Opposition (37)
48-681: Tallinn City Council ( Estonian : Tallinna linnavolikogu ) is the representative body of the municipality of Tallinn , the capital and biggest city of Estonia . The executive power body of Tallinn is the Tallinn City Government . The members of the Tallinn City Council are elected by residents of the city who have the right to vote on the basis of the Local Government Council Election Act (Estonian citizens and citizens of
96-566: A Finnic language rather than a variety of Estonian. Modern standard Estonian evolved in the 18th and 19th centuries based on the dialects of northern Estonia. During the Medieval and Early Modern periods, Estonian accepted many loanwords from Germanic languages , mainly from Middle Low German (Middle Saxon) and, after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , from the Standard German language. Estonia's oldest written records of
144-693: A Southern Finnic language, and it is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages. Alongside Finnish, Hungarian , and Maltese , Estonian is one of the four official languages of the European Union that are not Indo-European languages . In terms of linguistic morphology , Estonian is a predominantly agglutinative language . The loss of word-final sounds is extensive, and this has made its inflectional morphology markedly more fusional , especially with respect to noun and adjective inflection. The transitional form from an agglutinating to
192-713: A black belt in (5th dan). Starting in 1993, he worked in Tallinn as a Taekwondo coach. In 1996, he was elected President of the Estonian National Taekwondo Association. In 2016, he became a member of the Executive Committee of the Estonian Olympic Committee . In 2017 was elected as a president of Estonian Taekwondo Federation. In 2022 obtained a honorary 7 dan from Kukkiwon. From 1999 to 2002, Kõlvart
240-455: A broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek , Latin and French . Consider roim 'crime' versus English crime or taunima 'to condemn, disapprove' versus Finnish tuomita 'to condemn, to judge' (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik's 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. Article 1 of
288-671: A fusional language is a common feature of Estonian typologically over the course of history with the development of a rich morphological system. Word order is considerably more flexible than in English, but the basic order is subject–verb–object . The speakers of the two major historical languages spoken in Estonia, North and South Estonian , are thought by some linguists to have arrived in Estonia in at least two different migration waves over two millennia ago, both groups having spoken considerably different vernacular; South Estonian might be
336-697: A majority of the seats and elected Jaan Anvelt as the Chair. Soon after the Estonian Declaration of Independence , a new election for the city council was once again held. From 2005 to 2021, the Centre Party had held an absolute majority in the council, though was forced to enter a coalition with the Social Democrats in order to remain in power after losing the absolute majority in 2021. The coalition collapsed on 26 March 2024 as
384-628: Is also an official language of the European Union . Estonian is spoken natively by about 1.1 million people: 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 elsewhere. Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family . Other Finnic languages include Finnish and some minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia. Estonian is typically subclassified as
432-734: Is based on central dialects, it has no vowel harmony either. In the standard language, the front vowels occur exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although vowel harmony is still apparent in older texts. Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language . The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object), although often debated among linguists. In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender , but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative , genitive , partitive , illative , inessive , elative , allative , adessive , ablative , translative , terminative , essive , abessive , and comitative , with
480-814: Is pronounced [æ], as in English mat . The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/ , unrounded /o/ , or a close-mid back unrounded vowel . It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ , and is also used to transcribe the Russian ы . Additionally C , Q , W , X , and Y are used in writing foreign proper names . They do not occur in Estonian words , and are not officially part of
528-492: Is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'. Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž , they are replaced by sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative , as in Pasha ( pas-ha ); this also applies to some foreign names. Modern Estonian orthography is based on the "Newer orthography" created by Eduard Ahrens in
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#1732771773315576-757: The idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipus . One of the pronunciation features of the Saaremaa dialect is the lack of the 'õ' vowel. A five-metre monument erected in 2020, marking the "border" between the vowels 'õ' and 'ö', humorously makes reference to this fact. South Estonian consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties. These are sometimes considered either variants of South Estonian or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession. Estonian employs
624-567: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Estonian and English: Mihhail K%C3%B5lvart Mihhail Kõlvart (born 24 November 1977) is an Estonian politician currently serving as the leader of the Centre Party since 2023. He served as the mayor of Tallinn, Estonia , a position he has held since April 2019, after the resignation of Taavi Aas , until the vote of no confidence in him held on 26 March 2024. Kõlvart
672-712: The Germanic languages have very different origins and the vocabulary is considered quite different from that of the Indo-European family, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because Estonian has borrowed nearly one-third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon ( Middle Low German ) during the period of German rule , and High German (including standard German ). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Prior to
720-581: The Latin script as the basis for its alphabet . The script adds the letters ä , ö , ü , and õ , plus the later additions š and ž . The letters c , q , w , x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f , z , š , and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and Ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Swedish (when followed by 'r') and Finnish, Ä
768-536: The Proto-Finnic language , elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Ostrobothnia dialect of Finnish maja – majahan . The verbal system has no distinct future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). Although Estonian and
816-485: The 1870s to the 1890s) tried to use formation ex nihilo ( Urschöpfung ); i.e. they created new words out of nothing. The most well-known reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. 'free constructions', Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik's dictionary (1921) lists approximately 4000 words. About 40 of
864-926: The 1930s. There are 9 vowels and 36 diphthongs , 28 of which are native to Estonian. All nine vowels can appear as the first component of a diphthong, but only /ɑ e i o u/ occur as the second component. A vowel characteristic of Estonian is the unrounded back vowel /ɤ/, which may be close-mid back , close back , or close-mid central . Word-initial b, d, g occur only in loanwords and some old loanwords are spelled with p, t, k instead of etymological b, d, g : pank 'bank'. Word-medially and word-finally, b, d, g represent short plosives /p, t, k/ (may be pronounced as partially voiced consonants), p, t, k represent half-long plosives /pː, tː, kː/, and pp, tt, kk represent overlong plosives /pːː, tːː, kːː/; for example: kabi /kɑpi/ 'hoof' — kapi /kɑpːi/ 'wardrobe [ gen sg ] — kappi /kɑpːːi/ 'wardrobe [ ptv sg ]'. Before and after b, p, d, t, g, k, s, h, f, š, z, ž ,
912-524: The 19th century during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). The birth of native Estonian literature was during the period 1810–1820, when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student to acknowledge his Estonian origin at the then German-language University of Dorpat , is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered
960-490: The 200 words created by Johannes Aavik allegedly ex nihilo are in common use today. Examples are * ese 'object', * kolp 'skull', * liibuma 'to cling', * naasma 'to return, come back', * nõme 'stupid, dull'. Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items; for example, words from Russian , German , French , Finnish , English and Swedish . Aavik had
1008-603: The Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. When the Republic of Estonia was established in 1918, Estonian became the official language of the newly independent country. Immediately after World War II , in 1945, over 97% of the then population of Estonia self-identified as native ethnic Estonians and spoke
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#17327717733151056-416: The European Union who have attained 18 years of age by election day, as well as aliens who reside in Estonia on the basis of a long-term residence permit or the right of permanent residence) for a duration of four years. The most recent election took place in 2021 with its members taking office on 11 November 2021. The Tallinn City Council works as a plenary assembly. The working bodies of the city council are
1104-482: The Finnic languages date from the 13th century. The "Originates Livoniae" in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in Estonian was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached
1152-579: The General Russian Town Law came into force in Tallinn and formed a Duma on the basis of Lübeck law , elected for four years. The Duma elected a four-member Tallinn City Government and Mayor. The first Duma elections took place in 1877, a 72-member city council was elected. On the basis of the General Russian Town Law, the right to vote was given to all subjects of the Russian Empire who were at least 25 years old, had lived in
1200-729: The Russians as one bloc and achieved a 2/3 majority. Based on the new regulations of the Provisional Government on 15 April 1917, a new election was held in August 1917 on the basis of the principles of general, uniform, and proportional elections with a secret ballot. In the election held on 19 August 1917, 101 deputies were elected. The Bolsheviks (31 seats), the Estonian Socialist Revolutionary Party (22) and Mensheviks (12) clinched
1248-480: The Social Democrats joined the opposition in voting for the motion of no confidence in mayor Mihhail Kõlvart . Estonian language Estonian ( eesti keel [ˈeːsʲti ˈkeːl] ) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family . Estonian is the official language of Estonia . It is written in the Latin script and is the first language of the majority of the country's population; it
1296-410: The alphabet. Including all the foreign letters, the alphabet consists of the following 32 letters: Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme , there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t
1344-413: The case and number of the adjective always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to
1392-506: The city council's affairs, economic services and the work of the city council, its committees and factions are ensured by the City Council Office. Regular sittings of the city council are held on Thursdays of every even week, starting at 16:00. The Mayor also participates in sittings, and in the case of their absence is substituted by one of the deputy mayors. Under the city council’s sole jurisdiction are: On 26 March 1877,
1440-513: The city of Tallinn for at least 2 years and owned real estate or a company in the city. Until 1892, voters were divided into 3 classes (curias) based on the amount of taxes paid to the city, each of which had the right to appoint one third of the 72 members of the Duma, who were elected for four years. In the first Duma elections held in December 1877, 86 citizens belonged to the first curia, 281 to
1488-422: The end of the 20th century has brought the proportion of native Estonian-speakers in Estonia now back above 70%. Large parts of the first- and second-generation immigrants in Estonia have now adopted Estonian (over 50% as of the 2022 census). The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in
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1536-589: The founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday, March 14, is celebrated in Estonia as Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: In English: In the period from 1525 to 1917, 14,503 titles were published in Estonian; by comparison, between 1918 and 1940, 23,868 titles were published. In modern times A. H. Tammsaare , Jaan Kross , and Andrus Kivirähk are Estonia 's best-known and most translated writers. Estonians lead
1584-456: The language. When Estonia was invaded and reoccupied by the Soviet army in 1944, the status of Estonian effectively changed to one of the two official languages (Russian being the other one). Many immigrants from Russia entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism for Estonians was intensified. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in local schools
1632-418: The leadership, permanent and temporary committees and factions. A faction can be formed by five or more members of the city council who have been elected according to the same electoral list. City council members belonging to the same electoral list can only form one faction. The City Council issues regulations as legislation of general application and adopts resolutions as individual acts. The organisation of
1680-468: The property census stricter, reducing the number of Duma members, narrowing the powers of the city government, and expanding those of the governor of the Governorate of Estonia . In the December 1904 Duma elections, the joint Estonian-Russian electoral bloc achieved a majority for the first time in history. 37 Estonians, 4 Russians and 19 Germans were elected to the 60-member Duma. the Estonians joined
1728-774: The reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into the variety of South Estonian called Võro in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on Northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle . Writings in Estonian became more significant in
1776-427: The second and 1610 to the third. Thus, only nearly 5% of the city's residents ended up represented. The first two curias consisted mostly of Germans, while the third consisted of many wealthy Russians and Estonians. From 1892, voters were divided into 6 sections based on police station locations, and each section elected a certain number of city councilors according to its size. The changes that year also included making
1824-492: The second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The "Older orthography" it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had, by and large, used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography – for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' – persisted well into
1872-419: The sounds [p], [t], [k] are written as p, t, k , with some exceptions due to morphology or etymology. Representation of palatalised consonants is inconsistent, and they are not always indicated. ŋ is an allophone of /n/ before /k/. While peripheral Estonian dialects are characterized by various degrees of vowel harmony , central dialects have almost completely lost the feature. Since the standard language
1920-405: The south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, Northeastern coastal Estonian . The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Lääne County and Pärnu County , the saarte murre (islands' dialect) of Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu and Kihnu , and
1968-514: The wave of new loanwords from English in the 20th and 21st centuries, historically, Swedish and Russian were also sources of borrowings but to a much lesser extent. In borrowings, often 'b' and 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' before another consonant is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia from
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2016-464: The world in book ownership, owning on average 218 books per house, and 35% of Estonians owning 350 books or more (as of 2018). Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment , during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves,
2064-663: Was a member of the district council of the Lasnamäe district of Tallinn. In 2008, he joined the Estonian Centre Party . In 2009, he was elected to the Tallinn city council. He was particularly committed to youth and sport and the rights of ethnic minorities in Tallinn, and as such, has made him popular with the Russian-speaking minority of Tallinn. He was elected to the Riigikogu in 2011 , of which he
2112-593: Was a member of until 2019. In April 2011, he resigned as a deputy mayor of Tallinn to serve in the Riigikogu. Later on, from 2017 to 2019, he was the chairman of the Tallinn City Council. He resigned in April 2019, as he was elected mayor of Tallinn on 11 April after the resignation of mayor Taavi Aas to serve in the cabinet of Jüri Ratas . On 30 September 2019, he was made an honorary citizen of Seoul , South Korea by Seoul's mayor Park Won-soon , and in April 2022 he
2160-553: Was awarded an honorary doctorate from Shinhan University. On 10 September 2023, Kõlvart was elected leader of the Estonian Centre Party at a special party conference in Paide . He received 543 votes (51.91%), defeating Tanel Kiik who received 489 votes (46.75%). On 26 March 2024, Kõlvart was removed from the office of mayor after the Social Democrats joined the opposition in the Tallinn City Council in voting for
2208-479: Was born in Kyzylorda , Kazakh SSR , to an Estonian father, Ülo Kõlvart, and Liidia Kõlvart (née Shek), who was of Chinese and Korean ancestry. The couple met while they were both studying at Moscow State University . His father is the founder of the Estonian National Taekwondo Association in 1992 and was its first president from 1992 to 1996. His mother was a teacher. He moved with his parents to Estonia when he
2256-525: Was formally compulsory, in practice, the teaching and learning of Estonian by Russian-speakers was often considered unnecessary by the Soviet authorities. In 1991, with the restoration of Estonia's independence , Estonian went back to being the only official language in Estonia. Since 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union, Estonian is also one of the (now 24) official languages of the EU . The return of former Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin at
2304-501: Was three years old. Kõlvart has a daughter with Jaana Kalinistova. He graduated from Tallinn Secondary School No. 15 [ et ] in 1995. He studied jurisprudence and later business law at the International College of Applied Social Sciences LEX in Tallinn. Kõlvart made a name for himself as a top athlete nationally and internationally in the disciplines of boxing, kickboxing and Taekwondo, of which he has
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