107-971: Wintle may refer to: People Alfred Wintle (1897–1966), British Army officer Frank Wintle (1929–2005), English footballer Francis Edward Wintle (known by pen-name Edward Rutherfurd ) (born 1948), British novelist Jack William Wintle (1908–1942), US Navy officer Justin Wintle (born 1939), English writer Mary Harriet Wintle (1834–1876), birth name of Australian watercolourist Mary Gedye Ryan Wintle (born 1997), English footballer Trevor Wintle (born 1940), English rugby union player Walter Wintle , American poet Other Characters in Wintle's Wonders (aka Dancing Shoes ) by Noel Streatfeild USS Wintle (DE-25) , US Navy destroyer in World War II Topics referred to by
214-421: A "crater-swamp". The gun-carriage wheel hit an unexploded shell; he woke up in a field hospital without his left eye, one kneecap and several fingers. At age 19, Wintle's right eye was so damaged that he had to wear a monocle for the rest of his life. He was sent back to England to convalesce by the "infernal quacks"; it appeared that his war was over but Wintle had other ideas. He was soon planning his escape from
321-399: A "full closed grin" causes nearby individuals to be fearful, as well. Playful chimpanzees display an open-mouthed grin. Chimpanzees may also express themselves with the "pout", which is made in distress, the "sneer", which is made when threatening or fearful, and "compressed-lips face", which is a type of display. When submitting to a dominant individual, a chimpanzee crunches, bobs, and extends
428-439: A 13-day hunger strike in protest against the "slovenly appearance of the guards who are not fit to guard an English officer!" He also informed anyone who would listen (including Maurice Molia, the camp commandant) exactly how he felt about their cowardice and treachery to their country. He informed them that he still intended to escape, and that anyone who called himself a Frenchman would come with him. Shortly after, he sawed through
535-473: A 2021 study on their abilities to make and use stone flakes, in a similar way as hypothesised for early hominins, did not find this behaviour across two populations of chimpanzees—suggesting that this behaviour is outside the chimpanzee species-typical range. Scientists have attempted to teach human language to several species of great ape. One early attempt by Allen and Beatrix Gardner in the 1960s involved spending 51 months teaching American Sign Language to
642-415: A captive environment. Social grooming appears to be important in the formation and maintenance of coalitions. It is more common among adult males than either between adult females or between males and females. Chimpanzees have been described as highly territorial and will frequently kill other chimpanzees, although Margaret Power wrote in her 1991 book The Egalitarians that the field studies from which
749-504: A case which has haunted this branch of the law for a generation". Nevertheless, it could also be said that the House of Lords decision is consistent with long standing principles and authority that a person in a fiduciary position such as a solicitor should not be permitted to benefit from abusing that relationship, particularly in the case of an elderly client "unversed in business" like the testator in this case. Although Wintle lost his case on
856-470: A chimpanzee jokingly named Nim Chimpsky (in allusion to the theorist of language Noam Chomsky ), trained by Herbert Terrace of Columbia University . Although his initial reports were quite positive, in November 1979, Terrace and his team, including psycholinguist Thomas Bever , re-evaluated the videotapes of Nim with his trainers, analyzing them frame by frame for signs, as well as for exact context (what
963-490: A chimpanzee named Washoe . The Gardners reported that Washoe learned 151 signs, and had spontaneously taught them to other chimpanzees, including her adopted son, Loulis . Over a longer period of time, Washoe was reported to have learned over 350 signs. Debate is ongoing among scientists such as David Premack about chimpanzees' ability to learn language. Since the early reports on Washoe, numerous other studies have been conducted, with varying levels of success. One involved
1070-433: A choice between two persons, chimpanzees were just as likely to beg food from a person who could see the begging gesture as from a person who could not, thereby raising the possibility that chimpanzees lack theory of mind . Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools. They modify sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them when foraging for termites and ants, nuts, honey, algae or water. Despite
1177-536: A coalition allows males to dominate a third individual when they could not by themselves, as politically apt chimpanzees can exert power over aggressive interactions regardless of their rank. Coalitions can also give an individual male the confidence to challenge a dominant or larger male. The more allies a male has, the better his chance of becoming dominant. However, most changes in hierarchical rank are caused by dyadic interactions. Chimpanzee alliances can be very fickle, and one member may suddenly turn on another if it
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#17327945899131284-467: A consortship and mate outside their community. In addition, females sometimes leave their community and mate with males from neighboring communities. These alternative mating strategies give females more mating opportunities without losing the support of the males in their community. Infanticide has been recorded in chimpanzee communities in some areas, and the victims are often consumed. Male chimpanzees practice infanticide on unrelated young to shorten
1391-569: A convivial conversation concluded, the Colonel and his new friend rose, shook hands and went their separate ways. Tom Pocock 22 Lawrence Street, London SW3 He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1959 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at London's Hay's Wharf. Wintle died in May 1966 aged 68 at his home in Wrotham and was cremated at Maidstone Crematorium , although he had wanted
1498-447: A crisp military command from the back of the bar: 'That gentleman is a friend of mine. I have been expecting him. Kindly show him to my table.' Colonel Wintle - celebrated for inspecting the turn out of his German guards when a prisoner of war and for debagging a solicitor - had spoken. Rising to greet his guest, Wintle trained his monocle on Bower and ordered, 'Pray bring us two small glasses of white wine.' When this had been drunk and
1605-501: A dark muddy colour in eastern chimpanzees, freckled on white which ages to a heavily mottled muddy colour in central chimpanzees, and black with a butterfly-shaped white mask that darkens with age in western chimpanzees. Facial pigmentation increases with age and exposure to ultraviolet light. Females develop swelling pink skin when in oestrus. Chimpanzees are adapted for both arboreal and terrestrial locomotion . Arboreal locomotion consists of vertical climbing and brachiation . On
1712-403: A dentist might. A horse fell on top of me and broke my leg." Wintle initially wrote fiction under the pen name "Michael Cobb" stating, "For a cavalry officer, to be literate, let alone write, is a disgrace." The Michael Cobb novel The Emancipation of Ambrose (1928) was filmed in 1936 as Wolf's Clothing . Other works, published as A. D. Wintle, include the fictional biography Aesop (1943),
1819-801: A dying or dead group member. When witnessing a sudden death, the other group members act in frenzy, with vocalisations, aggressive displays, and touching of the corpse. In one case chimpanzees cared for a dying elder, then attended and cleaned the corpse. Afterward, they avoided the spot where the elder died and behaved in a more subdued manner. Mothers have been reported to carry around and groom their dead infants for several days. Experimenters now and then witness behaviour that cannot be readily reconciled with chimpanzee intelligence or theory of mind . Wolfgang Köhler , for instance, reported insightful behaviour in chimpanzees, but he likewise often observed that they experienced "special difficulty" in solving simple problems. Researchers also reported that, when faced with
1926-418: A female chimpanzee were to participate in the hunting group and catch a Red Colobus, it would likely immediately be taken by an adult male. Female chimpanzees are estimated to hunt ≈ 10-15% of a community's vertebrates. Chimpanzees display numerous signs of intelligence, from the ability to remember symbols to cooperation, tool use, and varied language capabilities . They are among species that have passed
2033-438: A few individuals. These groups may consist of any combination of age and sexes. Both males and females sometimes travel alone. This fission–fusion society may include groups of four types: all-male, adult females and offspring, adults of both sexes, or one female and her offspring. These smaller groups emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organised to hunt for meat, while
2140-404: A fine box of cigars brought by my family doctor. Tea time was elastic and informal. Visitors dropped in at intervals, usually bringing along bottles which were uncorked on the spot. I don't recall that any of them contained any tea. Dinner, on the other hand, was strictly formal. I dined sharp at eight and entertained only such guests as had been invited beforehand. After a few days of settling in, I
2247-570: A funeral at Canterbury Cathedral with a full church service and the 1st The Royal Dragoons on parade playing "My Old Tarpaulin Jacket": A tall stalwart lancer lay dying, And as on his deathbed he lay, To his friends who around him were sighing, These last dying words he did say: (chorus) Wrap me up in my tarpaulin jacket And say a poor buffer lies low; And six stalwart lancers shall carry me With steps solemn, mournful and slow. Had I
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#17327945899132354-415: A group consisting of lactating females serves to act as a "nursery group" for the young. At the core of social structures are males, which patrol the territory, protect group members, and search for food. Males remain in their natal communities, while females generally emigrate at adolescence. Males in a community are more likely to be related to one another than females are to each other. Among males, there
2461-454: A hand. When in an aggressive mode, a chimpanzee swaggers bipedally, hunched over and arms waving, in an attempt to exaggerate its size. While travelling, chimpanzees keep in contact by beating their hands and feet against the trunks of large trees, an act that is known as "drumming". They also do this when encountering individuals from other communities. Vocalisations are also important in chimpanzee communication. The most common call in adults
2568-502: A legal action against a dishonest solicitor named Nye, whom he accused of appropriating £44,000 from the estate of Wintle's deceased cousin, by inveigling her into leaving the residue of her estate to Nye in her will. To publicise the case, in 1955 Wintle served time in prison after forcing Nye to remove his trousers and submit to being photographed. He pursued Nye through the courts over the next three years, losing his case on two occasions. By 1958, Wintle ran out of money and had to present
2675-568: A leopard cub after mobbing it and its mother in their den. Four chimpanzees could have fallen prey to lions at Mahale Mountains National Park . Although no other instances of lion predation on chimpanzees have been recorded, lions likely do kill chimpanzees occasionally, and the larger group sizes of savanna chimpanzees may have developed as a response to threats from these big cats. Chimpanzees may react to lions by fleeing up trees, vocalising, or hiding in silence. Chimpanzees and humans share only 50% of their parasite and microbe species. This
2782-407: A long letter. On reading it over, I have thrown it into the waste paper basket. Hoping this will meet with your approval, I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, AD Wintle He was once so furious about the lack of first-class carriages on a train that he commandeered the engine and refused to move until more carriages appeared. Wintle made legal history when he brought
2889-449: A new group if accompanied by immigrant females who have an existing relationship with this male. This gives the resident males reproductive advantages with these females, as they are more inclined to remain in the group if their male friend is also accepted. Chimpanzees use facial expressions, postures, and sounds to communicate with each other. Chimpanzees have expressive faces that are important in close-up communications. When frightened,
2996-510: A pronounced brow ridge . It has forward-facing eyes, a small nose, rounded non-lobed ears and a long mobile upper lip. Additionally, adult males have sharp canine teeth. Like all great apes, it has a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 , that is, two incisors , one canine , two premolars , and three molars on both halves of each jaw. Chimpanzees lack the prominent sagittal crest and associated head and neck musculature of gorillas. Chimpanzee bodies are covered by coarse hair, except for
3103-407: A result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups, as opposed to the much larger "parent" group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees which regularly come into contact with each other and congregate into parties in a particular area. Male chimpanzees exist in a linear dominance hierarchy . Top-ranking males tend to be aggressive even during dominance stability. This
3210-494: A row, a row, And get you six jolly good fellows To drink to this buffer below. And then in the calm of the twilight When the soft winds are whispering low, so low, And the darkening shadows are falling, Sometimes think of this buffer below. Wintle began writing in 1924 after he broke his leg while riding. In a March 1962 interview on the BBC, Wintle stated, "I did not fall off my horse as
3317-451: A topical one; after he had read out the sixth name upon it ( Hore-Belisha , then Secretary of State for War ), that charge was also dropped. The government, embarrassed by his accusations, upheld the court decision to drop all charges bar one: the assault on Air Commodore Boyle (for which Wintle received a formal reprimand). Jones went on to add that Wintle was in the relatively safe position of being tried by an Army court on charges brought by
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3424-554: Is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is thus humans ' closest living relative. The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) for males and 27–50 kg (60–110 lb) for females and standing 150 cm (4 ft 11 in). The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during
3531-402: Is abundant, gorilla and chimpanzee diets converge, but when fruit is scarce gorillas resort to vegetation. The two apes may also feed on different species, whether fruit or insects. Interactions between them can range from friendly and even stable social bonding, to avoidance, to aggression and even predation of infants on the part of chimpanzees. The average lifespan of a wild chimpanzee
3638-443: Is brief, lasting approximately seven seconds. The gestation period is eight months. Care for the young is provided mostly by their mothers. The survival and emotional health of the young is dependent on maternal care. Mothers provide their young with food, warmth, and protection, and teach them certain skills. In addition, a chimpanzee's future rank may be dependent on its mother's status. Male chimpanzees continue to associate with
3745-481: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alfred Wintle Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Daniel Wintle MC , better known as A. D. Wintle , (30 September 1897 – 11 May 1966) was a British military officer in the 1st The Royal Dragoons who served in the First and Second World Wars . He was the first non-lawyer to achieve a unanimous verdict in his favour in
3852-531: Is documented in wild and captive chimpanzees. Chimpanzee laughter is not readily recognisable to humans as such, because it is generated by alternating inhalations and exhalations that sound more like breathing and panting. Instances in which nonhuman primates have expressed joy have been reported. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body, such as the armpits and belly. The enjoyment of tickling in chimpanzees does not diminish with age. Chimpanzees have displayed different behaviours in response to
3959-683: Is due to the differences in environmental and dietary adaptations; human internal parasite species overlap more with omnivorous, savanna-dwelling baboons. The chimpanzee is host to the louse species Pediculus schaeffi , a close relative of P. humanus , which infests human head and body hair. By contrast, the human pubic louse Pthirus pubis is closely related to Pthirus gorillae , which infests gorillas. A 2017 study of gastro intestinal parasites of wild chimpanzees in degraded forest in Uganda found nine species of protozoa , five nematodes , one cestode , and one trematode . The most prevalent species
4066-873: Is eight months. The infant is weaned at about three years old but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more. The chimpanzee is listed on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range. The biggest threats to the chimpanzee are habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Chimpanzees appear in Western popular culture as stereotyped clown-figures and have featured in entertainments such as chimpanzees' tea parties , circus acts and stage shows. Although chimpanzees have been kept as pets, their strength, aggressiveness, and unpredictability makes them dangerous in this role. Some hundreds have been kept in laboratories for research, especially in
4173-466: Is generally a dominance hierarchy, and males are dominant over females. However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest," is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is caused mainly by the large measure of individual autonomy that individuals have within their fission-fusion social groups. As
4280-439: Is made by young chimpanzees as a form of begging or when lost from the group. Chimpanzees use distance calls to draw attention to danger, food sources, or other community members. "Barks" may be made as "short barks" when hunting and "tonal barks" when sighting large snakes. When hunting small monkeys such as the red colobus , chimpanzees hunt where the forest canopy is interrupted or irregular. This allows them to easily corner
4387-403: Is more robustly built than the bonobo but less than the gorilla . The arms of a chimpanzee are longer than its legs and can reach below the knees. The hands have long fingers with short thumbs and flat fingernails. The feet are adapted for grasping, and the big toe is opposable . The pelvis is long with an extended ilium . A chimpanzee's head is rounded with a prominent and prognathous face and
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4494-657: Is probably due to the chimpanzee's fission-fusion society, with male chimpanzees leaving groups and returning after extended periods of time. With this, a dominant male is unsure if any "political maneuvering" has occurred in his absence and must re-establish his dominance. Thus, a large amount of aggression occurs within five to fifteen minutes after a reunion. During these encounters, displays of aggression are generally preferred over physical attacks. Males maintain and improve their social ranks by forming coalitions, which have been characterised as "exploitative" and based on an individual's influence in agonistic interactions. Being in
4601-419: Is relatively short. They usually live less than 15 years, although individuals that reach 12 years may live an additional 15 years. On rare occasions, wild chimpanzees may live nearly 60 years. Captive chimpanzees tend to live longer than most wild ones, with median lifespans of 31.7 years for males and 38.7 years for females. The oldest-known male captive chimpanzee to have been documented lived to 66 years, and
4708-482: Is the " pant-hoot ", which may signal social rank and bond along with keeping groups together. Pant-hoots are made of four parts, starting with soft "hoos", the introduction; that gets louder and louder, the build-up; and climax into screams and sometimes barks; these die down back to soft "hoos" during the letdown phase as the call ends. Grunting is made in situations like feeding and greeting. Submissive individuals make "pant-grunts" towards their superiors. Whimpering
4815-435: Is to his advantage. Low-ranking males frequently switch sides in disputes between more dominant individuals. Low-ranking males benefit from an unstable hierarchy and often find increased sexual opportunities if a dispute or conflict occurs. In addition, conflicts between dominant males cause them to focus on each other rather than the lower-ranking males. Social hierarchies among adult females tend to be weaker. Nevertheless,
4922-635: The Greek god , while the specific name troglodytes was taken from the Troglodytae , a mythical race of cave-dwellers. The first great ape known to Western science in the 17th century was the " orang-outang " (genus Pongo ), the local Malay name being recorded in Java by the Dutch physician Jacobus Bontius . In 1641, the Dutch anatomist Nicolaes Tulp applied the name to a chimpanzee or bonobo brought to
5029-751: The House of Lords , and is considered one of London's greatest eccentrics . The son of John Edward Wintle, a diplomat, by his wife Emma Teresa (née King), Alfred Daniel Wintle was born in Mariupol , East Ukraine. In 1901, the family went to live in Dunkirk ; he was subsequently educated in France and Germany, becoming fluent in French and German. At the outbreak of the First World War , 16-year-old Wintle
5136-482: The Middle Pleistocene . According to studies published in 2017 by researchers at George Washington University , bonobos, along with chimpanzees, split from the human line about 8 million years ago; then bonobos split from the common chimpanzee line about 2 million years ago. Another 2017 genetic study suggests ancient gene flow ( introgression ) between 200,000 and 550,000 years ago from the bonobo into
5243-455: The chimp , is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa . It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed one. When its close relative the bonobo was more commonly known as the pygmy chimpanzee, this species was often called the common chimpanzee or the robust chimpanzee . The chimpanzee and the bonobo are the only species in the genus Pan . Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan
5350-636: The mirror test , suggesting self-awareness . In one study, two young chimpanzees showed retention of mirror self-recognition after one year without access to mirrors. Chimpanzees have been observed to use insects to treat their own wounds and those of others. They catch them and apply them directly to the injury. Chimpanzees also display signs of culture among groups, with the learning and transmission of variations in grooming, tool use and foraging techniques leading to localized traditions. A 30-year study at Kyoto University 's Primate Research Institute has shown that chimpanzees are able to learn to recognise
5457-536: The 119th Battery, 22nd Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA). His Military Cross was gazetted in the London Gazette of 2 April 1919, and the citation was published on 10 December. According to his obituary, he received his MC in the mail the same day it was announced in the London Gazette . The citation read: For marked gallantry and initiative on 4th Nov. 1918 near Jolimentz. He went forward with
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#17327945899135564-474: The Editor, The Spectator , 8 May 1999): From Mr Tom Pocock Sir: Frank Bower was not always able to eject unwanted patrons from El Vino (Letters, 1 May). One morning in the late Fifties, a West Indian workman entered what he thought was a pub and asked the proprietor for a pint of bitter. Empurpled with rage, embroidered waistcoat at bursting point, Bower was hustling him into Fleet Street when interrupted by
5671-706: The Gombe group. A study published in 2010 found that the chimpanzees wage wars over territory, not mates. Patrols from smaller groups are more likely to avoid contact with their neighbours. Patrols from large groups even take over a smaller group's territory, gaining access to more resources, food, and females. While it was traditionally accepted that only female chimpanzees immigrate and males remain in their natal troop for life, there are confirmed cases of adult males safely integrating themselves into new communities among West African chimpanzees, suggesting they are less territorial than other subspecies. Chimpanzees mate throughout
5778-544: The Netherlands from Angola. Another Dutch anatomist, Peter Camper , dissected specimens from Central Africa and Southeast Asia in the 1770s, noting the differences between the African and Asian apes. The German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach classified the chimpanzee as Simia troglodytes by 1775. Another German naturalist, Lorenz Oken , coined the genus Pan in 1816. The bonobo was recognised as distinct from
5885-621: The RAF. Wintle was then sent abroad to rejoin his old regiment ( 1st The Royal Dragoons ), and went into action gathering intelligence and coordinating raids on the Vichy French in Syria. After the Allied victory in Syria, Wintle was asked to go to Vichy France in disguise to determine the condition of British prisoners-of-war held there. While waiting to make contact with sympathetic elements of
5992-462: The Resistance. Wintle had married his wife, Dora, in 1944. After the war, he stood as a Liberal Party candidate for the 1945 general election at Norwood . The seat had little in terms of a Liberal voting tradition, and he finished third with about 11 percent of the vote. The editor of The Times preserved a letter that Wintle sent him in 1946: Sir, I have just written you
6099-487: The Southern General Hospital back to the front, attending a nurses-only dance in their billets (disguised as a nurse) before finally making his escape. He recorded that his monocle was a dead give-away and the particularly unpleasant matron was unimpressed with his antics. Wintle entrained for France with a warrant signed by a friend of his father's; he had a "moderately successful year of action" with
6206-619: The Tower, he wrote: My life in the Tower had begun. How different it was from what I had expected. Officers at first cut me dead, thinking that I was some kind of traitor; but when news of my doings leaked out they could not do enough for me. My cell became the most popular meeting place in the garrison and I was as well cared for as if I had been at the Ritz . I would have a stroll in the (dry) moat after breakfast for exercise. Then sharp at eleven Guardsman McKie, detailed as my servant, would arrive from
6313-491: The United States. Many attempts have been made to teach languages such as American Sign Language to chimpanzees, with limited success. The English word chimpanzee is first recorded in 1738. It is derived from Vili ci-mpenze or Tshiluba language chimpenze , with a meaning of " ape ", or "mockman". The colloquialism "chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s. The genus name Pan derives from
6420-547: The Vichy French government Wintle was betrayed, arrested as a spy and imprisoned by the Vichy. During his captivity, he informed his guards that it was his duty as an English officer to escape; he successfully did so once by quickly unhinging his cell door and hiding in a sentry box before slipping out quietly, but was betrayed and recaptured within a week. Wintle's guard was doubled from this point on. He responded by going on
6527-442: The aggressive data came, Gombe and Mahale, used artificial feeding systems that increased aggression in the chimpanzee populations studied. Thus, the behaviour may not reflect innate characteristics of the species as a whole. In the years following her artificial feeding conditions at Gombe, Jane Goodall described groups of male chimpanzees patrolling the borders of their territory, brutally attacking chimpanzees that had split off from
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#17327945899136634-429: The ancestors of central and eastern chimpanzees. Four subspecies of the chimpanzee have been recognised, with the possibility of a fifth: A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published in 2005 and encodes 18,759 proteins, (compared to 20,383 in the human proteome). The DNA sequences of humans and chimpanzees are very similar and the difference in protein number mostly arises from incomplete sequences in
6741-513: The case himself. On 26 November 1958 the Lords announced that they had found for Wintle, the reasons for judgement being reserved. In its subsequent written reasons, the House of Lords held that the burden was on the solicitor Nye to establish that the gift of the residue of the deceased cousin's estate to the solicitor in the will that he had drawn was not the result of his fraud, and that he had failed to discharge this exceptionally heavy burden so that
6848-660: The chimpanzee by 1933. Despite a large number of Homo fossil finds, Pan fossils were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major human fossil sites in East Africa, but chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from Kenya. This indicates that both humans and members of the Pan clade were present in the East African Rift Valley during
6955-425: The chimpanzee genome. Both species differ by about 35 million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events and various chromosomal rearrangements . Typical human and chimpanzee protein homologs differ in an average of only two amino acids . About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimpanzee protein. Duplications of small parts of chromosomes have been
7062-488: The chimpanzee inhabits multistage secondary deciduous forest , which has grown after shifting cultivation , as well as primary forest and grassland. At Taï , it is found in the last remaining tropical rain forest in Ivory Coast. The chimpanzee has an advanced cognitive map of its home range and can repeatedly find food. The chimpanzee builds a sleeping nest in a tree in a different location each night, never using
7169-435: The day. The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy, where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence. Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools , modifying sticks, rocks, grass and leaves and using them for hunting and acquiring honey , termites , ants , nuts and water. The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals. Its gestation period
7276-405: The face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Chimpanzees lose more hair as they age and develop bald spots. The hair of a chimpanzee is typically black but can be brown or ginger. As they get older, white or grey patches may appear, particularly on the chin and lower region. Chimpanzee skin that is covered with body hair is white, while exposed areas vary: white which ages into
7383-516: The factual background to the case and a discussion of the procedural difficulties faced by Wintle in prosecuting the civil case. The author suggests the ultimate victory by Wintle was the "right result by the wrong route", because at the time of the appeal to the House of Lords "everyone was mindful of the newspaper headlines"; he suggests that the Law Lords were forced to resort to sophistry to uphold Wintle's appeal, and concludes that it "is
7490-498: The females they impregnated and interact with and support their offspring. Newborn chimpanzees are helpless. For example, their grasping reflex is not strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. For their first 30 days, infants cling to their mother's bellies. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support. When they reach five to six months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. They remain in continual contact for
7597-528: The first appeal, Lord Justice Sellers (one of the three judges on the Court of Appeal) dissented and considered that he should have won it. Thus, of the nine judges who heard the case at its various stages, six sided with Wintle. An encounter with Wintle in the El Vino wine bar on Fleet Street is related in a letter to the editor of The Spectator published 8 May 1999. The heading was "Bower's bans" (Letters to
7704-449: The front. On his first night a shell burst near him, splashing over him the entrails of his sergeant (to whom he had just been introduced). Wintle later admitted to being petrified. As the bombardment continued, he dealt with his fear by standing at attention and saluting. As he later wrote, "Within thirty seconds I was able to become again an Englishman of action and to carry out calmly the duties I had been trained to perform". The incident
7811-477: The grip strength of an adult chimpanzee is estimated to be 200 kg (440 lb), while other sources claim figures of up to 330 kg (730 lb). The chimpanzee is a highly adaptable species. It lives in a variety of habitats, including dry savanna , evergreen rainforest, montane forest , swamp forest , and dry woodland -savanna mosaic. In Gombe , the chimpanzee mostly uses semideciduous and evergreen forest as well as open woodland. At Bossou ,
7918-480: The ground, chimpanzees move both quadrupedally and bipedally. These movements appear to have similar energy costs. As with bonobos and gorillas, chimpanzees move quadrupedally by knuckle-walking , which probably evolved independently in Pan and Gorilla . Their muscles are 50% stronger per weight than those of humans due to higher content of fast twitch muscle fibres , one of the chimpanzee's adaptations for climbing and swinging. According to Japan's Asahiyama Zoo ,
8025-454: The honey out of the hive if the bees are stingless . For hives of the dangerous African honeybees , chimpanzees use longer and thinner sticks to extract the honey. Chimpanzees also fish for ants using the same tactic. Ant dipping is difficult and some chimpanzees never master it. West African chimpanzees crack open hard nuts with stones or branches. Some forethought in this activity is apparent, as these tools are not found together or where
8132-692: The infantry to obtain information and personally accounted for 35 prisoners. On 9th Nov. he took forward his section well in front of the infantry and throughout the day he showed initiative of a very high order and did excellent work. Wintle later recalled that he could not remember anything about either incident. He is said to have regarded the period between the First and Second World War as "intensely boring". When World War II began in September 1939, Wintle tried everything to persuade his superiors to allow him to go to France. When they refused, he planned to resign his commission and form his own army "to take
8239-462: The interbirth intervals in the females. Females sometimes practice infanticide. This may be related to the dominance hierarchy in females or may simply be pathological. Inbreeding was studied in a relatively undisturbed eastern bisexual chimpanzee community. Despite an increased inbreeding risk incurred by females who do not disperse before reaching reproductive age, these females were still able to avoid producing inbred offspring. Copulation
8346-458: The iron bars of his cell, hid in a garbage cart, and slipped over the wall of the castle, making his way back to Britain via Spain. Molia later claimed on Wintle's This Is Your Life programme in 1959 that shortly after the escape, "because of Wintle's dauntless determination to maintain English standards and his constant challenge to our authority" the entire garrison of 280 men had gone over to
8453-539: The lack of complexity, forethought and skill are apparent in making these tools. Chimpanzees have used stone tools since at least 4,300 years ago. A chimpanzee from the Kasakela chimpanzee community was the first nonhuman animal reported making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound. At Taï, chimpanzees simply use their hands to extract termites. When foraging for honey, chimpanzees use modified short sticks to scoop
8560-730: The major source of differences between human and chimpanzee genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions , since humans and chimpanzees diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. Adult chimpanzees have an average standing height of 150 cm (4 ft 11 in). Wild adult males weigh between 40 and 70 kg (88 and 154 lb), and females weigh between 27 and 50 kg (60 and 110 lb). In exceptional cases, certain individuals may considerably exceed these measurements, standing over 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) on two legs and weighing up to 136 kg (300 lb) in captivity. The chimpanzee
8667-542: The majority of their diet consists of fruits, leaves, roots, and other plant matter. Female chimpanzees appear to consume much less animal flesh than males, according to several studies. Jane Goodall documented many occasions within Gombe Stream National Park of chimpanzees and western red colobus monkeys ignoring each other despite close proximity. Chimpanzees do not appear to directly compete with gorillas in areas where they overlap. When fruit
8774-407: The monkeys when chasing them in the appropriate direction. Chimpanzees may also hunt as a coordinated team, so that they can corner their prey even in a continuous canopy. During an arboreal hunt, each chimpanzee in the hunting groups has a role. "Drivers" serve to keep the prey running in a certain direction and follow them without attempting to make a catch. "Blockers" are stationed at the bottom of
8881-867: The novel Ilium: A Story of Troy (1944), and The Club (1961). A brief biography can be found in the Spring 1989 Victorian Bar News . A full-length autobiography, compiled after his death by his friend Alastair Revie from more than a million words left by Wintle, was published in 1968 by Michael Joseph as The Last Englishman . Another short biography of Wintle can be found in chapter 13 ("Colonel 'Debag' rides again", pp 143–153) of Robert Littell's It Takes All Kinds published by Reynal & Co, New York, 1961. J.D. Casswell, KC represented Wintle at his World War II court-martial and devotes pages 152–159 to Wintle in his 1961 autobiography, A Lance For Liberty . Common chimpanzee The chimpanzee ( / tʃ ɪ m p æ n ˈ z i / ; Pan troglodytes ), also simply known as
8988-405: The numbers 1 to 9 and their values. The chimpanzees further show an aptitude for eidetic memory , demonstrated in experiments in which the jumbled digits are flashed onto a computer screen for less than a quarter of a second. One chimpanzee, Ayumu , was able to correctly and quickly point to the positions where they appeared in ascending order. Ayumu performed better than human adults who were given
9095-630: The nuts are collected. Nut cracking is also difficult and must be learned. Chimpanzees also use leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water. West African chimpanzees in Senegal were found to sharpen sticks with their teeth, which were then used to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees. An eastern chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a squirrel . Whilst experimental studies on captive chimpanzees have found that many of their species-typical tool-use behaviours can be individually learnt by each chimpanzees,
9202-499: The officers' mess with a large whisky and ginger ale. He would find me already spick and span, for though I have a great regard for the Guards, they have not the gift to look after a cavalry officer's equipment. The morning would pass pleasantly. By noon visitors would begin to arrive. One or two always stayed to lunch. They always brought something with them. I remember one particularly succulent duck in aspic - it gave me indigestion - and
9309-410: The oldest female, Little Mama , was nearly 80 years old. Leopards prey on chimpanzees in some areas. It is possible that much of the mortality caused by leopards can be attributed to individuals that have specialised in killing chimpanzees. Chimpanzees may react to a leopard's presence with loud vocalising, branch shaking, and throwing objects. There is at least one record of chimpanzees killing
9416-676: The rest of their first year. When they reach two years of age, they are able to move and sit independently and start moving beyond the arms' reach of their mothers. By four to six years, chimpanzees are weaned and infancy ends. The juvenile period for chimpanzees lasts from their sixth to ninth years. Juveniles remain close to their mothers, but interact an increasing amount with other members of their community. Adolescent females move between groups and are supported by their mothers in agonistic encounters. Adolescent males spend time with adult males in social activities like hunting and boundary patrolling. A captive study suggests males can safely immigrate to
9523-649: The same nest more than once. Chimpanzees sleep alone in separate nests except for infants or juvenile chimpanzees, which sleep with their mothers. The chimpanzee is an omnivorous frugivore . It prefers fruit above all other food, but it also eats leaves, leaf buds, seeds, blossoms, stems, pith , bark, and resin . A study in Budongo Forest , Uganda found that 64.5% of their feeding time concentrated on fruits (84.6% of which being ripe), particularly those from two species of Ficus , Maesopsis eminii , and Celtis gomphophylla . In addition, 19% of feeding time
9630-442: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wintle . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wintle&oldid=1222379697 " Categories : Disambiguation pages English-language surnames Hidden categories: Short description
9737-556: The same test. In controlled experiments on cooperation , chimpanzees show a basic understanding of cooperation, and recruit the best collaborators. In a group setting with a device that delivered food rewards only to cooperating chimpanzees, cooperation first increased, then, due to competitive behaviour, decreased, before finally increasing to the highest level through punishment and other arbitrage behaviours. Great apes show laughter-like vocalisations in response to physical contact, such as wrestling, play chasing, or tickling . This
9844-454: The status of an adult female may be important for her offspring. Females in Taï have also been recorded to form alliances. While chimpanzee social structure is often referred to as patriarchal , it is not entirely unheard of for females to forge coalitions against males. There is also at least one recorded case of females securing a dominant position over males in their respective troop, albeit in
9951-423: The third was conduct contrary to (and to the prejudice of) good order and military discipline. To the latter was added the claim that he had drawn a gun in the presence of the RAF officer, and stated that "people like you ought to be shot". Jones recalled that far from denying this, Wintle admitted the act and produced a list of people whom he felt should likewise be shot as a patriotic gesture. The list must have been
10058-565: The top of preferred mammal prey. Other mammalian prey include red-tailed monkeys , infant and juvenile yellow baboons , bush babies , blue duikers , bushbucks , and common warthogs . Despite the fact that chimpanzees are known to hunt and to collect both insects and other invertebrates, such food actually makes up a very small portion of their diet, from as little as 2% yearly to as much as 65 grams of animal flesh per day for each adult chimpanzee in peak hunting seasons. This also varies from troop to troop and year to year. However, in all cases,
10165-486: The trees and climb up to block prey that takes off in a different direction. "Chasers" move quickly and try to make a catch. Finally, "ambushers" hide and rush out when a monkey nears. While both adults and infants are taken, adult male colobus monkeys will attack the hunting chimps. When caught and killed, the meal is distributed to all hunting party members and even bystanders. Male chimpanzees hunt in groups more than females. Female chimpanzees tend to hunt solitarily. If
10272-671: The trial jury's validation of the gift to Nye could not be allowed to stand. Wintle thus became the first non-lawyer to achieve a unanimous verdict in his favour in the House of Lords . A comprehensive analysis of the legal issues in the Wintle v Nye lawsuit is provided by Kerridge in "Wills made in Suspicious Circumstances: the Problem of the Vulnerable Testator". The author provides a brief overview of
10379-504: The war to the Hun". In his book Most Secret War , Reginald Victor Jones recalls encountering Wintle on matters of air intelligence. He was impressed by an army officer with enough technical knowledge to distinguish a spectroscope from a spectrograph , and who noted details in intelligence reports which might have indicated their authenticity (or otherwise). After chatting with Wintle on Horse Guards Parade one morning, he recorded that he
10486-429: The wings of a little dove, Far far away would I fly; I'd fly Straight for the arms of my true love And there I would lay me and die. Then get you two little white tombstones Put them one at my head and my toe, my toe, And get you a penknife and scratch there: "Here lies a poor buffer below." And get you six brandies and sodas, And set them all out in
10593-515: The year, although the number of females in oestrus varies seasonally in a group. Female chimpanzees are more likely to come into oestrus when food is readily available. Oestrous females exhibit sexual swellings . Chimpanzees are promiscuous : during oestrus, females mate with several males in their community, while males have large testicles for sperm competition . Other forms of mating also exist. A community's dominant males sometimes restrict reproductive access to females. A male and female can form
10700-415: Was happening both before and after Nim's signs). In the reanalysis, Terrace and Bever concluded that Nim's utterances could be explained merely as prompting on the part of the experimenters, as well as mistakes in reporting the data. "Much of the apes' behaviour is pure drill", he said. "Language still stands as an important definition of the human species." In this reversal, Terrace now argued Nim's use of ASL
10807-472: Was imprisoned in the Tower of London . On the way to his prison, the lieutenant colonel was escorted by a young soldier via train. The soldier is reported to have lost the arrest warrant; disgusted by this, Wintle declared the man incompetent, told him to wait where he was and went to get a new warrant. Since there was no other officer of higher rank at the warrant office, he signed the paper himself. Of his time in
10914-588: Was in Dunkirk and claimed to have "irregularly attached" himself to Commander Samson 's armoured-car unit, witnessing Uhlans being shot on one occasion in Belgium. Wintle wished to see military action. In summer 1915, his father agreed to his son's early entry into the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich , from which he was commissioned in less than four months. Less than a week later, he was at
11021-408: Was spent on arboreal leaves, mostly Broussonetia papyrifera and Celtis mildbraedii . While the chimpanzee is mostly herbivorous , it does eat honey, soil, insects, birds and their eggs, and small to medium-sized mammals, including other primates. Insect species consumed include the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda , Macrotermes termites , and honey bees . The red colobus ranks at
11128-407: Was surprised to find that - as a way of life- being a prisoner in the Tower of London had its points. When his case was heard, Wintle was read the three charges against him. The first was that he had feigned defective eyesight (and infirmity, to avoid active duty). This charge was dismissed after Wintle's defence provided medical evidence. The second charge was assaulting Air Commodore Boyle, and
11235-574: Was surprised to see a news headline a few days later: "Cavalry Officer in the Tower". After the French surrender , Wintle demanded an aircraft (with which he intended to rally the French Air Force to fly their planes to Britain and continue fighting Germany from British air bases); when refused, he threatened an RAF officer ( Air Commodore A.R. Boyle) with a gun. It was alleged that he had threatened to shoot himself and Boyle, and for this he
11342-465: Was the protozoan Troglodytella abrassarti . Recent studies have suggested that human observers influence chimpanzee behaviour. One suggestion is that drones , camera traps, and remote microphones should be used to record and monitor chimpanzees rather than direct human observation. Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from around 15 to more than 150 members but spend most of their time traveling in small, temporary groups consisting of
11449-610: Was typical, both of a series of remarkable escapes and his pride at being an Englishman (as opposed to being born "a chimpanzee or a flea, or a Frenchman or a German"). He saw action at Ypres , the Somme , La Bassée and Festubert , supposedly capturing the village of Vesle single-handedly before handing it over to the New Zealanders (who were about to attack it in force). His luck ran out during Third Battle of Ypres in 1917 as he helped manhandle an 18-pounder field gun across
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