published in Românul by the actress and feminist Maria Flechtenmacher . In May 1858, Românul published Sciarlatanul ("The Charlatan"), a story by the Wallachian novelist Alexandru Pelimon . Also in correspondence with
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