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69-909: The Ministry of Finance was formed from the Ministry of Finance of the USSR in 1992 and claims descent from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire first established in 1780. It is headquartered at Ilinka Street 9 in Tverskoy District , Moscow . Anton Siluanov has served as the Minister of Finance since September 2011. The Treasury Governing body in Russia was established by Imperial Decree of Catherine II in October 24, 1780, as The Expedition of state revenues, which was, in fact,

138-483: A "free" socialist one with mutual trust, peace and international cooperation and solidarity. The former sought to destroy the latter, but because of the common good that the latter is based on, the former has failed . The declaration goes on and lists three factors as to why this Union is a necessary step. First of all, the aftermath of the Civil War left many of the republics' economies destroyed, and rebuilding in

207-864: A conference of delegations from the Russian SFSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR . The Treaty and the Declaration were confirmed by the First All-Union Congress of Soviets and signed by heads of delegations  – Mikhail Kalinin , Mikhail Tskhakaya , and Grigory Petrovsky , Alexander Chervyakov respectively on December 30, 1922. The treaty provided flexibility to admit new members. Therefore, by 1940

276-646: A decree where the former Bukharan, Khivan People's Republics as well as the RSFSR's Turkestan were re-organized as the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR , both of whom became full Union Republics on 13 May 1925. The borders of the new republics matched to an extent the ethno-social, linguistic, and tribal groups inhabiting the regions in question, and Uzbekistan initially also contained a newly formed Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which would be elevated to

345-652: A different agenda . Lenin himself saw the creation of national republics as a permanent feature in line with his korenizatsiya policies. In spring of 1922, Lenin suffered his first stroke, and Stalin, still being a People's Commissar for Nationalities , gained a new official chair as the General Secretary of the Communist Party . Stalin argued that, because the Russian Civil War had now concluded and war communism had been replaced by

414-741: A full Union Republic on October 16, 1929, to become the Tajik SSR . Meanwhile, in 1924 the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was carved out of the northeastern part of the former Turkestan, to be upgraded to the level of Autonomous SSR (within the RSFSR) and eventually made a union-level republic in the form of the Kirghiz SSR in 1936, along with the " Kirghiz Autonomous SSR " which became the Kazakh SSR . In January 1924,

483-519: A future fifth column . At the same time, it created a new centralised federal government in which key functions would clearly be in the hands of Moscow. The original document included a cover sheet, the declaration, the treaty (containing the preface and 26 articles) and the signatures of the delegations that signed it. In the cover sheet, the title Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was typed in Russian , French , English and German , as well as

552-512: A joint process with its republican and local branches. The Ministry's structure went through few changes due to the Soviet government's conservative approaches to change. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced several reforms during his rule which had the unintended consequence of considerably hurting the ministry's prestige. The Ministry's predecessor, the People's Commissariat for Finance of

621-586: A minority to undermine the standing army (such as the establishment Tatar and Bashkir autonomies) and, where there was no national minority, a government based on geographical locale – Far Eastern Republic , Turkestan . However, the Red Army 's ultimate failure in the Polish–Soviet War placed the Bolshevik world revolution plans on hold. Simultaneously, the growing figure of Joseph Stalin pursued

690-823: A new federal government whose key functions were centralised in Moscow . Its legislative branch consisted of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union and the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union ( TsIK ), while the Council of People's Commissars composed the executive . The Treaty, along with the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR was approved on 30 December 1922 by

759-543: A number of hours, ostensibly because they had misinterpreted the sanctions document. Anton Siluanov , then-current Minister of Finance, told reporters on 26 March that he had revived plans to develop a Russian alternative card payment system to cut its dependence on Visa and MasterCard after these disruptions in their service. Siluanov said that "The payments restriction by Visa and Mastercard at one bank made us start thinking very seriously how we can secure ourselves against this kind of cases." President Vladimir Putin agreed

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828-616: A preliminary balance of revenues and expenditures using data estimated by the State Planning Committee (Gosplan). This preliminary budget was then sent, together with instructions, to the all-Union ministries and ministries of finance of the Union's republics. The Union branches of the Ministry of Finance then prepared a budget estimate with information received from the lower Union ministries and information given to them by

897-710: A result of Soviet annexations of other countries. The first was the Karelo-Finnish SSR , ceded by Finland to the USSR after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, which on 31 March 1940 was elevated to a union republic from the Karelian ASSR , previously part of the Russian SFSR. After the invasion and annexation of the Baltic states in 1940, Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia were transformed into

966-536: A short period of stability after the civil war the Commissariat introduced several governmental taxes on the population. The commissariat's structure differed little from its Tsarist predecessor, the only notable difference was that the Soviet ministry was very centralised while the Tsarist's finance ministry was a very decentralised one. The Commissariat, and later the Ministry, prepared the state budget in

1035-467: A single state that would guarantee prosperity, security and development. Finally the declaration then specifies that the resultant Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is one that is created on free will of the peoples, that its purpose follows the ideals of the October Revolution , that each and every socialist republic has the right to join and leave the Union at its own will, and hinting at

1104-477: Is an ongoing campaign to save it. When Alexei Kosygin , the Chairman of the Council of Ministers , initiated the 1965 economic reform the Ministry of Finance sabotaged the reform by not fully implementing it which, along with many other reasons, helped the reform to fail. During the formation of the Soviet state, the People's Commissariat for Finance was created in the late 1910s and early 1920s to serve

1173-531: Is impossible to liquidate a legal entity by terminating the agreement on its establishment or to liquidate an entire state by simply denouncing the treaty establishing it. At the same time, the treaty was not, in the proper sense, an agreement on the creation of a state, but was only a part of the future Constitution [1924], and, finally, the Treaty on the formation of the USSR in 1922 was originally conceived as part of this constitution being developed, and therefore, it

1242-477: Is taken by Dmitry Lukashevich, candidate of legal sciences, who considers the Union Treaty of 1922 to be a constituent act of domestic legal nature. He makes the following arguments: "The treaty on the formation of the USSR in 1922 was not an international legal, but a constituent act of a domestic nature. The function of this treaty is only to establish the state, and not to legitimize its existence. Just as it

1311-669: The Lithuanian SSR (July 13), Latvian SSR (July 21) and Estonian SSR (also July 21) and were formally adjoined to the Soviet Union on 3, 5 and 6 August respectively. The final republic was the Moldavian SSR , which merged the large territory of Bessarabia (annexed from Romania) with the Moldavian ASSR , previously part of the Ukrainian SSR. After World War II, no new republics were established. Instead,

1380-507: The New Economic Policy , it was necessary to reorganise the Bolshevik state into a single sovereign entity, so that its legal de jure framework would match its de facto condition. That process would require the liquidation of the many splinter Soviet governments and the restoration of supreme rule to Moscow. In January 1922, Georgy Chicherin , the then People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs , sent an official inquiry to

1449-820: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Finance , prior to 1946 a Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and then confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . The minister was a member of the Council of Ministers. During the Russian Civil War , and immediately afterwards, the Commissariat usually confiscated property to support government operations. Following

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1518-552: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), was established by a decree of the second convocation of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 8 November [ O.S. 26 October] 1917 and was part of the Sovnarkom . The first Commissar was Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov appointed in 1917. However, following the introduction of the New Economic Policy , Narkomfin was made responsible for Gosbank ,

1587-466: The head of the ministry . The offices of First Deputy Minister of Finance were seen as the ministry's second-in-command. There were several Deputy Ministers of Finance , each of them focusing their responsibility in one specific area, for example the financial regulation of the Soviet automobile industry . There were two departments in the Ministry of Finance, both of which were highly centralised but were sometimes subjected to direct control by

1656-694: The upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (the lower house , the Soviet of the Union , was without a quorum ). The treaty's text was prepared by a commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (at that time the Russian Communist Party, the Bolsheviks). The treaty was a result of many internal political conflicts within the Bolshevik Party and governments inside

1725-617: The All-Union). Although the republics' parties remained, Russia's party retained its primus inter pares position but also officially took over as a supreme authority in the USSR. One area in which the Soviet division of power was not resolved during the treaty's signing was Soviet Central Asia , which contained several problems. A major battleground during the Russian Civil War , the region would remain unstable after it. Turkestan had come under Russian control fairly recently, between 1867 and 1885. Moreover, unlike other ethnic borders of

1794-618: The Creation of the USSR The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Russian : Декларация и договор об образовании Союза Советских Социалистических Республик ) officially created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union . It de jure legalised a political union of several Soviet republics that had existed since 1919 and created

1863-528: The Declaration on the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Statement about Principles of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Some experts argue that the original Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ceased to exist as such, upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, which greatly altered the internal arrangement and reorganised

1932-616: The Karello-Finnish SSR was downgraded into an autonomous republic and re-admitted into the Russian SFSR on July 16, 1956. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the Ukrainian and Byelorussian SSRs, and the Russian SFSR met to agree on the annulment of the 1922 treaty . On 26 December, the Soviet of the Republics , the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , ratified a relevant resolution, effectively voting

2001-470: The Ministry of Finance enforced financial discipline by the following means: observance of laws, supervising financial discipline, controlling the implementation of the state budget, controlling the activities of financial organs, controlling the national insurance of the workers, examining the activities of the State Bank , controlling the audit functions of the internal financial control and controlling

2070-450: The Ministry of Finance but in 1990 the ministries of finance of the Union republics approved foreign investment. The ministry was of vital importance and in the 1971 charter the Soviet government gave the ministry broad legislative power. As nearly all organisations had some sort of financial aspects the Ministry of Finance set standards and rules for accounting and bookkeeping. It also had

2139-593: The October Revolution), it needed an excuse to cross them. One such method was a creation of an alternative government, a Soviet Republic , which would then take over authority as the Red Army ousted the existing government. That was the case with Ukraine , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan and failed campaigns such as in the Baltic States and Poland . Alternatively, it would use the presence of

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2208-604: The RSFSR government issued a decree completing its takeover of the Soviet financial system. It was succeeded by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (1992). The last Soviet Minister of Finance was Vladimir Yefimovich Orlov , and Vladimir Rayevsky was acting Minister during the period of transition. The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers: Treaty on

2277-632: The RSFSR. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was part of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and was under the authority of the Soviet Ministry of Finance under The Council of Ministers of the USSR, the official name of the Soviet government. By Decree of the President of the RSFSR from November 11, 1991 (Presidential Decree № 190) The Ministry of Finance

2346-823: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. From December 25, 1991, to February 19, 1992, the Ministry was called Ministry of Economy and Finance. By Presidential Decree of February 19, 1992 № 156, it was again divided into two ministries - the Ministry of the Economy and Finance Ministry. Because of its annexation of Crimea , a number of Western countries aimed sanctions at Russia , with personal financial transactions by certain Russian individuals proscribed. Among these sanctioned individuals were Arkady Rotenberg and Boris Rotenberg , who also happened to be shareholders of certain Russian banks. On 24 March, MasterCard and Visa declined to permit transactions at these banks for

2415-665: The Second Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union , that was called in accordance to the treaty ratified the first 1924 Soviet Constitution . The constitution's text is essentially the rewritten and expanded treaty. It even contains the same declaration. The treaty had 26 articles, but the constitution had eleven chapters and 72 articles. In Ukraine the treaty was approved by the Seventh All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in December 1922 by adopting

2484-406: The Soviet Union from a confederation into a more centralized federal country. Instead of the Congress of Soviets , the new constitution created a permanent parliament, the Supreme Soviet . It also tied together most of the authorities and most significantly affirmed the role of the Communist Party as the "driving force" behind the Soviet Union's working masses. With regard to the original Treaty,

2553-638: The Soviet Union grew from the founding four (or six, depending on whether 1922 or 1940 definitions are applied) republics to 15 republics . On 8 December 1991, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian presidents signed the Belovezha Accords . The agreement declared the dissolution of the USSR by its remaining founder states (denunciation of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On 10 December,

2622-552: The Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Soviet of the Union , had been unable to work since 12 December, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum ). The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov, who signed the decree on the denunciation of the Union Treaty, subsequently stated that the treaty ceased to exist as a state legal document with

2691-400: The Soviet foreign policy of socialist irredentism (see World revolution ), finishes stating that the treaty ...will serve a decisive step on the path of unification of all workers into a "World Socialist Soviet Republic". Following the declaration, is the treaty itself consisting of a preface and 26 articles. Initially, the treaty did little to alter the major political spectrum. Most of

2760-459: The State Bank of the RSFSR and then the State Bank of the Soviet Union . On 26 November 1921 Lenin issued a note calling for the appointment of Grigory Sokolnikov to the newly established post of People's Commissar for Finance . Sokolnikov took control of the organisation in 1922, although his formal position was not ratified until November 1922. In 1946 the Council of People's Commissars

2829-444: The Union. Initially, Vladimir Lenin did not see that Russia's October Revolution would end all foreign borders as such. That view was supported by Leon Trotsky and his followers, who believed that Russia was only a first step in a future world revolution . However, as the Red Army approached the edges of the former Russian Empire and its borders (including the newly created borders of areas that had declared independence after

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2898-587: The accord was ratified by the Ukrainian and Belarusian parliaments . On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament , therefore the Russian SFSR renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR. On 26 December 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ,

2967-419: The activities of the chief and his senior accountants. The Department of Revisory Control of the Ministries of Finance of the Union Republics : Controlled the implementation of the national budget of the republican Ministries of Finance and their local counterparts. The department also exercised control over enterprises and institutions directly subordinate to the Soviet government. The Department of Budget

3036-468: The actual words Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics also in those four languages. It contained the original state emblem of the Soviet Union . The declaration was written as a reflection on contemporary international relations and why the treaty was necessary. According to the narrative, there are now two distinct camps, an "exploiting" capitalist with colonialism , chauvinism and social and ethnic inequalities and

3105-401: The adoption of the Constitution re-organised the make-up of the Union moving from seven to eleven SSRs. On December 5, 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was broken into Armenian , Georgian and Azerbaijani SSRs. The same day, two of RSFSR's autonomies, the Kazak and the Kirghiz ASSRs , were re-organised as full republics. In a prelude to World War II , several new republics were created as

3174-409: The adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR in 1924. There is no consensus among Russian lawyers about the effect of the Union Treaty of 1922 at the time of the Soviet Union's break-up. Doctor of Law Petr Kremnev believes that the treaty had an international legal character and was in effect from the moment of its adoption until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. A diametrically opposite position

3243-447: The all-Union Ministry of Finance. The state budget was conceived after the Union Ministry negotiated a compromise with its republican and local branches and each Soviet republic was given its own state budget. The Economic Committees of the Supreme Soviet voted on the state budget which, if it received enough support, would become policy. The leading office of the ministry was the Minister of Finance (titled "Commissars" until 1946),

3312-439: The aspirations of large minorities (the named examples of Georgia and Ukraine) and also to allow for potential expansion, as well. Byelorussia was the smallest republic, but its official languages included Polish and Yiddish in addition to Russian and Belarusian to undermine the authority of the neighbouring Second Polish Republic and to use its sizeable Jewish minority, as well as the Belarusians and Ukrainians in Poland as

3381-407: The authorities of the Russian SFSR about the possibility of representing the legal interests of other republics. Stalin took the position that the Russian SFSR should represent the other republics in the field of foreign policy (including at the Genoa conference in 1922), although there was no legal act that would grant it such powers. The first talks between the authorities of individual republics on

3450-414: The beginning of the creation of state financial authority in Russia. Manifesto of the Emperor Alexander I "On approval of the Ministries" was founded several ministries, including Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire . In the Soviet Union , the Ministry was renamed as the Ministry of Finance (MOF USSR), which combines the Treasury of the Soviet republics, in particular the Ministry of Finance of

3519-498: The building was often referred to as "the Narkomfin building ". The building was designed by Moisei Ginzburg and Ignati Milinis and has a reputation for being one of the best examples of still-standing Soviet constructivist architecture . The architects tried to give the building a collective feel to it but, when the building was finished in 1932, it was denounced as a remnant of "leftist utopianism" by Joseph Stalin 's regime. Unlike many other Soviet constructivist buildings there

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3588-493: The confiscation of property ceased and several government taxes were introduced. The ministry's tasks were summed up in the 1971 charter: "The USSR Ministry of Finance prepares the draft of the USSR State Budget and bears responsibility for the fulfilment of the USSR State Budget, both for receipts and for expenditures [...]". Under the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev the Ministry lost much of its power. An example being that before 1990 all foreign trade investments had to be approved by

3657-415: The drafting of the treaty began in August 1922. The line went directly in conflict with both proponents of korenizatsiya and some of the local governments, most notably in Ukraine (where it was opposed by Christian Rakovsky ) and Georgia (where the dispute gave rise to the Georgian Affair ). Thus, the treaty can be viewed as a compromise between the different groups within the Bolshevik camp to satisfy

3726-421: The former Russian Empire , which were delimited during the Tsarist days (for example, Transcaucasia lost its feudal administration by the mid-19th century), the Soviet authorities inherited two provinces that were de jure never part of Russia proper, the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva . During the Russian Civil War, they shared the fate of the other republics, but even there, their special status

3795-420: The governing positions of the RSFSR's supreme organs were automatically transferred to those of the USSR. For example, Lenin's position as chairman of RSFSR's Council of People's Commissars (SNK), which he held since the Revolution, would now to be transformed as the Chairman of the Union's SNK. However, as Lenin remained ill from the stroke, both of his chairs would be occupied by Alexei Rykov as acting head of

3864-459: The government. Joseph Stalin 's position as General Secretary of the Communist Party was also unchanged. However, the party's position was. Prior to the treaty, the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) had its own bureaus to oversee activities in distant regions such as the Turkestani Bureau, the Transcaucasian Bureau etc. After the Treaty, the party was reorganised as the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (VKP(b) – V for Vsesoyuznaya,

3933-406: The immediate aftermath of the October Revolution , and during the Russian Civil War , the Soviet government forcibly confiscated property to support their government. After the inflation of the 1920s printing of money nearly ceased and confiscation of goods became harder; after years of confiscating there was simply not enough property left to fund government operations anymore. After the civil war

4002-430: The local CPSU Party Control Committees . The two departments had their own distinctive budget . The Head of the Department of Revisory Control was recommended by the Minister of Finance and approved by the Council of Ministers , the Head of the Department of Revisory Control for the Union republics was recommended by the republic's Minister of Finance and the Council of Ministers. The Department of Revisory Control of

4071-471: The needs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). The commissariat did not differ greatly from that of Imperial Russia 's Ministry of Finance , however the Soviet finance ministry was a heavily centralised structure, while its predecessor was not. During its humble beginnings, the main task of the People's Commissariat of Finance were: confiscation of property , robbery and requisition; printing and creating money; and taxation . In

4140-404: The new socialist fashion is proving difficult without closer economic cooperation. Secondly, foreign threats continue to loom over the socialist camp, and its sovereignty requires an alliance for defence. Finally, the ideological factor, that the Soviet rule is internationalist in nature and pushes the working masses to unite in a single socialist family. These three factors justify in uniting in

4209-501: The next day in conference with legislators: "This wasn’t our decision. We need to defend our interests. And we’ll do that. It is really too bad that certain companies have decided on [...] restrictions. I think this will simply cause them to lose certain segments of the market - a very profitable market." Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) The Ministry of Finance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ( Russian : Министерство финансов СССР ), formed on 15 March 1946,

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4278-418: The power to issue regulations for the detailed application of the tax legislation. This is also a common feature in the United States Department of Treasury , although the Soviet's regulations differ in being of a highly centralised manner that the US one does not. The Ministry of Finance usually exercised its powers jointly with other government agencies. The 1971 charter states that the Ministry of Finance had

4347-422: The right to participate with the State Committee on Prices for price-setting in the USSR, but it also participated in the setting of salaries and the fulfillment of the five-year plans with the State Planning Committee and the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank). The finance ministry started the budget preparation process by preparing instructions, forms and schedules for the upcoming state budget and prepared

4416-467: Was a department which took part in drafting the budget of the Soviet Republics . After the failed August Coup of 1991 Boris Yeltsin and the Ministry of Finance of the RSFSR claimed authority over the Ministry of Finance of the USSR, the State Bank and the Bank of Foreign Economic Activity . This meant that the institutions could not carry out any orders without the consent of the RSFSR government. The Ministry of Finance continued functioning until

4485-432: Was merged with the Ministry of Economy of and the new ministry was called the Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Russian Federative Republic. Under Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federative Soviet Republic (later the Government of Russia ) from November 15, 1991 (Resolution № 8) the Ministry of Finance was liquidated and its businesses and organizations transferred to the Ministry of Economy and Finance of

4554-423: Was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union . Until 1946 it was known as the People's Commissariat for Finance ( Russian : Народный комиссариат финансов – Narodnyi komissariat finansov , or "Narkomfin"). Narkomfin, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923 after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR , and was based upon the People's Commissariat for Finance of

4623-415: Was preserved, and they were established as the Bukharan and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics . Despite Mikhail Frunze 's victories, the conflict was ongoing, and whole provinces were under control of the Basmachi movement in 1922. To settle the issue, in line with the korenizatsiya policy a massive programme of national delimitation in Central Asia was undertaken. On October 27, 1924, TsIK issued

4692-408: Was renamed the Council of Ministers and the People's Commissariat for Finance was renamed as the Ministry of Finance. In 1928 the Soviet government launched a building program headed by the OSA group . The OSA group oversaw the construction of a building which should have housed the employees of the People's Commissariat for Finance. Due to its close connections with the Commissariat for Finance

4761-404: Was simply impossible to denounce "or otherwise terminate it in December 1991." On March 15, 1996, the State Duma of the Russian Federation expressed its legal position in relation to the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in "The denunciation of the Treaty establishing the Soviet Union" as the wrongful, unconstitutional act passed by a grave violation of the Constitution of the RSFSR,

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