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102-479: The Table is called "Frankish" after the origin of the surviving manuscript tradition, not the origin of the work itself. In structure it is similar to the " Table of Nations " in the Bible . Although it survives in over ten manuscripts, the only medieval work to make use of it was the 9th-century Historia Brittonum , which nonetheless assured it a wide diffusion. The Table itself is the oldest extant work to make use of

204-531: A "broad network of cousins", with a "shallow chain of brotherly relationships". Meanwhile, the other genealogies focus on "narrow chains of father-son relationships". Chapters 1–11 of the Book of Genesis are structured around five toledot statements ("these are the generations of..."), of which the "generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth" is the fourth. Events before the Genesis flood narrative ,

306-579: A Byzantine origin, as does Helmut Reimitz. Nicholas Evans favours an Italian origin. The main argument in favour of an Italian origin is the use of the Germania of Tacitus. No surviving work earlier than this one made use of it, and the only other author to make use of it before the 9th century was Cassiodorus in Ostrogothic Italy. This is proof for the circulation of the Germania in Italy in

408-485: A common patrilineal descent spoke two separate languages, whereas, at other times, a language spoken by a people of common descent may have been learnt and spoken by multiple other nations of different descent. Another problem associated with determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is the realization that, for some of the prototypical family groups, certain sub-groups have sprung forth, and are considered diverse from each other (such as Ismael,

510-473: A generic topic. Several levels of subsections go into further detail and include maps. These maps are mainly sketches and drawings to show essential symbols of troop positions and highlight the standard designs of formation and manoeuvre of the Byzantine military of the epoch. Books seven and eight tackle with practical advice for the commander in the form of instructions and military maxims . The eleventh book

612-486: A principle of faith, how that, although from Adam to Moses there was no more than a span of two-thousand five hundred years, and the human race was already spread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, they were still people having a common ancestor and place of beginning. Other Bible commentators observe that the Table of Nations is unique compared to other genealogies since it depicts

714-646: A series of genealogical texts. It follows the generations of Noah from Genesis , of which the Table itself may be an imitation, and is followed by a genealogy tracing the three brothers' descent from Adam . As in EMF, in the Historia Brittonum the main genealogy is connected to a single royal Roman progenitor. The version of the Table in the Historia is related to that in F and derives ultimately from an Italian version. The Table can be found in §§13–16 of

816-453: A text in which every copy becomes a new edition and not merely a witness to the original. It is thus impossible to produce an Urtext (original version) from surviving witnesses. Goffart provides what he calls the "earliest attainable version", essentially a composite of what is common to all witnesses. The spelling in the manuscripts is erratic and follows no rule. Inguo may be spelled Tingus or Nigueo; Istio becomes Scius or Hostius;

918-419: A war. Book VIII then covers the details of the instructions that the generals would be given by Emperor Maurice and his administrative people. These books cover the surprise attacks and siege strategies that the Byzantine military used at this point in time. They cover different strategies the military would use for a surprise attack on an enemy, or to seize enemy land without a battle. Books XI and XII cover

1020-519: Is another originally Greek work that travelled west and survives only in a Latin translation made in the Merovingian kingdom. The reign of Theudebert I (533–548) and the later 6th century were both periods of intense Frankish–Byzantine diplomacy that may have resulted in the transmission of texts such as these. All surviving copies of the Table derive from a Frankish copy made probably in the late 7th or 8th century. No surviving manuscript pre-dates

1122-451: Is defined as "a large aggregate of people inhabiting a particular territory united by a common descent, history, culture, or language." The biblical line of descent is irrespective of language, place of nativity, or cultural influences, as all that is binding is one's patrilineal line of descent. For these reasons, attempting to determine precise blood relation of any one group in today's Modern Age may prove futile. Sometimes people sharing

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1224-480: Is expanded upon in detail in chapters 8–9 of the Book of Jubilees , sometimes known as the "Lesser Genesis," a work from the early Second Temple period . Jubilees is considered pseudepigraphical by most Christian and Jewish denominations but thought to have been held in regard by many of the Church Fathers . Its division of the descendants throughout the world are thought to have been heavily influenced by

1326-568: Is found with historical texts in A, legal texts in BCE and sacred texts in DFM. The texts of the Table in E and M are identical, probably because M was the model for E. According to Walter Pohl , the manuscripts CEM are all the product of a strategy of identity-building at Monte Cassino. The Table was incorporated into the Historia Brittonum (written c. 830), where it is fully integrated into

1428-471: Is not mentioned in the Table and the names given to the brothers are not found in Tacitus but are derived from the names he gives to the peoples. Müllenhoff once mooted that the Table was the work of a West Germanic compiler familiar with the same folk history—still thus a living tradition in the 6th century—which had informed Tacitus' account several hundred years earlier. He later abandoned this position and

1530-726: Is of interest for ethnographers as it portrays various enemies of the Byzantine Empire, such as the Franks , the Lombards , the Avars , the Turks and the Slavs . The Strategikon also represents and refers to military justice and Byzantine legal literature, since it contains a list of military infractions and their respective penalties. This book contains a great deal of detail on

1632-540: Is the father and also the "first man who came to Europe" ( primus homo uenit ad Europam ) of the nation of Japheth , son of Noah. In EM, the father of the brothers is called King Mulius. The Table contains what is probably the earliest reference to the Bavarians. The next reference to them is in the Getica from about 551. The spelling in the manuscripts can provide no evidence for the early spelling or pronunciation of

1734-429: Is underscored by the way the names are frequently arranged in groups of seven, suggesting that the Table is a symbolic means of implying universal moral obligation. The number 70 also parallels Canaanite mythology, where 70 represents the number of gods in the divine clan who are each assigned a subject people, and where the supreme god El and his consort, Asherah , has the title "Mother/Father of 70 gods", which, due to

1836-539: Is widely regarded today as having been a forgery. Historian William Whiston stated in his book A New Theory of the Earth that Noah, who is to be identified with Fuxi , migrated with his wife and children born after the deluge to China , and founded Chinese civilization. Strategikon of Maurice The Strategikon or Strategicon ( Greek : Στρατηγικόν ) is a manual of war regarded as written in late antiquity (6th century) and generally attributed to

1938-745: The Germania , a 1st-century work of Tacitus . It is also the oldest work to mention the Bavarians. The Table was probably composed in the Byzantine Empire , or possibly in the Ostrogothic Kingdom , around 520. It may have originally been written in Greek . Its author fit contemporary peoples, mostly Germanic , into a framework supplied by Tacitus. Later copyists frequently combined the text with lists of Roman and Frankish kings, which some modern editors have treated as integral parts of

2040-718: The Britti . The Gaelic version of the Lebor Gabála Érenn , however, specifies that Albanus' brother founded Alba Letha ("Albania on the Continent") and its author probably had in mind either Scythian Albania or Alba Longa. Edward Cowan translates it "Albanians of Latium in Italy". The Sex aetates mundi is even clearer: the Albani are from "the eastern Albania in great Asia" ( ind Albain airtherach isind Asia móir ). Table of Nations The Generations of Noah , also called

2142-639: The Byzantine Emperor Maurice . The work is a practical manual and according to its author "a rather modest elementary handbook [...] for those devoting themselves to generalship", that was to serve as a general guide or handbook to Byzantine art of war . In the introduction of his 1984 translation of the text, George Dennis noted that "the Strategikon is written in a very straightforward and generally uncomplicated Greek." The Strategikon may have been written in an effort to codify

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2244-588: The Carolingian period and two of the manuscripts (AB) originated in the Carolingian empire. Both place the Table between a list of Roman rulers and a list of Frankish rulers. Outside of the Frankish kingdom, the text circulated in Italy. Two features common to all manuscripts are probably emendations by an early Frankish copyist: the introduction of the term Walagothi in place of an unknown original and

2346-692: The Elamites , Assyrians , Arameans , Cushites , and Canaanites . Likewise, from the sons of Canaan: Heth , Jebus, and Amorus were derived Hittites , Jebusites , and Amorites . Further descendants of Noah include Eber (from Shem), the hunter-king Nimrod (from Cush), and the Philistines (from Misrayim ). As Christianity spread across the Roman Empire , it carried the idea that all human peoples were descended from Noah. However, not all Mediterranean and Near Eastern peoples were covered in

2448-639: The Generatio regum et gentium ("generation of kings and peoples"). Bruno Krusch calls the addition to manuscript D containing the Table De gentilium et barbarorum generationibus ("on the generations of peoples and barbarians"). David Dumville , in an appendix to his edition of the Historia Brittonum , calls it the Genealogiae Gentium ("genealogies of nations"). Walter Goffart in his edition based on all surviving manuscripts places it under

2550-613: The Heruli in 510. The Bavarians likewise are not otherwise mentioned in any text before Jordanes ' Getica in or shortly after 551. This suggests that the text was composed between 510 and 531. Krusch was correct, however, regarding the date of the Roman king list, which is a later addition. The Frankish Table of Nations was composed either in Ostrogothic Italy or the Byzantine Empire . Goffart, its most recent editor, favours

2652-635: The Historia . The other Italian versions, E and M, contain less drastic changes. The number of peoples is reduced to twelve by the elimination of the Vandals and the Thuringians are replaced by Tuscans to create a "more emphatically modernized catalogue of peoples". Some copies of the Historia also change the Romans into Latins ( Latini ) and the Alamanni into Albani . The latter may be explained as

2754-715: The Ionian Greeks , and in addition, the "sons of Noah" are not organized by geography, language family or ethnic groups within these regions. The Table contains several difficulties: for example, the names Sheba and Havilah are listed twice, first as descendants of Cush the son of Ham (verse 7), and then as sons of Joktan, the great-grandsons of Shem, and while the Cushites are North African in verses 6–7 they are unrelated Mesopotamians in verses 10–14. The date of composition of Genesis 1–11 cannot be fixed with any precision, although it seems likely that an early brief nucleus

2856-697: The Table of Nations or Origines Gentium , is a genealogy of the sons of Noah , according to the Hebrew Bible ( Genesis 10:9 ), and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood , focusing on the major known societies. The term ' nations ' to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word " goyim ", following the c. 400 CE Latin Vulgate 's " nationes ", and does not have

2958-466: The military reforms brought about by the soldier-emperor Maurice. The true authorship of the Strategikon is still debated among academics. Maurice may have only commissioned it and perhaps his brother Peter or, more likely, another general was the true author. The date also remains debated. If it was written during the 6th century, the Strategikon may have been produced to analyze and reflect on

3060-585: The "Ionian world map" described in the Histories of Herodotus , and the anomalous treatment of Canaan and Madai are thought to have been "propaganda for the territorial expansion of the Hasmonean state ". The Hebrew bible was translated into Greek in Alexandria at the request of Ptolemy II , who reigned over Egypt 285–246 BCE. Its version of the Table of Nations is substantially the same as that in

3162-401: The "romanized" Visigoths of Spain and southern Gaul . Herwig Wolfram glosses the term as "Roman Goths" and Wadden as "Welsh Goths". The assignment of the contemporary nations to Tacitean categories was made on the basis of Tacitus' descriptions. The author of the Table took "those of the centre" to mean the most prominent and assigned the most prominent nations of his time to the first group,

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3264-715: The 1780s by members of the Göttingen school of history . It is now recognized that determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is problematic, as nations are not stationary. People are often multi-lingual and multi-ethnic, and people sometimes migrate from one country to another - whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Some nations have intermingled with other nations and can no longer trace their paternal descent, or have assimilated and abandoned their mother's tongue for another language. In addition, phenotypes cannot always be used to determine one's ethnicity because of interracial marriages. A nation today

3366-468: The 19th century and the seventh is designated M: The manuscripts can be grouped by origin, with ABCD originating north of the Alps and EMF originating in Italy. AB and EMF appear to derive from a common source. In their treatment of the Table of Nations, the manuscripts can be grouped in several other ways. ACDEF treat it as filler, unconnected to the rest of their contents, while only BM integrate it fully. It

3468-415: The 6th and 7th century A.D. Its contents primarily focus on cavalry tactics and formation and several chapters elaborate on matters of infantry, siege warfare , logistics , education and training and movement. The author was familiar with antique Hellenistic military treatises, especially Onasander and Aelian , which he utilized as conceptional models rather than sources of content. Each book focuses on

3570-698: The Ark, and who attempted to colonise Ireland with 54 persons, only to be wiped out in the Deluge. Some 9th-century manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle assert that Sceafa was the fourth son of Noah, born aboard the Ark, from whom the House of Wessex traced their ancestry; in William of Malmesbury 's version of this genealogy ( c.  1120 ), Sceaf is instead made a descendant of Strephius ,

3672-633: The Bavarians' name. The spellings given are Baioarius (A), Baweros (B), Baioeros (C), Bawarios (D), Baioarios (EMF) and Boguarii or Bogari (in the Historia ). Thomas Hodgkin took the Boguarii to be the Bulgarians . Manuscript F departs most radically from the standard text. It changes the order of the brothers, placing Istio before Erminus and Inguo. The nations descended from Istio are the same, but Erminus' Vandals and Saxons are swapped with Inguo's Burgundians and Lombards. The same changes are found in

3774-697: The Deluge to repopulate the Earth. Based on an old Jewish tradition contained in the Aramaic Targum of pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel , an anecdotal reference to the Origines gentium in Genesis 10:2–ff has been passed down, and which, in one form or another, has also been relayed by Josephus in his Antiquities , repeated in the Talmud , and further elaborated by medieval Jewish scholars, such as in works written by Saadia Gaon , Josippon , and Don Isaac Abarbanel , who, based on their own knowledge of

3876-580: The Deluge. According to the Quran ( Hud 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. Some later Islamic commentators give his name as either Yam or Kan'an . According to Irish mythology , as found in the Annals of the Four Masters and elsewhere, Noah had another son named Bith who was not allowed aboard

3978-463: The Frankish identity of the author and gave the Table its conventional name. Many arguments for a Frankish author would apply equally well to a Gothic one. Ferdinand Lot suggested that he was an Alan cleric. Goffart argues that if the author was writing in Ostrogothic Italy he was probably a Roman and not a Goth (despite the fact that he does place the Goths first among the nations). Evans suggests he

4080-519: The Gepids are sometimes Brigidos or Cybedi; the Thuringians are Loringus or Taringi; in one the Goths and Walagoths become Butes and Gualangutos. In manuscripts AB, the Table is preceded by a list of Roman kings that begins with a "first king of the Romans" ( primus rex Romanorum ) named Analeus (A) or Allanius (B). In F, Alaneus is the father of the three brothers, while in the Historia Alanus

4182-637: The Harleian recension of the Historia , §7 of the Vatican recension, ch. 13 of the Sawley recension and §9 of the Chartres manuscript. In the manuscript Harley 3859 copied around 1100, which includes the Table, the Historia is interpolated by a 10th-century set of Welsh genealogies . The Historia is the only work prior to the 19th century to make actual use of the Table. A widely copied text, it ensured

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4284-588: The Hebrew text, but with the following differences: In the First Epistle of Peter , 3:20, the author says that eight righteous persons were saved from the Great Flood, referring to the four named males, and their wives aboard Noah's Ark not enumerated elsewhere in the Bible. The Genesis flood narrative tells how Noah and his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, together with their wives, were saved from

4386-666: The Herminones. These, minus the Saxons, form a quartet common in Byzantine literature. Procopius in On the Wars defines the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths and Gepids as the "Gothic nations" that "all came originally from one tribe". The same quartet is also found in Cyril of Scythopolis ' Life of Sabbas , written about 556. They were all Arian Christians and major enemies of the Byzantine Empire in

4488-659: The Syrian 1196 ( Maniton ), Abu al-Makarim c.  1208 ( Abu Naiţur ); Jacob van Maerlant c.  1270 ( Jonitus ), and Abraham Zacuto 1504 ( Yoniko ). Martin of Opava ( c.  1250 ), later versions of the Mirabilia Urbis Romae , and the Chronica Boemorum of Giovanni de' Marignolli (1355) make Janus (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology , and instructed Nimrod. According to

4590-538: The Table a wide diffusion. There are three Gaelic versions of the Table derived from the Harleian Historia : in the Lebor Bretnach , a mid-11th-century translation of the Historia ; in one recension of the late 11th-century historical compilation Lebor Gabála Érenn ; and in the 11th-century Middle Irish Sex aetates mundi . In the 12th century, Lambert of Saint-Omer incorporated the text of

4692-466: The Table derived from the Historia drop the nations entirely, retaining only the brothers and their sons. They also have Albanus. Scholars are divided on the intended referent of the Albani, the descendants of Albanus. A connection with the " Scythian " Albani of Asia , mentioned in the 7th-century Etymologies of Isidore , is possible but unlikely. A Scythian origin for the Picts of northern Britain

4794-588: The Table from a copy of the Historia into his encyclopaedic Liber Floridus . Another 12th-century writer, Geoffrey of Monmouth , was also influenced by the genealogical material in the Historia , including the Frankish Table. The Table was probably brought to the Frankish kingdom in the 6th or 7th century. If originally in Greek, it probably received its translation there. The Excerpta latina barbari

4896-436: The Table in the Carolingian Empire can be read as part of an effort to integrate Roman and Frankish history. There is a parallel between the placement of the Franks, Britons and Romans as brothers in the Table and the claims of each of those people to Trojan ancestry: the Romans through Aeneas , the Merovingians through Francus and the Britons through Brutus (Britto). The only copy of the Table that connects it directly with

4998-454: The Table is not now thought to have originated in such a milieu. The thirteen nations selected for inclusion in the Table are contemporary with the author. The selection is not derived from Tacitus nor does it include any anachronistic names. If it is an attempt to list the Germanic peoples, then the author conceives of the Romans and Bretons as Germans. Possibly the author considered Germani to be synonymous with Westerners or Europeans, although

5100-498: The Trojan claims, however, is that found in the Historia , which is also the only one that connects it with the generations of Noah. The introduction of the Tuscans in place of the Thuringians first occurs in manuscript M from the early 10th century and was followed in E, written around 1005. The change has been linked to the creation of a distinct regional Tuscan identity after the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774. The copyist of E, who probably had both versions to choose from, chose

5202-433: The Tuscan version because enhanced contacts between the Lombard south of Italy and Tuscany in his day. Willa and Gemma, the daughters of Prince Landulf IV of Benevento and Capua ( r.  981–982 ), married prominent members of the Tuscan families Aldobrandeschi and Cadolingi . E also includes the Capua Chronicle , which gives a starring role to Marquis Hugh of Tuscany for his intervention in Capua in 993 following

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5304-459: The Vandals lived in Africa at the time. The first two nations named—the Goths without any qualifier and the Walagoths, that is, foreign Goths—represent the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths. Most likely, the Ostrogoths are the first and the Visigoths the second. It is probable that a Germanic-speaking editor in the Frankish kingdom replaced the by then rare term Visigoths with a Germanic gloss. "Foreign" in this case means " Romance -speaking" and refers to

5406-405: The accession of either Justin in 518 or Justinian 527. For the time, a Byzantine origin is consistent with an original composition in either Latin or Greek . The author of the Table is unknown. Although there have been many past attempts to determine his ethnicity or nationality from internal evidence, the Table does not obviously glorify or denigrate any people in particular. Müllenhoff argued for

5508-432: The addition of the Saxons to the original list of twelve nations. The term Walagothi is a hapax legomenon , occurring nowhere else in literature. It consists of the prefix wala - (from proto-Germanic * walhaz ), meaning foreign, and the name of the Goths. Such a construction implies the hand of a native Germanic speaker. The Saxons were far more prominent to an 8th-century Frank than a 6th-century Byzantine and they break

5610-413: The baggage train encampment to the front line. An intermediate encampment, closer to the front line, should be established between the battle area and the baggage train; the camp should be fortified and supplied with food for a day at the camp for each bandon. While in transit, the baggage train should be kept separate from the soldiers' marching lines; when enemies are present, the baggage train should be in

5712-410: The baggage train should be stationed in a defensible area with water and grass readily available at a distance of approximately 30 to 50 miles away from the location of the main battle and should be staffed with a force of two Banda ; the encampment should forage for food and have equivalent to four days of necessity. The defense force should select known and capable men to form a communication chain from

5814-455: The biblical genealogy; Iranic peoples such as Persians , Indic people such as Mitanni , and other prominent civilizations such as the Ancient Greeks , Macedonians , and Romans , Hittites , Hurrians , Illyrians , Kassites , and Sumerians are missing, as well as the Northern and Western European peoples important to the Late Roman and Medieval world , such as the Celtic , Slavic , Germanic , and Nordic peoples; nor were others of

5916-445: The biblical scholar Joseph Blenkinsopp , the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of humanity, corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel that followed Jacob into Egypt in Genesis 46:27 and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in Exodus 24:1–9 . On the family pedigrees contained in the biblical pericope of Noah, Saadia Gaon (882‒942) wrote: The Scriptures have traced

6018-484: The c. sixth century Syriac book Cave of Treasures ( Yonton ), the seventh century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius ( Ionitus ), the Syriac Book of the Bee 1221 ( Yônatôn ), the Hebrew Chronicles of Jerahmeel , c. 12th–14th century ( Jonithes ), and throughout Armenian apocryphal literature, where he is usually referred to as Maniton ; as well as in works by Petrus Comestor c.  1160 ( Jonithus ), Godfrey of Viterbo 1185 ( Ihonitus ), Michael

6120-417: The case of an ambush. It also covers formations to deter the ambush from taking place. It provides certain spacings between squads, to prevent an ambush from reaching a squad without the intervention of a squad further behind. This method was also used to help prevent retreats by any soldier, because there would always be someone watching them. Baggage trains should be regarded with utmost care as they contain

6222-470: The central toledot, correspond to those after: the post-Flood world is a new creation corresponding to the Genesis creation narrative , and Noah had three sons who populated the world. The correspondences extend forward as well: there are 70 names in the Table, corresponding to the 70 Israelites who go down into Egypt at the end of Genesis and to the 70 elders of Israel who go up the mountain at Sinai to meet with God in Exodus. The symbolic force of these numbers

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6324-404: The characters display on the map. These books cover topics ranging from recruitment, to creation of squads, to the strategy of using block formations of men instead of the one lengthy line. They also discuss the importance of having a cavalry and the importance of the cavalry in their specific military style. This book discusses what each part of the formations of the cavalry and tagma would do in

6426-411: The coming of monotheism, had to be changed, but its symbolism lived on in the new religion. The overall structure of the Table is: The overall principle governing the assignment of various peoples within the Table is difficult to discern: it purports to describe all humankind, but in reality restricts itself to the Egyptian lands of the south, the Mesopotamian lands, and Anatolia / Asia Minor and

6528-430: The copyist saw a connection between the Table and the Chronicon of Jerome or something in that tradition. A chronicle falsely attributed to Jerome is found in manuscript F. Müllenhoff dated the Table to around 520, while Krusch favoured the late 7th or early 8th century, since he believed that the list of Roman kings that accompanies the text in some manuscripts was an integral part of it and could not be earlier than

6630-439: The early 6th century. Besides the Table, Theophanes the Confessor (c. 800), Landolfus Sagax (c. 1000) and Nikephoros Kallistos (c. 1320) all preserve this quartet of nations from early Byzantine historiography. The Saxons are thought to be a later addition to the Table by a Frankish editor. The second group, the Ingaevones, are those nearest the ocean, taken to be the nations north of Italy and east of Gaul. The remainder were

6732-441: The early 6th century. It is not known with certainty to have ever been available in the Byzantine Empire, although it may be quoted in the 7th-century Strategikon of Maurice . The content of the text provides evidence of a Byzantine origin, and its purpose is readily related to the interest of the emperors Justin I and Justinian I in a restoration of Roman rule in the West in the 520s. It may even have been directly linked to

6834-407: The even division of twelve peoples into three groups. Nicholas Evans considers the hypothesis of later Frankish emendation unwarranted. In every manuscript, the Frankish Table of Nations appears attached to other texts. In AB, the Table follows a list of Roman kings and precedes a list of Frankish kings; in C, it is followed by a list of Frankish and Bavarian lawgivers; in D, it comes as the answer to

6936-428: The experience of the Balkan and Persian campaigns, or the campaigns may have been carried out in compliance with the manual. However, beginning in the late 19th century, a number of historians have, due to perceived philological and technological inconsistencies, argued for a later publication date during the eighth or ninth century. In any case, the work is considered to be one of the most notable military texts of

7038-460: The fourth son born aboard the Ark ( Gesta Regnum Anglorum ). An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall "Book of Rolls" (part of Clementine literature ) mentions Bouniter , the fourth son of Noah, born after the flood, who allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod. Variants of this story with often similar names for Noah's fourth son are also found in the c. fifth century Ge'ez work Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( Barvin ),

7140-430: The habitable part of the earth. It also has the dual function of allowing us to see the multitude as a single individual, and the single individual as a multitude. Along with this, man ought to contemplate also on the names of the countries and of the cities [wherein they settled]." Maimonides , echoing the same sentiments, wrote that the genealogy of the nations contained in the Law has the unique function of establishing

7242-401: The ingredients to make a forward operating base function, including servants and children. Baggage trains should be kept away from areas of battle to avoid dispiriting soldier morale in the event of capture. Reserve horses should be kept with the baggage train at the onset of battle, their utility is not needed at the front line and will only add to the confusion in battle. The encampment area for

7344-489: The intention is to establish the background for Israel. This is done by condensing various branches to focus on the story of Abraham and his offspring. Most notably, it omits Genesis 10:9–14, in which Nimrod, a son of Cush, is linked to various cities in Mesopotamia, thus removing from Cush any Mesopotamian connection. In addition, Nimrod does not appear in any of the numerous Mesopotamian King Lists. The Table of Nations

7446-410: The last of eight questions in a joca monachorum ; and in EMF, the main genealogy is connected to a single royal Roman progenitor. This demonstrates that the core text once circulated independently without any Roman kings or any father to the three brothers. Goffart's edition covers the Table itself and the additions. The Table circulated as what Léopold Genicot called a "living text" ( texte vivant ),

7548-462: The late Merovingian period. Modern scholarship accepts Müllenhoff's dating based on internal evidence. The Vandals and Gepids effectively ceased to exist after the conquest of their kingdoms in 534 and 567, respectively. The Thuringians and Burgundians were conquered by the Franks in 531 and 534, but are listed alongside the independent Lombards. The Lombards are an obscure people before their defeat of

7650-412: The legend of Rome's founding. Evans considers it most likely that the Albani are the people of Alba (Scotland) and that a Welsh scribe updated the Table in the same way that a contemporary Italian scribe did: by replacing a more distant and less relevant people with one closer to home. It is less likely that the Albani are the inhabitants of Albion (Britain), since in that case they would be redundant to

7752-475: The medieval Byzantine period, along with treatises attributed to the Byzantine emperors Leo VI ( Tactica ) and Nicephorus Phocas ( De velitatione and the Praecepta Militaria ), among others. Leo's Tactica in particular was greatly inspired by the Strategikon . The text consists of 12 chapters or "books" on various aspects of strategy and tactics, employed by the Byzantine army during

7854-418: The middle of the caravan to avoid harassment by enemies. Book VI contains the tactics and drills that the military had at the time to properly train the individual soldier. This gave them all of the knowledge that they would need in battle with weapons, tactics, actions, and strategies. Book VII focuses on the different strategic points that generals must consider prior to engaging in a battle, not necessarily

7956-591: The mixed uses of non-cavalry and tagma groups and their various formations. They explain what the rest of the army was to do while the Tagmas and cavalry were in formation and use. In a separate chapter of Book XI, the author presents everything useful, needed and important from a military point of view about the life of specific enemies. Military historians consider the Strategikon to be the earliest sophisticated theory of combined arms at battalion level ( Greek : Tagma ). However, historians still question and debate

8058-703: The monk Annio da Viterbo (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus had mentioned 30 children born to Noah after the Deluge, including Macrus, Iapetus Iunior (Iapetus the Younger), Prometheus Priscus (Prometheus the Elder), Tuyscon Gygas (Tuyscon the Giant), Crana, Cranus, Granaus, 17 Tytanes ( Titans ), Araxa Prisca (Araxa the Elder), Regina, Pandora Iunior (Pandora the Younger), Thetis , Oceanus , and Typhoeus . However, Annio's manuscript

8160-422: The murder of Prince Landenulf II . All versions of the Historia Brittonum interpose between the brothers and the nations invented names for the founding fathers of the nations, mimicking the decision of the original author of the Table to create names for the brothers based on the names of their peoples. The intervening layer reads: Some versions have Alemannus instead of Albanus. The Gaelic versions of

8262-541: The names of their diocese are Asia , and Parthia and the 'land of the barbarians.' The sons of Javan were Elisha, and Tarshish, Kitim and Dodanim, while the names of their diocese are Elis, and Tarsus , Achaia and Dardania ." --- Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:2–5 "The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and Miṣrayim , and Fūṭ (Phut), and Kenaʻan , while the names of their diocese are Arabia , and Egypt , and Elīḥerūq and Canaan . The sons of Kūš are Sebā and Ḥawīlah and Savtah and Raʻamah and Savteḫā, [while

8364-426: The nations, showed their migratory patterns at the time of their compositions: "The sons of Japheth are Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tuval , and Meshech and Tiras , while the names of their diocese are Africa proper , and Germania , and Media , and Macedonia , and Bithynia , and Moesia (var. Mysia) and Thrace . Now, the sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, and Rifath and Togarmah , while

8466-401: The one named Peleg , since in his days the [nations of the] earth were divided, while the name of his brother is Joktan . Joktan begat Almodad , who measured the earth with ropes; Sheleph , who drew out the waters of rivers; and Hazarmaveth , and Jerah, and Hadoram , and Uzal , and Diklah, and Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba , and Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab, all of whom are

8568-404: The orderly way of marching through an army's own country when there is no hostile activity. These books cover the formations of the cavalry and Tagma. They include maps to show how these formations appeared on a smaller scale, to help people visualize the formations. These maps have many shapes and characters that some will not understand, but through study they can make sense of them because what

8670-500: The origin of the Byzantine Military, and specific information of selections, organization, crimes, and punishment. They go into a great deal of detail on the topics listed below to make sure that there are no confusion on general topics of the Byzantine military. The topics that this book discusses include: training and drilling of soldiers as individuals, the armament of the cavalryman and the basic equipment to be furnished,

8772-475: The patronymic lineage of the seventy nations to the three sons of Noah, as also the lineage of Abraham and Ishmael, and of Jacob and Esau. The blessed Creator knew that men would find solace at knowing these family pedigrees, since our soul demands of us to know them, so that [all of] mankind will be held in fondness by us, as a tree that has been planted by God in the earth, whose branches have spread out and dispersed eastward and westward, northward and southward, in

8874-654: The progenitor of the Arab nations , and Isaac, the progenitor of the Israelite nation, although both family groups are derived from Shem's patrilineal line through Eber . The total number of other sub-groups, or splinter groups, each with its distinct language and culture is unknown. Identifying geographically-defined groups of people in terms of their biblical lineage, based on the Generations of Noah, has been common since antiquity. The early modern biblical division of

8976-538: The same political connotations that the word entails today. The list of 70 names introduces for the first time several well-known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography, such as Noah's three sons Shem , Ham , and Japheth , from which 18th-century German scholars at the Göttingen school of history derived the race terminology Semites , Hamites , and Japhetites . Certain of Noah's grandsons were also used for names of peoples: from Elam , Ashur , Aram , Cush , and Canaan were derived respectively

9078-473: The sons of Joktan." --- Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10: 22–28 Because of the traditional grouping of people based on their alleged descent from the three major biblical progenitors (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) by the three Abrahamic religions, in former years there was an attempt to classify these family groups and to divide humankind into three races called Caucasoid , Mongoloid , and Negroid (originally named "Ethiopian"), terms which were introduced in

9180-533: The sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan]. The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae, and Hīndīqī, Samarae, Lūbae, Zinğae , while the sons of Mauretinos are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] Mezağ ." --- Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:6–7 "The sons of Shem are Elam, and Ashur, and Arphaxad , and Lud , and Aram. [And the children of Aram are these: Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. ] Now, Arphaxad begat Shelah (Salah), and Shelah begat Eber . Unto Eber were born two sons,

9282-556: The text. In 1851, Karl Müllenhoff assigned the text the name by which it is now generally known—Frankish Table of Nations, or fränkische Völkertafel —because he thought it was written from the perspective of a Frank of about the year 520. Georg Heinrich Pertz , in the first published notice of the text from 1824, called it Populorum Germanorum generatio ("generation of the peoples of the Germans"). Müllenhoff himself, in his edition of Tacitus' Germania , included it in an appendix as

9384-400: The title Generatio Gentium ("generation of peoples"). In three manuscripts the Table appears under a rubric (title). In manuscript A it is Incipit generatio regum ("[here] begins the generation of kings") and in B Item de regibus Romanorum ("furthermore on the kings of the Romans"). In M, it is Hieronymus in cronicis ("Jerome in chronicles"). This mystifying rubric suggests that

9486-587: The validity of these sources due to the tradition of copying from ancient Greek and Roman authors, such as Aeneas Tacticus , Arrian or Polybius in Byzantine treatises like the Strategikon , the Tactica , the Sylloge Taktikon , the Praecepta Militaria and others. The Strategikon also testifies to the lasting influence of Latin on the Byzantine terminology of warfare and shows that up until

9588-572: The variations in the different recensions of the Historia and its Gaelic descendants. The names of the three brothers are derived from the Germania of Tacitus. According to Tacitus, "the author of [the Germanic] race" was named Mannus and he had three sons who gave their names to the three major divisions of the Germani : the "people nearest Ocean" were called Ingaevones , "those of the centre" Herminones and "the remainder" Istvaeones . Mannus

9690-454: The various titles of the officers and soldiers, the organization of the army and the assignment of officers, how the tagmatic commanders should select their subordinate officers and combat leaders and organize the Tagma into squads, the regulations about military crimes to be given to the troops, the regulations about military crimes to be given to the tagmatic commanders, military punishments, and

9792-492: The westernmost nations, a miscellany of Germanic and non-Germanic peoples that make up the third group. They represent the peoples of the Frankish kingdoms. It is possibly significant that the Table was composed shortly after the death of Clovis I (511), founder of the Merovingian Frankish kingdom when its continued cohesion was in question and its component peoples may have appeared more independent. The use of

9894-421: The work of a Welsh copyist for whom m and b were interchangeable, but more probably reflects another modernization or updating of the Table to better reflect the reality known to a scribe working in northern Wales between 857 and 912, who would have been more familiar with the land and people of Alba (Scotland), a kingdom just forming at that time, than Alemannia. Patrich Wadden sets out tables displaying all

9996-515: The world's " races " into Semites , Hamites and Japhetites was coined at the Göttingen school of history in the late 18th century – in parallel with the color terminology for race which divided mankind into five colored races (" Caucasian or White ", " Mongolian or Yellow ", " Aethiopian or Black ", " American or Red " and " Malayan or Brown "). There exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were born before

10098-518: The world's peoples, such as Native Americans , sub-Saharan Africans , Turkic and Iranic peoples of Central Asia , the Indian subcontinent , the Far East , and Australasia . Scholars later derived a variety of arrangements to make the table fit, with for example the addition of Scythians , which do feature in the tradition, being claimed as the ancestors of much of Northern Europe. According to

10200-408: Was an Ostrogoth. If writing in the Byzantine Empire, he was most likely a resident of Constantinople , the seat of power. In favour of the Byzantine hypothesis, Goffart argues that the Table represents "the ethnic panorama of the current West as seen from a metropolitan angle of vision". Separate recensions of the Table are found in seven manuscripts. Six of these were assigned the sigla ABCDEF in

10302-462: Was later expanded with extra data. Portions of the Table itself 'may' derive from the 10th century BCE, while others reflect the 7th century BCE and priestly revisions in the 5th century BCE. Its combination of world review, myth and genealogy corresponds to the work of the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus , active c.  520 BCE . I Chronicles 1 includes a version of the Table of Nations from Genesis, but edited to make clearer that

10404-527: Was proposed by Bede in the 8th century, probably based on Isidore, and became the centerpiece of the 12th-century Cronica de origine antiquorum Pictorum . Chronological considerations also exclude reference to the Balkan Albanians . Dumville argues that the Italian city of Alba Longa , whose inhabitants are called Albani elsewhere in the Historia , is meant. This city had an important role in

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