Misplaced Pages

#379620

58-801: Western Rite Orthodoxy , also called Western Orthodoxy or the Orthodox Western Rite , are congregations within the Eastern Orthodox tradition which perform their liturgy in Western forms . Besides altered versions of the Tridentine Mass , congregations have used Western liturgical forms such as the Sarum Rite , the Mozarabic Rite , and Gallican Rite . Some congregations use what has become known simply as

116-432: A mission , that is a smaller church under the sponsorship of a larger congregation, a bishop, or a greater church hierarchy. Often congregational churches prefer to call such local mission churches "church plants." A local church may also work in association with parachurch organizations . While parachurch organizations/ministries are vital to accomplishing specific missions on behalf of the church they do not normally take

174-838: A Roman Catholic priest), by Father Eugene Poppoff, at the Russian Embassy in London. As a part of his conversion into the ROC , Overbeck requested permission from the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church to begin a Western Orthodox church in England. Initially, Philaret was hesitant about Overbeck's request, but did not rule out the idea entirely. Overbeck outlined his rationale for a Western Orthodox Church in his 1866 book Catholic Orthodoxy and Anglo-Catholicism ,

232-634: A few months. Though the union was protested by the Archbishop of Canterbury to Photios and the Patriarch of Antioch, Mathew's group claimed that communion was never formally broken off. In 1890, the first Western Rite Orthodox community in North America, an Episcopal parish in Green Bay, Wisconsin, pastored by Fr. René Vilatte , was received by Bishop Vladimir Sokolovsky. However, Vilatte

290-601: A former Roman Catholic monk, who taught at the Western Church's St. Denys Theological Institute but remained in the Eastern rite, attempted to restore the ancient Roman rite, replacing medieval accretions with Gallican and Byzantine forms. Eventually, Alexis was consecrated as an ROC bishop in 1960, continuing his Western Rite work under the auspices of the Moscow Patriarchate. In 1953, pressured by

348-812: A group of individuals called to gather for some function, in particular an assembly of the citizens of a city, as in Acts 19:32–41 , is the New Testament term referring to the Christian Church (either a particular local congregation or the whole body of the faithful). In the Septuagint , the Greek word "ἐκκλησία" is used to translate the Hebrew "קהל" ( qahal ). Most Romance and Celtic languages use derivations of this word, either inherited or borrowed from

406-577: A largely polemical work describing why the established Western churches should be rejected. Overbeck convinced others about the feasibility of a Western Orthodox church and in 1869 submitted a petition containing 122 signatures, including many in the Oxford Movement , to the Holy Synod asking for the creation of a Western liturgical rite within the ROC . A synodical commission investigated Overbeck's petition, in 1870 he stated his case before

464-701: A list of doctrinal corrections to the Book of Common Prayer 's text of the prayers and rites that were necessary to profess in Orthodox worship. The Holy Synod also concluded that detailed changes in the Book of Common Prayer and in Anglican liturgical practices, together with compilations of new prayers, and entire rites, can only be carried out on location in America and not from Moscow. The most successful and stable group of Western Rite parishes originated within

522-613: A modern Orthodox Western Rite. Overbeck converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism and married. He then emigrated to England in 1863 to become professor of German at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich , where he also undertook studies of the Church of England and Orthodoxy. In 1865 Overbeck was received as a layman into the Russian Orthodox Church (because he had married following his ordination as

580-605: A number of independent Western Orthodox congregations and monasteries. Important figures in the history of the Orthodox West Rite include Julian Joseph Overbeck , Fr. Michael Keiser, and Saints John Maximovitch , and Tikhon of Moscow , the Patron Saint of the Orthodox Western Rite. Another prominent figure is Fr. Dennis Chambault of Paris, a reputed wonderworker and healer, whom many regard as

638-520: A part of became estranged from what would become the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). The subsequent marriages of both Aftimios and Nichols violated Orthodox canon law , and they left the church and its subsidiaries without canonical recognition. In 1932, Nichols founded the Society of Clerks Secular of Saint Basil as a devotional society for clergy and laity dedicated to the celebration of

SECTION 10

#1732765292380

696-586: A saint. Western Rite parishes do not all utilize the same liturgy, but often use a particular liturgy depending upon their individual affiliations prior to entering Eastern Orthodoxy. At present, there are different liturgies available to Western Rite parishes: The Western Orthodox rites allowed in Eastern Orthodoxy are the Divine Liturgy of Saint Tikhon and the Divine Liturgy of Saint Gregory. In France, Bishop Alexis van der Mensbrugghe, of

754-587: Is one of many direct Greek-to-Germanic loans of Christian terminology, via the Goths . The Slavic terms for "church" ( Old Church Slavonic црькꙑ [ crĭky ], Russian церковь [ cerkov’ ], Slovenian cerkev) are via the Old High German cognate chirihha . Among congregational churches, since each local church is autonomous, there are no formal lines of responsibility to organizational levels of higher authority. Deacons of each church are elected by

812-509: Is to publish material for the "advancement of historic Christian orthodoxy, as expressed by the liturgical and devotional usages of traditional English Christianity." There are also devotional societies within the AWRV : Parishes and missions belonging to the Western Rite can be found in a number of Orthodox jurisdictions. The single largest group of such communities is to be found within

870-670: The AWRV was the Episcopal Church of the Incarnation in Detroit, Michigan. On July 10, 2013, the recognition and status of Western Rite parishes within ROCOR seemed to change significantly. The Synod of Bishops of ROCOR , presided over by its First Hierarch, decreed that: The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia established a working commission to deal with the peculiarities that led to decision of July 2013. Within

928-482: The ROC , published a missal in 1962 which contained his restored Gallican rite and his restored pre-Celestinian Italic rite. Neither of Mensbrugghe's restored rites are used by Eastern Orthodox groups. Meyendorff, Schmemann, and Schneirla were already familiar with the Western Rite both from having been in contact with members of the ECOF while teaching at Saint Sergius Theological Institute. Schmemann actively followed

986-646: The Anglican Breviary . Also in common use within the AWRV , though not officially approved, are St. Dunstan's Plainsong Psalter , The English Office Noted , and the St. Ambrose Hymnal . Lancelot Andrewes Press is the publishing arm of the Fellowship of Saint Dunstan and publishes material which is utilized by congregations and individuals in Western rites. The primary mission of Lancelot Andrewes Press

1044-762: The Aromanian language was against the teachings of the Eastern Orthodox Church and threatened clergy performing services in Aromanian with unfrocking and excommunication . Joachim repeatedly attempted to find a solution to the Bulgarian schism , to little avail. Patriarch Joachim was a Mason , a member of the «Πρόοδος» lodge. He was awarded the Serbian Order of the Cross of Takovo and

1102-628: The Latin form ecclesia . The English language word "church" is from the Old English word cirice , derived from West Germanic *kirika , which in turn comes from the Greek κυριακή kuriakē , meaning "of the Lord" (possessive form of κύριος kurios "ruler" or "lord"). Kuriakē in the sense of "church" is most likely a shortening of κυριακὴ οἰκία kuriakē oikia ("house of the Lord") or ἐκκλησία κυριακή ekklēsia kuriakē ("congregation of

1160-657: The Liturgical Movement in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Church and was an advocate for renewal of the Orthodox liturgy. Officially, the AWRV provides one liturgical book , Orthodox Missal , which contains both the Liturgy of Saint Tikhon and the Liturgy of Saint Gregory, with appropriate propers for seasons, feasts, saints, and prayers before and after Mass. The Antiochian Archdiocese publishes

1218-717: The Old Calendarists , such as the former Western Rite Exarchate of the Holy Synod of Milan and the Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of North and South America and the British Isles . Within independent Orthodoxy, the American Orthodox Catholic Church 's successors have Western Rite metropolitan jurisdictions. There also are a number of independent Western Orthodox churches and monasteries that are not part of

SECTION 20

#1732765292380

1276-626: The Russian Orthodox Church to adopt the Eastern rite, the Western Orthodox Church went its own way, changing its name to the Orthodox Church of France. After several years of isolation, the church was recognized as an autonomous Church by Metropolitan Anastasy Gribanovsky of ROCOR and was in communion with ROCOR from 1959 to 1966. While the Russian Orthodox Church's Western Rite mission withered and ended, ECOF thrived; however, after Maximovich died, Kovalevsky

1334-587: The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America . In addition, the Western Rite is practiced within religious communities outside the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church. The Communion of the Western Orthodox Churches and the Orthodox Church of France are entirely Western Rite. Furthermore, there is a small number of Western Rite communities among

1392-602: The Saint Andrew Service Book (SASB), also known as The Western Rite Service Book , which was developed by Saint Michael's Church in California under the leadership of the late Father Michael Trigg; the 1996 second and 2005 third editions of the SASB received official sanction from Metropolitan Philip Saliba , with the latter containing explicit reference to the authorized nature of all previous editions of

1450-544: The oversight of bishops , as are Anglican , Lutheran, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Orthodox churches. Finally, the local church may function as the lowest subdivision in a global hierarchy under the leadership of one bishop, such as the pope (the bishop of Rome) of the Roman Catholic Church . Such association or unity is a church's ecclesiastical polity . The Greek word ekklēsia , literally "called out" or "called forth" and commonly used to indicate

1508-777: The American Orthodox Catholic Church and was consecrated a bishop in October 1974. Besides the original communities associated with the Society, a number of other parishes have been received into the Western Rite Vicariate of the Antiochian Archdiocese, particularly as elements within the Episcopal Church became dissatisfied with liturgical change and the ordination of women. The first Episcopal parish to be received into

1566-622: The Bolshevik Revolution that the Society had its inception as a missionary organ of the nascent federation of American Orthodox colonies under Russian suzerainty, though of local Syrian administration. With the collapse of that plan and the submission of the ethnic groups to the churches of their homelands, the Society was left in isolation. Through Father Paul Schneirla, he began unofficial dialogue with Metropolitan Antony Bashir. Even before this, Turner had been promoting Western Rite Orthodoxy through his periodical Orthodoxy . In 1961,

1624-477: The Eastern Orthodox Church. Western Rite parishes are found almost exclusively in countries with large Roman Catholic or Protestant populations. There are also numerous devotional societies and publishing ventures related to the Western Rite. Western Rite Orthodoxy remains a contentious issue for some. From 1864, Julian Joseph Overbeck , a former Roman Catholic priest, worked to establish

1682-561: The English Liturgy, which is derived from the Anglican Book of Common Prayer , albeit with some Byzantinization intended to emphasize Eastern Orthodox theological teaching . The Western Rite that exists today has been heavily influenced by the life and work of Julian Joseph Overbeck . Western Rite missions, parishes and monasteries exist within certain jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church , predominantly within

1740-604: The Liturgy of Saint Tikhon or that of Saint Gregory. While most parishes use the Tikhonite liturgy, several use the Gregorian liturgy on weekdays or on specific Sundays of the year. Presently, there is no breviary specifically designed for the Orthodox Western Rite, though priests of the AWRV who celebrate the Liturgy of Saint Gregory are expected to pray as much of the Breviarium Monasticum as possible, in

1798-585: The Lord"). Some grammarians and scholars say that the word has uncertain roots and may derive from the Anglo-Saxon "kirke" from the Latin "circus" and the Greek "kuklos" for "circle", which shape is the form in which many religious groups met and gathered. Christian churches were sometimes called κυριακόν kuriakon (adjective meaning "of the Lord") in Greek starting in the fourth century, but ekklēsia and βασιλική basilikē were more common. The word

Western Rite Orthodoxy - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-550: The Orthodox Church of France, followed by jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Communion of Western Orthodox Churches. There are also parishes and missions belonging to the Old Calendarist tradition. These groups are Canonical missionary societies with a core of canonical Orthodox laity served by Eastern Orthodox clergy within the Eastern Orthodox Church with the goal of future reception of converts into

1914-586: The Orthodox Church under Bishop Aftimios Ofiesh in the 1930s as part of the American Orthodox Catholic Church . In 1932, Bishop Aftimios consecrated an Episcopal priest, Ignatius Nichols, as auxiliary Bishop of Washington and assigned him to the Western Rite parishes. However, due to complaints from Episcopalians that the Episcopal Church was the "American" Orthodox Church, the American Orthodox Church that Aftimios and Nicholas were

1972-690: The Roman Catholic Church, like episcopal parishes, favor formal worship styles, and still more traditional structure in services. The importance of formal office is also a distinctive trait; thus a solemn mass may include the presence of officers of the Knights of Columbus as an escort for the regional bishop when he is present. Likewise, vestments are valued to inculcate the solemnity of the Holy Eucharist and are typically more elaborate than in other churches. A local church may also be

2030-426: The SASB. In addition to duplicating the contents of The Orthodox Missal , the SASB also includes forms for Matins and Vespers , the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament , and the threefold Amen common to the Byzantine epiclesis but absent in The Orthodox Missal . The SASB was produced by the Antiochian Archdiocese without the participation of the AWRV . Parishes within the AWRV are permitted to use either

2088-443: The Society (consisting of three parishes) was received into the Syrian Antiochian Archdiocese on the basis of Metropolitan Antony's 1958 edict. Upon reception, Bishop Alexander Turner became a canonical priest of the Antiochian Orthodox Church, guiding the group as Vicar-General until his death in 1971, thereafter he was succeeded by Schneirla. However, after Turner's death, the sole surviving Basilian, William Francis Forbes, returned to

2146-454: The United States. Mention of the Western Rite was often made in the OCA , the most prominent being a mention during a speech by the primate of the OCA , Metropolitan Jonah Paffhausen , in April 2009. On September 8, 2018, the Orthodox Church of America established a Western Rite mission parish in Alberta, Canada. However, the OCA has not yet officially established an organizational structure for future Western Rite parishes. There are

2204-446: The Western Rite has been more enduring. While he was bishop of the ROC 's diocese in America, some Episcopalians were interested in joining Orthodoxy while retaining Anglican liturgical practices. Tikhon sent the 1892 Book of Common Prayer , enquired about the viability of Orthodox parishes composed of former Anglicans using Anglican liturgical practices. In 1904, the Holy Synod concluded that such parishes were possible and provided

2262-411: The Western Rite of Orthodoxy. Metropolitan Kallistos Ware considered Western Rite Orthodoxy inherently divisive, believing that following different liturgical traditions from their neighboring Byzantine Rite Eastern Orthodox Christians meant they did not share liturgical unity with them and presented an unfamiliar face to the majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians. Ware was particularly concerned about

2320-427: The Western Rite. Nichols also consecrated Alexander Turner as a bishop in 1939. Turner pastored a small parish in Mount Vernon until Nichols' death in 1947, when he assumed leadership of the Society and concluded that there was no future for the Society of Saint Basil outside of canonical E. Orthodoxy. Turner described the situation the Society found itself in by saying: It was [...] during the tempestuous days following

2378-407: The commission in St. Petersburg. The commission approved the petition and he was instructed to present a revised Western liturgy for evaluation by the commission. He presented a revised Western liturgy in December. That liturgy was subsequently approved for use – specifically in the British Isles. By 1876, Overbeck appealed to other Orthodox Churches for their recognition of his plan. In 1879 he

Western Rite Orthodoxy - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-402: The congregation. In some Baptist congregations, for example, deacons function much like a board of directors or executive committee authorized to make important decisions. Although these congregations typically retain the right to vote on major decisions such as purchasing or selling property, large spending, and the hiring or firing of pastors and other paid ministers. In many such local churches,

2494-417: The following year there was established a new leadership structure that eventually led to the establishment of a revitalized Western Rite Vicariate under the Omophorion of His Eminence Metropolitan Hilarion. New Western Rite parishes and monasteries continue to be founded by ROCOR and priests, deacons and subdeacons within the Western Rite continue to be ordained from 2014 to the present, including in Sweden and

2552-878: The further fragmentation of Eastern Orthodoxy in non-Eastern Orthodox countries, in this case, in Great Britain . Church (congregation) Local churches often relate with, affiliate with, or consider themselves to be constitutive parts of denominations , which are also called churches in many traditions. Depending on the tradition, these organizations may connect local churches to larger church traditions, ordain and defrock clergy, define terms of membership and exercise church discipline , and have organizations for cooperative ministry such as educational institutions and missionary societies . Non-denominational churches are not part of denominations, but may consider themselves part of larger church movements without institutional expression. The word church may also be used for other religious communities. For non-Christian communities

2610-437: The growing abolitionist movement in the northern United States. Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople Joachim III the Magnificent ( Greek : Ιωακείμ ὁ Μεγαλοπρεπής ; 30 January 1834 – 26 November 1912) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1878 to 1884 and from 1901 to 1912. Joachim was born in Istanbul in 1834, with Aromanian origin from Kruševo . He was educated in Vienna . In 1858-1861, he

2668-412: The latter of which oversaw a small Orthodox Benedictine community in Paris. After 1946, Kovalevsky began to recreate a Gallican Rite based on the letters of Germain of Paris , a sixth-century bishop of Paris, numerous early Western missals and sacramentaries, and some Byzantine modifications; his development was The divine liturgy of Saint Germanus of Paris . Archimandrite Alexis van der Mensbrugghe ,

2726-529: The life of every parish community, especially in rural areas. For example, in the Church of England , parish churches are the oldest churches to be found in England. A number are substantially of Anglo-Saxon date and all subsequent periods of architecture are represented in the country. Most parishes have churches that date back to the Middle Ages. Thus, such local churches tend to favor traditional, formal worship styles, liturgy, and classical music styles, although modern trends are common as well. Local parishes of

2784-442: The movement dwindled during World War II. In 1936, the ROC received a small group led by a former Liberal Catholic bishop, Louis-Charles Winnaert (1880–1937), as the Église Orthodoxe Occidentale (EOO). Winnaert was received as an archimandrite, took the religious name Irénée, and soon died. Winnaert's work was continued, with occasional conflict, by one of his priests, Eugraph Kovalevsky (1905–1970) and Lucien Chambault ,

2842-498: The place of the local church. The Catholic Church has long offered housing to asylum seekers in the form of church asylum. In this tradition, the church provides sanctuary to asylum seekers for a short duration on their congregation's premises. During the nineteenth century in the United States, many churches, particularly the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church , sheltered those escaping Southern slavery. Many of these churches assisted fugitive slaves and aligned themselves with

2900-494: The public worshipping of God in such manner as they judge acceptable to him". A local church may be run using congregationalist polity and may be associated with other similar congregations in a denomination or convention, as are the churches of the Southern Baptist Convention or like German or Swiss Landeskirchen . It may be united with other congregations under the oversight of a council of pastors as are Presbyterian churches. It may be united with other parishes under

2958-544: The role of deacons includes pastoral and nurturing responsibilities. Typically, congregational churches have informal worship styles, less structured services, and may tend toward modern music and celebrations. Local churches united with others under the oversight of a bishop are normally called " parishes ", by Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican , and Lutheran communions . Each parish usually has one active parish church, though seldom and historically more than one. The parish church has always been fundamental to

SECTION 50

#1732765292380

3016-448: The term may be considered archaic or even offensive, negating existing terms such as synagogue or mosque used to refer to their community or place of worship . The word church is used in the sense of a distinct congregation in a given city in slightly under half of the 200 uses of the term in the New Testament . John Locke defined a church as "a voluntary society of men, joining themselves together of their own accord in order to

3074-410: Was especially suspicious of the role which the Greeks in London (and the Church of Greece generally) played in the stagnation of his ambitions, directly blaming the Greek Church's protest against the plan in 1892. The Orthodox Catholic Review ended publication in 1885 and Overbeck died in 1905 without seeing a Western Orthodox Church. Georges Florovsky summed up Overbeck's experience in this way: "it

3132-518: Was left without canonical protection until his death in 1970. In 1972, the church found a new canonical superior in the Romanian Orthodox Church . Gilles Bertrand-Hardy was then consecrated as bishop and took the religious name Germain of Saint-Denis. In 1993, after long conflict with the Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church about alleged canonical irregularities within ECOF , the Romanian Orthodox Church withdrew its blessing of ECOF and broke off communion. Saint Tikhon of Moscow 's contribution to

3190-458: Was not just a fantastic dream. The question raised by Overbeck was pertinent, even if his own answer to it was confusedly conceived. And probably the vision of Overbeck was greater than his personal interpretation." Some speculate Bishop Mathew's 1909 Old Catholic Missal and Ritual may have been approved as a Western Rite liturgy by Pope Photios of Alexandria. Both unions were contracted in quick succession and only lasted for an effective period of

3248-418: Was received in audience by the Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople , who recognized the theoretical right of Western Christians to have a Western Orthodox Church. Three years later, Joachim III and the Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate conditionally approved Overbeck's Western rite and Benedictine offices. However, Overbeck's efforts ultimately did not result in the establishment of a Western Orthodoxy. He

3306-439: Was soon ordained a bishop in the Jacobite Church , an Oriental Orthodox Church not in communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church . Other small groups using the Western Rite have been received, but usually have either had little impact or have declared their independence soon after their reception. Western rite parishes were established in Poland in 1926 when a half-dozen congregations were received into Eastern Orthodoxy; however,

3364-493: Was the deacon in the holy temple of St George. In 1864, he was elected bishop of Varna and in 1874 bishop of Thessalonica In the time of his first reign, he worked on the improvement of the financial state of the Patriarchate. In 1880, he founded the magazine Truth and did various other charitable acts. He is seen as one of the most prominent and important patriarchs of the twentieth century and modern times. In his 1911 encyclical , Joachim said that holding church services in

#379620