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124-422: The mission of WAGGGS is to enable girls and young women to reach for their potential as responsible citizens of the world. WAGGGS provides a non-formal educational program that provides training in life skills, leadership and decision making. It also offers projects and programs at an international level that enable Girl Guides and Girl Scouts to be responsible world citizens through action and activity in

248-587: A butterfly collector , incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings. In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting . Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War , in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo . This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in

372-614: A debutante ball , such as the International Debutante Ball in New York City. Traditionally, debutantes wear couture white gowns and gloves symbolising purity and wealth. Across Latin America, the fiesta de quince años is a celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday. The girl celebrating the birthday is called a Quinceañera . This birthday is celebrated differently from any other birthday, as it marks

496-457: A girl or boy , to recognize their transition to adulthood, or to mark other milestones of their journey to maturity as children. Japan has a coming-of-age ritual called Shichi-Go-San (七五三), which literally means "Seven-Five-Three". This is a traditional rite of passage and festival day in Japan for three- and seven-year-old girls and three- and five-year-old boys, held annually on November 15. It

620-549: A servant or a bride . Another practice is that of selling girls in exchange for the bride price . The 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery defines "institutions and practices similar to slavery" to include: c) Any institution or practice whereby: (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of

744-671: A Boer army, at times above 8,000 men. The siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil , the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town. The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell. Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches. Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself. In one instance, noting that

868-436: A Spy" was published, lending to false suggestions he had been active as a spy during the war. Pronunciation of Baden-Powell / ˈ b eɪ d ən ˈ p oʊ əl / BAY -dən POH -əl Man, matron, maiden, Please call it Baden. Further for Powell, Rhyme it with Noel —Verse by B-P On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting , had become

992-456: A best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations, including Charlotte Mason 's House of Education. Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as a Brigade vice-president and officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from Sir William Alexander Smith , Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership. In August 1907, he held

1116-530: A boy – and God help you to do it. Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941: his grave is in St Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri, Kenya. His gravestone bears a circle with a dot in the centre "ʘ", which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home". His wife Olave moved back to England in 1942; after she died in 1977, her ashes were taken to Kenya by her grandson Robert and interred beside her husband. In 2001,

1240-571: A camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends. Baden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton , who founded the Woodcraft Indians . Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906. Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys

1364-495: A child for sexual stimulation. In Western countries CSA is considered a serious crime, but in many parts of the world there is a tacit tolerance of the practice. CSA can take many forms, one of which is child prostitution . Child prostitution is the commercial sexual exploitation of children in which a child performs the services of prostitution , for financial benefit. It is estimated that each year at least one million children, mostly girls, become prostitutes. Child prostitution

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1488-624: A consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person. Scholars are unclear and in dispute as to possible causes for variations in human sex ratios at birth. Countries which have sex ratios of 108 and above are usually presumed as engaging in sex selection. However, deviations in sex ratios at birth can occur for natural causes too. Nevertheless,

1612-456: A girl "). However, girl can also be a professional designation for a woman employed as a model or other public feminine representative such as a showgirl , and in such cases is not generally considered derogatory. In a casual context, the word has positive uses, as evidenced by its use in titles of popular music. It has been used playfully for people acting in an energetic fashion (Canadian singer Nelly Furtado 's " Promiscuous Girl ") or as

1736-422: A leading cause of death among teenage girls in developing countries. Female genital mutilation (FGM) practiced in many parts of the world is another leading cause of ill health for girls. Gender influences the pattern of child labor. Girls tend to be asked by their families to perform more domestic work in their parental home than boys are, and often at younger ages than boys. Employment as a paid domestic worker

1860-517: A leading role in the development of Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting. As the movement spread, independent national Guiding associations were set up; however, a need for international cooperation was felt. Lady Baden-Powell founded an informal International Council in London in February 1918. At the fourth World Conference held at Camp Edith Macy in 1926, representatives from several countries suggested

1984-586: A loss of about 1.5%, or 100,000 female births per year. Abnormal boy to girl ratio at birth is also seen in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, suggesting possible sex-selective abortions against girls. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." It

2108-642: A man. Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. "Be prepared" in this way, to live happy and to die happy – stick to your Scout Promise always – even after you have ceased to be

2232-405: A most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are

2356-482: A prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief . Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini , who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered. Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed. Baden-Powell

2480-800: A room at the headquarters of the British Girl Guide Association , until it moved to 9 Palace Street, next door to Our Ark . In 1920, two leaders from each known Guide country were invited to the British County Commissioners Conference held at Saint Hugh's College, Oxford . This became known as the First International Conference. The 13th World Conference was held in the same college in 1950. The member organizations continue to meet every three years (initially every two years) at World Conferences. The World Conference

2604-424: A separate family, of which he was the eldest. His father died when Baden-Powell was three, so he was raised by his single mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed. In 1933 he said of her "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother." He attended Rose Hill School , Tunbridge Wells and was given a scholarship to Charterhouse , a prestigious public school named after

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2728-572: A special ceremony. It is traditional in many countries for Catholic girls to wear white dresses and possibly a small veil or wreath of flowers in their hair to their First Communion. The white dress symbolizes spiritual purity. A traditional coming-of-age ritual for daughters of college age (17 to 21 years old) from high society and well-connected upper-class and White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) families in North America and Europe has historically been their debut, known as "coming out," at

2852-740: A successful monarch. By the eighteenth century, Europeans recognized the value of literacy, and schools were opened to educate the public in growing numbers. Education in the Age of Enlightenment in France led to up to a third of women becoming literate by the time of the French Revolution, contrasting with roughly half of men by that time. However, education was still not considered as important for girls as for boys, who were being trained for professions that remained closed to women, and girls were not admitted to secondary level schools in France until

2976-686: A symbol of luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it. Nazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth , in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State". Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name

3100-502: A thousand girls have a 47,XXX karyotype, and one in 2500 have a 45,X one. Girls typically have a female reproductive system . Some intersex children with ambiguous genitals may be classified as girls, while some Transgender youth have a gender identity as girls. Girls' bodies undergo gradual changes during puberty . Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child 's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization . It

3224-647: A total of 65 low, middle income and transition countries fail to offer girls the same secondary school opportunities as boys, and in total, these countries are missing out on annual economic growth of an estimated $ 92 billion. Although the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has asserted "primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all" girls are slightly less likely to be enrolled as students in primary and secondary schools (70%:74% and 59%:65%). Worldwide efforts have been made to end this disparity (such as through

3348-453: A very strong son preference. In China, the one-child policy was largely responsible for an unbalanced sex ratio. Sex-selective abortion, as well as rejection of girl children is common. The Dying Rooms is a 1995 television documentary film about Chinese state orphanages, which documented how parents abandoned their newborn girls into orphanages , where the staff would leave the children in rooms to die of thirst, or starvation. In India,

3472-551: A way of unifying women of all ages on the basis of their once having been girls (American country singer Martina McBride 's " This One's for the Girls "). The status of girls throughout world history is closely related to the status of women in any culture. Where women enjoy a more equal status with men, girls benefit from greater attention to their needs. Girls' formal education has traditionally been considered far less important than that of boys. In Europe, exceptions were rare before

3596-424: Is pregnancy in an adolescent girl. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate . Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy related issues as other women. There are, however, additional concerns for young adolescents as they are less likely to be physically developed enough to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. In developed countries, teenage pregnancy

3720-417: Is being outlawed by governments, and challenged by human rights groups and other concerned community members, who are working to end the practice. Girls have been used historically, and are still used in some parts of the world, in settlements of disputes between families, through practices such as baad , swara , or vani . In such situations, a girl from a criminal's family is given to the victim's family as

3844-430: Is called the na'ii'ees (Sunrise Ceremony), and takes place over four days. The girls are painted with clay and pollen , which they must not wash off until the end of the rituals, which involve dancing and rituals that challenge physical strength. Girls are taught aspects of sexuality, confidence, and healing ability. The girls pray in the direction of the east at dawn, and in the four cardinal directions, which represent

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3968-465: Is common in many parts of the world, especially in Southeast Asia ( Thailand , Cambodia ), and many adults from wealthy countries travel to these regions to engage in child sex tourism . In many parts of the world, girls who are deemed to have tarnished the 'honor' of their families by refusing arranged marriages, having premarital sex , dressing in ways deemed inappropriate or even becoming

4092-517: Is controversial. Some critics contend that it is a violation of capabilities and human rights and can create economic inefficiencies and discrimination, while some supporters argue that it is central to certain religious laws and social and cultural histories and traditions. Purdah is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities in South Asia . It takes two forms: physical segregation of

4216-457: Is generally observed on the nearest weekend. On this day, the girl will be dressed in a traditional kimono , and will be taken to a temple by her family for a blessing ceremony. Nowadays, the occasion is also marked with a formal photo portrait. Many coming-of-age ceremonies are to acknowledge the passing of a girl through puberty, when she experiences menarche , or her first menstruation . The traditional Apache coming-of-age ceremony for girls

4340-429: Is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads . In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain , bones , muscle , blood , skin , hair , breasts , and sexual organs . Physical growth —height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when the child has developed an adult body. Until

4464-465: Is organized educational activity outside schools and colleges. The key components of non-formal education are that: Each Guide/Girl Scout defines her own progress and development according to her needs and aspirations within the framework program provided. This contrasts with many formal education systems where young people must fit themselves into a rigid structure with little recognition of individual needs and differences. The Girl Guide/Girl Scout method

4588-489: Is practiced mainly in 28 countries in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa, particularly Egypt and Ethiopia, and in parts of Southeast Asia and the Middle East. FGM is most often carried out on girls aged between infancy and 15 years. Child marriages, where girls are married at young ages (often forced and often to much older husbands) remain common in many parts of the world. They are fairly widespread in parts of

4712-401: Is sometimes used to refer to an adult female, usually a younger one. This usage may be considered derogatory or disrespectful in professional or other formal contexts, just as the term boy can be considered disparaging when applied to an adult man . Hence, this usage is often deprecative . It can also be used depreciatively when used to discriminate against children (e.g., " you're just

4836-455: Is the governing body and meets every three years. If a country has more than one association, the associations form a federation for coordination and world representation. WAGGGS consists of national Member Organizations which are run independently but agree to abide by the WAGGGS constitution. The national Member Organizations are split into five regions. The member organizations in turn elect

4960-400: Is the most common form of child labor for girls. In some places, such as East and Southeast Asia , parents often see work as a domestic servant as a good preparation for marriage. Domestic service, however, is among the least regulated of all professions, and exposes workers to serious risks, such as violence, exploitation and abuse by the employers, because the workers are often isolated from

5084-509: Is the most common one. The treatment and status of girls in any society is usually closely related to the status of women in that culture. In cultures where women have or had a low social position, girls may be unwanted by their parents, and society may invest less in girls. The difference in girls' and boys' upbringing ranges from slight to completely different. Mixing of the sexes may vary by age, and from totally mixed to total sex segregation . The English word girl first appeared during

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5208-550: Is the specific way that the leadership works with girls and young women to achieve the mission of WAGGGS. It is an integrated approach with certain key elements: The Girl Guiding/Girl Scouting method can be used equally effectively with girls of all ages, abilities and backgrounds. In his book "Girl Guiding", Lord Baden-Powell (1918) wrote: Since the organization's founding, many Girl Guides and Girl Scouts have achieved positions as leading politicians, writers, businesswomen, and leaders. Senator Hillary Clinton (United States Senate),

5332-553: Is usually associated with social issues , including lower educational levels, poverty , and other negative life outcomes; and often carries a social stigma . By contrast, teenage girls in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, child marriage and early pregnancy often combine with malnutrition and poor health care and create medical problems. Girls' equal access to education has been achieved in some countries, but there are significant disparities in

5456-485: Is viewed with concern for a girl's chastity. In some communities, there is a traditional belief that female genital mutilation is a necessity to prevent a girl from becoming sexually promiscuous. The practice is dangerous, however, and leads to long-term health problems for women who have undergone it. The practice has been a custom in 28 countries of Africa, and persists mainly in rural areas. This coming-of-age custom, sometimes incorrectly described as "female circumcision",

5580-473: The 5th Dragoon Guards in India. A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting , a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits. Baden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War . Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on

5704-544: The 5th World Scout Jamboree in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting and retired from public Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked as Founder's Day by Scouts and World Thinking Day by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout and Chief Guide of the World. In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote: I have had

5828-565: The Brownsea Island Scout camp to test his ideas for training boys in scouting. He wrote Scouting for Boys , published in 1908 by C. Arthur Pearson Limited , for boy readership. In 1910 Baden-Powell retired from the army and formed The Scout Association . In 1909, a rally of Scouts was held at The Crystal Palace . Many girls in Scout uniform attended and, in front of the press, a small group told Baden-Powell that they were

5952-574: The Girl Scouts of the USA . In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree , he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan . This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll,

6076-587: The Matopos Hills , but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here. It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham , who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e., Scoutcraft ), and here that he was introduced to Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson was

6200-530: The Middle Ages between 1250 and 1300 CE and came from the Anglo-Saxon word gerle (also spelled girle or gurle ). The Anglo-Saxon word gerela meaning dress or clothing item also seems to have been used as a metonym in some sense. Until the late 1400s, the word meant a child of either sex; it has meant 'female child' since about the late 15th century CE. The word girl

6324-504: The Millennium Development Goals ) and the gap has closed since 1990. According to Kim Wallen, expectations will nonetheless play a role in how girls perform academically. For example, if females skilled in math are told a test is "gender neutral" they achieve high scores, but if they are told males outperformed females in the past, the females will do much worse. "What's strange is," Wallen observed, "according to

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6448-836: The Population Research Institute in Washington, D.C., has said: "Twenty-five million men in China currently can't find brides because there is a shortage of women [...] young men emigrate overseas to find brides." The gender imbalance in these regions is also blamed for spurring growth in the commercial sex trade; the UN's 2005 report states that up to 800,000 people being trafficked across borders each year, and as many as 80 percent are women and girls. Embryos that inherit two X chromosomes (XX), one from each parent, are generally identified as girls when born. About one in

6572-601: The SAT verbal test was 4 points lower than boys. In math, the average for girls was 492, which was 35 points lower than boys. "When girls take the exact same courses," commented Wayne Camara, a research scientist with the College Board, "that 35-point gap dissipates quite a bit." At the time Leslie R. Wolfe , president of the Center for Women Policy Studies said girls scored differently on the math tests because they tend to work

6696-694: The SS Aragon via Portugal and Spain to South America. The Belfast Newsletter reported that when in March 1909 he visited Santiago de Chile for three days, "He was given a warmer reception than had ever been afforded a foreigner in South America." He sailed back in the RMS Danube by 1 May 1909. In 1910, aged 53, Baden-Powell was retired from the Army. In 1915, Baden-Powell's book "My Adventures as

6820-547: The Southern Tang kingdom in Nanjing (937–975), the custom of foot binding was associated with upper-class women who were worthy of a life of leisure, and husbands who could afford to spare them the necessity of work (which would require the ability to be mobile and spend the day on their feet). Because of this belief, parents hoping to ensure a good marriage for their daughters would begin binding their feet from about

6944-582: The United Nations Economic and Social Council . Girl Guiding/Girl Scouting is based on a core set of values that are found in the Girl Guide/Girl Scout Promise and Law. Each Girl Guide and Girl Scout promises to do her best to her faith and to others, and in so doing she realizes her fullest potential as a responsible citizen. Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting uses non-formal educational methods. Non-formal education

7068-705: The World Board , originally the World Committee, which governs the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. It is made up of 17 active volunteer members from around the world who are democratically elected by all Member Organizations and include the Chairs from each of the five WAGGGS regions. In addition there is the permanent staff of the World Bureau based in London and headed by

7192-566: The education of girls , and the education of boys, includes education for equal partnership. Young men and young women are taught to recognize their differences and their similarities, and to respect each other as individuals. Girl Guiding/Girl Scouting is a voluntary organization that relies on over 100,000 volunteers around the world to implement programs for Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, and to give girls and young women support and leadership. There are over 10 million Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 152 countries. Girl Guides and Girl Scouts from around

7316-466: The "Girl Scouts". In 1910, Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell started The Girl Guides Association . In 1912 Baden-Powell married Olave St Clair Soames . He gave guidance to The Scout Association and Girl Guides Association until retiring in 1937. Baden-Powell lived his last years in Nyeri , Kenya , where he died and was buried in 1941. His grave is a national monument . Baden-Powell

7440-400: The ' nature versus nurture ' question is not meaningful, because it treats them as independent factors, whereas in fact everything is nature and nurture." Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviours, and roles generally associated with girls and women. Femininity is socially constructed, but made up of both socially-defined and biologically created factors. This makes it distinct from

7564-415: The 1970s, especially at higher levels. This was often done by teaching different subjects to each sex, especially since tertiary education was considered primarily for males, particularly with regard to technical education. For example, prestigious engineering schools, such as École Polytechnique , did not allow women until the 1970s. Many cultures have traditional customs to mark the " coming of age " of

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7688-570: The 7th World Conference in Bucze, near Górki Wielkie in Poland, in 1932. It is worn by members of the World Board, its Committees, World Bureau and World Centre staff. Girl A girl is a young female human , usually a child or an adolescent . While the term girl has other meanings, including young woman , daughter or girlfriend regardless of age, the first meaning

7812-586: The Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack. A view expressed by historian Thomas Pakenham of Baden-Powell's actions during the siege argued that his success in resisting the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including members of his own African garrison. Pakenham claimed that Baden-Powell drastically reduced

7936-526: The Child (1988) and Millennium Development Goals (2000) promoted better access to education for all girls and boys and to eliminate gender disparities at both primary and secondary level. Worldwide school enrolment and literacy rates for girls have improved continuously. In 2005, global primary net enrolment rates were 85 percent for girls, up from 78 percent 15 years earlier; at the secondary level, girls' enrolment increased 10 percentage points to 57 percent over

8060-701: The Four World Centers organization supports and promotes the centers. The five World Centers are: A new centre, Kusafiri, meaning "to journey" in Swahili , was announced in 2015. Unlike the other centers it will be a roving centre and exist for a fixed period of time in different places with a particular theme in Africa. While testing the idea, starting in 2012, the country organizations involved include Ghana , South Africa , Rwanda , Kenya , Nigeria , and Benin . Focuses so far have included "Stopping

8184-596: The Kenyan government declared Baden-Powell's grave a national monument. Baden-Powell published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to generally educate his men. Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told "ripping yarns" to audiences. After having published Scouting for Boys , Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote about

8308-779: The Rt. Hon Dr. Marjorie Mowlam MP (politician in the United Kingdom ), Roberta Bondar Ph.D., MD (first Canadian woman astronaut ), and Betty Okwir (politician in Uganda ) are a few former and current Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. In 1965, Dame Leslie Whateley of the then Girl Guides World Bureau was awarded the Bronze Wolf , the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , awarded by

8432-614: The Scout movement and his ideas for its future. He spent most of the last two years of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes. Most of his books (the American editions) are available online. Compilations and excerpts comprised: Baden-Powell also contributed to various other books, either with an introduction or foreword, or being quoted by the author, A comprehensive bibliography of his original works has been published by Biblioteca Frati Minori Cappuccini. Baden-Powell's father often sketched caricatures of those present at meetings, while his maternal grandmother

8556-595: The Siege. However, he was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of Scouting for Boys . The siege was lifted on 17 May 1900. Baden-Powell was promoted to major-general and became a national hero. However, British military commanders were more critical of his performance and even less impressed with his subsequent choices to again allow himself to be besieged. Ultimately, his failure to understand properly

8680-643: The Violence" training in Rwanda and developing entrepreneurial leaders among others. Miss Kari Aas designed the World Trefoil emblem that was adopted at the World Conference in 1930, a gold trefoil on a blue background. The three leaves represent the three duties and the three parts of the promise, the two five point-stars stand for the promise and the law and the vein in the centre represents

8804-634: The WAGGGS Chief Executive (formerly Director of the World Bureau). Every three years representatives from the member states meet in a World Conference to discuss and vote on policy. The World Committee changed its name to the World Board in 1996. The job title of the head of staff was changed from Director of the World Bureau to Chief Executive between 1964 and 1997. Each WAGGGS Member Organization chooses how it believes it can best promote these goals, taking into account its culture and

8928-717: The War was horse fodder. In 1907, Baden-Powell was promoted to Lieutenant-General but put on the inactive list. In October 1907, he was appointed to the command of the Northumbrian Division of the newly formed Territorial Army . During this appointment, Baden-Powell selected the location of Catterick Garrison to replace Richmond Castle which was then the Headquarters of the Northumbrian Division . On 19 February 1909, facing censure for his public comments about Germany as an enemy, Baden-Powell abruptly sailed in

9052-605: The World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting. Amongst its global initiatives, Free Being Me , a collaboration between WAGGGS and Unilever 's Dove Self Esteem Project was launched in October 2013, with the aim of increasing "self-esteem and body confidence" in girls. Girl Guides were formed in 1910 by Robert Baden-Powell , with the assistance of his sister Agnes Baden-Powell . After his marriage in 1912, his wife Olave Baden-Powell took

9176-517: The age and the preferences of the young people. The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts has five regions: Europe, Arab, Africa, Asia and Western Hemisphere. WAGGGS operates five World Centers that offer training programmes, activities and lodging for girls and leaders, as well as members of some other groups and independent travellers. Activities are primarily focused on international friendship and cooperation, personal development and leadership training, enjoyment and service. The Friends of

9300-482: The age of 5–8 to achieve the ideal appearance. The tinier the feet, the better the social rank of a future husband. The practice started seriously to decline in the early years of the twentieth century, and was all but extinct by 1950. China has had many customs relating to girls and their roles as future wives and mothers. Traditionally an unmarried girl would wear her hair in two pigtails , and once married, in one. In some cultures, girls' passing through puberty

9424-552: The ancient Carthusian monastery buildings it occupied in the City of London. However, while he was a pupil there, the school moved out to new purpose-built premises in the countryside near Godalming in Surrey. He played with dolls and learnt the piano and violin, was an ambidextrous artist, and enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on yachting or canoeing expeditions with his brothers. Baden-Powell's first introduction to outdoor skills

9548-403: The child is in their teen years. In Roman Catholic communities, Confirmation is considered one of seven sacraments that a Catholic may receive. In many countries, it is traditional for Catholics children to receive another sacrament, First Communion , at the age of seven. The sacrament is usually performed in a church once a year, with children who are of age receive a blessing from a bishop in

9672-541: The children's peer group . In England , studies by the National Literacy Trust have shown girls score consistently higher than boys in all scholastic areas from the ages of 7 through 16, with the most striking differences noted in reading and writing skills. In the United States , historically, girls lagged on standardized tests. In 1996 the average score of 503 for US girls from all races on

9796-514: The community. WAGGGS is run by women for girls and young women. Girl Guides and Girl Scouts are trained in leadership and decision-making, and are encouraged to participate in the governance and leadership of WAGGGS. Each individual unit is democratically run with Girl Guides and Girl Scouts actively involved in leadership and in decision making. Girl Guiding/Girl Scouting is open to all girls and young women without distinction of creed, race, nationality, or any other circumstance. WAGGGS believes that

9920-570: The community; violence on the way to school, or in and around schools; long distances to schools; vulnerability to the HIV epidemic; school fees, which often lead to parents sending only their sons to school; lack of gender sensitive approaches and materials in classrooms. Sex segregation is the physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their biological sex . It is practiced in many societies, especially starting when children attain puberty . In certain circumstances, sex segregation

10044-524: The compass needle showing the right way. The base of the trefoil stands for the flame of the love of humanity and the colours blue and gold represent the sun shining over all children in the world. The World Badge , incorporating the trefoil, was first adopted at the 11th World Conference in Evian, France in 1946. The World Association Badge , similar in design to the World Badge, was first adopted at

10168-725: The definition of the biological female sex , as both males and females can exhibit feminine traits. Traits traditionally cited as feminine include gentleness , empathy , and sensitivity , though traits associated with femininity vary depending on location and context, and are influenced by a variety of social and cultural factors. Gender neutrality describes the idea that policies, language, and other social institutions should avoid distinguishing roles according to people's sex or gender, in order to avoid discrimination arising from rigid gender roles. Unisex refers to things that are considered appropriate for any sex. Campaigns for unisex toys include Let Toys Be Toys . Teenage pregnancy

10292-538: The first Girl Scouts of whom 6,000 had already been registered as Scouts. In 1910, Baden-Powell and his sister, Agnes Baden-Powell, formed The Girl Guides Association . In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean. Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low , an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found

10416-514: The force an important advantage in scouting ability over continental rivals. Baden-Powell was a career cavalryman, but realised that cavalry was no match against the machine gun; however, his superiors, Kitchener and French, the latter also a career cavalryman, still regarded the cavalry as indispensable, with the result that cavalry was used in the First World War with little effect, yet the major item exported from Britain to Flanders during

10540-507: The formation of a World Association to take the place of the informal International Council. After the 1926 International Conference the Baden-Powells were approached about setting up a formal association and in 1928 the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts was founded at the 5th International Conference held in Parád , Hungary . Rose Kerr was Vice Chairman, later Commissioner for Tenderfoot Countries. From 1930 to 1939 WAGGGS occupied

10664-580: The four stages of life. This ceremony was banned by the U.S. government for many decades; after being decriminalized by the Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1978, it has seen a revival. Some coming-of-age ceremonies are religious rituals to recognize a girl's maturity with respect to her understanding of religious beliefs, and her changing role in her religious community. Confirmation is a ceremony common to many Christian denominations for both boys and girls, usually taking place when

10788-554: The frontier with the Boer Republics , Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking. The subsequent Siege of Mafeking lasted 217 days. Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses. The town had been surrounded by

10912-485: The knowledge passed down orally from mother to daughter. A well-known reference to these important women's skills is in the folk tale Rumpelstiltskin , which dates back to medieval Germany and was collected in written form by the folklorists the Brothers Grimm . The miller's daughter is valued as a potential wife because of her reputation for being able to spin straw into gold. In some parts of China, beginning in

11036-399: The late 19th century. Girls were not entitled to receive a Baccalaureate diploma in France until the reforms of 1924 under education minister Léon Bérard . Schools were segregated in France until the end of World War II. Since then, compulsory education laws have raised the education of girls and young women throughout Europe. In many European countries, girls' education was restricted until

11160-658: The majority. There are gaps in access between different regions and countries and even within countries. Girls account for 60 percent of children out of school in Arab countries and 66 percent of non-attendees in South and West Asia; however, more girls than boys attend schools in many countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, North America and Western Europe. Research has measured the economic cost of this inequality to developing countries: Plan International 's analysis shows that

11284-411: The maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal, physical differences between boys and girls are the genitalia . Puberty is a process that usually takes place between 10 and 16 years, but these ages differ from person to person. The major landmark of female puberty is menarche , the onset of menstruation , which occurs on average between 12 and 13. According to a 2010 Canadian study,

11408-743: The military) and The Scout magazine helped the rapid growth of the Scout Movement . Educated at Charterhouse School , Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until 1910 in India and Africa. In 1899, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, Baden-Powell defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking . His books, written for military reconnaissance and scout training, were also read by boys and used by teachers and youth organisations. In August 1907, he held an experimental camp,

11532-432: The needs of its young people. Some choose to work with girls alone in a single sex environment in order to break down stereotypes and to give girls and young women the confidence to take their place in society. Other Member Organizations prefer to work with mixed groups to enable young women and young men equal partnership within their units. Some Organizations choose to mix co-educational and single sex approaches according to

11656-474: The number of Scouts was over 3.3 million. Early Scout Association " Thanks badges " (from 1911) and The Scout Association "Medal of Merit" badge had a swastika symbol on them. This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books, including The Jungle Book , which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cubs . The swastika had been

11780-456: The outside world. Child labor has a very negative effect on education. Girls either stop their education, or, when they continue it, they are often subjected to a double burden, or a triple burden of work outside the home, housework in the parental home, and schoolwork. This situation is common in places such as parts of Asia and Latin America . The United Nations Convention on the Rights of

11904-703: The practice of dowry is partly responsible for a strong son preference. Another manifestation of son preference is the violence inflicted against mothers who give birth to girls. In India, by 2011, there were 91 girls younger than 6 for every 100 boys. Its 2011 census showed that the ratio of girls to boys under the age of 6 years old has dropped even during the past decade, from 927 girls for every 1000 boys in 2001 to 918 girls for every 1000 boys in 2011. In China, scholars report 794 baby girls for every 1000 baby boys in rural regions. In Azerbaijan , last 20 years of birth data suggests 862 girls were born for every 1000 boys, on average every year. Steven Mosher, president of

12028-487: The practice of bias against girls, through sex-selective abortion , female infanticide , female abandonment , as well as favouring sons with regard to allocating of family resources is well documented in parts of South Asia , East Asia , and the Caucasus . Such practices are a major concern in China, India and Pakistan. In these cultures, the low status of women creates a bias against females. China and India have

12152-468: The printing press and the Reformation made literacy more widespread. One notable exception to the general neglect of girls' literacy is Queen Elizabeth I . In her case, as a child, she was in a precarious position as a possible heir to the throne, and her life was endangered by the political scheming of other powerful members of the court. Following the execution of her mother, Anne Boleyn , Elizabeth

12276-419: The problems out while boys use "test-taking tricks" such as immediately checking the answers already given in multiple-choice questions. Wolfe said girls are steady and thorough while "boys play this test like a pin-ball machine." Wolfe also said although girls had lower SAT scores they consistently get higher grades than boys across all courses in their first year in college. By 2006 girls were outscoring boys on

12400-530: The rations to the native garrison. However, in 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham changed this view. During the siege, the Mafeking Cadet Corps of white boys below fighting age stood guard, carried messages, assisted in hospitals and so on, freeing grown men to fight. Baden-Powell did not form the Cadet Corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during

12524-409: The research, all one apparently has to do is tell a woman who has a lifetime of socialization of being poor in math that a math test is gender neutral, and all effects of that socialization go away." Author Judith Harris has said that aside from their genetic contribution, the nurturing provided by parents likely has less long-term influence over their offspring than other environmental aspects such as

12648-695: The same period. Robert Baden-Powell Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell , OM , GCMG , GCVO , KCB , KStJ , DL ( / ˈ b eɪ d ən ˈ p oʊ əl / BAY -dən POH -əl ; 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder of The Boy Scouts Association and its first Chief Scout , and founder, with his sister Agnes , of The Girl Guides Association . Baden-Powell wrote Scouting for Boys , which, with his previous books, his 1884 Reconnaissance and Scouting and his 1899 Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men (intended for

12772-566: The sexes and the requirement that women cover almost entirely their bodies. The ages from which this practice is enforced vary by community. Such practices are most common in cultures where the concept of family honor is very strong. In cultures where sex segregation is common, the predominant form of education in single sex education . In many parts of the world, girls are at risk of specific forms of violence and abuse, such as sex-selective abortion , female genital mutilation , child marriage , child sexual abuse , honor killings . In parts of

12896-634: The situation, and abandonment of the soldiers, mostly Australians and Rhodesians , at the Battle of Elands River Pakenham claimed led to his being removed from action. Briefly back in the United Kingdom in October 1901, Baden-Powell was invited to visit King Edward VII at Balmoral , the monarch's Scottish retreat, and personally invested as Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). Baden-Powell

13020-473: The transition from childhood to womanhood . While completely secular in nature, a girl’s first bra is sometimes seen as an important next step in her life. Unlike many more traditional coming of age customs, the event has no set date in a girl’s life and can occur when she is a teenager and in other times can occur when she is a preteen. In many ancient societies, girls' upbringing had much to do with preparing them to be future wives. In many cultures, it

13144-424: The variation of age in which menstruation begins had a "statistically significant" relation to where the child was living, household income, and family type. Biological sex interacts with environment in ways not fully understood. Identical twin girls separated at birth and reunited decades later have shown both startling similarities and differences. In 2005, professor Kim Wallen of Emory University noted, "I think

13268-520: The verbal portion of the United States' nationwide SAT exam by 11 points. A 2005 University of Chicago study showed that a majority presence of girls in the classroom tends to enhance the academic performance of boys. In many parts of the world, girls face significant obstacles to accessing proper education. These obstacles include: early and forced marriages ; early pregnancy ; prejudice based on gender stereotypes at home, at school and in

13392-501: The victims of rape , are at risk of honor killing by their families. Girls' health suffers in cultures where girls are valued less than boys, and families allocate most resources to boys. A major threat to girls' health is early marriage, which often leads to early pregnancy . Girls forced into child marriage often become pregnant quickly after marriage, increasing their risk of complications and maternal mortality . Such complications resulting from pregnancy and birth at young ages are

13516-671: The world can meet each other at international events at one of the five World Centers. There are many opportunities to attend international events run by the United Nations or other non-governmental organizations (NGO) on behalf of the Association. The WOSM is the non-governmental organization, that represents the Scouting movement at the United Nations. The WOSM and WAGGGS both have General Consultative Status with

13640-546: The world, especially in East Asia , South Asia and some Western countries' girls are sometimes seen as unwanted; in some cases, girls are selectively aborted, abused, mistreated or abandoned by their parents or relatives. In China, boys exceed girls by more than 30 million, suggesting over a million excess boys are born every year than expected for normal human sex ratio at birth. In India, scholars estimate from boy to girl ratio at birth that sex-selective abortions cause

13764-401: The world, especially in Africa, South Asia, Southeast and East Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and Oceania. The ten countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Bangladesh, Guinea, Mozambique, Mali, Burkina Faso, South Sudan, and Malawi. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses

13888-590: Was mentioned in dispatches . In 1890, he was brevetted Major as military secretary and senior aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta , his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth . He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as an intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence. He wrote that he once travelled disguised as

14012-551: Was a Royalist American colonist; her mother 's father Thomas Warington was the British Consul in Naples around 1800. Baden-Powell was born Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell at 6 Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington , London, on 22 February 1857. He was called Stephe (pronounced "Stevie") by his family. He was named after his godfather, Robert Stephenson , the railway and civil engineer, and his third name

14136-465: Was also artistic. Baden-Powell painted or sketched almost every day of his life, and with equal competence with either hand. Most of his works have a humorous or informative character. His books are scattered with his pen-and-ink sketches, frequently whimsical. He did a largely unknown number of pen-and-ink sketches; he always travelled with a sketchpad that he used frequently for pencil sketches and "cartoons" for later watercolour paintings. He also created

14260-592: Was cleared by a military court of inquiry, but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial. Baden-Powell later claimed he was "released without a stain on my character". After Rhodesia , Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War on the Gold Coast . In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of

14384-609: Was considered illegitimate. Her education was for the most part ignored by Henry VIII . Henry VIII 's widow, Catherine Parr , took an interest in the high intelligence of Elizabeth, and supported the decision to provide her with an impressive education after Henry's death, starting when Elizabeth was 9. Elizabeth received an education equal to that of a prominent male aristocrat; she was educated in Latin, Greek, Spanish, French, philosophy, history, mathematics and music. It has been argued that Elizabeth's education helped her grow up to become

14508-551: Was given the role of organising the South African Constabulary , a colonial police force, but during this phase, Baden-Powell was sent to Britain on sick leave, so he was only in command for seven months. Baden-Powell returned to England to take up the post of Inspector-General of Cavalry in 1903. While holding this position, he was instrumental in reforming reconnaissance training in British cavalry, giving

14632-420: Was his mother's surname. Baden-Powell had four older half-siblings from the second of his father's two previous marriages and was the fifth surviving child of his father's third marriage: The three children immediately preceding Baden-Powell had all died very young before he was born, so there was a seven-year gap between him and his next older brother Frank; so he and his two younger siblings were almost like

14756-1027: Was included in " The Black Book ", a 1940 secret list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom . A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts assisting refugees fleeing from the Nazis and Hitler. Tim Jeal , the author of the biography Baden-Powell , gives his opinion that "Baden-Powell's distrust of communism led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of fascism ", an opinion based on two of B-P's diary entries. Baden-Powell met Benito Mussolini on 2 March 1933, and in his diary described him as "small, stout, human and genial. Told me about Balilla and workmen's outdoor recreations which he imposed through 'moral force'". On 17 October 1939, Baden-Powell wrote in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read Mein Kampf . A wonderful book, with good ideas on education, health, propaganda, organisation etc. – and ideals which Hitler does not practice himself." At

14880-612: Was not the norm for women to be economically independent. Thus, where a girl's future well-being depended upon marrying her to a man who was economically self-sufficient, it was crucial to prepare her to meet whatever qualities or skills were popularly expected of wives. In cultures ranging from Ancient Greece to the twentieth-century United States, girls were taught essential domestic skills including sewing, cooking, gardening and basic hygiene, and medical care such as preparing balms and salves , and in some cases midwifery . These skills were passed orally from generation to generation, with

15004-400: Was published in six installments in 1908 and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century. Boys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops. The Scout Movement had started by itself, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon. A rally of Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of

15128-407: Was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 and it has been purchased by a charity, B–P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car. Baden-Powell also had impacts on youth education. By 1922, there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939

15252-724: Was the penultimate son of the Rev. Prof. Baden Powell , Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford and Church of England priest, and his third wife, Henrietta Grace nee Smyth, eldest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth . After his father died in 1860, his mother, to identify her children with her late husband's fame, styled the family name Baden-Powell . The name was eventually legally changed by Royal Licence on 30 April 1902. Baden-Powell's father's family originated in Suffolk. His mother's earliest known Smyth ancestor

15376-633: Was through stalking and cooking games while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds. In 1876, Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant. In 1880 he was charged with the task of drawing maps of the Battle of Maiwand . He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal Province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he

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