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57-509: Torquemada may refer to: People [ edit ] Juan de Torquemada (cardinal) (1388–1468), Spanish cardinal and ecclesiastical writer Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498), prominent leader of the Spanish Inquisition Antonio de Torquemada (c. 1507–1569), Spanish writer Fray Juan de Torquemada (c. 1562–1624), Spanish friar, missionary and historian of

114-510: A no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the tenth century. In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife Eylo Alfónsez  [ es ] . By 1084 the project for

171-497: A law that deprived conversos of government and church posts and disqualified them from testifying in legal proceedings. The legal status of conversos thus came into question. The dispute spread outside Castile and came to the attention of Pope Nicholas V . On the urging of Torquemada the Pope issued a bull condemning discrimination against conversos ; he excommunicated Sarmiento and some of his followers. In 1450 Torquemada published

228-400: A royal mint. Valladolid was the location of Europe's first moral debate on the treatment of indigenous people and is the city in which Christopher Columbus died. It was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century. The old town is made up of

285-545: A song by doom metal band Electric Wizard Torquemada , a vocal piece composed by Leonardo Balada Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Torquemada . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torquemada&oldid=944857572 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

342-647: A tract — a "sharp and relentless" theological attack — in which he labelled Sarmiento and his followers as Midianites and Ishmaelites , the biblical enemies of the Israelite people, comparing them to the evil persecutor Haman . Torquemada's defence of conversos was successful in Rome, but not eventually in Castile. (Juan de Torquemada was an uncle of the Inquisitor , Tomás de Torquemada . It has been argued that

399-574: A variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Notably, the city's Plaza Mayor was the first of its kind in Spain, dating back to the thirteenth century. It was eventually used as a model for similar plazas such as Plaza Mayor in Madrid . Among

456-634: Is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is also the capital of the province of Valladolid . It has a population of 295,639 people (2022 est.). The city is located roughly in the centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central , at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15 km (9.3 mi) before they join

513-427: Is a 1960s reconstruction. As of 2019, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on

570-506: Is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault -branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España . Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with

627-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Juan de Torquemada (cardinal) Juan de Torquemada was born in Valladolid , Spain . "There is a general historical consensus that the family were former Jews". Though those converso origins are very often stated without providing any source, they are "based primarily on Hernando del Pulgar’s statement that Juan de Torquemada’s abuelos were converts from

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684-506: Is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security. The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers. Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were: Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600),

741-408: Is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude. Valladolid is drier than Spain's northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is 433 mm (17.0 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 64%. The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of

798-593: Is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide (1092) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti (1095). One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum , meaning "valley of waters", referring to

855-478: Is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and San Martín  [ es ] . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of

912-841: The Council of Constance . Thereafter he proceeded to the University of Paris to study and took his doctorate degree in theology in 1423. After teaching for some time in Paris, he became prior of the Dominican house in Valladolid, and then in Toledo . Torquemada attended the Council of Basel (1431–1449) as a representative of his order and of the King of Castile . At the Council of Basel, he

969-577: The Duero , surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within the context of the Crown of Castile , being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and

1026-510: The Jewish quarter of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. Converso poet Juan de Valladolid wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid. Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the expulsion of the Jews . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with

1083-559: The Prison of Villanubla  [ es ] ) and El Rebollar (400 hectares). The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and the inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate

1140-596: The River Duero . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found. During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created

1197-679: The neobaroque new building for the university. The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes and the house of José Zorrilla . The Christopher Columbus House-Museum , by contrast,

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1254-675: The French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city. Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers. The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment

1311-528: The Jewish faith". As a converso , Pulgar is considered to have made this assertion out of hate for Juan de Torquemada’s nephew, Tomás de Torquemada . However, a study of all of Juan de Torquemada’s ancestors found no Jewish converts in his family. At an early age he joined the Dominican Order , and soon distinguished himself for learning and devotion. In 1415 he accompanied the general of his order to

1368-579: The Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level. The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around

1425-803: The New World Edward Powys Mathers (1892–1939) (pseudonym Torquemada), British crossword setter Fiction [ edit ] Alonzo Torquemada , a character on the HBO drama series Oz Horatio Torquemada Marley, Elaine Marley's grandfather in the Monkey Island series Las novelas de Torquemada , four novels by Spanish author Benito Pérez Galdós : Torquemada en la hoguera (1889) Torquemada en la Cruz (1893) Torquemada en el purgatorio (1894) Torquemada y San Pedro (1895) Torquemada (play) , an 1869 poem and an 1882 play by Victor Hugo about

1482-614: The Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library. Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School. 12th century romanesque architecture

1539-545: The Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid. A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city. During 1550–1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors. Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a bishopric . In the midst of the reign of Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as

1596-586: The Roman Curia. As Cardinal of San Sisto, Torquemada supported papal Crusade policy in opposition to the Ottoman Turks . In 1449 Toledo an unpopular tax law caused an insurrection against a weak government, during which a mob burned the house of a "new Christian" tax collector. (These "new Christians", or conversos , were persons of Jewish descent professing Christianity; their sincerity was doubted by some.) A faction led by one Pedro Sarmiento imposed

1653-647: The book was published in 1467 in Rome by Ulrich Han . [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Torquemada, Juan de ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 58. From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress Valladolid Valladolid ( Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] )

1710-590: The capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown. Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as

1767-496: The church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works. Historically, a Jewish community existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, Sancho IV prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and

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1824-543: The condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the region's statute of autonomy  [ es ] from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ). June 25th 2024,

1881-554: The confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( Arabic : بلد الوليد , Balad al-Walid ), which is the Arabic exonym currently used and means 'city of al-Walid', referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum , meaning 'valley of the olives '; however, no olive trees are found in that terrain. Instead, innumerable pine trees abound in

1938-636: The deciding vote in the election of Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455). He died at Rome in 1468 and was buried at Santa Maria sopra Minerva . A painting by Antoniazzo Romano showing the Annunciation has in its background Torquemada presenting girls who received dowry funds from a guild he founded to the Virgin Mary . (At an earlier age he was painted by Fra Angelico in a Crucifixion scene now at Harvard University 's Fogg Museum.) Torquemada's principal works are: The Summa de ecclesia has

1995-589: The events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships , and the Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ). In 2019, Valladolid was recognised as a City of Film as part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Together with another 15 surrounding municipalities, it belongs to an urban community of around 404,000 inhabitants. There

2052-429: The façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets. The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, Alberto de Churriguera  [ es ] finished

2109-534: The following topical books: His De conceptione deiparae Mariae , libri viii. (Rome, 1547), was edited with preface and notes by E. B. Pusey (London, 1869 seq.) in opposition to Pope Pius IX 's definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception . Other works include polemical tracts and sermons. Torquemada's Meditationes was the first illustrated book published in Italy. The first edition of

2166-483: The foundation of the settlement was already underway. Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church. Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás. Both co-founded the church of Santa María. Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by

2223-551: The kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him. From 1554 to 1559, Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid, with

2280-404: The late 19th to early 20th century, with a good number of his buildings still standing. Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque City Hall  [ es ] , the cavalry academy  [ es ] , Palace of Correos y Telégrafos  [ es ] (defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s), and

2337-602: The latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time. She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna. Ensuing autos de fe against

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2394-685: The latter's persecution of crypto-Jews was motivated by a sense of insecurity about his own origins. ) Torquemada has been described as the most articulate papal apologist of the fifteenth century. The medieval papacy's supremacy was challenged both by Hussites (early Protestants) and by conciliarists (who held that an ecumenical council of the Church had more authority than a pope). The Council of Basel had attempted to depose Pope Eugenius IV . Torquemada attacked both these positions in his Summa de ecclesia (1453). Torquemada promoted reform of religious houses of his order and of monasteries. In 1456,

2451-931: The life of Tomás de Torquemada Torquemada (comics) , the main villain (Tomás de Torquemada) from the comic strip Nemesis the Warlock in the British comic 2000 AD Torquemada , a member of the Green Lantern Corps in the DC ;Comics universe Torquemada, a fortress in the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption Señor Torquemada, horloger de Tolède, the Clockmaker in Ravel's opera L'heure espagnole Places [ edit ] Torquemada, Palencia , Spain Music [ edit ] "Torquemada 71",

2508-401: The municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election. Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on

2565-869: The new Pope Callixtus III , aka Alfonso de Borja, gave him, in commendam , the position of Abbot of the monastery of Santa Scolastica in Subiaco . This connection may explain his interest in the importation of printing into Rome. The cardinal wrote extensively on behalf of papal primacy. Most notably, his Summa de ecclesia defended the Church against the Hussites and the Roman pontiff against conciliarism . Torquemada became cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1446–1460), then cardinal bishop of Palestrina (1460–1463), and last cardinal bishop of Sabina (1463–1468). He participated in four papal elections, casting

2622-406: The north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east. After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa ), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ). Valladolid

2679-547: The other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science. The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and

2736-556: The prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city. After a plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again. The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva. From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre. This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), FASA (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and SAVA (1957) were created. The city

2793-462: The rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by Francisco de Salamanca  [ es ] by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of

2850-613: The service of Joan of Arc , known as La Pucelle . Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it. Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core

2907-498: The south part of the city. The gastronomy reflects the importance of the piñón (pine nut) as a local product, rather than olives. In texts from the Middle Ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning 'sunny valley', and inhabitants are still called today Vallisoletano (male) and Vallisoletana (female). The city is also popularly called Pucela , a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in

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2964-624: The surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham Benveniste in

3021-528: The wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011. It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring

3078-443: The work on the main front. The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it. The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787. Architect Modesto Coloma Palenzuela  [ es ] left a key imprint in the city's outline, authoring many housing projects in

3135-566: Was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the latter river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro. Besides the main territory on which the city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares , hosting

3192-477: Was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964. During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces. The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s. In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for

3249-501: Was one of the ablest supporters of the viewpoint of pope Eugene IV and the Roman curia . He was rewarded with the office of Master of the Sacred Palace (4 March 1435), and later with a cardinal 's hat in 1439. Torquemada participated in the Council of Florence , speaking on theological issues involving the eastern churches and defending papal primacy in a debate with Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini . He also worked on behalf of Pope Eugene on missions to Germany and France before settling in

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