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98-447: Toki Pona ( toki pona , translated as the language of good ; IPA: [ˈtoki ˈpona] ( listen ) ; English: / ˈ t oʊ k i ˈ p oʊ n ə / ) is a philosophical artistic constructed language designed for its small vocabulary, simplicity, and ease of acquisition. It was created by Canadian linguist Sonja Lang to simplify her thoughts and communication. The first drafts were published online in 2001, while

196-577: A bridge of sorts for people of different cultures. However, it was not created as an international auxiliary language . Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy , the language is designed to help users concentrate on basic things and to promote positive thinking, in accordance with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis . Despite the small vocabulary, speakers can understand and communicate, mainly relying on context , combinations of words, and expository sentences to express more specific meanings. After its initial creation,

294-474: A completed form of the language based on how Lang used the language at the time. In 2016, the book was also published in French. In 2015, YouTuber jan Misali uploaded a series titled 12 Days of sona pi toki pona , which proved influential and was recommended as a learning tool by sitelen sitelen creator Jonathan Gabel. In 2021, Lang released her second book, Toki Pona Dictionary , known as ku ,

392-647: A comprehensive two-way Toki Pona–English dictionary including more than 11,000 entries detailing the use of the language as she gathered from polls conducted in the ma pona pi toki pona Discord server over a few months. The book presents the original 120 words plus 16 nimi ku suli ( lit.   ' major dictionary words ' ) as gathered from at least over 40% of respondents. It also contains 45 words given by 40% or less of respondents, referred to as nimi ku pi suli ala ( lit.   ' minor dictionary words ' ), sometimes also called nimi ku lili . After two failed applications for an ISO 639-3 code,

490-489: A few degrees below the freezing point. Major snowfalls can result from Nor'easter ocean storms moving up the east coast of North America. These major snowfalls typically average 20–30 cm (8–12 in) and are frequently mixed with rain or freezing rain. Spring is often delayed because the sea ice that forms in the nearby Gulf of St. Lawrence during the winter requires time to melt, and this cools onshore winds, which can extend inland as far as Moncton. The ice burden in

588-514: A first language, and 10.8% speak another language as their mother tongue. About 46% of the city population is bilingual and understands both English and French; the only other Canadian cities that approach this level of linguistic duality are Ottawa , Sudbury , and Montreal . Moncton became the first officially bilingual city in the country in 2002. This means that all municipal services, as well as public notices and information, are available in both French and English. The adjacent city of Dieppe

686-542: A growing town. The prosperity engendered by the wooden shipbuilding industry allowed The Bend to incorporate as the town of Moncton in 1855. Although the town was named for Monckton, a clerical error at the time the town was incorporated resulted in the misspelling of its name, which has remained to the present day. Moncton's first mayor was the shipbuilder Joseph Salter. In 1857, the European and North American Railway opened its line from Moncton to nearby Shediac . This

784-593: A limited set of morphemes that are treated as "elemental" or "fundamental". "Philosophical language" is sometimes used synonymously with "taxonomic language". Vocabularies of oligosynthetic languages are made of compound words , which are coined from a small (theoretically minimal) set of morphemes . Languages like Toki Pona similarly use a limited set of root words but produce phrases which remain series of distinct words. Foreseen in Descartes ' letter to Mersenne of November 20, 1629, work on philosophical languages

882-599: A new banking services centre to be located in Moncton which will employ over 1,000 people (including a previously announced customer contact centre). Meanwhile, several arms of the Irving corporation have their head offices and/or major operations in greater Moncton. These include Midland Transport, Majesta/Royale Tissues, Irving Personal Care, Master Packaging, Brunswick News, and Cavendish Farms. Kent Building Supplies (an Irving subsidiary) opened their main distribution centre in

980-593: A new campus in 1996, the Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport opening a new terminal building and becoming a designated international airport in 2002, and the opening of the new Gunningsville Bridge to Riverview in 2005. In 2002, Moncton became Canada's first officially bilingual city. In the 2006 census, it was designated a Census Metropolitan Area and became New Brunswick's largest metropolitan area. Moncton lies in southeastern New Brunswick , at

1078-596: A non-official language as mother tongues, while 0.4% listed both French and a non-official language. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Moncton included: The underpinnings of the local economy are based on Moncton's heritage as a commercial, distribution, transportation, and retailing centre. This is due to Moncton's central location in the Maritimes: it has the largest catchment area in Atlantic Canada with 1.6 million people living within

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1176-401: A phrase. A sentence may be an interjection, statement, wish/command, or question. For example, interjections such as a , ala , ike , jaki , mu , pakala , pona , toki , etc. can stand alone as a sentence. Statements follow the normal structure of subject-predicate with an optional la phrase at the beginning. The word li precedes the predicate unless

1274-503: A population of 119,785 living in an area of 110.73 km (42.75 sq mi). Residents lived in 51,830 dwellings out of the 54,519 total private dwellings. Greater Moncton , the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), had a population of 157,717 living in 67,179 of its 70,460 total private dwellings; a change of 8.9% from its 2016 population of 144,810 . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and

1372-479: A preceding noun. For this reason, they may be called "proper adjectives" or simply "proper words" instead of "proper nouns". For example, names of people and places are used as modifiers of the common roots for "person" and "place", e.g. ma Kanata ( lit.   ' Canada land ' ) or jan Lisa ( lit.   ' Lisa person ' ). Phrases in Toki Pona are head-initial ; modifiers always come after

1470-401: A question mark at the end of a sentence. Non-polar questions are formed by replacing the unknown information with the interrogative word seme . Toki Pona has four basic pronouns: mi (first person), sina (second person), ona (third person), and ni (demonstrative). Number and gender are not specified by default, but they can be specified with additional modifiers to

1568-501: A small community of speakers developed in the early 2000s. While activity mainly takes place online in chat rooms , on social media , and in other online groups, there have been a few organized in-person meetups. The name of the language has two parts: toki ( language ), derived from Tok Pisin tok , which itself comes from English talk ; and pona ( good, simple ), from Esperanto bona , from Latin bonus . The name toki pona therefore means both good language,

1666-562: A third request was filed in August 2021, which resulted in the ISO 639-3 code " tok " being adopted in January 2022. Toki Pona was the subject of some scientific works, and it has also been used for artificial intelligence and software tools, as well as a therapeutic method for eliminating negative thinking by having patients keep track of their thoughts in the language. In 2010 it was chosen for

1764-471: A three-hour drive of the city. The insurance, information technology, educational, and health care sectors also are major factors in the local economy with the city's two hospitals alone employing over five thousand people, along with a growing high tech sector that includes companies such as Nanoptix, International Game Technology , OAO Technology Solutions, BMM Test Labs, TrustMe, and BelTek Systems Design. Moncton has garnered national attention because of

1862-409: Is subject–verb–object . The word li introduces predicates , and the word e introduces direct objects . A noun is followed by its adjectives. Likewise, a verb is followed by its modifiers. The position of a word in a sentence determines its role. This allows Toki Pona's limited number of words to serve many purposes. Thus, the word moku when in the verb position means "to eat". But in

1960-492: Is a 20-story office building and the headquarters of Assumption Mutual Life Insurance . This building is 81 metres (266 ft) tall and tied with Brunswick Square ( Saint John ) as the tallest building in the province. The Blue Cross Centre is a nine-story building in Downtown Moncton . It is architecturally distinctive, encompasses a full city block, and is the city's largest office building by square footage. It

2058-536: Is a Francophone live theatre company which has its own auditorium and performance space on Botsford Street. The Anglophone Live Bait Theatre is based in the nearby university town of Sackville . There are several private dance and music academies in the metropolitan area, including the Capitol Theatre's own performing arts school. The Aberdeen Cultural Centre is a major Acadian cultural cooperative containing multiple studios and galleries. Among other tenants,

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2156-523: Is a plaque dedicated in their honour at the mouth of Hall's Creek. They renamed the settlement "The Bend". The Bend remained an agricultural settlement for nearly 80 more years. Even by 1836, there were only 20 households in the community. At that time, the Westmorland Road became open to year-round travel and a regular mail coach service was established between Saint John and Halifax . The Bend became an important transfer and rest station along

2254-698: Is about 64% Francophone and has benefited from an ongoing rural depopulation of the Acadian Peninsula and areas in northern and eastern New Brunswick . The town of Riverview meanwhile is heavily (95%) Anglophone . A total of 67% of its residents are fluent in English and 47% are fluent in French. Common non-official languages spoken as mother tongues are Arabic (1.4%), Punjabi (0.7%), Chinese Languages (0.7%), Tagalog (0.6%), Korean (0.6%), Spanish (0.6%), Vietnamese (0.5%), and Portuguese (0.5%). 1.2% of residents listed both English and

2352-441: Is an isolating language with only 14 phonemes and an underlying feature of minimalism . It focuses on simple, near-universal concepts to maximize expression from very few words. In Toki Pona: The Language of Good , Lang presents around 120 words, while the later Toki Pona Dictionary lists 137 "essential" words and a number of less-used ones. Its words are easy to pronounce across language backgrounds, which allows it to serve as

2450-556: Is an important industry in Moncton and historically owes its origins to the presence of two natural attractions, the tidal bore of the Petitcodiac River (see above) and the optical illusion of Magnetic Hill . The tidal bore was the first phenomenon to become an attraction but the construction of the Petitcodiac causeway in the 1960s effectively extirpated the attraction. Magnetic Hill , on the city's northwest outskirts,

2548-422: Is fairly typical when compared with other languages. Counting each root once, 32% of vowels are /a/ , 25% are /i/ , with /e/ and /o/ a bit over 15% each, and 10% are /u/ . The usage frequency in a 10kB sample of texts was slightly more skewed: 34% /a/ , 30% /i/ , 15% each /e/ and /o/ , and 6% /u/ . Of the syllable-initial consonants, /l/ is the most common, at 20% total; /k, s, p/ are over 10%, then

2646-416: Is generally modest, especially in late July and August, and short periods of drought occur on occasion. Autumn daytime temperatures remain mild until late October. First snowfalls usually do not occur until late November and consistent snow cover on the ground does not happen until late December. New Brunswick's Fundy coast occasionally experiences the effects of post-tropical storms. The stormiest weather of

2744-610: Is home to the Frye Festival , an annual bilingual literary celebration held in honour of world-renowned literary critic and favourite son Northrop Frye . This event attracts noted writers and poets from around the world and takes place in the month of April. The Atlantic Nationals Automotive Extravaganza, held each July, is the largest annual gathering of classic cars in Canada. Other notable events include The Atlantic Seafood Festival in August, The HubCap Comedy Festival , and

2842-554: Is located on the riverfront adjacent to Bore View Park and has been dated to 1769 both by architectural style and by dendrochronology . It is the only surviving building from the Pennsylvania Dutch era and is the oldest surviving building in the province of New Brunswick. In film production, the city has since 1974 been home to the National Film Board of Canada 's French-language Studio Acadie. Moncton

2940-500: Is placed before two or more modifiers to group them into another phrase that functions as a unit to modify the head: In jan pi pona mute , pona mute as a unit means much goodness , to together mean very good person . mute modifies pona , and pona mute as a whole modifies jan . Demonstratives , numerals, and possessive pronouns come after the head like other modifiers. Philosophical language In most philosophical languages, words are constructed from

3038-432: Is required. Syllables can thus be CV, CVN, V, or VN. As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type, at 75% (counting each root once). The following sequences are not allowed: * /wu, wo, ji, ti/ , nor may a syllable's final nasal occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root. Proper nouns are usually converted into Toki Pona proper adjectives using a set of guidelines. The native, or even colloquial, pronunciation

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3136-555: Is stable and diversified, primarily based on its traditional transportation, distribution, retailing, and commercial heritage, and supplemented by strength in the educational, health care, financial, information technology, and insurance sectors. The strength of Moncton's economy has received national recognition and the local unemployment rate is consistently less than the national average. On 1 January 2023, Moncton annexed an area including Charles Lutes Road and Zack Road; revised census information has not been released. Acadians settled

3234-648: Is the Bell Aliant Tower , a 127 metres (417 ft) microwave communications tower built in 1971. When it was constructed, it was the tallest microwave communications tower of its kind in North America. It remains the tallest structure in Moncton, dwarfing the neighbouring Place L’Assomption by 46 metres (151 ft). Indeed, the Bell Aliant Tower is also the tallest free-standing structure in all four Atlantic provinces. Assumption Place

3332-481: Is the city's most famous attraction. The Magnetic Hill area includes (in addition to the phenomenon itself ), a golf course, major water park , zoo , and an outdoor concert facility . A $ 90 million casino/hotel/entertainment complex opened at Magnetic Hill in 2010. Moncton's Capitol Theatre , an 800-seat restored 1920s-era vaudeville house on Main Street, is the main centre for cultural entertainment for

3430-606: Is the home of Medavie Blue Cross and the Moncton Public Library . There are about a half dozen other buildings in Moncton between eight and 12 stories, including the Delta Beausejour and Brunswick Crowne Plaza Hotels and the Terminal Plaza office complex. The most popular park in the area is Centennial Park , which contains an artificial beach, lighted cross country skiing and hiking trails,

3528-404: Is the most common way of writing the language, many alternative writing systems have been developed for and adapted to Toki Pona. Most successful and widespread are two logographic writing systems, sitelen pona and sitelen sitelen . Both were included in the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good . The sitelen pona ( lit.   ' good/simple writing/drawing ' ) writing system

3626-402: Is to help its speakers focus on the essentials by reducing complex concepts to basic elements. From these simple notions, more complex ideas can be built up by simple combining. This allows the users to see the fundamental nature and effect of the ideas expressed. On the basis of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis , which states that a language influences the way its speakers think and behave, Toki Pona

3724-637: Is used as the basis for the subsequent sound conversion. Thus, England or English become Inli and John becomes San . The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. Because of its small phoneme inventory, Toki Pona allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k] , /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s] , /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l] , and vowels may be either long or short. Fourteen Latin letters, a, e, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, s, t, u, w , are used to write

3822-597: The Encyclopédie , in the Age of Enlightenment . Under the entry Charactère , D'Alembert critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century. After the Encyclopédie , projects for a priori languages moved more and more to the fringe. However, from time to time, some authors continued to propose philosophical languages until the 20th century (for example, Ro , aUI ) or even in

3920-465: The 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the City of Moncton had a population of 79,470 living in 35,118 of its 37,318 total private dwellings, a change of 10.5% from its 2016 population of 71,889 . With a land area of 140.67 km (54.31 sq mi), it had a population density of 564.9/km (1,463.2/sq mi) in 2021. Moncton's urban area ( population centre ) had

4018-659: The Bay of Fundy and less than 30 km (19 mi) from the Northumberland Strait , the climate tends to be more continental than maritime during the summer and winter seasons, with maritime influences somewhat tempering the transitional seasons of spring and autumn. Moncton has a warm summer humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with uniform precipitation distribution. Winter days are typically cold but sunny, with solar radiation generating some warmth. Daytime high temperatures usually range

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4116-540: The Canadian National Railway (CNR) locomotive shops closed in the late 1980s. Although Moncton's economy was traumatized twice—by the collapse of the shipbuilding industry in the 1860s and by the closure of the CNR locomotive shops in the 1980s—the city was able to rebound strongly on both occasions. It adopted the motto Resurgo (Latin: "I rise again") after its rebirth as a railway town . Its economy

4214-564: The International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. Stress falls on the initial syllable of a word, and it is marked by an increase in loudness, length, or pitch. There are no diphthongs , vowel hiatus , contrasting vowel length , consonant clusters (except those starting with the nasal coda ), or tones . Both its sound inventory and phonotactics are compatible with the majority of human languages, and are therefore readily accessible. The statistical vowel spread

4312-770: The Riverview side, the Gunningsville Bridge now connects to a new ring road around the town and is expected to serve as a catalyst for development in east Riverview . The retail sector in Moncton has become one of the most important pillars of the local economy. Major retail projects such as Champlain Place in Dieppe and the Wheeler Park Power Centre on Trinity Drive have become major destinations for locals and for tourists alike. Tourism

4410-622: The metro Moncton area include Bore View Park (which overlooks the Petitcodiac River ), and the downtown Victoria Park , which features a bandshell , flower gardens, fountain, and the city's cenotaph . There is an extensive system of hiking and biking trails in Metro Moncton . The Riverfront Trail is part of the Trans Canada Trail system, and various monuments and pavilions can be found along its length. In

4508-693: The " Great Upheaval ". The reaches of the upper Petitcodiac River valley then came under the control of the Philadelphia Land Company (one of the principals of which was Benjamin Franklin .) In 1766, Pennsylvania German settlers arrived to reestablish the preexisting farming community at Le Coude. The Settlers consisted of eight families: Heinrich Stief ( Steeves ), Jacob Treitz (Trites), Matthias Sommer (Somers), Jacob Reicker (Ricker), Charles Jones (Schantz), George Wortmann (Wortman), Michael Lutz (Lutes), and George Koppel (Copple). There

4606-423: The 1980s were a period of economic hardship for the city as several major employers closed or restructured. The Eatons catalogue division, CNR's locomotive shops facility and CFB Moncton closed during this time, throwing thousands of citizens out of work. The city diversified in the early 1990s with the rise of information technology, led by call centres that made use of the city's bilingual workforce. By

4704-613: The 21st century ( Toki Pona ). Moncton Moncton ( / ˈ m ʌ ŋ k t ən / ; French pronunciation: [mɔŋktœn] ) is the most populous city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned the nickname "Hub City" because of its central inland location in

4802-638: The 90° bend in the river near the site of the settlement. In 1755, nearby Fort Beausejour was captured by British forces under the command of Lt. Col. Robert Monckton . The Beaubassin region including the Memramcook and Petitcodiac river valleys subsequently fell under English control. Later that year, Governor Charles Lawrence issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia (including recently captured areas of Acadia such as Le Coude). This action came to be known as

4900-750: The Caledonia Industrial Park in 2014. The Irving group of companies employs several thousand people in the Moncton region. There are three large industrial parks in the metropolitan area. The Irving operations are concentrated in the Dieppe Industrial Park. The Moncton Industrial Park in the city's west end has been expanded. Molson Coors opened a brewery in the Caledonia Industrial Park in 2007, its first new brewery in over fifty years. All three industrial parks also have large concentrations of warehousing and regional trucking facilities. A new four-lane Gunningsville Bridge

4998-511: The Canadian linguist and translator Sonja Lang (formerly Sonja Elen Kisa). Born in 1978 in Moncton , New Brunswick , Lang grew up in a bilingual family; her mother spoke French, and her father spoke English. During and after her high school years, she became fluent in five languages, including Esperanto . Esperanto was the inspiration for her creation of constructed languages. In 2001, Lang

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5096-644: The Congo (270 persons or 3.2%). As of 2021, approximately 82.4% of Moncton's residents were of European ancestry, while 14.9% were visible minorities and 2.7% were Indigenous. The largest ethnic minority groups in Moncton were Black (5.3%), South Asian (3.0%), Arab (1.5%), Filipino (1.3%), Chinese (0.9%), Southeast Asian (0.8%), Korean (0.7%), and Latin American (0.7%). Moncton is a bilingual city, 58.5% of its residents having English as their mother tongue, while 27.3% have French, 2.9% learned both English and French as

5194-535: The area in 1871, when Moncton was selected to be the headquarters of the Intercolonial Railway of Canada (ICR). The arrival of the ICR in Moncton was a seminal event for the community. For the next 120 years, the history of the city was firmly linked with the railway's. In 1875, Moncton reincorporated as a town, and a year later, the ICR line to Quebec opened. The railway boom that emanated from this and

5292-487: The associated employment growth allowed Moncton to achieve city status on April 23, 1890. Moncton grew rapidly during the early 20th century, particularly after provincial lobbying helped the city become the eastern terminus of the massive National Transcontinental Railway project in 1912. In 1918, the federal government merged the ICR and the National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) into

5390-436: The bore was very impressive, sometimes between 1 and 2 metres (3 ft 3 in and 6 ft 7 in) high and extending across the 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) width of the Petitcodiac River in the Moncton area. This wave occurred twice a day at high tide, travelling at an average speed of 13 km/h (8.1 mph) and producing an audible roar. Unsurprisingly, the "bore" became a very popular early tourist attraction for

5488-737: The centre houses the Galerie Sans Nom, the principal private art gallery in the city. The city's two main museums are the Moncton Museum at Resurgo Place on Mountain Road and the Musée acadien at Université de Moncton. The Moncton Museum reopened following major renovations and an expansion to include the Transportation Discovery Centre. The Discovery Centre includes many hands on exhibits highlighting

5586-680: The city's largest playground, lawn bowling and tennis facilities, a boating pond, a treetop adventure course, and Rocky Stone Field, a city owned 2,500 seat football stadium with artificial turf, and home to the Moncton Minor Football Association. The city's other main parks are Mapleton Park in the city's north end, Irishtown Nature Park (one of the largest urban nature parks in Canada) and St. Anselme Park (located in Dieppe ). The numerous neighbourhood parks throughout

5684-449: The city's transportation heritage. The city also has several recognized historical sites. The Free Meeting House was built in 1821 and is a New England–style meeting house located adjacent to the Moncton Museum. The Thomas Williams House, a former home of a city industrialist built in 1883, is now maintained in period style and serves as a genealogical research centre and is also home to several multicultural organizations. The Treitz Haus

5782-484: The city, but when the Petitcodiac causeway was built in the 1960s, the river channel quickly silted in and reduced the bore so that it rarely exceeded 15 to 20 centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in) in height. On April 14, 2010, the causeway gates were opened in an effort to restore the silt-laden river. A recent tidal bore since the opening of the causeway gates measured a 2-foot-high (0.61 m) wave, unseen for many years. Despite being less than 50 km (31 mi) from

5880-701: The city. The theatre hosts a performing arts series and provides a venue for various theatrical performances as well as Symphony New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada . The adjacent Empress Theatre offers space for smaller performances and recitals. The Molson Canadian Centre at Casino New Brunswick provides a 2,000-seat venue for major touring artists and performing groups. The Moncton-based Atlantic Ballet Theatre tours mainly in Atlantic Canada but also tours nationally and internationally on occasion. Théâtre l'Escaouette

5978-405: The civic incorporation in 1855. But the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s, causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862. Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community's economy rebounded, mainly due to a growing railway industry. In 1871, the Intercolonial Railway of Canada chose Moncton as its headquarters, and Moncton remained a railway town for well over a century until

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6076-803: The community has been bolstered by its ability to host major events such as the Francophonie Summit in 1999, a Rolling Stones concert in 2005, the Memorial Cup in 2006, and both the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics and a neutral site regular season CFL football game in 2010. Positive developments include the Atlantic Baptist University (later renamed Crandall University ) achieving full university status and relocating to

6174-534: The complete form was published in the 2014 book Toki Pona: The Language of Good (known as pu ). Lang also released a supplementary dictionary, the Toki Pona Dictionary (known as ku ), in July 2021, describing the language as used by its community of speakers . In 2024, a third book was released, a Toki Pona adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , written in sitelen pona . Toki Pona

6272-677: The first version of the vocabulary for the ROILA project. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of an artificial language on the accuracy of machine speech recognition , and it was revealed that the modified vocabulary of Toki Pona significantly outperformed English. In February of 2024, Lang released the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Toki Pona edition) , the first in a planned series of illustrated sitelen pona storybooks called su , illustrated by Evan Dahm. Toki Pona has nine consonants ( /p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/ ) and five vowels ( /a, e, i, o, u/ ), shown here with

6370-540: The geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city is along the north bank of the Petitcodiac River at a point where the river bends acutely from west−east to north−south flow. This geographical feature has contributed significantly to historical names for the community. Petitcodiac in the Mi'kmaq language has been translated as "bends like a bow". The early Acadian settlers in the region named their community Le Coude ("the elbow"). Subsequent English immigrants changed

6468-549: The grammar, orthography and pronunciation of the language in an effort to make it easier to speak and to read. Gottfried Leibniz created lingua generalis (or lingua universalis ) in 1678, aiming to create a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically; as a side effect he developed binary calculus . These projects aimed not only to reduce or model grammar, but also to arrange all human knowledge into "characters" or hierarchies. This idea ultimately led to

6566-457: The gulf has diminished considerably over the last decade, and the springtime cooling effect has weakened as a result. Daytime temperatures above freezing are typical by late February. Trees are usually in full leaf by May. Summers are warm, sometimes hot, and can be somewhat humid due to the seasonal prevailing westerly winds strengthening the climate's continental tendencies. Daytime highs sometimes reach more than 30 °C (86 °F). Rainfall

6664-576: The head of the Bay of Fundy in the 1670s. The first reference to the "Petcoucoyer River" was on the De Meulles map of 1686. Settlement of the Petitcodiac and Memramcook river valleys began about 1700, gradually extending inland and reaching the site of present-day Moncton in 1733. The first Acadian settlers in the Moncton area established a marshland farming community and chose to name their settlement Le Coude ("The Elbow"), an allusion to

6762-495: The language [REDACTED] is written in sitelen pona , with the symbol [REDACTED] ( pona ) written inside the symbol [REDACTED] ( toki ). The sitelen sitelen ( lit.   ' drawn writing ' ) writing system, also known as sitelen suwi ( lit.   ' cute writing ' ), was created by Jonathan Gabel. This more elaborate non-linear system uses two separate methods to form words: logograms representing words and an alphasyllabary for writing

6860-537: The language of good and simple language , emphasizing that the language encourages speakers to find joy in simplicity. One of the language's main goals is a focus on minimalism. It is designed to express maximal meaning with minimal complexity. Like a pidgin , it focuses on simple concepts and elements that are near-universal among cultures. It has a minimal vocabulary and 14 phonemes devised to be easy to pronounce for speakers of various language backgrounds. Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy, another goal of Toki Pona

6958-473: The language. They have the same values as in the International Phonetic Alphabet : j sounds like English y (as in many Germanic and Slavic languages ) and the vowels are like those of Spanish , Modern Greek , or Modern Hebrew . Capital initials are used to mark proper nouns , while Toki Pona roots are always written with lowercase letters, even when they start a sentence. Besides the Latin alphabet, which

7056-403: The late 1990s, retail, manufacturing and service expansion began to occur in all sectors and within a decade of the closure of the CNR locomotive shops Moncton had more than made up for its employment losses. This dramatic turnaround in the city's fortunes has been termed the "Moncton Miracle". The community's growth has continued unabated since the 1990s, actually accelerating. The confidence of

7154-625: The median age in Moncton was 41.4, close to the national median age of 41.2. The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 8,460 persons or 10.9% of the total population of Moncton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (795 persons or 9.4%), India (655 persons or 7.7%), United States of America (555 persons or 6.6%), China (475 persons or 5.6%), Nigeria (470 persons or 5.6%), United Kingdom (395 persons or 4.7%), Syria (385 persons or 4.6%), South Korea (380 persons or 4.5%), France (290 persons or 3.4%), and Democratic Republic of

7252-596: The mid-20th century. The first scheduled air service out of Moncton was established in 1928. During the Second World War , the Canadian Army built a large military supply base in the city to service the Maritime military establishment. The CNR continued to dominate the economy of the city; railway employment in Moncton peaked at nearly 6,000 workers in the 1950s before beginning a slow decline. Moncton

7350-418: The nasals /m, n/ (not counting final n), with the least common, at little more than 5% each, being /t, w, j/ . The high frequency of /l/ and low frequency of /t/ is somewhat unusual among the world's languages. The first syllable of a word follows the form (C)V(N), i.e. an optional consonant, a vowel, and an optional final nasal. Subsequent syllables follow the same form, except that the leading consonant

7448-458: The newly formed Canadian National Railways (CNR) system. The ICR shops became CNR's major locomotive repair facility for the Maritimes and Moncton became the headquarters for CNR's Maritime division. The T. Eaton Company's catalogue warehouse moved to the city in the early 1920s, employing over 700 people. Transportation and distribution became increasingly important to Moncton's economy in

7546-572: The noun position, it means "food". As an adjective, it might mean "edible". Toki Pona has more complicated sentence structures too. Prepositional phrases follow the objects , and la ends a phrase or clause that comes before the subject to add additional context. Some roots are grammatical particles , while others are content words with lexical meanings. The content words do not fall into well defined parts of speech ; rather, they may be used generally as nouns, verbs, modifiers , or interjections depending on context or their position in

7644-535: The pronouns. With such a small root-word vocabulary, Toki Pona relies heavily on noun phrases , where a noun is modified by a following root, to make more complex meanings. A typical example is combining jan '( person ) with utala ( fight ) to make jan utala ( fighter, soldier, warrior ). ( see § Modifiers ) Nouns do not decline according to number. jan can mean person, people, humanity, somebody depending on context. Toki Pona does not use isolated proper nouns; instead, they must modify

7742-406: The region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes. As of the 2021 Census, the city had a population of 79,470. The metropolitan population in 2022 was 171,608, making it the fastest growing CMA in Canada for the year with a growth rate of 5.3%. Its land area is 140.67 km (54.31 sq mi). Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733, Moncton

7840-429: The river channel downstream and rendered the Moncton area of the waterway unnavigable. On April 14, 2010, the causeway gates were opened in an effort to restore the silt-laden river. The Petitcodiac River exhibits one of North America's few tidal bores : a regularly occurring wave that travels up the river on the leading edge of the incoming tide. The bore is a result of the Bay of Fundy 's extreme tides. Originally,

7938-450: The route. Over the next decade, lumbering and then shipbuilding became important industries in the area. The community's turning point came when Joseph Salter took over (and expanded) a shipyard at the Bend in 1847. The shipyard grew to employ about 400 workers. The Bend subsequently developed a service-based economy to support the shipyard and gradually began to acquire all the amenities of

8036-410: The settlement's name to The Bend of the Petitcodiac (or simply "The Bend"). The Petitcodiac river valley at Moncton is broad and relatively flat, bounded by a long ridge to the north (Lutes Mountain) and by the rugged Caledonia Highlands to the south. Moncton lies at the original head of navigation on the river, but a causeway to Riverview (constructed in 1968) resulted in extensive sedimentation of

8134-1047: The stationing of call-centres for Canadian companies (who provide services in both languages). The city is home to the regional head offices for several Canadian federal agencies such as Correctional Service Canada , Transport Canada , the Gulf Fisheries Centre and the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency . There are 37 call centres in the city which employ over 5,000 people. Some of the larger centres include Asurion , Numeris , ExxonMobil , Royal Bank of Canada , Tangerine Bank , UPS , Fairmont Hotels & Resorts , Rogers Communications and Nordia Inc. A number of nationally or regionally prominent corporations have their head offices in Moncton including Atlantic Lottery Corporation , Assumption Life Insurance, Medavie Blue Cross Insurance, Armour Transportation Systems and Major Drilling Group International . TD Bank announced in 2018

8232-506: The strength of its economy. The local unemployment rate averages around 6%, which is below the national average. In 2004 Canadian Business magazine named it "The best city for business in Canada", and in 2007 FDi magazine named it the fifth most business-friendly small-sized city in North America. Moncton's high proportion of bilingual workers and its status as border-city between majority francophone and majority anglophone areas makes it an attractive centre for both federal employment and

8330-431: The subject is mi or sina . The marker e comes before direct objects. More li and e markers can present more predicates and direct objects respectively. Vocative phrases come before the main sentence and are marked with o at the end of the phrase, after the addressee. In commands, the word o comes before a verb to express a second person command. It can also replace li , or come after

8428-453: The subjects mi or sina , to express wishes. There are two ways to form yes–no questions in Toki Pona. The first method is to use the "verb ala verb" construction in which ala comes in between a duplicated verb, auxiliary verb, or other predicators . Another way to form a yes–no question is to put anu seme? ( lit.   ' or what? ' ) after the phrase being inquired about. Questions cannot be made by just putting

8526-774: The syllables (especially for proper names). The complex artful designs of the glyphs are chosen to help people who use this writing system to slow down and explore how not only the language but also the method of communication can influence their thinking. sitelen sitelen 's overall aesthetics are inspired by US west-coast comix artists such as Jim Woodring and US east-coast graffiti artists such as Kenny Scharf . The designs of many individual characters are inspired by characters and principles from various other writing systems, including Egyptian hieroglyphs , Linear B , Chinese characters , Maya script , Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing , Dongba symbols , as well as early Pagan and Christian signs and symbols. Toki Pona's word order

8624-548: The town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties. With a land area of 2,562.47 km (989.38 sq mi), it had a population density of 61.5/km (159.4/sq mi) in 2021. Moncton's urban area is the third largest in Atlantic Canada, after Halifax, Nova Scotia , and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador , and the second largest in The Maritimes . In 2016,

8722-499: The word that they modify. Therefore, soweli utala ( lit.   ' animal of fighting ' ), can be a fighting animal , whereas utala soweli ( lit.   ' fighting of animal ' ), can mean animal war . When a second modifier is added to a phrase, for example jan pona lukin , it modifies all that comes before it, so jan pona mute might mean many good people , with both pona ( good ) and mute ( many ) modifying jan ( person ). The particle pi

8820-521: The year, with the greatest precipitation and the strongest winds, usually occurs during the fall/winter transition (November to mid-January). The highest temperature ever recorded in Moncton was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on August 18 and 19, 1935. The coldest ever recorded was −37.8 °C (−36 °F) on February 5, 1948. Moncton generally remains a "low rise" city, but its skyline encompasses buildings and structures with varying architectural styles from many periods. The city's most dominant structure

8918-413: Was designed to induce positive thinking. Another aim of the language is for the speakers to become aware of the present moment and pay more attention to the surroundings and the words people use. According to its author, it is meant to be "fun and cute". Although it was not intended as an international auxiliary language, a worldwide online community uses it for communication. Toki Pona was developed by

9016-437: Was devised as an alternative writing system by Lang herself, and first published in her book Toki Pona: The Language of Good in 2014. In it each word is represented by its own symbol. It has been described as "a hieroglyphic-like script that makes use of squiggles and other childlike shapes". Symbols representing a single adjective may be written inside or above the symbol for the preceding word that they modify. The symbol of

9114-404: Was experiencing depression and started working on Toki Pona as a way to simplify her thoughts. In the same year, an early version of the language was published online, and it quickly gained popularity. In 2014, Lang released her first book on the language, Toki Pona: The Language of Good , known as pu , which features 120 main words, plus 4 words presented as synonyms of these, and provides

9212-404: Was followed in 1859 by a line from Moncton to Saint John . At about the time of the railway's arrival, the popularity of steam-powered ships forced an end to the era of wooden shipbuilding. The Salter shipyard closed in 1858. The resulting industrial collapse caused Moncton to surrender its civic charter in 1862. Moncton's economic depression did not last long; a second era of prosperity came to

9310-469: Was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania German immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement, Moncton was not incorporated until 1855. It was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier. A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid-1840s, allowing for

9408-765: Was opened in 2005, connecting downtown Riverview directly with downtown Moncton . On the Moncton side, the bridge connects with an extension of Vaughan Harvey Boulevard as well as to Assumption Boulevard and will serve as a catalyst for economic growth in the downtown area. This has become already evident as an expansion to the Blue Cross Centre was completed in 2006 and a Marriott Residence Inn opened in 2008. The new regional law courts on Assumption Blvd opened in 2011. A new 8,800 seat downtown arena (the Avenir Centre) recently opened in September 2018. On

9506-671: Was pioneered by Francis Lodwick ( A Common Writing , 1647; The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing , 1652), Sir Thomas Urquhart ( Logopandecteision , 1652), George Dalgarno ( Ars signorum , 1661), and John Wilkins ( An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language , 1668). Those were systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression. In 1855, English writer George Edmonds modified Wilkins' system, leaving its taxonomy intact, but changing

9604-620: Was placed on the Trans-Canada Highway network in the early 1960s after Route 2 was built along the city's northern perimeter. Later, the Route 15 was built between the city and Shediac . At the same time, the Petitcodiac River Causeway was constructed. The Université de Moncton was founded in 1963 and became an important resource in the development of Acadian culture in the area. The late 1970s and

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