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60-536: The Göktürks , Türks , Celestial Turks or Blue Turks ( Old Turkic : 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 , romanized:  Türük Bodun ; Chinese : 突厥 ; pinyin : Tūjué ; Wade–Giles : T'u-chüeh ) were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia . The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established

120-640: A North-East Asian origin of the royal Ashina family and the Göktürk Khaganate . However, the Ashina did not show close genetic affinity with central-steppe Türks and early medieval Türks, who exhibit a high (but variable) degree of West Eurasian ancestry, which indicates that there was genetic sub-structure within the Türkic empire. For example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62% of their genome, while

180-523: A West Eurasian source (represented by Sarmatians ). The GD2-4 belonged to the paternal haplogroup D-M174 . The authors argue that these findings are "providing a new piece of information on this understudied period". ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Old Turkic language East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Old Turkic script , the Old Uyghur alphabet ,

240-493: A full series of nasal consonants . Some scholars additionally reconstruct the palatalized sounds ĺ and ŕ for the correspondence sets Oghuric /l/ ~ Common Turkic *š and Oghuric /r/ ~ Common Turkic *z. Most scholars, however, assume that these are the regular reflexes of Proto-Turkic *l and *r. Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as Lir-Turkic and Common Turkic as Shaz-Turkic . A glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and Sinicisms points to

300-569: A human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'". Hakan Aydemir (2022) also contends that Türk originally did not mean "strong, powerful" but "gathered; united, allied, confederated" and was derived from Pre- Proto-Turkic verb * türü "heap up, collect, gather, assemble". The name as used by the Göktürks only applied to themselves, the Göktürk khanates, and their subjects. The Göktürks did not consider other Turkic speaking groups such as

360-455: A mid back unrounded *ë based on cognate sets with Chuvash, Tuvan and Yakut ï corresponding to a in all other Turkic languages, although these correspondences can also be explained as deriving from * a which underwent subsequent sound changes in those three languages. The phonemicity of the distinction between the two close unrounded vowels, i.e. front *i and back *ï , is also rejected by some. While plurality in modern Turkic languages

420-614: A nasal in a word such as 𐰢𐰤 ( men , "I"). There are approximately 12 case morphemes in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of accusatives as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following Marcel Erdal ’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote archiphonemes which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic phonotactics ): Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by

480-624: A quiver, and drops of water form a lake. A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of four elite Türk soldiers buried between ca. 300 AD and 700 AD. 50% of the samples of Y-DNA belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroup R1 , while the other 50% belonged to East Eurasian haplogroups Q and O . The extracted samples of mtDNA belonged mainly to East Eurasian haplogroups C4b1 , A14 and A15c , while one specimen carried

540-443: A separate suffix -(A)gU(n) e.g. tay agun uŋuz ‘your colts’. Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural: Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, -(X)t and -An may also be treated as collective markers. -(X)t is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. tarxat ← tarxan 'free man' <Soghdian, tégit ← tégin 'prince' (of unknown origin). -s

600-599: Is 8 generations prior. Three of the Türkic-affiliated males carried the paternal haplogroups J2a and J1a , two carried haplogroup C-F3830 , and one carried R1a-Z93 . The analyzed maternal haplogroups were identified as D4 , D2 , B4 , C4 , H1 and U7 . A 2023 study published in the Journal of Systematics and Evolution analyzed the DNA of Empress Ashina (551–582), a royal Göktürk and immediate descendant of

660-444: Is a similar suffix, e.g. ïšbara-s 'lords' <Sanskrit īśvara . -An is used for person, e.g. ärän 'men, warriors' ← är 'man', oglan ← ogul 'son'. Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for Chuvash ) use exclusively the suffix of the -lAr type for plural. Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for

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720-627: Is consistent with "the cult of heavenly ordained rule" which was a recurrent element of Altaic political culture and as such may have been imbibed by the Göktürks from their predecessors in Mongolia. "Blue" is traditionally associated with the East as it used in the cardinal system of central Asia, thus meaning "Turks of the East". The name of the ruling Ashina clan may derive from the Khotanese Saka term for "deep blue", āššɪna . According to

780-632: Is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart. Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with /b/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /q/, /s/, /ɫ/ and /j/, but they do not usually begin with /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, or /z/. The only exceptions are 𐰤𐰀 ( ne , "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding

840-948: Is generally accepted that the name Türk is ultimately derived from the Old-Turkic migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 Türük / Törük , which means 'created, born'. They were known in Middle Chinese historical sources as the Tūjué ( Chinese : 突 厥 ; reconstructed in Middle Chinese as romanized: * dwət-kuɑt > tɦut-kyat ). The ethnonym was also recorded in various other Middle Asian languages, such as Sogdian * Türkit ~ Türküt , tr'wkt , trwkt , turkt > trwkc , trukč ; Khotanese Saka Ttūrka / Ttrūka , Rouran to̤ro̤x / türǖg , Korean 돌궐 / Dolgwol , and Old Tibetan Drugu . According to Chinese sources, Tūjué meant " combat helmet " ( Chinese : 兜 鍪 ; pinyin : Dōumóu ; Wade–Giles : Tou-mou ), reportedly because

900-714: Is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev . This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate . Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of

960-547: Is relatively straightforward, Proto-Turkic seemingly has multiple plural suffixes, with unclear use cases for each. One plural suffix preserved in both Oghuric and Common Turkic is *-(I)ŕ , in words such as Turkish "ikiz" or "biz," or Chuvash "(e)pir." Other possible plural suffixes are *-(I)t , which was commonly seen in Old Turkic, and is related to Proto-Mongolic *-d and Proto-Tungusic *-tA ; and *-(A)n , preserved in very few words such as Turkish "oğlan." Common Turkic languages today use their respective descendants of

1020-530: Is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples . Proto-Turkic separated into Oghur (western) and Common Turkic (eastern) branches. Candidates for the proto-Turkic homeland range from western Central Asia to Manchuria , with most scholars agreeing that it lay in the eastern part of

1080-504: The American Heritage Dictionary , the word Türk meant "strong" in Old Turkic; though Gerhard Doerfer supports this theory, Gerard Clauson points out that "the word Türk is never used in the generalized sense of 'strong'" and that the noun Türk originally meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an [adjective] meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of

1140-571: The Brahmi script , and the Manichaean script . The Turkic runiform alphabet of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. The script

1200-621: The First Turkic Khaganate , one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples . The common name "Göktürk" emerged from the misreading of the word "Kök" meaning Ashina , the endonym of the ruling clan of the historical ethnic group which was attested as [𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= ( help ) [𐰚𐰇𐰜:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= ( help ) , or Old Turkic : 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 , romanized:  Türk . It

1260-746: The First Turkic Khaganate , which then split into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and the Western Turkic Khaganate , and later the Second Turkic Khaganate , controlling much of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau between 552 and 745. The rulers were named " Khagan " (Qaghan). Their religion was polytheistic. The great god was the sky god, Tengri , who dispensed the viaticum for the journey of life (qut) and fortune (ulug) and watched over

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1320-865: The Sakas or Xianbei . According to the Book of Sui and the Tongdian , they were "mixed Hu (barbarians)" ( 雜胡 ) from Pingliang (平涼), now in Gansu , Northwest China . Pointing to the Ashina's association with the Northern tribes of the Xiongnu , some researchers (e.g. Duan, Lung, etc.) proposed that Göktürks belonged in particular to the Tiele confederation , likewise Xiongnu-associated, by ancestral lineage. However, Lee and Kuang (2017) state that Chinese sources do not describe

1380-777: The Uyghurs , Tiele , and Kyrgyz to be Türks. In the Orkhon inscriptions , the Toquz Oghuz and the Yenisei Kyrgyz are not referred to as Türks. Similarly, the Uyghurs called themselves Uyghurs and used Türk exclusively for the Göktürks, whom they portrayed as enemy aliens in their royal inscriptions. The Khazars may have kept the Göktürk tradition alive by claiming descent from the Ashina. When tribal leaders built their khanates, ruling over assorted tribes and tribal unions,

1440-491: The 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east and the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries. Vowel roundness is assimilated through the word through vowel harmony . Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes. Length

1500-408: The 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as Yellow Uyghur in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject. Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, which could be divided into six simple and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to

1560-492: The Ashina may have spoken originally, they and those they ruled would all speak Turkic, in a variety of dialects, and create, in a broadly defined sense, a common culture. The Göktürks reached their peak in the late 6th century and began to invade the Sui dynasty of China . However, the war ended due to the division of Turkic nobles and their civil war for the throne of Khagan. With the support of Emperor Wen of Sui , Yami Qaghan won

1620-764: The Ashina-led Göktürks s descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation. Chinese sources linked the Hu on their northern borders to the Xiongnu just as Graeco-Roman historiographers called the Pannonian Avars , Huns and Hungarians “ Scythians ". Such archaizing was a common literary topos, implying similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation. As part of

1680-606: The Central Asian steppe, while one author has postulated that Proto-Turkic originated 2,500 years ago in East Asia . The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century Göktürk khaganate , already shows characteristics of Eastern Common Turkic. For a long time, the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic relied on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of

1740-684: The Earth, the Mountain, Water, the Springs, and the Rivers; the possessors of all objects, particularly of the land and the waters of the nation; trees, cosmic axes, and sources of life; fire, the symbol of the family and alterego of the shaman; the stars, particularly the sun and the moon, the Pleiades, and Venus, whose image changes over time; Umay , the great goddess who is none other than the goddess of

1800-610: The East Eurasian ancestry was related to Ancient Northeast Asians . The authors also observed that the Western Steppe Herder ancestry in the Türks was largely inherited from male ancestors, which also corresponds with the marked increase of paternal haplogroups such as R and J during the Türkic period in Mongolia. Admixture between East and West Eurasian ancestors of the Türkic samples was dated to 500 AD, which

1860-528: The Eurasian steppe during the Türkic period, resulting in admixture. A 2020 study analyzed genetic data from 7 early medieval Türk skeletal remains from Turkic Khaganate burial sites in Mongolia. The authors described the Türk samples as highly diverse, carrying on average 40% West Eurasian, and 60% East Eurasian ancestry. West Eurasian ancestry in the Türks combined Sarmatian -related and BMAC ancestry, while

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1920-651: The Göktürks. The Göktürk rulers originated from the Ashina clan , who were first attested to in 439. The Book of Sui reports that in that year, on 18 October, the Tuoba ruler Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian of the Northern Liang in eastern Gansu , whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate in the vicinity of Gaochang . According to the Book of Zhou and History of

1980-568: The Northern Dynasties , the Ashina clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation, specifically, the Northern Xiongnu tribes or southern Xiongnu "who settled along the northern Chinese frontier", according to Edwin G. Pulleyblank . However, this view is contested. Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國) ( MC : * sâk ) which was situated north of the Xiongnu and had been founded by

2040-621: The Proto-Common-Turkic plural suffix *-lAr , whereas Chuvash uses -сем , which descends from Proto-Turkic *sāyïn ("every"). It's unknown whether the Proto-Common-Turkic * -lAr , * -(I)t and * -(A)n existed in Proto-Turkic and were lost in the Oghuric branch, or were later inventions altogether. Reconstructable possessive suffixes in Proto-Turkic includes 1SG *-m , 2SG *-ŋ , and 3SG *-(s)i , plurals of

2100-649: The Tang dynasty. In 680, Pei Xingjian defeated Ashina Nishufu and his army. Ashina Nishufu was killed by his men. Ashide Wenfu made Ashina Funian a qaghan and again revolted against the Tang dynasty. Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian surrendered to Pei Xingjian. On 5 December 681, 54 Göktürks, including Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian, were publicly executed in the Eastern Market of Chang'an . In 682, Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day Hohhot , Inner Mongolia ) with

2160-562: The West Eurasian haplogroup H2a . The authors suggested that central Asian nomadic populations may have been Turkicized by an East Asian minority elite, resulting in a small but detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, these authors also found that Türkic period individuals were extremely genetically diverse, with some individuals being of complete West Eurasian descent. To explain this diversity of ancestry, they propose that there were also incoming West Eurasians moving eastward on

2220-555: The Western Common Turkic branches, such as Oghuz and Kypchak , as well as the Western Oghur proper ( Bulgar , Chuvash , Khazar ). Because early attestation of these non-easternmost languages is much more sparse, reconstruction of Proto-Turkic still rests fundamentally on the easternmost Old Turkic of the Göktürks , however it now also includes a more comprehensive analysis of all written and spoken forms of

2280-541: The collapse of the Sui dynasty , the conflicts between the Göktürks and Tang finally broke out when Tang was gradually reunifying China proper . The Göktürks began to attack and raid the northern border of the Tang Empire and once marched their main force of 100,000 soldiers to Chang'an , the capital of Tang. The emperor Taizong of the Tang, in spite of the limited resources at his disposal, managed to turn them back. Later, Taizong sent his troops to Mongolia and defeated

2340-464: The collected people identified themselves politically with the leadership. Turk became the designation for all subjects of the Turk empires. Nonetheless, subordinate tribes and tribal unions retained their original names, identities, and social structures. Memory of the Göktürks and the Ashina had faded by the turn of the millennium. The Karakhanids , Qocho Uyghurs, and Seljuks did not claim descent from

2400-506: The competition. However, the Göktürk empire was divided to Eastern and Western empires. Weakened by the civil war, Yami Qaghan declared allegiance to the Sui dynasty. When Sui began to decline, Shibi Khagan began to assault its territory and even surrounded Emperor Yang of Sui in Siege of Yanmen (615 AD) with 100,000 cavalry troops. After the collapse of the Sui dynasty, the Göktürks intervened in

2460-526: The cosmic order and the political and social order. People prayed to him and sacrificed to him a white horse as the offering. The khagan, who came from him and derived his authority from him, was raised on a felt saddle to meet him. Tengri issued decrees, brought pressure to bear on human beings, and enforced capital punishment, often by striking the offender with lightning. The many secondary powers – sometimes named deities, sometimes spirits or simply said to be sacred, and almost always associated with Tengri – were

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2520-515: The earth and placenta; the threshold and the doorjamb; personifications of Time, the Road, Desire, etc.; heroes and ancestors embodied in the banner, in tablets with inscriptions, and in idols; and spirits wandering or fixed in Penates or in all kinds of holy objects. These and other powers have an uneven force which increases as objects accumulate, as trees form a forest, stones form a cairn, arrows form

2580-470: The ensuing Chinese civil wars, providing support to the northeastern rebel Liu Heita against the rising Tang in 622 and 623. Liu enjoyed a long string of success but was finally routed by Li Shimin and other Tang generals and executed. The Tang dynasty was then established. Although the Göktürk Khaganate once provided support to the Tang dynasty in the early period of the civil war during

2640-553: The first Khagans, whose remains were recovered from a mausoleum in Xianyang , China . The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to the North-East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F1d . Approximately 96-98% of her autosomal ancestry was of Ancient Northeast Asian origin, while roughly 2-4% was of West Eurasian origin, indicating ancient admixture, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. The results are consistent with

2700-647: The heterogeneous Rouran Khaganate , the Turks lived for generations north of the Altai Mountains , where they 'engaged in metal working for the Rouran'. According to Denis Sinor , the rise to power of the Ashina clan represented an 'internal revolution' in the Rouran Khaganate rather than an external conquest. According to Charles Holcombe, the early Turk population was rather heterogeneous and many of

2760-403: The language. The Proto-Turkic language shows evidence of influence from several neighboring language groups, including Eastern Iranian , Tocharian , and Old Chinese . The consonant system had a two-way contrast of stop consonants ( fortis vs. lenis ), k, p, t vs. g, b, d . There was also an affricate consonant , ç ; at least one sibilant s and sonorants m, n, ń, ŋ, r, l with

2820-648: The main force of Göktürk army in Battle of Yinshan four years later and captured Illig Qaghan in 630 AD. With the submission of the Turkic tribes, the Tang conquered the Mongolian Plateau . From then on, the Eastern Turks were subjugated to China. After a vigorous court debate, Emperor Taizong decided to pardon the Göktürk nobles and offered them positions as imperial guards. However, the proposition

2880-552: The names of Turk rulers, including the two founding members, are not even Turkic. This is supported by evidence from the Orkhon inscriptions , which include several non-Turkic lexemes, possibly representing Uralic or Yeniseian words. Peter Benjamin Golden points out that the khaghans of the Turkic Khaganate, the Ashina, who were of an undetermined ethnic origin, adopted Iranian and Tokharian (or non- Altaic ) titles. German Turkologist W.-E. Scharlipp points out that many common terms in Turkic are Iranian in origin. Whatever language

2940-410: The northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD. Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from Western Mongolia through Southern Xinjiang into the north's Dzungaria and then finally into Kazakhstan's Zhetysu until the 5th century. There was no fortis-lenis contrast in word-initial position: the initial stops were always *b , *t , *k , the affricate

3000-457: The population of the Turkic empire. This shows that the Ashina lineage had a dominating contribution on Mongolic and Tungusic speakers but limited contribution on Turkic-speaking populations. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for

3060-441: The remaining 38% was derived from West Eurasians ( BMAC and Afanasievo ), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE. The Ashina was found to share genetic affinities to post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic pastoralists, and was genetically closer to East Asians, while having heterogeneous relationships towards various Turkic-speaking groups in central Asia, suggesting genetic heterogeneity and multiple sources of origin for

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3120-417: The remnants of Ashina Funian's men. The restored Göktürk Khaganate intervened in the war between Tang and Khitan tribes. However, after the death of Bilge Qaghan, the Göktürks could no longer subjugate other Turk tribes in the grasslands. In 744, allied with the Tang dynasty, the Uyghur Khaganate defeated the last Göktürk Khaganate and controlled the Mongolian Plateau. The Ashina tribe of the Göktürks ruled

3180-596: The royal Ashina family. Two Türk remains (GD1-1 and GD2-4) excavated from present-day eastern Mongolia analysed in a 2024 paper, were found to display only little to no West Eurasian ancestry. One of the Türk remains (GD1-1) was derived entirely from an Ancient Northeast Asian source (represented by SlabGrave1 or Khovsgol_LBA and Xianbei_Mogushan_IA), while the other Türk remain (GD2-4) displayed an "admixed profile" deriving c. 48−50% ancestry from Ancient Northeast Asians, c. 47% ancestry from an ancestry maximised in Han Chinese (represented by Han_2000BP), and 3−5% ancestry from

3240-441: The shape of the Altai Mountains , where they lived, was similar to a combat helmet. Róna-Tas (1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word, tturakä "lid", semantically stretchable to "helmet", as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data. Göktürk is sometimes interpreted as either "Celestial Turk" or "Blue Turk" (i.e. because sky blue is associated with celestial realms ). This

3300-424: The simple tenses. Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus. The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes. The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes. Proto-Turkic Proto-Turkic

3360-405: The timing of the r/z split at around 56 BCE–48 CE. As Anna Dybo puts it, that may be associated with the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the Huns ' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,... the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into

3420-490: The unsuccessful raid of Ashina Jiesheshuai , on 13 August 639 Taizong installed Qilibi Khan and ordered the settled Turkic people to follow him north of the Yellow River to settle between the Great Wall of China and the Gobi Desert . However, many Göktürk generals still remained loyal in service to the Tang Empire. In 679, Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi, who were Turkic leaders of the Chanyu Protectorate ( 單于大都護府 ), declared Ashina Nishufu as qaghan and revolted against

3480-481: The velar allophones occurring in words with front vowels, and uvular allophones occurring in words with back vowels. The lenis stops /b/, /d/ and /g/~/ɢ/ may have tended towards fricatives intervocalically. Like most of its descendants, Proto-Turkic exhibited vowel harmony , distinguishing vowel qualities a, ï, o, u vs. ä, e, i, ö, ü , as well as two vowel quantities. Here, macrons represent long vowels. Some scholars (e.g. Gerhard Doerfer ) additionally reconstruct

3540-407: Was always *č ( *ç ) and the sibilant was always *s . In addition, the nasals and the liquids did not occur in that position either. Like in many modern Turkic languages, the velars /k/, /g/, and possibly /ŋ/ seem to have had back and front allophones ( [ k ] and [ q ] , [ g ] and [ ɢ ] , [ ŋ ] and [ ɴ ] ) according to their environments, with

3600-404: Was ended by a plan for the assassination of the emperor. On 19 May 639 Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen directly assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang at Jiucheng Palace ( 九 成 宮 , in present-day Linyou County , Baoji , Shaanxi ). However, they did not succeed and fled to the north, but were caught by pursuers near the Wei River and were killed. Ashina Hexiangu was exiled to Lingbiao . After

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