146-842: The Toyota Kijang is a series of pickup trucks , station wagons and light commercial vehicles produced and marketed mainly in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, India and South Africa by Toyota between 1976 and 2007 under various other names. The vehicle first entered production in the Philippines as the Toyota Tamaraw in December 1976. It was then introduced in Indonesia in June 1977 as the Kijang, after its unnamed prototype model
292-620: A chassis and third parties added bodies on top. In 1902, the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company was founded by Max Grabowsky and Morris Grabowsky who built one-ton carrying capacity trucks in Pontiac, Michigan. In 1913, the Galion Allsteel Body Company , an early developer of the pickup and dump truck , built and installed hauling boxes on slightly modified Ford Model T chassis, and from 1917, on
438-595: A sedan platform but use a part- monocoque , part chassis frame construction. Typically, a body-on-frame pickup truck of a similar size to a mid-size SUV . Examples include the Ford Ranger , Toyota Hilux , and Isuzu D-Max . This is usually the largest size pickup sold or manufactured in countries outside North America. A body-on-frame pickup truck with an exterior width of more than two meters (excluding mirrors and/or widebody/flares for dually wheels ). General Motors General Motors Company ( GM )
584-439: A tailgate and removable covering). In Australia and New Zealand , both pickups and coupé utilities are called utes , short for utility vehicle . In South Africa , people of all language groups use the term bakkie ; a diminutive of Afrikaans : bak , meaning bowl or container . Once a work or farming tool with few creature comforts, in the 1950s, US consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle reasons, and by
730-743: A unibody pickup truck is built on compact SUV platform or a compact passenger car platform. Examples include the Hyundai Santa Cruz and Ford Maverick . Subaru also produced the Subaru Baja based heavily on the Subaru Outback (Legacy) wagon and Subaru BRAT based on the Subaru Leone wagon using a unibody construction. Other variations include the Holden Crewman and Holden one tonner which are based on
876-417: A 1.2-litre 3K engine producing 41 kW (55 hp; 56 PS), and was produced by the now-defunct Delta Motors , which assembled Toyota vehicles in the Philippines. It was considered as a "BUV", or "Basic Utility Vehicle". It had a 4-speed manual transmission, and some models had no driver- or front passenger-side doors. Because of its ruggedness and ease of maintenance, even its upgradability (some swap
1022-657: A 1.8-litre EFI for the petrol engine and 2.4-litre diesel engine. Trim levels available are the DLX (entry level), GL, GLX, SR (Sport Runner), the high-end LXV, VX200 and the limited edition SR-J and VX200-J (part of Toyota's series of J, or Japan-spec, vehicles, which extended to the Hilux, the HiAce, and the RAV4). The LXV trim was discontinued in the 2000 model year in favor of the VX200, while
1168-529: A 15% stake in AeroVironment . In 1989, GM acquired half of Saab Automobile 's car operations for $ 600 million. In August 1990, Robert Stempel became CEO of the company, succeeding Roger Smith . GM cut output significantly and suffered losses that year due to the early 1990s recession . In 1990, GM debuted the General Motors EV1 (Impact) concept, a battery electric vehicle , at
1314-528: A 2.0-litre 1RZ-E unit as a base engine in 2003 for both the South African market Condor and Stallion models) in a 3-seat configuration with no second row seats. Immobilisers were standard equipment throughout the entire South African Condor/Stallion (non 2Y SA models use a transponder key immobiliser) range while included as part of the 4x4 model in Ghana markets. The Team Castrol Toyota Condor 2.4 RV 4x4
1460-404: A 50/50 side folding unit in the second and final refresh model which also included the front end design as well as the rear taillights from the second facelift Kijang while still retaining cloth interior from the first Kijang facelift and the use of rubber seals in the rear window. The 2.4-litre petrol engine was also now made available to the base Estate trim alongside the new 2.0-litre engine while
1606-435: A 7-seat capacity using jumpseats in the rear while the 8-seater long wheelbase wagon uses a bench-type front facing third row seats albeit without seatbelts. The fourth-generation Kijang has undergone several changes: The production of fourth-generation Kijang wagon ended on 19 June 2004 with a total production of 452,017 units. The pickup truck variant continued to sold until February 2007. The fourth-generation Kijang
SECTION 10
#17327919509131752-530: A British producer of high-performance sports cars . In 1987, in conjunction with AeroVironment , GM built the Sunraycer , which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1 . In 1988, GM acquired
1898-510: A breakthrough in heat treating still in use today as ASTM A255. GM established Detroit Diesel the next year. In 1939, the company founded Motors Insurance Corporation and entered the vehicle insurance market. The same year, GM introduced the Hydramatic , the first affordable and successful automatic transmission , for the 1940 Oldsmobile. During World War II , GM produced vast quantities of armaments, vehicles, and aircraft for
2044-501: A chrome Toyota logo, larger headlamps and fog lamps, J100 Land Cruiser style tail lamps (which are present in the fourth-generation Kijang), upgraded audio systems and other additional features. The top trim (VX200 and VX240D) received upgraded and reengineered adjustable leather seats, 2-tone leather door sidings, upgraded entertainment systems (motorised 2-DIN head unit with AVG input for the middle row seat's armrest - also in wood accent), wood panel appointments, side-steps (together with
2190-482: A continuation of its diversification plans, GMAC formed GMAC Mortgage and acquired Colonial Mortgage as well as the servicing arm of Norwest Mortgage in 1985. This acquisition included an $ 11 billion mortgage portfolio. The same year, GM acquired the Hughes Aircraft Company for $ 5 billion in cash and stock and merged it into Delco Electronics . The following year, GM acquired 59.7% of Lotus Cars ,
2336-957: A controlling interest in North American Aviation and merged it with the General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation . The GM labor force participated in the formation of the United Auto Workers labor union in 1935, and in 1936 the UAW organized the Flint Sit-Down Strike , which initially idled two key plants in Flint, Michigan, and later spread to 6 other plants including those in Janesville, Wisconsin and Fort Wayne, Indiana . In Flint, police attempted to enter
2482-476: A cultural attachment to the style, lower fuel prices, and taxes and regulations that distort the market in favor of domestically built trucks. As of 2016, the IRS offers tax breaks for business use of "any vehicle equipped with a cargo area ... of at least six feet in interior length that is not readily accessible from the passenger compartment". In Europe, pickups represent less than 1% of light vehicles sold,
2628-609: A driver airbag was added to the TX trim. The Condor was sold as well in Left hand drive Ghana and Nigerian markets with 1.8-litre 2Y and 3.0-litre 5L engines with a 10-seat configuration with a 4x4 option being available to the diesel models. The Stallion Panel Van was introduced initially with a 1.8-litre 2Y engine sharing the F60 designation with the Kijang/Zace pickup (later replaced by
2774-499: A four speaker radio/tape set-up and a fabric interior. The GLX, SR and LXV has a six speaker radio/tape set-up, fog lamps, alloy wheels, a rear wiper and all power amenities. Body graphics are exclusive to the SR and LXV only. The LXV had gold-trimmed badges. The SR has the word "Sport Runner" written in a font set similar to the one used for the Supra . It sold very well, in 1998 it accumulated
2920-509: A full-time 4WD system with a lockable centre differential and high/low range transfer case. The Toyota Zace was introduced to Vietnam in 1999 as the GL and DX equipped with 1.8 litre EFI petrol engine with 62 kW (83 hp) at 4,800 rpm. The DX version has a lower comfort profile than the GL version with a manual external rearview mirror, no front fog lights and no tachometer. In 2000, the Zace got
3066-403: A high profit margin and a high price tag; in 2018, Kelley Blue Book cited an average cost (including optional features) of US$ 47,174 for a new Ford F-150. The term pickup is of unknown origin. It was used by Studebaker in 1913. By the 1930s, it had become the standard term in certain markets for a light-duty truck. In the early days of automobile manufacturing, vehicles were sold only as
SECTION 20
#17327919509133212-531: A high roof version lift gate variant while a pickup variant was also offered with a choice of either a 1.5L (5K) or 1.8 (7K)engine. The Taiwanese market Zace wagons was offered in either 5/8 seater configurations. The Vietnamese market Zace only had an 8-seater configuration. The Kijang was built and sold in South Africa in three body styles as the High roof station wagon Venture, or as a commercial vehicle under
3358-625: A maximum length of 3,400 mm (134 in), a maximum width of 1,480 mm (58 in), a maximum height of 2,000 mm (79 in), and a maximum displacement of 660 cc (40 cu in). In some countries, mini trucks are similar to, or slightly bigger than, kei trucks. In other countries, eg the United States, mini trucks are another name for any pickup smaller than full-size pickups. UTVs are of similar size and serve similar roles in developed countries but are typically restricted to off-road and rural areas. Typically,
3504-461: A namesake defense vehicles division which produces military vehicles for the United States government and military, the vehicle safety, security, and information services provider OnStar , the auto parts company ACDelco , a namesake financial lending service , and majority ownership in the self-driving cars enterprise Cruise LLC . The company originated as a holding company for Buick established on September 16, 1908, by William C. Durant ,
3650-857: A pickup body style on the Ford Model 51 , and the Ford Australian division produced the first Australian "ute" in 1932. In 1940, Ford offered a dedicated light-duty truck platform called the Ford F-100 , then upgraded the platform after World War II to the Ford F-Series in 1948. Dodge at first assumed heavier truck production from Graham-Paige , while the company produced their light (pickup) trucks, initially on their sufficiently sturdy passenger car frames. But after switching to distinct, dedicated truck frames in 1936, Dodge/Fargo launched an extensive own truck range for 1939, marketed as
3796-542: A program to develop a lightweight two-stroke diesel engine for possible usage in automobiles. Soon after, GM acquired Electro-Motive Company and the Winton Engine Co. , and in 1941, it expanded EMC's realm to locomotive engine manufacturing. In 1932, GM acquired Packard Electric (not to be confused with the Packard car company, which merged with Studebaker years later). The following year, GM acquired
3942-472: A rear limited slip differential, a 260-litre fuel tank, strengthened suspension, as well a roll cage and associated safety equipment. A heavy-duty clutch and high-temperature brake compound were fitted to aid endurance and a limiting valve was fitted to adjust brake bias however the rest of the brakes, gearbox, and transfer case remains standard. The vehicle was competitive even in its debut season, but found limited success throughout its racing career with only
4088-542: A redesigned front and the 1.8-litre engine was increased to 2.0-litres. The second upgrade was introduced in 2003 with an improved front and rear. In 2004, Toyota introduced the GL limited with 200 units produced, a revised exterior, wood-panelled interior, and upholstered seats. In 2005, Toyota introduced the Zace Surf with an improved exterior that included larger wings and front bumper, chrome exterior door handles and windshield surrounds, and 15-inch wheels. The interior
4234-531: A removable bench in previous models) with the new LGX trim adding power mirrors, chrome trim and body cladding. The fourth-generation Kijang was sold in the Philippines under the Tamaraw FX Revo nameplate. The model was introduced in 1998 to replace the Tamaraw FX (though it was sold alongside it for a while). The platform and diesel engine were based from the similar era Hilux. Engine choices include
4380-801: A single class win (7th overall) from the opening race of the 2002 season (Barberspan 500) before suffering multiple mishaps in the 2002 season that included a rock-throwing incident. The left-hand drive Zace Surf for the Taiwanese market was available in both 5 and 8-seater configurations with a choice of either a 1.8-litre or 2.4-litre petrol engine. Anti-lock brakes were available with the 1.8-litre petrol engine as standard in Urban Wagon and pre-facelift GL models while available as an option in GL Limited, DX-Limited and DX trims with all 2.4-litre models receiving anti lock brakes as standard. A driver airbag
4526-488: A single row of seats and a single set of doors, one on each side. Extended cab or extra cab pickups add an extra space behind the main seat, sometimes including smaller jump seats which can fold out of the way to create more storage space. The first extended-cab truck in the United States was called the Club Cab and was introduced by Chrysler in 1973 on its Dodge D-series pickup trucks. Extended-cab trucks either have just
Toyota Kijang - Misplaced Pages Continue
4672-429: A single set of doors with no direct access to the extended portion of the cab, very small (half-sized) rear doors that are rear-hinged which can only be opened after the front doors are open, or small (three-quarter-sized) front-hinged doors. A crew cab, or double cab, seats five or six and has four full-sized, front-hinged doors. The first crew-cab truck in the United States was made by International Harvester in 1957 and
4818-422: A strategy by CEO Roger Smith to derive at least 10% of its annual worldwide revenue from non-automotive sources. GM also intended to have EDS handle its bookkeeping, help computerize factories, and integrate GM's computer systems. The transaction made Ross Perot the largest shareholder of GM; however, disagreements with Roger Smith led the company to buy all shares held by Ross Perot for $ 750 million in 1986. In
4964-510: A time when the number referred to the maximum cargo capacity by weight. In North America, some pickup trucks may be marketed as heavy duty (eg Ram Heavy Duty ), super duty (eg Ford Super Duty ) or simply "HD". This is typically a pickup truck with higher payload and/or towing capabilities than is standard for their size. While synonymous with "dually" or full-size pickup trucks in North American, none of those are requirements. Dually
5110-465: A total sales of 7,700 units. Safety features were basic such as safety belts, load sensing proportioning valve, child-proof door locks and door impact beams. The first released diesel powered Revo was notorious for being a smoke belcher, even among other diesels at that time, with some complaints from owners. For 2000, Toyota revised the Revo, with badge changes and trim line revamp. Engine choices include
5256-755: Is an American multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit , Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing four automobile brands: Chevrolet , Buick , GMC , and Cadillac . By total sales, it has continuously been the largest automaker in the United States, and was the largest in the world for 77 years before losing the top spot to Toyota in 2008. General Motors operates manufacturing plants in eight countries. In addition to its four core brands, GM also holds interests in Chinese brands Baojun and Wuling via SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile . GM further owns
5402-698: Is known as the Toyota Qualis in India and Nepal (third generation), Toyota Zace in Vietnam and Taiwan (third and fourth generation), Toyota Unser in Malaysia (fourth generation) and Toyota Stallion in Africa for the basic models (third and fourth generation), with higher specifications labelled Toyota Venture (third generation) and Toyota Condor in South Africa (fourth generation). The Kijang prototype
5548-479: Is not available on Ram 2500 or Ford F-250 and is optional on Ram 3500 or Ford F-350, but those pickup trucks are all heavy duty. Mahindra Bolero MaXX Pik-Up HD is a heavy duty mid-size pickup truck with a two tonne payload. Some pickup trucks have an opening at the rear of the cab to increase cargo capacity lengthwise without increasing overall vehicle length or wheelbase, which reduces break over, approach, departure angles and increases turning radius. This feature
5694-460: Is predominantly rear-wheel drive ) and had high seating capacity, high ground clearance and rugged suspension , popular features in an area with generally poor road conditions and large extended families. It was also designed with ease of manufacture in mind; in 1986, the assembly of the Kijang only cost 42 percent of the cost of assembling the smaller EE80 Corolla . It was manufactured as a CKD (complete knock-down) unit in almost every country it
5840-444: Is referred to as a mid-gate due to it being located in the middle of a pickup truck, as opposed to the tail-gate, which is located as the rear/tail of the vehicle. The cargo bed can vary in size according to whether the vehicle is optimized for cargo utility or passenger comfort. Most have fixed side walls and a hinged tailgate. Cargo beds are normally found in two styles: stepside or fleetside. A stepside bed has fenders that extend on
5986-399: Is separated into two categories: conventional towing (bumper pull) and in-bed (heavy duty) towing. Conventional towing mounts the hitch at the rear of the pickup truck, in-bed towing mounts the hitch directly above or in front of the rear axle. Weight distribution hitch falls under conventional towing. Fifth wheel and gooseneck fall under in-bed towing. Kei trucks are a Japanese class with
Toyota Kijang - Misplaced Pages Continue
6132-625: The Fortune 500 and 50th on the Fortune Global 500 . In 2023, the company was ranked 70th in the Forbes Global 2000 . In 2021, GM announced its intent to end production of vehicles using internal combustion engines by 2035, as part of its plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040. By 1900, William C. Durant 's Durant-Dort Carriage Company of Flint, Michigan , had become the largest manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in
6278-519: The "Job-Rated" trucks . These Art Deco –styled trucks were again continued after World War II. International Harvester offered the International K and KB series , which were marketed towards construction and farming and did not have a strong retail consumer presence, and Studebaker also manufactured the M-series truck . At the beginning of World War II, the United States government halted
6424-514: The 3K engine with a more powerful engine, usually a diesel engine or any in Toyota's K series of engines), some of these vehicles survive today, and its designs are sometimes copied or modified by local assemblers to this day. It was proven success that General Motors (through Francisco Motors), Ford and Chrysler (with Mitsubishi ) created their own versions of the BUV, including the two versions of
6570-848: The Allies of World War II . In 1940, GM's William S. Knudsen served as head of U.S. wartime production for President Franklin Roosevelt , and by 1942, all of GM's production was to support the war. GM's Vauxhall Motors manufactured the Churchill tank series for the Allies, instrumental in the North African campaign . However, its Opel division, based in Germany, supplied the Wehrmacht with vehicles. Politically, Sloan, as head of GM at
6716-522: The Cadillac V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines. GM sold Frigidaire in 1979. Although Frigidaire had between $ 450 million and $ 500 million in annual revenues, it was losing money. Robert Lee of GM invented the neodymium magnet , which was fabricated by rapid solidification, in 1984. This magnet is commonly used in products like a computer hard disk. The same year, GM acquired Electronic Data Systems for $ 2.5 billion from Ross Perot as part of
6862-579: The Chevrolet Corvair Rampside and Loadside, Dodge A-100 and A-108 , Ford Econoline , and Jeep FC-150 and FC-170 . A "dually" is a North American colloquial term for a pickup with four rear wheels instead of two, able to carry more weight over the rear axle. Vehicles similar to the pickup include the coupé utility , a car-based pickup, and the larger sport utility truck (SUT), based on a sport utility vehicle (SUV). The terms half-ton, three-quarter-ton, and one-ton are remnants from
7008-520: The General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC), which provides financing to automotive customers, was formed. In 1920, du Pont orchestrated the removal of Durant once again and replaced him with Alfred P. Sloan . At a time when GM was competing heavily with Ford Motor Company , Sloan established annual model changes, making previous years' models "dated" and created a market for used cars . He also implemented
7154-682: The LA Auto Show . It was the first car with zero emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year and was available only via lease from certain dealers in California and Arizona. In 1999–2002, GM ceased production of the vehicles and started to not renew the leases, disappointing many people, allegedly because the program would not be profitable and would cannibalize its existing business. All of
7300-615: The Model A , which had a closed-cab, safety-glass windshield, roll-up side windows, and three-speed transmission. In 1931, General Motors introduced light-duty pickups for both GMC and Chevrolet targeted at private ownership. These pickup trucks were based on the Chevrolet Master . In 1940, GM introduced the dedicated light-truck platform, separate from passenger cars, which GM named the AK series . Ford North America continued to offer
7446-513: The Model TT . Seeking part of this market share, Dodge introduced a 3/4-ton pickup with a cab and body constructed entirely of wood in 1924. In 1925, Ford followed up with a steel-bodied half-ton based on the Model T with an adjustable tailgate and heavy-duty rear springs. Billed as the "Ford Model T Runabout with Pickup Body," it sold for US$ 281 ; 34,000 were built. In 1928, it was replaced by
SECTION 50
#17327919509137592-487: The Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan , and the Reliance Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan (predecessors of GMC ) in 1909. Durant, with the board's approval, also tried acquiring Ford Motor Company , but needed an additional $ 2 million. Durant over- leveraged GM in making acquisitions, and was removed by the board of directors in 1910 at the order of the bankers who backed
7738-808: The Toyota Hilux . In China (where it is known by the English loanword as 皮卡车 pí kǎ chē), the Great Wall Wingle is manufactured domestically and exported to Australia. In Thailand, pickups manufactured for local sale and export include the Isuzu D-Max and the Mitsubishi Triton. In Latin and South America, the Toyota Hilux , Ford Ranger, VW Amarok , Dodge Ram , Chevrolet S-10 , Chevrolet D-20 , and Chevrolet Montana are sold. In South Africa , pickups account for about 17% of
7884-421: The Toyota Stout , in 1957 in Japan with the Datsun 220 , and in 1957 in America with the International Travelette . Other manufacturers soon followed, including the Hino Briska in 1962, Dodge in 1963, Ford in 1965, and General Motors in 1973. In 1961 in the UK the British Motor Corporation launched an Austin Mini Pickup version of the original 1959 Mini. It was in production until 1983. In 1963,
8030-462: The Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company the same year, and its president, John D. Hertz , joined the board of directors of GM; it acquired the remainder of the company in 1943. In 1926, the company introduced the Pontiac brand and established the General Motors Group Insurance Program to provide life insurance to its employees. The following year, after the success of the 1927 model of the Cadillac LaSalle designed by Harley Earl , Sloan created
8176-400: The cab sitting above the front axle . This arrangement allows a longer cargo area for the same overall length. An early cab-forward, drop-sided pickup was the Volkswagen Transporter , introduced in 1952. This configuration is more common among European and Japanese manufacturers than in North America. The design was more popular in North America in the 1950s and 1960s, with examples including
8322-472: The corporate spin-off of Electronic Data Systems . In 1997, GM sold the military businesses of Hughes Aircraft Company to Raytheon Company for $ 9.5 billion in stock and the assumption of debt. In February 2000, Rick Wagoner was named CEO, succeeding Smith. The next month, GM gave 5.1% of its common stock, worth $ 2.4 billion, to acquire a 20% share of Fiat . In December 2000, GM announced that it would begin phasing out Oldsmobile . The brand
8468-576: The fuel-injected 2.0-litre 1RZ-E SOHC petrol engine was later made available in the range topping GST Super. The FS model (10-seater) is the base trim with a vinyl interior, power steering and front air conditioning (later included in refreshed models as standard) as options. The middle grade GS trim (10 seater/8 seater) gets better cloth interior with better sound deadening, power steering, front air conditioning (rear AC available as an option), and body cladding as standard with power windows and central locking offered as options. The top-end 8 seater GST and
8614-481: The "Art and Color Section" of GM and named Earl as its first director. Earl was the first design executive to be appointed to leadership at a major American corporation. Earl created a system of automobile design that is still practiced today. At the age of 24, Bill Mitchell was recruited by Earl to the design team at GM, and he was later appointed as Chief Designer of Cadillac. After Earl retired in December 1958, Mitchell took over automotive design for GM. Also in 1926
8760-433: The "Bida" ("protagonist" in Tagalog), which resembles the long-wheelbase Tamaraw. In South Africa, production of the vehicle commenced in 1982 for the local market. Marketed simply as the TUV (short for 'Toyota Utility Vehicle'), the vehicle was available as a 2-door pickup truck called the TUV Bakkie and with a 10-seater cab called the TUV Stallion. Both are powered by the 1.3-litre 4K engine. Introduced in November 1986,
8906-517: The 1.8 7K-E engine. In April 2001, a facelift was introduced. Changes included new multi-reflector headlamps, integrated spotlights into the front bumper, clear lenses with coloured bulbs for the tail lights and a new steering wheel design available in either petrol (GLi) or diesel trims (GLD). For 2003, the Unser was updated again and now only available with the 1.8 7K-E engine in two trim levels: GLi and LGX incorporating new exterior design, suede interior trim, 50/50 front facing third row seats (instead of
SECTION 60
#17327919509139052-456: The 1.8 petrol engine), Air conditioning (available for 2.2-engined models only), and a ten-seat configuration. 2.2 Engine models also include an immobiliser alarm as standard (optional on 1.8 and 2.4D models) while the range-topping 2.2 GLE adds a 9-seater configuration, central locking, and makes a cassette radio standard equipment (optional on other variants). A rear differential lock is an available option for 2.4D and 2.2GLE models. The Stallion
9198-442: The 1960s. In many parts of the world, pickups frequently use a dropside bed – with a flat tray with hinged panels that can be raised separately on the sides and the rear. The fleetside has gradually fully replaced the earlier, separate-fender look: The last time Chevrolet and GMC used the Stepside style was on the 2005 Silverado and Sierra 1500 models; Ford last used the Flareside style on the 2009 F-150. Consumer pickup trucks sold in
9344-543: The 1990s, less than 15 percent of owners reported use in work as the pickup truck's primary purpose. In North America, the pickup is mostly used as a passenger car and accounts for about 18% of total vehicles sold in the United States. Full-sized pickups and SUVs are an important source of revenue for major car manufacturers such as Ford , General Motors , and Stellantis , accounting for more than two-thirds of their global pre-tax earnings, though they make up just 16% of North American vehicle production. These vehicles have
9490-427: The EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors, and except for around 40 which were donated to museums with their electric powertrains deactivated, all were destroyed. The documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car? covered the EV1 story. In November 1992, John F. Smith Jr. became CEO of the company. In 1993, GM sold Lotus Cars to Bugatti . In 1996, in a return to its automotive basics, GM completed
9636-424: The GSX is a whole new variant. Facelifted versions were introduced in 2002; two J-spec trim lines (SR-J and VX200-J) were retired from the line, and higher-end trim versions received upgraded leather seating, entertainment systems and appointments. The DLX has a vinyl interior, a two spoke steering wheel, a two-speaker radio/tape set-up and steel wheels with center ornaments. The GL trim has steel wheels with hubcaps,
9782-419: The Kijang station wagon across Southeast Asia with the smaller Avanza in 2003, and the larger Innova in 2004. The latter has been retailed by Toyota Astra Motor in Indonesia as the "Kijang Innova" to retain its linkage with the original model. Therefore, Toyota categorise the three generations of the Innova as the fifth, sixth and seventh-generation Kijang. The Kijang pickup was sold until early 2007, when it
9928-524: The Macho Power Wagon and Street Van. The 1978 gas guzzler tax , which taxed fuel-inefficient cars while exempting pickup trucks, further distorted the market in favor of pickups. Furthermore, until 1999, light trucks were not required to meet the same safety standards as cars, and 20 years later, most still lagged behind cars in the adoption of safety features. In the 1980s, the compact Mazda B-series , Isuzu Faster , and Mitsubishi Forte debuted. Subsequently, US manufacturers built their compact pickups for
10074-555: The Pinoy and the Ford Fiera and Chrysler-Mitsubishi Cimarron. The KF10 Tamaraw was also imported and distributed in Papua New Guinea in 1980 by Ela Motors, a division of the Burns Philip Group. The vehicle was renamed to Toyota Traka and was described as "using the same engine as the popular Toyota Corolla, the Traka is a basic utility vehicle capable of carrying a payload of 750 kg (1,653 lb) and developing more than 60 hp". The second-generation Kijang (designated KF20), launched in June 1981, retained its boxy style although
10220-408: The SR trim) and upgraded dual DVD headrest monitors. Only VX200 variants were given a 12-volt auxiliary power outlet with cover in the left side of last row. The VX200 and SR variants were offered in fabric or leather options for the interior. For the SR, chrome appointments on the dashboard, a new livery was introduced, as well as the words "SPORT RUNNER" executed in plain text, discontinuing the use of
10366-444: The Stallion nameplate available either as a panel van or pickup truck. The advertising campaign for the Stallion had local Afrikaans comedian Tolla Van Der Merwe, and because of his popularity it is commonly called the "Tolla bakkie". The Venture was available with three engine choices: a 1.8 (2Y) petrol, 2.2 (4Y) petrol, and a 2.4 (2L) diesel. Standard equipment includes Gear lock, Rear wiper and Washer, Power steering (unavailable with
10512-456: The Tamaraw FX when it was introduced in 1991 as a high side pickup and in 1993 as a wagon. The Tamaraw FX was available either with a 1.5 5K petrol engine, a 1.8-litre 7K petrol engine or a 2.0-litre 2C diesel engine , all coupled with a 5-speed manual transmission. Power was 59 kW (79 hp; 80 PS) and 51 kW (68 hp; 69 PS) respectively, allowing for top speeds of 130 or 125 km/h (81 or 78 mph). The Tamaraw FX
10658-784: The US chicken tax directly curtailed the import of the Volkswagen Type 2 , distorting the market in favor of US manufacturers. The tariff directly affected any country seeking to bring light trucks into the United States and effectively "squeezed smaller Asian truck companies out of the American pickup market." Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff, thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less and that offered increased fuel economy. The US government's 1973 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) policy set higher fuel-economy requirements for cars than pickups. CAFE led to
10804-436: The US have increased in weight by 32% since 1990. Also, cabins have grown and risen further from the ground and grill and hood sizes have increased over time. These changes mean that a modern standard pickup truck has a 2.1–3.0 m (7–10 ft) longer blind spot in front of its grill than most other vehicles as well as increased blind spots behind and to the side. The Ford F-250 has a hood almost 1.8 m (6 ft) from
10950-421: The US, a homeowner can rent a pickup truck to transport a large appliance from a home supply store. Equipping pickup trucks with a camper shell provides a small space for camping . Slide-in truck campers can offer a pickup truck the amenities of a small motorhome , but still allow the operator the option of removal and independent use of the vehicle. Pickups are popular with overlanders as they are often
11096-401: The United States and Canada, pickups are used primarily for passenger transport. Pickup trucks are often marketed and used for their hauling (utilizing cargo bed) and towing (utilizing body-on-frame design and long wheelbase) capabilities. Pickup trucks are also used by many journeymen , tradesmen , and outdoor enthusiasts . They are also used to move or transport large goods. For example, in
11242-684: The United States. Durant was averse to automobiles, but fellow Flint businessman James H. Whiting , owner of Flint Wagon Works , sold him the Buick Motor Company in 1904. Durant formed the General Motors Company in 1908 as a holding company , borrowing a naming convention from General Electric . GM's first acquisition was Buick , which Durant already owned, then Olds Motor Works on November 12, 1908. Under Durant, GM went on to acquire Cadillac , Elmore , Welch , Cartercar , Oakland (the predecessor of Pontiac ),
11388-443: The body panels were different. It is colloquially called the 'Kijang Doyok' in Indonesia. Under its slimmer bonnet was a 1.3-litre 4K engine, which was replaced in December 1985 by a 1.5-litre 5K engine. The only transmission option was a 4-speed manual. With the 5K engine, the power increased from 44 kW (59 hp; 60 PS) to 53 kW (71 hp; 72 PS), both at 5,600 rpm. The 1986 model can be seen from
11534-533: The changes made in the Kijang's second refresh that included the suede interior as well the use of compound sealant for the rear glass. Unique to the Zace Surf is the use of a printed window antenna, the option of a roof mounted VCD player and a car phone in later, higher end trims like the VX-surf or VX Prerunner. All Zace Surfs with the 2.4-litre engine use the 4x4's taller suspension unlike the Condor. 4x4 models uses
11680-452: The company acquired Fisher Body , its supplier of automobile bodies. GM acquired Allison Engine Company and began developing a 1,000 horsepower liquid-cooled aircraft engine in 1929. The same year, GM acquired 80% of Opel , which at that time had a 37.5% market share in Europe, for $ 26 million. It acquired the remaining 20% in 1931. In the late-1920s, Charles Kettering embarked on
11826-480: The company in 1915 after a disagreement with Durant. GM was reincorporated in Detroit in 1916 as General Motors Corporation and became a public company via an initial public offering . By 1917, Chevrolet had become successful enough that Durant, with the backing of Samuel McLaughlin and Pierre S. du Pont , reacquired a controlling interest in GM. The same year, GM acquired Samson Tractor . Chevrolet Motor Company
11972-570: The dashboard and on the headrests. Only the SR-J, a special version of the SR (distinct wheels, unique livery), the GSX and the VX200 and VX200J had 2.0-litre petrol engines and automatic power wing-mounted radio antennas. Front-facing third-row seats were made as an option albeit without three-point seatbelts, a rarity for the vehicle type at that time in the Philippines. DLX, GL were the bottom trims to choose from while GLX, GSX and SR variants were considered
12118-716: The diesel-hybrid market, the Opel Astra diesel engine hybrid concept vehicle was rolled out in January 2005. Later that year, GM sold its Electro-Motive Diesel locomotive division to private equity firms Berkshire Partners and Greenbriar Equity Group. GM paid $ 2 billion to sever its ties with Fiat in 2005, severing ties with the company due to an increasingly contentious dispute. GM began adding its " Mark of Excellence " emblem on all new vehicles produced and sold in North America in mid-2005. However, after
12264-737: The domestic market, including the Ford Ranger , and the Chevrolet S-10 . Minivans make inroads into the pickups' market share. In the 1990s, pickups' market share was further eroded by the popularity of SUVs. Mid-sized electric trucks had been tried early in the 20th century but soon lost out to gasoline and diesel vehicles. In 1997, the Chevrolet S-10 EV was released, but few were sold, and those were mostly to fleet operators. By 2023, pickup trucks had become strictly more lifestyle than utilitarian vehicles. Annual surveys of Ford F-150 owners from 2012 to 2021 revealed that 87% of
12410-555: The engine bonnet resembled a crocodile's mouth once opened. The KF10 Kijang sold 26,806 units in its 4 years of production when it would be replaced by the second-generation model. In the Philippines, the Kijang was sold as the Tamaraw (named for one of the country's national animals, the Tamaraw ), produced in the 1970s up to early 1980s. Introduced in December 1976, it started as a small 3 ⁄ 4 ton high-side pick-up (HSPU) with
12556-482: The first hydrogen fuel cell car ever produced. Though fuel cells have existed since the early 1800s, General Motors was the first to use a fuel cell, supplied by Union Carbide , to power the wheels of a vehicle with a budget of "millions of dollars". In the 1960s, GM was an early proponent of V6 engines , but quickly lost interest as the popularity of muscle cars increased. GM demonstrated gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene , an area of interest throughout
12702-533: The font used for the Supra. GLX and GSX trims received new wheels and different livery for the GSX. It was discontinued in 2005 due to Toyota's IMV project. The last Revos were either sold to rental fleets, police departments, or people who want to snap the last few examples, until February 2005, where some are up for auction from government agencies and some for dropping from rental fleets and taxis. The Zace Surf, Condor and Stallion are high-roof station wagon based on
12848-504: The fourth-generation Kijang. Critics said the vehicle was outdated that came with an outdated design and did not expect it to sell well. However, Qualis was a hit as the vehicle was welcomed by taxi companies, fleet operators and large Indian families over others like Tata 's Sumo and Mahindra 's Bolero . The Qualis was initially sold only with a 2.4-litre 2L-II SOHC diesel upon its introduction in 2000 in FS/GS/GST trims while
12994-440: The front row only, vinyl interior and it has 14-inch steel wheels with center ornament. The GL is the "higher-end entry level" with radio-CD setup, fabric interior, tachometer, and steel wheels with hubcaps. The remaining lines has all-power features, CD player/radio receiver and six-speaker setup (but upgradable to a DVD player setup), as well as rear-window defoggers. The VX and SR-J lines have leather seats and TV screens mounted on
13140-497: The gasoline was harmful to various biological organisms including humans. Evidence shows that corporate executives understood the health implications of tetraethyllead from the beginning. As an engineer for GM, Midgley also developed chlorofluorocarbons , which have now been banned due to their contribution to climate change . Under the encouragement of GM President Alfred P. Sloan Jr., GM acquired Vauxhall Motors for $ 2.5 million in 1925. The company also acquired an interest in
13286-428: The ground. It may be impossible to see a small object such as a child as far as 4.6 m (15 ft) in front of the vehicle. A total of 575 children in the US died in front-over deaths between 2009 and 2019, most by their parents. This is an 89% increase in mortality from the previous ten years. Additionally, US car-related fatalities went up by 8% and pedestrian casualties increased by 46% between 2011 and 2021. While
13432-664: The industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration due to the 1973 oil crisis . In partnership with Boeing , GM's Delco Defense Electronics Division designed the Lunar Roving Vehicle , which traversed the surface of the Moon, in 1971. The following year, GM produced the first rear wheel anti-lock braking system for two models: the Toronado and Eldorado. In 1973, the Oldsmobile Toronado
13578-515: The inner door handles, Corolla-style outer door handles, and a lack of a rear cooler option. Available options are air conditioning for the base estate, leather seats for the RV (and later TX) or PVC seats (all trims). An 8-seat configuration later replaced the 7-seater with the second row seats being exchanged for a split 60/40 unit in the first refresh with the 4x4 RV trim being replaced by the new TX and TX 4x4 trims. The third row bench would get replaced by
13724-464: The introduction of the 7K engine, the production of the 5K engine was completely stopped. On 17 August 1995, 4-speed automatic transmission was introduced as an optional modification for the SGX and LGX models for the first time in the Kijang. This 1995–1996 version was a special model to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Indonesian independence . In the Philippines, versions of the Kijang were sold as
13870-601: The largest seller of horse-drawn vehicles at the time. The first half of the 20th century saw the company grow into an automotive behemoth through acquisitions; going into the second half, the company pursued innovation and new offerings to consumers as well as collaborations with NASA to develop the earliest electric vehicles . The current entity was established in 2009 after the General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization . As of 2024 , General Motors ranks 25th by total revenue out of all American companies on
14016-448: The limited edition SR-J and VX200-J (part of Toyota's series of J, or Japan-spec, vehicles, which extended to the Hilux and the RAV4). The VX line eventually replaced the LXV; and the GSX is a whole new variant. The DLX, the entry level, has only power steering , and no other power features. This variant lacks a tachometer , and is equipped only with a tape deck/radio receiver, 2 speakers in
14162-637: The loans to keep GM in business. The action of the bankers was partially influenced by the Panic of 1910–1911 that followed the earlier enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 . In 1911, Charles F. Kettering of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (DELCO) and Henry M. Leland invented and patented the first electric starter in America. In November 1911, Durant co-founded Chevrolet with race car driver Louis Chevrolet , who left
14308-468: The long-wheelbase Kijang wagon. For the right hand drive South African market Condor and was initially offered with a choice of the 1.8-litre 2Y engine in the base Estate and Estate TE (later replaced by the 2.0-litre 1RZ-E in the second refresh), 2.4-litre 2RZ-E petrol engine and a 3.0-litre 5L diesel engine in either Estate TE and 4x4 RV trims. Unique to the Condor is the 7-seat configuration with second row individual seating, locks integrated to
14454-402: The mid-range players. The VX240D (2L 2.4diesel) was introduced to the new lineup in mid-2004. The Revo received its third and last refreshing. The J series of Toyota vehicles were discontinued, hence the discontinuation of its two J-spec trim lines (SR-J and VX200-J). It received a badge revision, availability of new colours and exterior and interior details, including a 3 spoke steering wheel with
14600-507: The most affordable vehicle capable of carrying the large quantities of fuel needed for long distance, remote travel and generator use without expensive modifications. Modified pickups can be used as improvised, unarmored combat vehicles called a technical . Pickup trucks are used to carry passengers in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. In Thailand, most songthaews are converted pickup trucks and flatbed trucks. In Haiti, tap taps are also converted pickup trucks. Towing with pickup trucks
14746-573: The most popular being the Ford Ranger with 27,300 units sold in 2015. Other models include the Renault Alaskan (a rebadged Nissan Navara ), and the Toyota Hilux . The NOx law and other differing regulations prevent pickups from being imported to Japan, but the Japanese domestic market Mitsubishi Triton was available for a limited time. The most recent pickup truck for sale in Japan is
14892-426: The newly introduced 2.0-litre SOHC EFI and 1.8-litre EFI petrol engines as well as a 2.4-litre OHC direct-injection diesel engine. The 2.4-litre diesel engine has been revised to address smoke-belching complaints. The Revo received a facelift, featuring clear halogen headlamps, new wheels, new interiors and availability of new colours. Trim levels include the DLX (entry level), GL, GSX, GLX, SR (Sport Runner), VX200 and
15038-535: The norm and the bed was shrunk to accommodate the larger cab, and a 2023 F-150 consisted of 63% cab and 37% bed. While the Ford F-150 has been the best-selling vehicle in the United States since 1982, the Ford F-150, or indeed any full-sized pickup truck, is a rare sight in Europe, where higher fuel prices and narrower city roads make it difficult to use daily. In the United States, pickups are favored by
15184-541: The outside by rectangular headlamps and a redesigned grille. The Kijang started selling very strongly in 1983 and 1984, catching up to erstwhile market leaders such as the Suzuki Super Carry and the Daihatsu Hijet . The more powerful Kijang offered more carrying capacity, while the engine placement made it safer than its cheaper, kei truck -based competitors. In February 1985, the 100,000th Kijang left
15330-585: The outside of the cargo area; originally these were just fenders attached to a cargo box. This style used to be the standard design, as it was cheaper to manufacture. A fleetside bed has wheel wells inside of a double-walled bed, and most are usually designed to match the cab's styling. The two types of bed have been given a variety of names by different manufacturers; "Stepside" and "Fleetside" originate with Chevrolet but are also frequently used by Dodge as well as GMC. GMC has also used "Wideside" instead of Fleetside, while Dodge has also used "Utiline" and "Sweptline" for
15476-445: The owners used their trucks frequently for shopping and running errands and 70% for pleasure driving, whereas 28% used their trucks often for personal hauling (41% occasionally and 32% rarely/never) and only 7% used them for towing while 29% only did so occasionally and 63% rarely/never did. The 1960s–1970s Ford F-100 was typically a regular cab and consisted of mostly 64% bed and 36% cab, while by mid-2000s, crew cabs were largely becoming
15622-605: The passenger and light commercial vehicle sales, mostly the Toyota Hilux, Ford Ranger , and Isuzu KB ( Isuzu D-Max ). The Volkswagen Amarok and Nissan Navara are also sold. In the United States and Canada, nearly all new pickups are sold with automatic transmissions . Only the Jeep Gladiator and the Toyota Tacoma are available with manual transmissions. A regular cab, single cab or standard cab, has
15768-411: The petrol GST Super included front fog lamps, rear wiper and washer, wood trim, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, and all GS options as standard. The model range would get revamped in 2002 that brought roll down windows to the second-row doors with power windows for all four doors and central locking being standard to the now 8 seater only GS variant with rear AC and rear wiper and washer offered as options while
15914-486: The plant to arrest strikers, leading to violence; in other cities, the plants were shuttered peacefully. The strike was resolved on February 11, 1937, when GM recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for its workers and gave workers a 5% raise and permission to speak in the lunchroom. Walter E. Jominy and A.L. Boegehold of GM invented the Jominy end-quench test for hardenability of carbon steel in 1937,
16060-528: The pricing strategy used by car companies today. The pricing strategy had Chevrolet , Pontiac , Oldsmobile , Buick , and Cadillac priced from least expensive to most, respectively. In 1921, Thomas Midgley Jr. , an engineer for GM, discovered tetraethyllead (leaded gasoline) as an antiknock agent, and GM patented the compound because ethanol could not be patented. This led to the development of higher compression engines resulting in more power and efficiency. The public later realized that lead contained in
16206-461: The production line. In the Philippines, the Tamaraw was also sold as the long-wheelbase F30 series, which was also promoted as an alternative to the jeepney . A local Philippine auto brand, Dragon, later took the designs of the long-wheelbase Tamaraw and marketed it. Pilipinas Nissan bought the designs from Ford (after their exit in 1984) for what would have been the Fiera IV and marketed it as
16352-846: The production of privately owned pickup trucks, and all American manufacturers built heavy duty trucks for the war effort. In the 1950s, consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle rather than utilitarian reasons. Car-like, smooth-sided, fenderless trucks were introduced, such as the Chevrolet Fleetside, the Chevrolet El Camino , the Dodge Sweptline, and in 1957, Ford's purpose-built Styleside. Pickups began to feature comfort items such as power options and air conditioning. During this time, pickups with four doors, known as crew cabs, started to become popular. These pickup trucks were released in 1954 in Japan with
16498-591: The range topping GST/GST Super was replaced by a new 7-seater RS variant with captain seats. On 15 January 1997, the fourth-generation Kijang was launched in Indonesia with a more rounded, aerodynamic shape. It was originally planned to be introduced in 2000, but since Mitsubishi planned to introduce the Kuda in 1998, the Kijang was instead launched three years in advance. It was more powerful and more refined than its predecessors. The wagon model, often colloquially known as " Kijang Kapsul " (Indonesian for "Capsule Kijang"),
16644-484: The reasons for this increase are complex, Consumer Reports partially attributes this number to increased truck size and prevalence. Chuck Farmer from the US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has found large pickup trucks to be as deadly or deadlier than muscle cars and "... are work trucks, and people should not be using them primarily for commuting, because they kill so many other drivers." In
16790-487: The reorganization in 2009, the company no longer added the logo, saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo. In 2005, Edward T. Welburn was promoted to the newly created position of vice president, GM Global Design, making him the first African American to lead a global automotive design organization and the highest-ranking African American in the US motor industry at that time. On July 1, 2016, he retired from General Motors after 44 years. He
16936-508: The replacement of the station wagon by the minivan , the latter of which belonged in the truck category, which allowed it to comply with less strict emissions standards. Eventually, CAFE led to the promotion of sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Pickups, unhindered by the emissions controls regulations on cars, began to replace muscle cars as the performance vehicle of choice. The Dodge Warlock appeared in Dodge's "adult toys" line, along with
17082-534: The rights to produce the Fiera IV under the name Nissan Bida; and local car assembler Carter Motors came up with their own version, the Masa ( Tagalog for "masses", implying that the car is within reach of the masses). The Kijang was sold in Vietnam and Taiwan under the Zace name. Introduced in Taiwan in 1988 the station wagon model was offered in either low roof long-wheelbase wagon with regular side-opening rear door and
17228-457: The ruggedness of the old Tamaraw and is ideal for rough roads and carrying heavy loads. It was assembled by Toyota Motor Philippines in its Parañaque plant that was formerly operated by Delta Motors with the pickup version rolled-out off the assembly line in October 1991 and the wagon version in December 1993. Also around that time, after Ford left the Philippines in 1984, Pilipinas Nissan bought
17374-453: The third-generation Kijang was offered in short-wheelbase (F40 series) and long-wheelbase (F50 series) versions. The Kijang was redesigned to be larger and heavier, and no longer prioritised as a pickup truck-based model. The Standard trim level had a 4-speed manual transmission, while the Super variant had a 5-speed manual transmission and a better-equipped interior. Introduced in this generation
17520-504: The time, was an ardent opponent of the New Deal , which bolstered labor unions and public transport . Sloan admired and supported Adolf Hitler . Nazi armaments chief Albert Speer allegedly said in 1977 that Hitler "would never have considered invading Poland" without synthetic fuel technology provided by General Motors. GM was compensated $ 32 million by the U.S. government because its German factories were bombed by U.S. forces during
17666-497: The two types. Ford uses "Flareside" and "Styleside", respectively. Jeep has used "Sportside" and "Thriftside" for the separate fender style, and "Townside" for flush designs. International Harvester called the two types "Standard" and "Bonus-Load". The first fleet-sided pickup truck was the Crosley in the 1940s, followed by the 1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier . Early pickups had wood-plank beds, which were largely replaced by steel by
17812-518: The war. Effective January 28, 1953, Charles Erwin Wilson , then GM president, was named by Dwight D. Eisenhower as United States Secretary of Defense . In December 1953, GM acquired Euclid Trucks , a manufacturer of heavy equipment for earthmoving , including dump trucks , loaders and wheel tractor-scrapers , which later spawned the Terex brand. Alfred P. Sloan retired as chairman and
17958-516: Was "Full Pressed Body" wagon built by companies appointed by Toyota. This technique were applied to reduce usage of putties up to 2–5 kg (4–11 lb) for each car. The Kijang received its first facelift in August 1992. The steering mechanism was changed from recirculating ball to rack and pinion. The wagon model received a right-side rear door and adopted a new name, "Toyota Original Body", instead of "Full Pressed Body". In its creation process, it
18104-544: Was also standard equipment for Urban Wagon and pre-facelift GL models as well as in 4WD trims. The 8-seat configuration using a 50/50 split side folding unit with third row seatbelts as used in the Unser and late model Condors was initially offered as a trim level to both 1.8-litre and 2.4-litre 4WD models with the latter being discontinued in 2002. Both models are uncommon as owners opted to install aftermarket bench seats to 5-seater models instead. Refreshed models more closely mimic
18250-402: Was available in either Panel van or as a Single Cab Truck with a 1.8 (2Y) petrol engine mated to a 4-Speed Manual while the 2.4 (2L) diesel was available for the pickup body style with a 5-speed manual transmission as an option. The Pickup Variants van also be optioned to be delivered as a chassis cab while the 1.8 pickup is also offered with optional 14" alloy wheels. The third-generation Kijang
18396-496: Was built by local companies. The Kijang first entered the Indonesian market on 9 June 1977, although it had been on sale in the Philippines since 2 December 1976. It has a boxy design with externally hinged half doors and plastic/canvas windows. Designated KF10, it shared the 3K engine with the 1972 Corolla , coupled to a 4-speed manual transmission. It was colloquially nicknamed 'Kijang Buaya' (meaning "Crocodile Kijang") as
18542-490: Was consolidated into GM on May 2, 1918, and the same year GM acquired United Motors , a parts supplier founded by Durant and headed by Alfred P. Sloan for $ 45 million, and the McLaughlin Motor Car Company , founded by R. S. McLaughlin , became General Motors of Canada Limited. In 1919, GM acquired Guardian Frigerator Company , part-owned by Durant, which was renamed Frigidaire . Also in 1919,
18688-500: Was designated either the F70 series (short wheelbase) or the F80 series (long wheelbase), and features a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door, with some coachbuild versions still retain the latter. The pickup model was designated as the F60 series. For the first time, the 2L diesel-powered Kijang was offered. Either the carburetted 7K or the fuel-injected 7K-E -powered Kijang
18834-487: Was equipped with a wood-panelled console, CD player, 6-speaker audio and leather seats. The Zace was a successful model and also the best-selling model of Toyota Motor Vietnam in 2005 with 5,634 units. The total number of cars sold from launch to the end of production was 17,268 units. Due to its diversified roles in its respective markets, the Kijang was succeeded by the Avanza and IMV platform vehicles. Toyota replaced
18980-560: Was eventually discontinued in 2004, seven years after it had become the first American car brand to turn 100. In May 2004, GM delivered the first full-sized pickup truck hybrid vehicles , the 1/2-ton Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra trucks. These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. Later, the company debuted another hybrid technology, co-developed with DaimlerChrysler and BMW , in diesel-electric hybrid powertrain manufactured by Allison Transmission for transit buses. Continuing to target
19126-450: Was first displayed at the 1975 Jakarta Fair and then entered production in 1977. Its development was led by Osamu Ohta with Ohyama as the chief engineer in 1972. The first-generation Kijang is a compact, light pickup truck powered by a carburetted 1.2-litre 3K four-cylinder OHV petrol engine matched to a 4-speed manual transmission . A pickup variant with rear body and roof was also produced. The Kijang Minibus (van/wagon version)
19272-764: Was fully pressed and used pointed welding. Up to this time, this model can be said as the one and only putty-free Kijang. The trim levels for the wagon model were: In April 1995, the Kijang received a second facelift, including a redesigned grille with vertical bars, usage of Enkei 14-inch alloy wheels on the G-series Kijang and the Supra A70/A80 -styled five spoke, 14-inch alloy wheels on the Grand Extra Kijang, redesigned steering wheel, addition of tachometers, central door lock and power windows for Deluxe trim, and larger 1.8-litre 7K engine. With
19418-420: Was later followed by Dodge in 1963, Ford in 1965, and Chevrolet in 1973. However, they were originally available only with three-quarter-ton or one-ton models (such as Ford F-250/F-350), while half-ton trucks like Ford F-150 would not become available in four-door configuration until 2001, by which time crew cabs also started overtaking regular/extended cabs in popularity. Cab-over or cab forward designs have
19564-538: Was launched in India in January 2000 as Toyota's first entry into India's automobile market following a joint venture with the Kirloskar Group in 1997. The Kijang was sold in India under the Qualis name. The Qualis was based on the third-generation global model, but updated with front and rear styling, an updated interior making use of the switch gear, instrument cluster and rear air conditioning blower unit from
19710-430: Was offered in 5 door long wheelbase wagon in either Standard, Deluxe and GL trim levels. The GL trim included power steering, cloth interior, cloth seats, a digital clock, door pocket, a 4 speaker cassette radio, body cladding and 14 inch alloy wheels. Deluxe and standard models had steel wheels, 2 speaker cassette decks, and vinyl interiors, however deluxe models received full width side steps and bucket front seats. Dual AC
19856-657: Was offered in Standard Deck and Flat Deck variants. Some versions called Grand Rover Ace and Jantan Raider , which were made by local coachbuilders, was also sold only in a few units. The Grand Rover Ace is based on the LSX trim and has an SUV-like body, resembling the J80 series Land Cruiser in a similar fashion to the facelifted EP81 Starlet which resembles the Japanese market Starlet GT Turbo. The short wheelbase wagon has
20002-690: Was prepared by Toyota South Africa's Research and Development Team in Prospecton, Durban for the South Africa National Off-Road Championship. Introduced in the 2001 season it was driven by Kassie Coetzee and co-driver Ockie Fourie until the 2003 season where it was replaced by a Hilux 3.0TD 4x4. Competing in the 4-cylinder production class category (Class E) modifications include an uprated engine (initially to 155 PS (114 kW; 153 hp), later increased to 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp)), Addition of
20148-566: Was replaced by Michael Simcoe . In 2006, GM introduced a bright yellow fuel cap on its vehicles to remind drivers that cars can operate using E85 ethanol fuel . They also introduced another hybrid vehicle that year, the Saturn Vue Green Line . In 2008, General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free by recycling or reusing waste in the manufacturing process. Continuing their environmental-conscious development, GM started to offer
20294-542: Was replaced by the Hilux pickup truck to comply with the Euro 2 emission standards. The Indian market Qualis was replaced by the Innova, skipping the fourth-generation model entirely. Pickup truck A pickup truck or pickup is a light or medium duty truck that has an enclosed cabin , and a back end made up of a cargo bed that is enclosed by three low walls with no roof (this cargo bed back end sometimes consists of
20440-485: Was showcased in Jakarta in mid-1975. The first two generations were produced from factory as pickup trucks, conversions to other body styles were conducted by local third-party companies. Availability of the model was expanded to more markets since the third-generation model, such as Africa and Taiwan. The Kijang was relatively affordable in the markets where it was sold when compared to the four-wheel drive vehicles (it
20586-509: Was sold in Malaysia as the Unser between mid-1998 to May 2005. The Unser name was derived from the German word unser . It is only offered in an 8 seater configuration with seatbelts for all three rows available as standard. Initially offered with either a 2.4 2L diesel engine or a 1.8 7K-E petrol engine and a 5-speed manual transmission, beginning in July 2000, an automatic variant was available with
20732-539: Was sold in and many of the parts come from each of the markets in which it was sold. The name Kijang means muntjac or deer in Indonesian . Due to the varying names used in different countries, the vehicle is internally known as the 'TUV', short for 'Toyota Utility Vehicle'. Fourth-generation models in the Philippines were sold under the Toyota Revo nameplate. The Kijang was also sold in other countries, and
20878-421: Was standard on all wagon models. The pickup variant was available in 11-seater high side pickup form and later in chassis cab configuration. In 2000, Deluxe, GL, and diesel wagon variants were discontinued leaving only the 1.8 standard wagon and pickup variants to be sold alongside the Revo until 2002 when the Tamaraw was finally discontinued. The Tamaraw FX was meant for use as a passenger wagon. It still retained
21024-608: Was succeeded by Albert Bradley in April 1956. In 1962, GM introduced the first ever turbocharged production car in the world in the Oldsmobile Cutlass Turbo-Jetfire. Two years later, the company introduced its " Mark of Excellence " logo and trademark at the 1964 New York World's Fair . The company used the mark as their main corporate identifier until 2021. GM released the Electrovan in 1966,
21170-558: Was the first retail car sold with a passenger airbag . Thomas Murphy became CEO of the company, succeeding Richard C. Gerstenberg in November 1974. GM installed its first catalytic converters in its 1975 models. From 1978 to 1985, GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies. However, it had disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in
21316-426: Was the most popular model due to its low maintenance cost, despite being underpowered compared to the 2.0-litre 1RZ-E unit. It was built on the same platform as the sixth-generation Hilux . The Kijang received facelifts on 1 February 2000 and 23 August 2002, respectively. The fourth-generation wagon model Kijangs were generally released in four different trim levels, depending on wheelbase options: The pickup model
#912087