Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia . Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan . There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz, Kazakh , and Altay . A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan . Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union , Afghanistan , Turkey , parts of northern Pakistan , and Russia .
22-461: Tokmok ( Kyrgyz : Токмок , lit. 'hammer'; Russian : Токмак , romanized : Tokmak ) is a city in the Chüy Valley , northern Kyrgyzstan , east of the country's capital of Bishkek , with a population of 71,443 in 2021. Its elevation is 816 m above sea level. From 2003 to 2006, it was the administrative seat of Chüy Region. Just to the north is the river Chu and
44-617: A "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz has spent centuries in contact with numerous other languages, and as such has borrowed extensively from them. These languages include: Uzbek, Oirat , Mongolian, Russian , and Arabic . Historically the Old Turkic Script was the first script used to write Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet , which uses all
66-415: A number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology ). Normally the decision between the velar ( [ɡ ~ ɣ] , [k] ) and uvular ( [ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q] ) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply
88-628: A series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty , Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan , which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam . Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh , Uzbek and Uyghur . Kyrgyz is divided into two main dialects, Northern and Southern. Northern having more Mongolian loanwords and Southern having more Uzbek ones. Standard Kyrgyz
110-434: A velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/ , not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel. Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns: The declension of
132-406: Is based on Northern Kyrgyz. There is also a third smaller dialect called Pamiri Kyrgyz. /a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/ . In most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable. The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using
154-608: Is not a part of it. Its total area is 41 km (16 sq mi). Despite its relatively modern origin, Tokmok stands in the middle of the Chüy Valley , which was a prize sought by many medieval conquerors. The ruins of Ak-Beshim , the capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate , are situated 8 km southwest from Tokmok. Yusuf Has Hajib Balasaguni, author of the Kutadgu Bilig is said to have been born in this area. About 15 km south of Tokmok
176-618: Is produced of the mass per day. Annual production is 200 000 tons. At present, raw materials for glass production are mainly provided by Russia and Kazakhstan. Kyrgyz language Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script , gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin-script alphabet ,
198-630: Is the 11th-century Burana Tower , located on the grounds of an ancient citadel of which today only a large earthen mound remains. This is believed to be the site of the ancient city of Balasagun , founded by the Sogdians and later for some time the capital of the Kara-Khanid empire. A large collection of ancient gravestones and bal-bals is nearby. Excavated Scythian artifacts have been moved to museums in St. Petersburg and Bishkek . According to
220-613: The Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language , forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz. Language should not be confused with Old Kyrgyz ( Yenisei Kyrgyz ) language which classified as a member of the South Siberian branch of Turkic languages. The successor of
242-527: The Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages . Lars Johanson's proposal contains the following subgroups: In that classification scheme, Common Turkic is opposed to the Oghuric languages (Lir-Turkic). The Common Turkic languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic š versus Oghuric l and Common Turkic z versus Oghuric r . Siberian Turkic
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#1732782901969264-676: The Uniform Turkic Alphabet , was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion. Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to
286-650: The Cyrillic alphabet. (1928–1938) ع * ق * Kyrgyz follows a subject-object-verb word order, Kyrgyz also has no grammatical gender with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several analytic grammatical features that english has, these include: auxiliary verbs (ex: to have), definite articles (ex: the), indefinite articles (ex: a/an), and modal verbs (ex: should; will), dependent clauses , and subordinating conjugations (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various synthetic grammatical substutes. Nouns in Kyrgyz take
308-568: The Cyrillic-Latin debate. In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after a proposal by the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, to change the alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic nations. Osmonaliev was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov , who later clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace
330-575: The Population and Housing Census of 2009, the population of Tokmok was 53,231. The largest ethnic groups in Tokmok are Kyrgyz (46.8%, 2009 census), Russians (20.5%), Dungans (16.5%) and Uzbeks (8.6%). Tokmok has a hot summer Mediterranean continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dsa ). The average annual temperature is 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) and
352-642: The Russian letters plus ң , ө and ү . Though in the Xinjiang region of China, an Arabic alphabet is used. Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to the Turkish alphabet , e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet . There are political shades to
374-930: The Yenisei Kyrgyz language today are the Khakas in Russian Federation and Fuyu Kyrgyz in Northeastern China . In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks , resulting in a language shift. After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and
396-592: The border with Kazakhstan. Tokmok was established as a northern military outpost of the Khanate of Kokand c. 1830 . Thirty years later, it fell to the Russians who demolished the fort. The modern town was founded in 1864 by Major-General Mikhail Chernyayev . Tokmok is a district-level city of regional significance within Chüy Region. Although the city is surrounded by the region's Chüy District , it
418-497: The coolest month is January with an average temperature of −5.3 °C (22.5 °F). The average annual precipitation is 434.2mm (17") and has an average of 108.3 days with precipitation. The wettest month is April with an average of 70mm (2.8") of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 12.1mm (0.5") of precipitation. The glass manufacturer Interglass LLC is based in Tokmok. The Tokmok plant produces about 2,800 tons of liquid glass per day and 600 tons of glass
440-497: The most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Common Turkic languages Common Turkic , or Shaz Turkic , is a taxon in some classifications of
462-943: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules. To form complement clauses , Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be: Мен Men I эмнени emneni what- ACC . DEF көргөнүмдү körgönümdü see-ing- 1SG - ACC . DEF билбейм bilbeym know- NEG - 1SG Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where
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#1732782901969484-449: The verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels. Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are
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