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62-722: The ToonSeum moved to its own gallery space on Liberty Avenue in Pittsburgh's downtown Cultural District on November 8, 2009, aided by the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust . It was led by Joe Wos. In 2009, the ToonSeum established its NEMO Award, given to notable individuals "for excellence in the cartoon arts". Recipients to date include veteran comic-book artist Ron Frenz , editorial and comic-strip artist Dick Locher , and comics artist, editorial cartoonist and artists' rights advocate Jerry Robinson . In May 2013,

124-413: A Liberty Street in its present location. It is also called Liberty Street in a map from 1860. Beginning in the 19th century, the thoroughfare became a place of middle- and upper-class commerce. A history of Pittsburgh notes that a Market House was established in 1832 along Liberty Street between Sixth Street and Cecil Alley. Liberty also hosted food suppliers, brewers, and small manufacturers. In 1894,

186-621: A red-light district in the 1970s and 1980s, hosting the city's sex industry , including burlesque houses , strip bars , and peep shows , and attracting vice and crime. The Pittsburgh Cultural Trust , formed in 1984, worked over the next 25 years to transform the area into the Cultural District , a center for the arts, eventually bringing the August Wilson Center for African American Culture , Bricolage Production Company , Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre Company ,

248-499: A 1.5-MW 1200 rpm unit for the Hartford Electric Light Company . Westinghouse also developed steam turbines for maritime propulsion. The basic problem was that large turbines ran most efficiently at around 3000 rpm, while an efficient propeller operated only at about 100 rpm. This required reduction gearing, but designing reduction gearing that could operate at both high rpm and at high power

310-618: A barely competitive DC lighting system just different enough to get around Edison’s patents. In 1885 Westinghouse imported several Gaulard–Gibbs transformers and a Siemens AC generator , to begin experimenting with AC networks in Pittsburgh . Stanley, assisted by engineers Albert Schmid and Oliver B. Shallenberger , dramatically improved the Gaulard–Gibbs transformer design, creating the first practical and manufacturable transformer. In 1886, with Westinghouse's backing, Stanley installed

372-405: A better way to mine and extract copper from "lean" ores that were not particularly rich in the metal. Success is this venture would have helped him compete in the electrical businesses that used much copper. He was unsuccessful in this project: no new copper reduction process was found and the mine was not profitable. He had founded the town of Duquesne to use as his company headquarters; it is now

434-559: A building to electrical exhibits. It was a key event in the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the American public. Westinghouse's demonstration of their ability to build a complete AC system at the Columbian Exposition was instrumental in the company getting the contract for building a two-phase AC generating system,

496-501: A compressed air system. His first braking system used an air compressor and an air reservoir in the locomotive, with a single compressed air pipe running the length of the train and with flexible connections between cars. That line controlled the brakes, allowing the engineer to apply and release the brakes simultaneously on all cars. A charter for what would eventually become the Westinghouse Air Brake Company

558-472: A deployed system capable of transmitting electricity for many miles near London, Turin, and Rome. They had found that AC electricity could be "stepped up" in voltage by a transformer for transmission and then "stepped down" by another transformer for lower voltage consumer use. This innovation made it possible for large, centralized power plants to generate electricity and supply it over long distances to both cities and places with more dispersed populations. This

620-456: A ghost town. Duquesne grew to over 1,000 residents and the mine reached its peak production in the mid-1910s. Westinghouse also began to work on heat pumps that could provide heating and cooling. When Westinghouse claimed he was after a perpetual motion machine , the British physicist William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ), one of his many correspondents, told him that such a machine would violate

682-567: A hydroelectric AC power plant, the Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant near Ophir, Colorado which supplied AC power to the Gold King Mine 3.5 miles away. This was the first successful demonstration of long-distance transmission of industrial-grade alternating current power and utilized two 100 hp Westinghouse alternators, one working as a generator producing 3,000-volt, 133-Hertz, single-phase AC, and

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744-478: A lot of attention, in part because of a spectacular flaming blowout of the Haymaker Well in 1878. After visiting the well and recognizing its commercial potential, he undertook drilling for gas on his estate Solitude (today's Westinghouse Park ) in Pittsburgh. Early in the morning of May 21, 1884, the drilling crew struck a pocket of gas at a depth of 1500 feet, and the resulting blast of dirt and water blew

806-844: A promotion to the rank of corporal before being honorably discharged in November 1863. A month later he joined the Union Navy. He served as an Acting Third Assistant Engineer on the gunboat USS  Muscoota and then on the ship USS  Stars and Stripes through the end of the war. These ships were used to blockade Southern port cities. After his discharge in August 1865, Westinghouse returned to his family and enrolled at Union College in Schenectady, but he quickly lost interest and dropped out during his first term. He further developed his skills in his father's company shop. Westinghouse

868-609: A spreading public perception that the high voltages used in AC distribution were unsafe and deadly. Edison even suggested that a Westinghouse AC generator should be used in the State of New York's new electric chair . Westinghouse also had to deal with another AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company , which had constructed 22 power stations by the end of 1887 and by 1889 it had acquired another competitor,

930-561: A train, and they married in August of that year. They were married for 47 years, and had one son, George Westinghouse III, who in turn had six children. From 1871, George and Marguerite Westinghouse maintained a large home in Pittsburgh called Solitude, building up from an existing house on land purchased by George in 1871. They were part of a social class of very rich local industrialists and money managers including neighbors and associates Henry Clay Frick , Henry J. Heinz , William Thaw , Andrew Mellon , and Richard Beatty Mellon , and

992-517: A while. In 1891, Westinghouse's company was in trouble. The near collapse of Barings Bank in London triggered the financial panic of 1890 , causing investors to call in their loans. The sudden cash shortage forced the company to refinance its debts. The new lead lenders demanded that Westinghouse cut back on what looked to them like his excessive spending on the acquisition of other companies, research, and patents. Also in 1891, Westinghouse built

1054-474: Is a major thoroughfare starting in downtown Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States, just outside Point State Park . Liberty Avenue runs through Downtown Pittsburgh , the Strip District , and Bloomfield and ends in the neighborhood of Shadyside at its intersection with Centre Avenue and Aiken Avenue. Liberty Avenue is about 4.3 miles (6.9 km) long. A survey of Pittsburgh in 1784 already shows

1116-403: Is best known for his creation of the railway air brake and for being a pioneer in the development and use of alternating current (AC) electrical power distribution . During his career, he received 362 patents for his inventions and established 61 companies, many of which still exist today. His invention of a train braking system using compressed air revolutionized the railroad industry around

1178-541: The Adams Power Plant , at Niagara Falls, NY, in 1895. The company was subcontracted to build ten 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kW) 25 Hz AC generators at this plant. Westinghouse's Niagara Power Station No. 1, as it was then called, remained in operation in the Niagara transformer house until the plant closed in 1961. At the same time, a contract to build the three-phase AC distribution system

1240-591: The Brush Electric Company . Thomson-Houston was expanding its business while trying to avoid patent conflicts with Westinghouse, arranging deals such as agreements over lighting company territory, paying royalties to use the Stanley transformer patent, and allowing Westinghouse to use its Sawyer–Man incandescent bulb patent. In 1890, the Edison company, in collusion with Thomson-Houston, arranged for

1302-651: The Grand Army of the Republic , a fraternal organization of Union Civil War veterans, held a week-long convention in Pittsburgh. George Westinghouse, being a veteran himself, hosted an evening of dinner and entertainment for more than 5,000 attendees at the newly constructed, but not yet active main buildings of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh. He took on

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1364-637: The Rankine Generating Station , also known as The Canadian Niagara Power Generating Station, the Canadians contracted with Westinghouse for eleven 25 Hertz generators of the same Tesla-inspired design, rated for a total generating capacity of 100 MW. That facility opened in 1905 in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Despite continuing success in his other businesses, Westinghouse's main interest shifted to electric power. At

1426-418: The "Westinghouse Electric Corporation". The Westinghouse company installed thirty more AC-lighting systems within a year, and by the end of 1887 it had 68 alternating current power stations compared to 121 DC-based stations Edison had installed over seven years. This competition with Edison led, in the late 1880s, to what became known as the " war of currents ". Thomas Edison and his company joined and promoted

1488-460: The American version of the television program Queer as Folk . The entire route is in Pittsburgh , Allegheny County . 40°27′19″N 79°58′34″W  /  40.45537°N 79.97617°W  / 40.45537; -79.97617 George Westinghouse George Westinghouse Jr. (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was a prolific American inventor , engineer , and entrepreneurial industrialist based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He

1550-478: The British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons began experimenting with steam turbines , starting with a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) turbine. In 1895, Westinghouse bought rights to the Parsons turbine, and his engineers improved its technology and increased its scale. In 1898, Westinghouse demonstrated a 300-kilowatt generating unit, replacing reciprocating engines in his air-brake factory. The next year, he installed

1612-603: The Edison patent design. By the beginning of 1893, Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme had made great progress in developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor. In that work he was aided by his sister and fellow Westinghouse engineer Bertha Lamme Feicht . Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete polyphase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System", announcing Tesla's patents gave them patent priority over other AC systems and stating their intention to sue any patent infringers. This World's Fair devoted

1674-1154: The Joseph Horne department store was built there. In the early 20th century, the Clark Building (named for the Clark candy company) and the Second National Bank were built. At length, it became a home for theater and movies, with the Stanley Theatre , the Lowe's Penn and the Harris Theatre . However, much of this activity was checked, first by the Great Depression , and then by the St. Patrick's Day Flood of 1936. Some businesses were closed, and others moved elsewhere. A section of Liberty Avenue in Downtown Pittsburgh became

1736-592: The Pittsburgh Cultural Trust Arts Education Center, and a museum of cartoon art, The ToonSeum , to Liberty Avenue. Liberty Avenue in the downtown area underwent a years-long extensive $ 3.6 million redesign and repavement that was completed by 1991. Liberty Avenue is a main road through the Strip District . It is the home to many businesses, mostly offices and business-to-business service and product providers. The factory to manufacture George Westinghouse 's air brakes

1798-641: The ToonSeum hosted the two-day North American Conference of the National Cartoonists Society . During that same month, plans for expansion of the museum were announced. On February 16, 2018, the leadership of the ToonSeum announced via the organization's Facebook page that it would close the physical location on Liberty avenue February 24, 2018 to focus on direct community outreach. 40°26′37″N 79°59′47″W  /  40.44349°N 79.99647°W  / 40.44349; -79.99647 Liberty Avenue (Pittsburgh) Liberty Avenue

1860-827: The Westinghouse Company workshop. The company produced farm equipment such as the Westinghouse Farm Engine . At the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, the then 14-year-old attempted to run away from home to enlist, but was stopped by his father. In June 1863 his parents allowed him to enlist, first in the 12th Regiment of the New York National Guard and then in the 16th Regiment of the New York Cavalry. He earned

1922-719: The Westinghouses leased and then in 1901 purchased the Blaine House mansion in Washington D.C. Marguerite Westinghouse was reputed to host frequent and lavish entertainments there. In 1918, his former Pittsburgh home, Solitude, was razed and the land given to the City of Pittsburgh to establish Westinghouse Park . The house in Erskine Park was sold by the family in 1917 and subsequently demolished. Earlier in 1894,

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1984-621: The aftermath of a collision where engineers on two trains, approaching each other on the same track, had seen each other but were unable to stop their trains in time due to the existing brake systems. At that time, brakemen had to run along catwalks on the top of the cars, manually applying the brakes. Coordinating that process was tricky and dangerous. It also meant trains could not exceed ten cars in length, and thousands of brakemen died or were maimed each year. In 1869, at age 23, Westinghouse first publicly demonstrated his revolutionary new railroad braking system in Pittsburgh. It stopped trains using

2046-469: The brothers Andrew Carnegie and Thomas Carnegie . Their guests included Nicola Tesla , Lord Kelvin , and congressman (and future president) William McKinley . By 1893, they had constructed Erskine Park in Lenox, Massachusetts , which they used as a summer home, in part as a respite from the gritty industrial environment of Pittsburgh. It was named for the family of Marguerite's grandparents. In 1898,

2108-407: The dignity of man and part of his intellectual property. Westinghouse, unlike Edison, did not put his name on all company patents as co-inventor. Westinghouse was not in favor of labor unionization. He did not reject workers who belonged to a union, but he did not like collective bargaining arrangements where his workers might strike for issues not related to conditions at his own factories. There

2170-413: The early 1880s, Westinghouse's interest in railroad switching and natural gas distribution led him to become involve in the then-new field of electrical power distribution. Electric lighting of streets using arc lighting was already a growing business with many companies building systems powered by either locally generated direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). At the same time, Thomas Edison

2232-449: The first electric chair to be powered with a Westinghouse AC generator. Westinghouse tried to block this move by hiring the best lawyer of the day to (unsuccessfully) defend William Kemmler , the first man scheduled to die in the chair. The War of Currents ended in 1892 when financier J. P. Morgan forced Edison General Electric to switch to AC power and then pushed Edison out of the company he had founded. Edison General Electric company

2294-468: The first multiple-voltage AC power system in Great Barrington, Massachusetts . The demonstration lighting system was driven by a hydroelectric generator that produced 500 volts AC, which was then stepped down to 100 volts to light incandescent bulbs in homes and businesses. That same year, Westinghouse founded the " Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company "; in 1889 he renamed it

2356-433: The laws of thermodynamics . Westinghouse replied that might be the case, but it made no difference. If he couldn't build a perpetual motion machine, he would still have a heat pump system that he could patent and sell. After the broader introduction of the automobile , Westinghouse invented a compressed air shock absorber for their suspension systems. The shock absorber was the last of the 362 patents he received, and it

2418-400: The lines kept the brakes disengaged. An air reservoir was also placed on each car. With the improved design, any interruption or break in the line automatically caused the train to stop. During the next decade, building on his earliest inventions, Westinghouse expanded his interest to railway signaling and track-switching systems. Previously, signaling relied on oil lamps and track switching

2480-497: The next three years, he developed devices and secured more than 30 patents for this technology. He used the Philadelphia Company to develop gas wells and to promote gas usage both for commercial and residential purposes. By 1886, the Philadelphia Company owned 58 wells and 184 miles of distribution piping in the Pittsburgh area, and by 1887, it served over 12,000 private homes and 582 industrial customers throughout

2542-533: The other used as an AC motor. In May 1892, Westinghouse Electric won the bid to power and illuminate the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, substantially underbidding General Electric to get the contract. To meet the contract's demands, he had to quickly develop a new type of incandescent lightbulb based on the Sawyer–Man patent he had obtained, ensuring it did not infringe on

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2604-409: The outset, the available generating sources were hydro turbines where falling water was available, and reciprocating steam engines where it was not. Westinghouse felt that existing reciprocating steam engines were clumsy and inefficient, and he wanted to develop rotating engines that would be more elegant. His first patent had been a rotary steam engine, but it proved impractical at the time. In 1884,

2666-531: The potential of using alternating current (AC) for electric power distribution. In 1886, he founded the Westinghouse Electric Corporation . Westinghouse's electric business directly competed with Thomas Edison 's, who was promoting direct current (DC) electricity. Westinghouse Electric won the contract to showcase its AC system to illuminate the "White City" at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The company went on to install

2728-429: The project needed was awarded to General Electric. The early to mid-1890s saw General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan , engaged in costly takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. The competition was so costly that in 1896 a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies. The agreement stayed in effect until 1911. Following the success of the first Niagara Falls plant,

2790-427: The rights to inventor Nikola Tesla 's brushless AC induction motor along with patents for a new type of electric power distribution, polyphase alternating current. The acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patented element for his system, but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant that the development of Tesla's motor had to be put on hold for

2852-507: The son of Emeline (Vedder) and George Westinghouse Sr., a farmer and machine shop owner. The Westinghouse ancestors came from Westphalia in Germany, moving first to England and eventually emigrating to the US. The family name had been anglicized from Westinghausen. From his youth, Westinghouse displayed a talent for machinery and business. He was encouraged by his father and was assigned tasks in

2914-490: The state. In 1889, as his involvement with the generation and distribution of electricity was surging, Westinghouse resigned as president of the Philadelphia Company, but he remained on its board. Growth in the natural gas business slowed in the 1890s, hindered by supply problems and ongoing safety concerns related to gas distribution in homes and businesses. However, the Philadelphia Company continued to grow, spawning enterprises such as Equitable Gas and Duquesne Light . In

2976-494: The time, especially in contrast to the conditions endured by workers in the nearby steel mills. Westinghouse was broadly admired by his workers. Privately, they referred to him as "the Old Man". An indication of his progressive attitude was that when Westinghouse engineers invented things, they were allowed to keep their names on the patents, though assigning rights to use them to the company. Westinghouse viewed this as part of

3038-461: The top off the derrick. It took Westinghouse a week to devise a method to cap the flow of gas. He was encouraged to develop a system to deliver gas to heat and light area homes and businesses. Eventually, several natural gas derricks towered above his estate's Victorian-era gardens. In modern times there is no above-ground trace left of these derricks. That year, Westinghouse acquired a dormant utility charter for "The Philadelphia Company", and over

3100-567: The world's first large-scale, AC power generation plant at Niagara Falls, New York, which opened in August 1895. Ironically, among many other honors, Westinghouse received the 1911 Edison Medal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers "for meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system". George Westinghouse was born in 1846 in the village of Central Bridge, New York (see George Westinghouse Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home ),

3162-442: The world. He founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in 1869. He and his engineers also developed track-switching and signaling systems, which lead to the founding of the company Union Switch & Signal in 1881. In the early 1880s, he developed inventions for the safe production, transmission, and use of natural gas. This sparked the creation of a whole new energy industry. During this same period, Westinghouse recognized

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3224-409: Was a huge advantage over the low voltage DC systems being marketed by Edison ’s electric utility, which limited generating stations to a transmission range of about a mile due to losses cause by the low voltages and high currents used. Westinghouse recognized AC's potential to achieve greater economies of scale as a way to create a truly competitive electrical system, instead of simply piecing together

3286-692: Was also the headquarters of several companies, particularly Westinghouse Air Brake . Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing was located a mile further down the Turtle Creek valley east of Pittsburgh. The worker houses were outfitted with running water, electricity, gas, and often space for small gardens. Homeownership was facilitated through periodic salary deductions. There was a pension and an insurance system. Factories were well-lit, ventilated, and were outfitted with medical facilities and personnel for treating injuries. All these accommodations, at Westinghouse's expense, were considered highly innovative at

3348-560: Was awarded posthumously, four years after his death. Westinghouse was the first industrial employer in the United States to give workers a five-and-a half day work week, starting in June 1881. Saturdays were made half holidays to promote community involvement and personal development. Westinghouse had observed the practice while visiting England. The planned community of Wilmerding , PA was home to many Westinghouse employees, and it

3410-539: Was difficult since any slight misalignment would shake the powertrain to pieces. Westinghouse and his engineers invented an automatic self-alignment system that finally made turbine power practical for large vessels. In 1889, Westinghouse purchased several mining claims in the Patagonia Mountains of southeastern Arizona and formed the Duquesne Mining & Reduction Company. He hoped to invent

3472-457: Was filed in July of that year. Although the system was successful, as demonstrated when it prevented a serious mishap in front of assembled witnesses, it was hardly fail-safe. Any rupture or disconnection in the air line left the train without brakes. Over the next two years, Westinghouse and his engineers addressed the problem by inverting the process, designing valves so that constant pressure in

3534-566: Was just 19 when he received his first patent for a rotary steam engine . At age 21, he invented a car replacer, a device used to guide derailed railroad cars back onto the tracks, and a reversible "frog" , a rail junction piece used to switch trains between different tracks. In 1868, Westinghouse moved with his wife to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to access better and less expensive steel for the manufacture of his railroad frogs, and there he began to develop his recently invented railroad air brake concept. During his travels, Westinghouse had witnessed

3596-522: Was launching the first DC electric utility designed to light homes and businesses with his patented incandescent bulb . In 1884, Westinghouse began developing his own DC domestic lighting system and hired physicist William Stanley to help work on it. In 1885, Westinghouse became aware of the concept of an electrical transformer introduced by Frenchman Lucien Gaulard and Englishman John Gibbs. Guido Pantaleoni, an Italian engineer in his employ, alerted Westinghouse to their aready-patented transformer and

3658-589: Was located at 2425 Liberty. This has now become the home of the Pittsburgh Opera . There are few retail establishments on Liberty Avenue in the Strip District. Liberty Avenue is the site of the main business district in Bloomfield . Liberty Avenue is also home to West Penn Hospital as well as many small store fronts. A semi-fictionalized version of Liberty Avenue is featured prominently in

3720-568: Was merged with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric , a conglomerate controlled by the board of Thomson-Houston. During this period, Westinghouse continued to pour money and engineering resources into the goal of building a completely integrated AC system — obtaining the Sawyer–Man lamp by buying Consolidated Electric Light, and developing components such as an induction meter , and obtaining

3782-581: Was only one strike at any Westinghouse company while he was in charge. It was a 1903 action at Westinghouse Machine Company, which was rushing to illuminate the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair . Westinghouse responded by immediately hiring replacements for those employees who walked out. Despite that action, American labor and union organizer Samuel Gompers is reputed to have said "If all business leaders and moguls treated their employees as well as George Westinghouse, there’d be no need for any labor unions". In 1867, Westinghouse met Marguerite Erskine Walker on

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3844-486: Was performed manually. Westinghouse's designs changed all that. In 1882, Westinghouse founded the Union Switch and Signal Company to manufacture, market, install, and maintain these innovative control systems, which were eventually adopted by railroads around the world. By 1883, Westinghouse had become interested in natural gas. Gas had recently been discovered in nearby Murrysville , Pennsylvania, and it attracted

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