Fort Roupel ( Greek : Οχυρό Ρούπελ ) is a fortress at the north border of Central Macedonia , Greece , built-in 1914. It became part of the fortifications of the Metaxas Line in the 1930s and became famous for its defence during the German invasion of Greece in April 1941.
68-616: The Rupel fortifications are not far from the Serres - Promachonas national road, which leads to the Greek-Bulgarian border. They are just a short distance from the border in the narrow Rupel Gorge , through which the Strymon River flows. This place is strategically important for entry to Greek or Bulgarian territory and was fortified in 1914. During World War I , on 25 May 1916, the royal Greek government of Athens permitted
136-537: A Greek historian of the 4th century BC, discovered by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt , and published by them in Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 5, 1908), has been recognized by Eduard Meyer , Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Georg Busolt as a portion of the Hellenica . This identification has been disputed, however, by Friedrich Blass , J. B. Bury , E. M. Walker and others, most of whom attribute
204-618: A football club that plays in second national division (football league 2), Serres is twinned with: Theopompus Theopompus ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Θεόπομπος , Theópompos ; c. 380 BC – c. 315 BC) a student of Isocrates and an ancient Greek historian and rhetorician . Theopompus was born on the Aegean island of Chios in 378 or 377 BCE. In his early youth, he seems to have spent some time at Athens , with his father Damasistratus, who had been exiled for his Laconian sympathies. In Athens, he became
272-447: A market ( agora ), parliament ( bouleuterion ), theater, gymnasium and temples. As we know from epigraphic evidence, the local government was also based on the known Greek institutions, which were the parliament ( boule ), the citizen body ( demos ) and the archons ( politarchai , agoranomoi , gymnasiarchai , high priests etc.). It was also the seat of a federation of five cities (" Pentapolis ") and actively participated in
340-545: A member of PASOK ). The present Serres municipality was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 6 former municipalities, that became municipal units of the new municipality: Ano Vrontou , Kapetan Mitrousi , Lefkonas , Oreini , Serres, and Skoutari . The municipality has an area of 600.479 km , the municipal unit 252.973 km . Serres has a hot summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) with some Humid ( Cfa ) influences. Serres has an irregular precipitation pattern throughout
408-421: A nuanced portrayal of Philip. He depicts him not merely as a conqueror but as a figure whose reign brought about significant moral and social destruction. The " Philippica" was more than a historical record. It is moral commentary on the corruption of Philips court. Theopompus criticizes the moral decline which accompanied Philip's expansionist policies. He'd draw parallels between personal vices of individuals and
476-410: A pupil of Isocrates , and rapidly made progress in rhetoric; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit. At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352–351 BC he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among
544-532: A small settlement clustered around the fortified citadel, while the lower town was protected by a weak stone wall. The city returned to Byzantine rule in 1246, when it was captured by the Nicaean Empire . By the 14th century, the city had regained its former size and prosperity, so that Nikephoros Gregoras called it a "large and marvelous" city. Taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 ,
612-470: A sophisticated understanding of the nuances of power and corruption. Connor highlights Theopompus's disillusionment with the moral state of Greece. This presents him as a critical observer and recorder of society. Riccardo Vattoune's analysis further examines Theopompus's innovations in methodology. The chapter explores how Theopompus approached writing of history, specifically his use of sources and his treatment of historical events. One key aspect discussed
680-455: Is Theopompus's interest in "invisible" parts of history such as motivations, emotions, and character traits. These parts of history aren't readily apparent from the historical record alone, but his work preserves that part of history. Additionally, Vattuone dives into Theopompus's use of speeches, anecdotes, and character sketch's to give life to these invisible parts of history. Overall, the chapter provides insight into Theopompus's innovations in
748-561: Is also a Department of Physical Education and Sport Science of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki that operates in the city of Serres, offering bachelor's and master's degrees. In addition, in the Vocational Training Institute ( Greek : Ι.Ε.Κ.) of Serres, various specialisations are being taught in programmes that last for up to two years of study. Serres hosts the sport club Panserraikos ,
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#1732772741665816-776: Is the Technological Educational Institution (TEI) of Central Macedonia. It has more than 14.000 bachelor and master students, also three faculties and even more departments. In autumn 2012 there operated (for first time) two master programmes in English (MBA, MSc) and in 2013 a third one was added (MSc). In 2019 the Technological Educational Institution (TEI) of Central Macedonia merged with the International Hellenic University. There
884-512: Is the capital of a primarily agricultural district and is an important trade centre for tobacco , grain , and livestock . Following the development of a government-sponsored manufacturing area in the late 20th century, it has also become a centre for the production of textiles and other manufactured items. Various products, meat and dairy, are also produced by breeding at Lake Kerkini . Late Ottoman author Omer Seyfeddin set his fictional work White Tulip ( Beyaz Lale ) describing events during
952-479: The Capuchin friar Robert de Dreux . Evliya records a prosperous settlement, comprising the 10 Christian quarters of the old town, and 30 Muslim quarters in the new town, with about 2,000 and 4,000 houses respectively, 12 main mosques and 91 smaller ones, 26 madrasahs , two tekkes and five baths. It boasted a large market, among the most important in the region of Macedonia, with 2,000 shops and 17 khans . In
1020-771: The Docheiariou Monastery in Mount Athos from 1383, while there are many other such references in documents from the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It was known as Serez or Siroz in Turkish . In the Slavic languages , the city is known as Ser (Сер) in Macedonian , while in Bulgarian it is known as Syar (Сяр) or Ser (Сер). In Aromanian , Serres is known as Siar or Nsiar . Although
1088-714: The First Balkan War on November 6, 1912, but was forced to withdraw by Greek forces commanded by the King of Greece, Constantine I , during the Second Balkan War . The first officer of the Hellenic Army to enter Serres was infantry colonel Napoleon Sotilis , head of the 7th Infantry Regiment on July 11, 1913. Prior to abandoning the city, the Bulgarians set fire to it, which burned down much of
1156-574: The Gestapo to the Treblinka death camp and exterminated. There was a significant resistance movement in the city during the occupation, led by the left-wing National Liberation Front (EAM). In the postwar years, the city's population grew substantially, and there was also a significant rise in the standard of living. The long-serving conservative Greek Prime Minister Constantine Karamanlis (in office from 1955 to 1963 and again from 1974 to 1980)
1224-565: The Hellenica (Ἑλληνικά), the History of Philip , and several panegyrics and hortatory addresses, the chief of which was the Letter to Alexander . The Hellenica treated of the history of Greece, in twelve books, from 411 BC (where Thucydides breaks off) to 394 BC — the date of the Battle of Cnidus . Of this work, only a few fragments were known up till 1907. The papyrus fragment of
1292-588: The Roman province of Macedonia , with the status of a civitas stipendaria . It flourished especially during the imperial period thanks to the Pax Romana . Then, during the great crisis of the Roman Empire (235–284 AD), the city declined and only in the times of Diocletian , with its reforms ( Tetrarchic system ), returned to prosperity. As regards the urban structure it featured, like all Greek cities,
1360-687: The Second World War , after the conquest of mainland Greece by Nazi Germany in April 1941 (which was followed by the conquest of Crete in June ), Serres was assigned by the Nazis to their Bulgarian allies (along with the rest of East Macedonia and Thrace and the island of Thasos ), who occupied the city until the Allied liberation of Greece in 1944. In 1943, Serres' Jewish population was deported by
1428-547: The Serbs besieged and took the city on 25 September 1345. It became the capital of Stefan Dušan 's Serbian Empire . Dušan rebuilt the citadel for the last time. After Dušan's death in 1355 his realm fell into feudal anarchy, and Serres became a separate principality, initially under Dušan's Empress-dowager Helena and after 1365 by the Despot Jovan Uglješa . Jovan Uglješa maintained close political and cultural ties to
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#17327727416651496-505: The Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia , after Thessaloniki . Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northern Greece . The city is situated in a fertile plain at an elevation of about 70 metres (230 feet), some 24 kilometres (15 miles) northeast of the Strymon river and 69 km (43 mi) north-east of Thessaloniki , respectively. Serres' official municipal population
1564-712: The Thracian horseman (or "Hero"). Many inscriptions of Roman (imperial) times have been found in the city (and to the early 1960s in the surrounding area). From these inscriptions (almost all written in Greek and only three in Latin ), the eight are votive or honorific and all other on epitaph reliefs or steles. The first attested bishop of the city is recorded as participating in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449. In c. 803 Emperor Nikephoros I rebuilt
1632-552: The 10th book of the Philippica , containing a bitter attack on many of the chief Athenian statesmen, and generally recognized as having been freely used by Plutarch in several of the Lives. The Marvels is a lengthy digression inserted into books 8 and 9. Another fault of Theopompus was his excessive fondness for romantic and incredible stories; a collection of some of these was afterwards made and published under his name. He
1700-593: The 15th century there were 25 Muslim to 45 Christian quarters. Towards the end of the 15th century, the first Sephardi Jews arrived from Sicily and Spain, and the Grand Vizier Koca Mustafa Pasha funded various public and charitable buildings in the city. In the early 16th century, Serres was visited by the French traveller Pierre Belon, who reported that the town was mainly inhabited by Greeks alongside German and Sephardi communities, while
1768-526: The 18th and early 19th centuries, Serres was an autonomous lordship (beylik) under a succession of derebeys , within the Sanjak of Salonica . At the end of the 18th century, Serres was a cotton-producing area, exporting 50,000 balls of cotton to Germany , France , Venice and Livorno . The metropolitan bishop Gabriel founded in 1735 the Greek School of Serres, which he directed until 1745. The school
1836-682: The Byzantine court in Constantinople, and the Greek element rose again to prominence: local Greeks played a major role in his administration, which was carried out in the Greek language. After the 1371 Battle of Maritsa , the Byzantines under Manuel II Palaiologos (then governor of Thessalonica ) retook Serres. Serres fell to the Ottoman Empire for the first time briefly in 1371, and definitely on 19 September 1383—although
1904-517: The Faculty of Engineering of the International Hellenic University is located in Serres. The Ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentions the city as Siris (Σίρις) in the 5th century BC. Theopompus refers to the city as Sirra (Σίρρα). Later, it is mentioned as Sirae , in the plural, by the Roman historian Livy . Since then the name of the city has remained plural and by the 5th century AD it
1972-569: The First Balkan War in the town. Probably the most well-known food from Serres is bougatsa . Additionally, gyros and souvlaki are standard forms of Greek cuisine served in many restaurants and taverns. One delicacy that is truly unique to the region is Akanés , which is a type of gourmet candy delight prepared according to a secret recipe since the beginning of the 20th century by the Roumbos family. Allegedly, Aristeidis Roumbos,
2040-511: The Jewish Law had not been mentioned by any of his scribes or poets, told that due to the divine nature of the documents, any who endeavored to write about it had been afflicted by a distemper. He continued, saying that Theopompus once endeavored to write about the Jewish Law, but became disturbed in his mind for 30 days, whereupon during some intermission of his distemper he prayed for healing and determined to leave off his attempt to write, and
2108-561: The Ottoman sources give several earlier and contradictory dates, the date is securely established by multiple Greek sources. The city (Siroz in Turkish) and the surrounding region became a fief of Evrenos Beg , who brought in Yörük settlers from Sarukhan . Oral sources report that the terms of surrender guaranteed to the Greek population possession of its city quarters and churches, while
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2176-632: The Turks were to settle outside the Byzantine walls, which were soon demolished to prevent any rebellion. The new Turkish quarters were established to the west and south of the walls, and named after their military leaders. The Grand Vizier Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha built the town's first mosque, the Old Mosque ( Eski Camii ), now destroyed, in 1385, as well as the Old Baths ( Eski Hammam ). In
2244-464: The bulk of the history from 58 to 16 books by cutting out those parts which had no connection with Macedonia . It was from this history that Trogus Pompeius (of whose Historiae Philippicae we possess the epitome by Justin ) derived much of his material. Fifty-three books were extant in the time of Photius (9th century), who read them, and has left us an epitome of the 12th book. Several fragments, chiefly anecdotes and strictures of various kinds upon
2312-472: The character of nations and individuals, are preserved by Athenaeus , Plutarch and others. Of the Letter to Alexander we possess one or two fragments cited by Athenaeus, criticizing severely the immorality and dissipations of Harpalus . The artistic unity of his work suffered severely from the frequent and lengthy digressions, of which the most important was On the Athenian Demagogues in
2380-785: The city is the Serres Circuit. It was built in 1998 in accordance with the construction requirements of up to Formula 3 races. The racetrack is the largest in Greece and meets the construction specifications of the International Automobile Federation and of the International Motorcycling Federation . It is a municipal corporation with majority shareholder the Municipality of Serres. In the city of Serres there
2448-489: The city's 31 surviving churches. Serres became a regular province c. 1846 as the Sanjak of Siroz of the Salonica Eyalet (later Salonica Vilayet ). In the late 19th century, the kaza of Serres had a total population of 83.499, consisting of 31.210 Muslims, 31.148 Greeks , 19.494 Bulgarians , 995 Jews , 5 Armenians and 647 foreign citizens, and ranked, along with Monastir and Salonica, as one of
2516-665: The city, connecting the city with Thessaloniki and the Greek-Bulgarian border of Promachonas. The Urban KTEL of Serres (has undertaken the transport within the city, while the Intercity KTEL of Serres connects the city with other cities of Macedonia and the rest of Greece. Outside the city the railway station is located, on the Thessaloniki-Alexandroupoli Line , with local and regional services to Thessaloniki and Alexandroupolis . The City of Serres attracts high attention for motor sports. In
2584-459: The competitors. It is said to have been the advice of his teacher that finally determined his career as an historian—a career for which he was peculiarly qualified owing to his abundant patrimony and his wide knowledge of men and places. Through the influence of Alexander III , he was permitted to return to Chios around 333 BC, and figured for some time as one of the leaders of the aristocratic party in his native town. After Alexander's death, he
2652-412: The confectioner who invented this candy, disclosed the recipe to one of his loyal trainees, who then proceeded to establish a rival akanes business. Nevertheless, the Roumbos family, to this day, continues to produce this delight in their quaint workshop, which is reminiscent of life in the 1950s. Another popular dessert of the area is Poniró , similar to sfogliatella . [REDACTED] E79 passes near
2720-519: The deified river Strymon and later the " Thracian horseman ". The ancient city of Serraepolis was founded in Cilicia by Siropaiones exiled from Serres. During the Roman period (168 BC – 315 AD) the city is mentioned in sources under the name Sirra (Σίρρα) and in inscriptions as Sirraion polis (Σιρραίων πόλις, lit. ' "city of the Sirraians" ' ). It was an important city of
2788-461: The earliest mention of Serres (as Siris ) is dating in the 5th century BC (Herodotus), the city was founded long before the Trojan War , probably at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The ancient city was built on a high and steep hill (known as "Koulas") just north of Serres. It held a strategic position, since it controlled a land road that followed the valley of the river Strymon from
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2856-469: The fort held out against German attack and was only abandoned by its men after the surrender of the Greek army in Thessaloniki . Today one of the fortification's galleries is open to visitors, as is a small museum and the pavilion the visitors, the observatory and the memorial of fallen soldiers. In the gallery, the visitor has the opportunity to feel the moments of the battle. Walking the wards and in
2924-415: The fragment, which deals with the events of the year 395 BC and is of considerable extent, to Cratippus . Theopompus's most significant work, the Philippica, consisted of fifty-eight books which detailed the reign of Philip II of Macedon. Despite its fragmented state modern scholarship offers insights into its themes and Theopompus's historiographical approach. Unlike many of his peers, Theopompus offered
2992-561: The highest was 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) on July 25, 2007. In June 2024, the Hellenic National Meteorological Service station in Serres reached a mean maximum temperature of 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) which is along with Sparta Greece's record for June. Also, in July 2024 Serres reached a mean maximum temperature of 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) which is Greece's record to date. Serres
3060-488: The larger societal corruption. Also, he detailed accounts of various regions and their political and social conditions. By doing so, he could share his belief in the interconnectedness of moral and political decay in different societies. A far more elaborate work was the history of Philip 's reign (360–336 BC), with digressions on the names and customs of the various races and countries of which he had occasion to speak, which were so numerous that Philip V of Macedon reduced
3128-539: The most important towns in Macedonia. The development of railways, highways and sea transport by steamship diminished the importance of the annual fairs for which the city was famous, and commercial activity declined in the late 19th century. In 1886, the Greek colonel N. Schinas described the city as having 28,000 inhabitants, 26 churches and 22 mosques, two Greek and six Turkish schools, 24 khans and an enclosed market. The city recovered some of its importance when it
3196-524: The most numerous Greek element, are recognized some population substrates even from prehistoric times. Concerning the society, the main feature was its distinction in upper (rich) and lower (poor) social strata ( honestiores and humiliores in Latin). Finally, concerning the cults of the residents, except the known panhellenic cults ( Dionysus , Zeus , Dioscuri , Apollo , Asclepius , Artemis and Isis ), are evidenced and some local and Thracian cults as
3264-529: The official government of Athens and King Constantine I , cementing the so-called " National Schism ". The fort also became famous during World War II , when the advance of the German armies on that front sector was halted here. On the eve of World War II , Fort Roupel was incorporated into the Metaxas Line , a new line of defence that was built to repel an invasion of Greece from Bulgaria. For three days,
3332-750: The old Byzantine town, as well as many of the newer Muslim quarters. As the National Schism erupted in Greece during the First World War , Serres was temporarily occupied by the Central Powers after King Constantine ordered the local garrison not to resist to a token force of the Imperial German Army ; eventually the city was liberated in 1917 by Greek-French Entente forces under the Venizelos government. During
3400-515: The people in the surrounding country spoke Greek and Bulgarian. In 1519 ( Hijri 925) the town had 684 Muslim and 545 Non-Muslim households 54 of which being Jewish households; it was a has of the Sultan. In the aftermath of the Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Turkish reprisals were directed at the Greek population, who had risen in revolt. The metropolitan cathedral of Serres
3468-501: The provincial life and organization of the Macedonians; while many residents, mostly members of the local aristocracy, had received the right of Roman citizenship and were promoted to senior provincial dignities. As a city-state ( polis ), apart from the usual Greek institutions, Sirra also had its own territory ( chora ), which roughly coincided with the area of the modern province of Serres . The organization of its territory
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#17327727416653536-582: The rebellious Bulgarian ruler Ivan Asen I . After the Fourth Crusade , Boniface of Montferrat took over the city, but shortly after Kaloyan of Bulgaria defeated the Crusaders of the Latin Empire and captured the city, until it was retaken by the Crusaders in the early 1230s. According to George Akropolites , Kaloyan almost destroyed the city, reducing it from a sizeable urban centre to
3604-616: The same year, Sultan Murad I used the city as a base for operations against the Serbs. During the Ottoman Interregnum , the rebel Sheikh Bedreddin was executed in the city in 1412. Although never rising to particular prominence within the Ottoman Empire, Serres became the site of a mint from 1413/14 on. In 1454/55, the city is estimated to have had some 6,200 inhabitants. The Muslim population grew steadily, and in
3672-406: The shores of Strymonian Gulf to the Danubian countries. The most ancient known inhabitants of the area were the Bryges ( Phrygians ) and Strymonians. Afterwards were the Paeonian tribes of the Siropaiones (since 1100 BC) and Odomantes (from the early 5th century BC until the end of antiquity). These populations mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle-raising especially worshiped the Sun,
3740-408: The side aisles, some dioramas depict the Greek fighters battle forts (gunner, doctor to doctor caring for injured, the sergeant in his office and the office of captain and more 41°20′46″N 23°22′16″E / 41.346°N 23.371°E / 41.346; 23.371 Serres Serres ( Greek : Σέρρες [ˈseɾes] ) is a city in Macedonia , Greece , capital of
3808-466: The surrender of the fortress to the Germans and their Bulgarian allies as a counterbalance to the Allied forces that had been established in Thessaloniki. The German-Bulgarian troops then proceeded to occupy most of eastern Macedonia without resistance. This act led to the outbreak of a revolt of Venizelist Army officers in Thessaloniki and the establishment of the Provisional Government of National Defence under Entente auspices there, opposed to
3876-404: The town and installed a strong garrison against the Slavic tribes of the Balkans. The city's history was uneventful until the 10th century, being in the heartland of the Byzantine Greek world, until it was pillaged and briefly occupied by the Bulgarians . In 1185, the environs of the city were pillaged by a Norman invasion, and in the Battle of Serres in 1195/6 the Byzantines were defeated by
3944-424: The year and rainfall is fairly light year round. July and August are the driest months. Due to its inland location Serres has particularly hot summers, while winters are cool but rarely very cold. According to the HNMS climate Atlas the Serres regional unit reaches an average annual sunshine close to 2.600 hours. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Serres was −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) on January 27, 1963 while
4012-461: Was connected via railway to Salonica and Constantinople in 1896. During the last decades of Ottoman rule, the once dominant cultivation of cotton was replaced by tobacco . In the early 20th century, the city became a focus of anti-Ottoman unrest, which resulted in the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903. The Ottoman census of 1905 registered 42,000 inhabitants. A Bulgarian army commanded by General Georgi Todorov captured Serres during
4080-459: Was 70,703 in 2021. The city is home to the Department of Physical Education and Sport Science of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ( Greek : Τ.Ε.Φ.Α.Α. Σερρών ) and the Serres Campus of the International Hellenic University (former " Technological Educational Institute of Central Macedonia "), composed of the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Economics and Management, and the Department of Interior Architecture and Design. The head of
4148-408: Was a native of Serres, and as a result its people could count on the support of the central Greek government in Athens . However, the villages in the plains around the city were not so lucky; the low prices of agricultural products led many people of these villages to emigrate, mostly to the United States and West Germany . As of 2015 , the Mayor of Serres is Petros Angelidis (independent, formerly
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#17327727416654216-400: Was again expelled, and took refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt , where he appears to have met with a somewhat cold reception. The exact date of his death isn't know, but scholars have placed it around 320 BC. The works of Theopompus were chiefly historical, and are much quoted by later writers. They included an Epitome of Herodotus 's Histories (whether this work is actually his is debated),
4284-404: Was already in the contemporary form as Serrae or Sérrai (Σέρραι) (plural), which remained the Katharevousa form for the name till modern times. In the local Greek dialect, the city is still known as "ta Serras" (τα Σέρρας), which is actually a corruption of the plural accusative "tas Serras" (τας Σέρρας) of the archaic form "Serrae". The oldest mention of this form is attested in a document of
4352-542: Was also severely blamed in antiquity for his censoriousness, and throughout his fragments no feature is more striking than this. On the whole, however, he appears to have been fairly impartial. Theompopus censures Philip severely for drunkenness and immorality while warmly praising Demosthenes . Aristotle mentions the conception and testimony of Theopompus about the innocuousness of slavery, in Politics . Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes that Demetrius of Phalerum , in response to Ptolemy II Philadelphus asking why
4420-469: Was based on villages ( komai , sing. kome ), whose many sites have been found in various places near modern villages, such as Lefkonas , Oreini , Ano Vrontou , Neo Souli , Agio Pnevma , Chryso , Paralimnio etc. Within the limits of its territory have also discovered traces of marble quarries and iron mines, which indicate systematic exploitation of the existing mineral wealth in the imperial period (1st to 3rd century AD). In terms of population, except
4488-475: Was cured thereby. A passage from Theopompus is given by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae . Claudius Aelianus quotes both Theopompus and Lycus of Rhegium as sources on the cult practices of the Adriatic Veneti . Modern scholarship by historians such as Gordon Shrimpton and W. Robert Connor have re-evaluated Theopompus's contributions to historiography . Shrimpton emphasizes Theopompus's refined portrayal of Phillip II. He argues that Theopompus's work reflected
4556-418: Was looted along with seven other churches, while land and land titles owned by the Monastery of St John the Baptist were confiscated. Much information on the town's history in the years 1598–1642 is given by the chronicle of the priest Synadinos, a former merchant who became a priest. The town is also described in some detail by the 17th-century Ottoman travellers Haji Khalifa and Evliya Çelebi , as well as
4624-476: Was maintained by donations from wealthy Greek merchants, among them Ioannes Constas from Vienna with 10,800 florins and the banker and tragic leader of the Greek War of Independence in Macedonia Emmanouil Pappas , who donated 1,000 Turkish silver coins. Minas Minoides taught philosophy and grammar in 1815–19. The school operated also in the period of the Greek War of Independence under Argyrios Paparizou from Siatista . A great fire in 1849 destroyed most of
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