Senior Pool Sam Jacks Series: Canada Senior Finland Senior
125-469: Junior Pool [REDACTED] Canada Junior [REDACTED] Finland Junior President's Pool (Differing): [REDACTED] USA (Sr.) [REDACTED] Sweden (Sr.) [REDACTED] Sweden (Jr.) [REDACTED] Czech (Sr.) [REDACTED] Slovakia (Sr.) [REDACTED] Canada (Jr.) [REDACTED] Finland (Jr.) U18 International Development Festival (Differing): Other The World Ringette Championships (WRC)
250-403: A middle power , Canada's strong support for multilateralism and internationalism has been closely related to its foreign relations policies of peacekeeping and aid for developing countries . Canada is part of multiple international organizations and forums . While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada , the name is now accepted as coming from
375-467: A parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy —the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative , and judicial branches. The reigning monarch is also monarch of 14 other sovereign Commonwealth countries and Canada's 10 provinces . The monarch appoints a representative, the governor general , on the advice of the prime minister , to carry out most of their ceremonial royal duties. The monarchy
500-671: A consequence of European colonization, the Indigenous population declined by forty to eighty percent. The decline is attributed to several causes, including the transfer of European diseases , to which they had no natural immunity, conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency. Although not without conflict, European Canadians ' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. First Nations and Métis peoples played
625-567: A constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government; a notwithstanding clause allows Parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years. Canada's judiciary interprets laws and has the power to strike down acts of Parliament that violate
750-519: A critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada , particularly for their role in assisting European coureurs des bois and voyageurs in their explorations of the continent during the North American fur trade . These early European interactions with First Nations would change from friendship and peace treaties to the dispossession of Indigenous lands through treaties . From
875-506: A distinguishing element of Canada's political culture. Peace, order, and good government , alongside an Implied Bill of Rights , are founding principles of Canadian federalism . At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively centrist parties practising "brokerage politics": the centre-left leaning Liberal Party of Canada and the centre-right leaning Conservative Party of Canada (or its predecessors ). The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at
1000-779: A junior, U19,or U21 national team. The inaugural year for the WRC was in 1990 and the World Ringette Summit Series took place in Europe in 1998. The 2021 WRC was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Several WRC competitions have been recorded and been made available for viewing online for free . Unlike most international team sports tournaments, the World Ringette Championship competition consists entirely of elite female athletes due to
1125-638: A new design which has been awarded during every World Ringette Championship year since, while the initial trophy now resides in the Ringette Canada office. The Juuso Wahlsten Trophy was introduced during the 2019 World Ringette Championships in Burnaby , Alberta , Canada. It was the first time the World Ringette Junior Champions were with presented with the new trophy. The trophy is named after Juhani "Juuso" Wahlsten ,
1250-704: A process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This increased sovereignty was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931 , and culminating in the Canada Act 1982 , which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition . The country's head of government
1375-644: A score of 3–1 in front of a sell-out crowd of 3850 supporters. The final match was broadcast in Canada by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and followed by 144,000 Canadian televiewers. It is the last time Team Canada has won the Sam Jacks Trophy to date. The 2004 World Ringette Championship was the seventh world championship and was contested in Stockholm, Sweden from November 23 to 27, 2004. This event marked
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#17327872785811500-883: A separate colony in 1769. To avert conflict in Quebec , the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley . More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off
1625-564: A separate events but the junior competition has since been merged with the World Ringette Championship while the club competition is no longer contested. The Junior division (U19) was added to the larger program in 2013. The President's Pool division was added in 2016. National teams participating have included: Canada, Finland, United States, Sweden, Russia, France, Slovakia , and the Czech Republic . Russia and France have not sent national teams from their respective countries to compete in
1750-543: A separate tournament from the main event, the World Ringette Championships, which was exclusively for senior teams. In 2013 the junior program merged with the larger senior competition and the junior program ceased to exist as a separate tournament as a result. Today the World competition includes both senior and U21 pools. As of 2017 , the junior pool (now U21) was split and a third pool was added,
1875-431: A temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost . The future of
2000-470: A total of 8 competing teams. Finland finished seventh and the United States eighth while Canadian teams monopolized the podium. Team Alberta , which consisted of ringette players from the province's "Calgary Debs", won the first world ringette title in international competition and the WRC's new Sam Jacks Trophy after defeating Team Ontario 6 – 5 in the final. The 1992 World Ringette Championship
2125-518: Is a competition between developing ringette nations. Each President's Pool game is played in a 4 x 15 minute quarter format. The winning team is awarded with the President's Pool world title, gold medals, and the President's Trophy . Occasionally, teams in this pool have competed against the junior teams from Canada and Finland. The International Ringette Federation (IRF) unveiled a new feature for
2250-554: Is divided into 15 terrestrial and five marine ecozones . These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of Canadian wildlife , with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered. Although Canada has a low percentage of endemic species compared to other countries , due to human activities, invasive species , and environmental issues in the country , there are currently more than 800 species at risk of being lost . About 65 percent of Canada's resident species are considered "Secure". Over half of Canada's landscape
2375-765: Is divided into four separate competitions: the Senior Pool (called the " Sam Jacks Series" ), the Junior Pool, and the President's Pool, and the U18 International Development Festival, which was newly introduced by the International Ringette Federation for the 2023 World Ringette Championships . The Senior Pool is typically played in a best-of-three playoff format between Canada's Senior national team , and Finland's Senior national team , but
2500-1026: Is intact and relatively free of human development. The boreal forest of Canada is considered to be the largest intact forest on Earth, with approximately 3,000,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi) undisturbed by roads, cities or industry. Since the end of the last glacial period , Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions . Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are conservation areas , including 11.4 percent designated as protected areas . Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas. Canada's first National Park , Banff National Park established in 1885 spans 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 sq mi). Canada's oldest provincial park, Algonquin Provincial Park , established in 1893, covers an area of 7,653.45 square kilometres (2,955.01 sq mi). Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
2625-534: Is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration . Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its history , economy , and culture . A developed country , Canada has a high nominal per capita income globally and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world by nominal GDP , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks . Recognized as
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#17327872785812750-634: Is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. In most rural and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Canadian Aboriginal law provides certain constitutionally recognized rights to land and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada. Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples. The role of Aboriginal law and
2875-533: Is the prime minister , who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons and is appointed by the governor general , representing the monarch of Canada , the ceremonial head of state . The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is very highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and human rights. It
3000-584: Is the second-largest country . By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth , due to having the world's largest area of fresh water lakes . Stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east, along the Arctic Ocean to the north, and to the Pacific Ocean in the west, the country encompasses 9,984,670 km (3,855,100 sq mi) of territory. Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with
3125-490: Is the name of the Senior Pool which is the tournament's elite competition between Team Canada Senior and Team Finland Senior with the Sam Jacks Trophy awarded to the team who wins the world senior title. The U21 Pool is now the tournament's elite competition between Team Canada U21 and Team Finland U21 with the Juuso Wahlsten Trophy awarded to the team who wins the world U21 title. The President's Pool
3250-422: Is the premier international competition in ringette and is governed by the International Ringette Federation (IRF). Unlike most international competitions, all of the WRC's elite athletes are female rather than male, one of the sport's distinctive features. Competing nations include: Canada, Finland, United States, Sweden, Slovakia and the Czech Republic , with Team Canada and Team Finland having emerged as
3375-521: Is the source of sovereignty and authority in Canada. However, while the governor general or monarch may exercise their power without ministerial advice in rare crisis situations , the use of the executive powers (or royal prerogative ) is otherwise directed by the Cabinet , a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the prime minister,
3500-408: Is the tournament's competition between developing ringette nations with a smaller presence in the sport. Team Sweden Senior , Team USA Senior , and Team Czech Republic Senior compete in this pool and the President's Trophy is awarded to the winning team. National teams including Team Slovakia, Team Russia, and Team France, have also competed in the WRC past. The nations of Canada and Finland form
3625-562: Is the world's largest freshwater protected area, spanning roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Canada's largest national wildlife region is the Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area which spans 11,570.65 square kilometres (4,467.45 sq mi). Canada is described as a " full democracy ", with a tradition of liberalism , and an egalitarian , moderate political ideology. An emphasis on social justice has been
3750-540: Is typically played in a best-of-three playoff format between Canada's U21 national team , and Finland's U21 national team , however, the 2022 World Ringette Championships scheduled a two-game series instead. Each game in this pool is played in a 4 x 15 minute quarter format. Prior to the 2013 World Ringette Championships the junior program was held as a separate event in 2009 and 2012 . It has since changed to include either players who were exclusively under 19 years of age or exclusively under 21. The President's Pool
3875-666: The Canada Elections Act limits this to four years with a "fixed" election date in October; general elections still must be called by the governor general and can be triggered by either the advice of the prime minister or a lost confidence vote in the House. The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75. Canadian federalism divides government responsibilities between
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4000-705: The Dominion Lands Act to regulate settlement and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert authority over the territory. This period of westward expansion and nation building resulted in the displacement of many Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies to " Indian reserves ", clearing the way for ethnic European block settlements . This caused the collapse of the Plains Bison in western Canada and
4125-615: The "President's Pool" , created for developing ringette nations; Team Canada Junior and Team Finland Junior used to compete in the Junior Pool , but now compete in the U21 Pool . The Sam Jacks Series is the elite competition between the senior national ringette teams of Canada and Finland. The World Junior Ringette Championships and the Ringette World Club Championship were both initially organized as
4250-455: The 2022 World Ringette Championships scheduled a two-game series instead. The winning Senior team is awarded with the world title, gold medals, and the championship trophy called the Sam Jacks Trophy , named after Sam Jacks . Each Senior Pool game is played in a 4 x 15 minute quarter format. The Senior Pool did not exist until 2013 and was created when the junior program was added to the world program that same year. Prior to that point there
4375-411: The 2023 World Ringette Championships : the U18 International Development Festival, where young players from around the world can showcase their skills and passion for the sport. The Sam Jacks Trophy is awarded to the winning national senior level ringette team. The trophy was named after Canada's Sam Jacks in his honour since Jacks is considered the main inventor of the sport. The trophy was donated by
4500-470: The Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean , making it the world's second-largest country by total area , with the world's longest coastline . Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. With a population of just over 41 million people, it has widely varying population densities, with
4625-775: The Battle of the Scheldt in 1944. Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany . The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China , and the Soviet Union . Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished
4750-612: The Bill Copeland Sports Centre . This event marked the 13th World Ringette Championships. The games were recorded and live streamed by Sports Canada TV and have since been made available for public viewing on the video sharing site, YouTube , by Ringette Canada . 15 of the games were live-streamed online and made available for public viewing . Canada Canada is a country in North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from
4875-557: The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada began on January 27, 2020, with widespread social and economic disruption. In 2021, the possible graves of hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered near the former sites of Canadian Indian residential schools . Administered by various Christian churches and funded by the Canadian government from 1828 to 1997, these boarding schools attempted to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture . By total area (including its waters), Canada
5000-585: The Canada Act 1982 , the patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country under its own monarchy . In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government. At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through
5125-826: The Canadian Shield , the interior plains , the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands , the Appalachian region , the Western Cordillera , Hudson Bay Lowlands , and the Arctic Archipelago . Boreal forests prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in northern Arctic regions and through the Rocky Mountains , and the relatively flat Canadian Prairies in the southwest facilitate productive agriculture. The Great Lakes feed
World Ringette Championships - Misplaced Pages Continue
5250-564: The Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada . Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day . The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago. The Paleo-Indian archeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of
5375-476: The Edmonton Expo Centre . This event marked the 6th World Ringette Championships. Alberta Sports Hall of Fame inductee, Phyllis Sadoway , was the assistant coach of Team Canada in 2002. The victory by Team Canada in 2002 was considered particularly notable. After having been defeated by a score of 4–3 in extra time against Finland in 2000, Canada took its revenge by defeating their arch-rival by
5500-506: The First Nations , Inuit , and Métis , the last being of mixed descent who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and subsequently developed their own identity. The Indigenous population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples . As
5625-769: The Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West. A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act
5750-696: The Oka Crisis of 1990, the first of a number of violent confrontations between provincial governments and Indigenous groups. Canada joined the Gulf War in 1990 and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including operations in the Balkans during and after the Yugoslav Wars , and in Somalia , resulting in an incident that has been described as " the darkest era in the history of
5875-562: The Parliament of Canada and the commissioners represent the King in his federal Council , rather than the monarch directly. The powers flowing from the Constitution Act, 1867 , are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively and any changes to that arrangement require a constitutional amendment , while changes to the roles and powers of the territories may be performed unilaterally by
6000-554: The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970, and the sovereigntist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through
6125-693: The Saint Lawrence River as Canada . From the 16th to the early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River. Following the British conquest of New France , this area was known as the British Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1791. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada . These two colonies were collectively named
6250-822: The Sam Jacks Trophy , the first year the updated design of the trophy was awarded. While the 1998 World Ringette Championship was initially meant to be held in Moncton, New Brunswick , Canada, the event did not take place. Instead a promotional five game ringette "Summit Series" tour of Europe was organized with a series of games between a national team from Canada , and a national team from Finland from between February 27 to March 7, 1998. Both teams made stops in four different countries and cities: Turku (Finland), Gothenburg (Sweden), Osnabruck (Germany), and Colmar (France). The fifth and final game took place in Colmar, France , where Team Finland beat Team Canada 10–8. Finland won
6375-526: The St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata , meaning "village" or "settlement". In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona . Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along
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#17327872785816500-584: The St. Lawrence River (in the southeast) where the lowlands host much of Canada's economic output. Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 of which are larger than 100 km (39 sq mi)—containing much of the world's fresh water . There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies , the Coast Mountains , and the Arctic Cordillera . Canada is geologically active , having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes . Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of
6625-441: The head of government . To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the individual who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a majority of members in the House. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by
6750-402: The "Father of Ringette" in Finland. The trophy was donated by Finland's Sini Forsblom, a former Team Finland athlete and also former President of the International Ringette Federation . Wahlsten is the only member of the International Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in history to have had an international ringette trophy named in his honour. The winner of the President's Pool Division is awarded
6875-430: The 10th World Ringette Championships. It was the first time the World Junior Ringette Championships, known as the U19 World Ringette Championship , was added to the program. Some of the games were live-streamed online and made available for public viewing . The United States won the bronze. Finland U19 won the President's Trophy and Finland won the Junior U19 World Championship title. The 2016 World Ringette Championships
7000-399: The 7th World Ringette Championships. The game for the world title final between Canada and Finland took place at the Visättra SportCenter in Huddinge , Stockholm, Sweden. Finland took the world championship by crushing Canada 9–3 in the final. Since the 2004 World Championships, Finland has dominated the international senior level of ringette. Anna Vanhatalo was elected the best goaltender of
7125-418: The Atlantic coast. In general, early settlements during the Age of Discovery appear to have been short-lived due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert , by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I , founded St John's, Newfoundland , as the first North American English seasonal camp . In 1600,
7250-409: The Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories resulting in the displacement of Indigenous populations , and
7375-442: The Canadas until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867 , Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference and the word dominion was conferred as the country's title. By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "realm of the Commonwealth". The Canada Act 1982 , which brought
7500-466: The Canadian military ". Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001 , resulting in the largest amount of Canadian deaths for any single military mission since the Korean War in the early 1950s. In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan Civil War and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s. The country celebrated its sesquicentennial in 2017, three years before
7625-423: The Crown the governor general, lieutenant governors , senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the leader of the Official Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check. The Parliament of Canada passes all federal statute laws. It comprises
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#17327872785817750-439: The First Nations to education, government and legal rights. Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the British North America Act, 1867, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into the First World War . Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps , which played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of
7875-400: The French established their first seasonal trading post at Tadoussac along the Saint Lawrence. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled
8000-411: The Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871 on the promise of a transcontinental railway extending to Victoria in the province within 10 years, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in
8125-414: The Northwest Territories, Parliament created the Yukon Territory. Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905. Between 1871 and 1896, almost one quarter of the Canadian population emigrated south to the US. To open the West and encourage European immigration, the Government of Canada sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway ), passed
8250-523: The Parliament of Canada. 1996 World Ringette Championships The 1996 World Ringette Championship ( 1996 WRC ) was an international ringette tournament and the 4th (IX) World Ringette Championships . The tournament was organized by the International Ringette Federation (IRF) and was contested in Stockholm, Sweden , from April 15 to 20, 1996. WRC 1996 was the first time all competing teams represented individual nations with Canada creating its first, singular, all-Canadian team. Team Canada won
8375-406: The President's Trophy which was first introduced during the 2013 World Ringette Championships . The Presidents' Pool involves a competition between developing ringette countries. Occasionally junior teams from Canada and Finland have competed against the nations who compete in this pool. The first time the World Ringette Championships involved Senior teams representing individual nations exclusively
8500-510: The Summit Series against Canada 3–2. The 2000 World Ringette Championships followed the 1998 Summit Series and preceded the 2002 World Ringette Championships . It was an international ringette tournament which was contested in Espoo and Lahti in Finland, from November 15–18, 2000. This event marked the 5th World Ringette Championships. Team Finland and Team Canada first met in the two-game world championship final on November 15 in Lahti, and then again on November 18 in Espoo. Finland won
8625-425: The United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada's independence. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during the Second World War . Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid , the Allied invasion of Italy , the Normandy landings , the Battle of Normandy , and
8750-400: The United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute , extending the border westward along the 49th parallel . This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858) . The Anglo-Russian Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825) established the border along the Pacific coast, but, even after the US Alaska Purchase of 1867, disputes continued about
8875-416: The World Championship, naming the division the "President's Pool", which allows athletes and teams from countries with less ringette experience and a smaller presence in the sport new opportunities to compete. The Presidents' Pool occasionally involves junior teams from Canada and Finland competing with the developing ringette countries. With the exception of the 2022 World Ringette Championships , today both
9000-482: The World Ringette Championships were arranged every other year. In 1998 no official World Championships were held but Finland and Canada played several exhibition games touring across Europe in what was called the "Summit Series" . The WRC's have been held every two or three years since the 2004 World Ringette Championships were hosted in Sweden. The competition is organized by the international governing body for
9125-528: The abortive Rebellions of 1837 . The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America east of Lake Superior by 1855. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and
9250-802: The centre of the political scale. Five parties had representatives elected to the Parliament in the 2021 election —the Liberals, who formed a minority government; the Conservatives, who became the Official Opposition ; the New Democratic Party (occupying the left ); the Bloc Québécois ; and the Green Party . Far-right and far-left politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society. Canada has
9375-555: The constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court, final arbiter, and has been led since 2017 by Richard Wagner , the Chief Justice of Canada . The governor general appoints the court's nine members on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice . The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions. Common law prevails everywhere except Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law
9500-510: The country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act, 1867 prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The Statute of Westminster, 1931 , granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982 , ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding
9625-421: The country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate , where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F ), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills . In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has
9750-597: The early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas ) in the 1940s and 1950s. On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI , seven days after
9875-633: The emergence of a new Canadian identity , marked by the adoption of the maple leaf flag in 1965, the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969, and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971. Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare , the Canada Pension Plan , and Canada Student Loans ; though, provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions. Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in
10000-693: The exact demarcation of the Alaska–Yukon and Alaska–BC border. Following three constitutional conferences, the British North America Act, 1867 officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario , Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories , where
10125-471: The family of Sam Jacks. The first Sam Jacks Trophy was awarded in Gloucester, Ontario during the 1990 World Ringette Championships . The trophy was designed by a woman from Gloucester, Ontario , and was made of oak and bronze and was roughly 3 feet tall, but had to be rolled out onto the ice on a table because it was too heavy for the winning team from Canada to lift. In 1996 the trophy was replaced with
10250-416: The federal government and the 10 provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign, have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces, and differ structurally from their provincial counterparts. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of
10375-491: The first ever Sam Jacks Trophy was awarded to a representative Canadian team from Alberta , the sport's first World Ringette champions. Participating teams included six regional teams from Canada , national teams from Finland , and the United States . Team Alberta , a.k.a. the "Calgary Debs" won the inaugural championship, marking Canada's reputation as the leading country in the sport. The competitive structure
10500-589: The first game 5–4. The Finnish national team then secured the World Ringette Championship title in the second game by playing a 5–5 tie game. Finland became the world champion with a total of 3-1 points. In the bronze medal match, the USA defeated Sweden 9–0. The 2002 World Ringette Championship was contested in Edmonton, Alberta from November 25–30, 2002 at the Northlands AgriCom Arena , now called
10625-414: The game 4–4. Finnish player Anne Pohjola scored the winning overtime goal ending the game 5–4. Finland won the world championship series. It was the first time that Finland beat Canada in a World Ringette Championship final hosted in Canada and was the first time Team Sweden won a World Ringette Championship medal (bronze) by beating the United States 10–9 in overtime. The 2010 World Ringette Championships
10750-433: The gold medal beating Team Finland 6–5 in extra time. Team Canada took home the gold and the Sam Jacks Trophy , the first year the updated design of the trophy was awarded. The tournament was contested in Stockholm , Sweden. The 1996 Team Finland Senior team competed at the 1996 WRC. Petra Ojaranta was present. The 1996 Team Canada Senior team became Canada's first official national ringette team and competed in
10875-482: The growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies. The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution . After the successful American War of Independence, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set
11000-771: The international competition, a tournament, known as the "Ringette Festival", was held for U14 teams. The 2017 World Ringette Championship was contested in Mississauga, Ontario from November 27 to December 3, 2017, at the Hershey Centre Arena now renamed the Paramount Fine Foods Centre. This event marked the 12th World Ringette Championships. Eight of the games were live-streamed online and made available for public viewing . The 2019 World Ringette Championships were hosted in Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada. Main competition took place at
11125-462: The introduction of European cattle farms and wheat fields dominating the land. The Indigenous peoples saw widespread famine and disease due to the loss of the bison and their traditional hunting lands. The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the reserves. During this time, Canada introduced the Indian Act extending its control over
11250-446: The last time Russia would send a senior national team to the international competition. The 1996 World Ringette Championship was the fourth World Ringette Championship and took place in Stockholm, Sweden , from April 15 to 20, 1996. This event marked the 4th World Ringette Championships. Team Canada won the gold medal beating Team Finland 6–5 in extra time. It was the first time all teams represented individual nations. Canada took home
11375-521: The late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western Canadian society. Settler colonialism reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A period of redress began with the formation of a reconciliation commission by the Government of Canada in 2008. This included acknowledgment of cultural genocide , settlement agreements , and betterment of racial discrimination issues, such as addressing
11500-739: The later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War . Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. St John's Island (now Prince Edward Island ) became
11625-788: The main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom . Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850. New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic -speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances . Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891. The desire for responsible government resulted in
11750-404: The majority residing in urban areas and large areas of the country being sparsely populated. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along
11875-689: The monarch, the House of Commons, and the Senate . While Canada inherited the British concept of parliamentary supremacy , this was later, with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, all but completely superseded by the American notion of the supremacy of the law . Each of the 338 members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. The Constitution Act, 1982 , requires that no more than five years pass between elections, although
12000-467: The most significant international rivalry at the world level which means the rivalry does not exist exclusively between North American teams. Nations like the United States, Sweden, and the Czech Republic have yet to produce top tier talent and these three countries form the international rivalry at a lower tier. One of the three countries are expected to eventually produce the first team to break
12125-632: The name of Henry VII of England . In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words, "long live the King of France", and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I . The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the Basque and Portuguese establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along
12250-430: The oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations. Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada include
12375-565: The permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada . Canada's annual average temperature over land has risen by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948. The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies. In
12500-552: The plight of missing and murdered Indigenous women . It is believed that the first documented European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson . In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small short-lived encampment that was occupied sporadically for perhaps 20 years at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland . No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in
12625-730: The present-day Maritimes , while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes , Hudson Bay , and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana . The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade. The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland in 1610 along with settlements in the Thirteen Colonies to the south. A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763;
12750-488: The provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their sovereignty from the Crown and power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by
12875-819: The rights they support were reaffirmed by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . These rights may include provision of services, such as healthcare through the Indian Health Transfer Policy , and exemption from taxation. Canada is a federation composed of 10 federated states , called provinces, and three federal territories . These may be grouped into four main regions : Western Canada , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada ( Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces and territories have responsibility for social programs such as healthcare , education , and social programs , as well as administration of justice (but not criminal law). Although
13000-499: The senior and junior competitions for the world title typically involve a best of three playoff series between national Canadian and Finnish ringette teams in their respective age groups, with the senior competition now having been dubbed the " Sam Jacks Series". The WRC 2022 tournament scheduled a two-game series instead of a three-game series. The first World Ringette Championship was held in Gloucester, Ontario in 1990 where
13125-524: The senior division in the world championships since 1996, and neither has sent a junior national ringette team to compete since 2012. The 1996 World Ringette Championships marked the first time the event had only one representative team from each participating nation. The 1990 World Ringette Championship (WRC) was the first World Ringette Championship and was held in the Canadian city of Gloucester, Ontario . Three countries participated: Canada, Finland and United States. The international competition involved
13250-756: The southeast. Canada is also home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert , on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island —latitude 82.5°N—which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole. In latitude, Canada's most northerly point of land is Cape Columbia in Nunavut at 83°6′41″N, with its southern extreme at Middle Island in Lake Erie at 41°40′53″N. In longitude, Canada's land extends from Cape Spear , Newfoundland, at 52°37'W, to Mount St. Elias , Yukon Territory, at 141°W. Canada can be divided into seven physiographic regions:
13375-485: The southern regions of Canada, air pollution from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in acid rain , which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth, and agricultural productivity. Canada is one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters globally , with emissions increased by 16.5 percent between 1990 and 2022. Canada
13500-666: The sport's top two competing nations . The 2023 World Ringette Championships were held in Calgary, Alberta , Canada and was the sport's 60th anniversary. Competition consists of teams competing in one of four pools: the Senior Pool (Sam Jacks Series) , the Under–21, U21 Pool (formerly called the Junior Pool) the President's Pool , and the new U18 International Development Festival which began in 2023. The "Sam Jacks Series"
13625-399: The sport's dedication to providing girls and women with a sport of their own which has also allowed it to be free from the administrative responsibilities necessary to govern both a male and female category of the sport. This approach has also resulted in the ability to avoid male-to-female comparisons and has given the spotlight to elite female athletes. Between 1990 – 1996 and 2000 – 2004
13750-581: The sport, the International Ringette Federation (IRF), which was initially called the World Ringette Council. The council is believed to have eventually changed its name to the IRF to avoid confusion due to the fact that the acronym for the organization (WRC) was identical to the World Ringette Championship. While the first World Ringette Championship began in 1990 , the competition between individual nations technically began in 1996 . Initially
13875-506: The terms of peace, ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country. The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of Loyalists , the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. New Brunswick
14000-461: The top two-team international barrier between Canada and Finland, though Slovakia , Russia and France have also competed. Neither Team Russia nor Team France have competed in the senior division at the World Ringette Championships since WRC 1996 , and neither country has sent a junior, U21, or U19 national ringette team to compete since the 2012 World Junior Ringette Championships . Team Slovakia has not competed since WRC 2016 and has not created
14125-520: The tournament was exclusively contested between adult national ringette teams until 2013 when the junior division was added, having merged from a separate junior tournament, the World Junior Ringette Championships . For a time, a separate world ringette club competition also existed, the Ringette World Club Championship , but it too has since been discontinued. In 2013 the IRF created a new and separate competition for
14250-573: The tournament. The 2007 World Ringette Championship was contested in Ottawa, Canada , between October 30 and November 3, 2007. This event marked the 8th World Ringette Championships. The competition took place at the Ottawa Civic Centre which has since been renamed, "TD Place Arena" and was broadcast in Canada by Rogers TV . The final game between Canada and Finland required an added period of overtime. Finnish player Marjukka Virta tied
14375-545: The war with a large army and strong economy. The financial crisis of the Great Depression led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a Crown colony ruled by a British governor. After two referendums , Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province. Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to
14500-546: The war. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when the Unionist Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with conscription was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain, and the Statute of Westminster, 1931 , affirmed Canada's independence. The Great Depression in Canada during
14625-464: The world's longest coastline of 243,042 kilometres (151,019 mi). In addition to sharing the world's largest land border with the United States —spanning 8,891 km (5,525 mi) —Canada shares a land border with Greenland (and hence the Kingdom of Denmark ) to the northeast, on Hans Island , and a maritime boundary with France 's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon to
14750-467: Was contested in Helsinki, Finland between December 27, 2015 – January 3, 2016. This event marked the 11th World Ringette Championships. This was the first time Slovakia and the Czech Republic appeared at the international tournament. 18 of the games were live-streamed online and made available for public viewing . The event marked the 11th international competition of the sport of ringette. In addition to
14875-612: Was contested in Tampere, Finland between November 1 and November 6, 2010. This event marked the 9th World Ringette Championships. Finland won its fifth world title in front of 10,000 spectators and televiewers, beating Team Canada again. The United States had their revenge on Sweden defeating them 19–1. The 2013 World Ringette Championship marked the 50th anniversary of the sport and took place in North Bay, Ontario , Canada between December 31, 2013, and January 4, 2014. This event marked
15000-504: Was during the 1996 World Ringette Championships . The first time the World Ringette Championships involved Junior teams representing individual nations exclusively was during the 2013 World Ringette Championships . The junior age division is now called the U21 division (players under 21 years of age). The first World Junior Ringette Championships took place in 2009 and was exclusively created for national junior ringette teams and operated as
15125-696: Was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes, which led to the incorporation of Saint John, New Brunswick , as Canada's first city. To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec ) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario ), granting each its own elected legislative assembly. The Canadas were
15250-460: Was only a single event for adults and young adults. The Junior Pool competition is now called the U21 Pool (includes players under 21 years of age). At times it involved teams with players who were under 19 years of age (U19). The winning team in this pool is awarded with the world title for this age division, gold medals, and the Juuso Wahlsten Trophy , named after Juhani Wahlsten . The pool
15375-430: Was passed by Parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation. In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students; and
15500-579: Was the second World Ringette Championship and took place in Helsinki, Finland, from March 4 to 8, 1992. This event marked the 2nd World Ringette Championships. There were two Canadian teams , Canada East and Canada West, and representative teams from Finland, United States, France, Sweden and Russia. Canada West (Team Alberta "AAA") won gold. Twelve members of Team Alberta were members of the Calgary Deb AA team. The 1994 World Ringette Championship
15625-477: Was the third World Ringette Championship and was played in the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota , in the United States. This event marked the 3rd World Ringette Championships. As in the previous World Championship, there were two teams representing Canada, and representative teams from Finland, the United States, Sweden and Russia. Finland won the World Cup, its very first world championship. This would turn out to be
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