87-684: Teda or TEDA may refer to: Teda people , Toubou ethnic group that lives mostly in Chad Teda language , or Tedaga language, spoken by Teda people Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area , abbreviated as TEDA, free market zone in Tianjin, China TEDA Holding , state-owned enterprise based in Tianjin, China Tianjin Teda F.C. , Chinese football club,
174-615: A hot semi-arid climate and stretches across the southernmost latitudes of North Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . Although geographically located in the tropics, the Sahel does not have a tropical climate . Especially in the western Sahel, there are frequent shortages of food and water due to its very high government corruption and the semi-arid climate . This is exacerbated by very high birthrates across
261-469: A climatic and ecological transition zone with hot semi-desert and steppe conditions , the Sahel region borders the more humid Sudanian savannas to its south and the dry Sahara desert to the north. This ecoregion is also called the Sahelian Acacia savanna in honour of its most prominent and very drought tolerant genus of tree. The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat; most of
348-589: A euphemistic expression. After the abolition of slavery in 1953, the chief Kellei Chahami admitted the descendants of former captives to the canton, where they were recognized as full members and can move around freely and in this way, the last fraction of the Kamaya canton thus was established. Not only the captives were attached to the Kamaya canton, but along with all foreigners who resided in Faya, including Fezzanais (Libyan refugees who fled Italian brutality in 1929 before
435-575: A great deal of autonomy. The larger Sahelian kingdoms emerged from 750 AD and erected several large cities in the Niger valley region, including Timbuktu , Gao and Djenné . Due to the wooded areas to their south, the Sahelian states were hindered from expanding into the north Akan state of the Bonoman and Yoruba peoples , as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests. In addition,
522-723: A rate of 5%. The study also found that 20–30% of Toubou autosomal DNA was Eurasian in origin, and their African ancestral component was best represented by Laal-speaking populations. The most likely source of this Eurasian DNA, according to the analysis, was central European Neolithic farmers ( Linearbandkeramik culture ). Other ethnic groups in the Chad , such as the Sara people and the Laal speakers had considerably lower Eurasian admixture, at only 0.3–2% (Sara) and 1.25–4.5% (Laal). In 2019, B Lorente-Galdos using whole genome analysis, found that in
609-448: A relative humidity under 35%. The Sahel is characterized by constant, intense heat, with an unvarying temperature. The Sahel rarely experiences cold temperatures. During the hottest period, the average high temperatures are generally between 36 and 42 °C (97 and 108 °F) (and even more in the hottest regions), often for more than three months, while the average low temperatures are around 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F). During
696-510: A semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. Those who prefer a settled life typically live in palm-thatched, rectangular or cylindrical mud houses. The Toubou are patrilineal, with an elder male heading the lineage. The second order of Toubou kinship is to the clan . According to Jean Chapelle, a colonial officer of history specializing in Chadian ethnic groups (although his book in Borkou has caused
783-571: A series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries. The wealth of the states, like the legendary Mali Empire at the time of Mansa Musa , came from controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert, especially with the Maghreb . Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having
870-411: A significant degree of wrongdoing), the clan system developed out of necessity. Nomadic life means being scattered throughout a region; therefore, belonging to a clan means that the individual is likely to find hospitable clan people in most settlements or camps of any size. A second factor is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does not occupy the central place of
957-531: A subsidiary of TEDA Holding TEDA Football Stadium , in Tianjin, China TEDA Group , a subsidiary of TEDA Holding Tianjin TEDA Co. , a subsidiary of TEDA Group triethylenediamine , also known as DABCO or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, a chemical compound. Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency also known TEDA, a state governmental agency in Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Topics referred to by
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#17327649194851044-727: A symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. This role enhanced the position of the Derde from the Tumagra tribe of Toubou. After 1967 the derde hoped to rally the Toubou to the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT). Moral authority became military authority shortly thereafter when his son, Goukouni Oueddei , became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni
1131-560: A system of transhumance . The difference between the dry North with higher levels of soil nutrients and the wetter South with more vegetation, is utilized by having the herds graze on high-quality feed in the North during the wet season, and trek several hundred kilometers to the South to graze on more abundant, but less nutritious feed during the dry period. In Western Sahel, polygamy and child marriage are common. Female genital mutilation
1218-794: A warmer Atlantic Ocean. Warming of the Mediterranean Sea may also be a factor. Protected areas in the Sahel include Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve in Senegal, Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel in Burkina Faso, Ansonga-Ménake Faunal Reserve in Mali, Tadres Reserve in Niger, and Waza National Park in Cameroon. Traditionally, most of the people in the Sahel have been semi- nomads , farming and raising livestock in
1305-399: Is a derde (spiritual head) who is recognized as the clan judge, and arbitrates conflict and levies sanctions. The Toubou people, states Jean Chapelle, have been socially stratified with an embedded caste system. The three strata have consisted of the freemen with a right to own property, the artisanal castes and the slaves. The endogamous caste of Azza (or Aza ) among Toubou have
1392-608: Is a common area for dust storms, occurring on average on 100 days every year. On 23 March 2010, a major sandstorm hit Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia , Guinea-Bissau , Guinea , and inland Sierra Leone . Another struck in southern Algeria , inland Mauritania, Mali and northern Ivory Coast at the same time. Following the drought period of the 1970s and 1980, however, the Sahel began to experience increased rainfall. This may be due to global warming , which can cause changes that may result in changes in large-scale weather patterns, such as increased stronger monsoons, in turn caused by
1479-642: Is a mispronunciation of Kamaya, and the Teda are grudgingly attempting to sabotage the Toubou Gorane Kamaya clans' federation reputation since the Kamaya's history was fabricated by the French colonists and Teda took advantage of the situation by misleading their freed slave descendants and the general public. The linguistic analysis reveals that the term "Kamadja" does not exist in either the Dazaga or Tedaga languages. The tone terms, namely "Kamadja" for
1566-525: Is also practiced across the Sahel. The term "Sahel" is borrowed from the Arabic name for the region, الساحل al-sāḥil . Sāḥil literally means "coast, shore", which has been explained as a figurative reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara. However, such use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from
1653-715: Is clan-based, with each clan having certain oases, pastures and wells. The Toubou are generally divided into two closely related groups: the Teda (or Tuda, Téda, Toda, Tira) and the Daza (or Dazzaga, Dazagara, Dazagada). They are believed to share a common origin and speak the Tebu languages , which are from the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Tebu is divided further into two closely related languages, called Tedaga (Téda Toubou) and Dazaga (Daza Toubou). Of
1740-565: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Teda people The Toubou or Tubu (from Old Tebu , meaning "rock people" ) are an ethnic group native to the Tibesti Mountains that inhabit the central Sahara in northern Chad , southern Libya , northeastern Niger , and northwestern Sudan . They live either as herders and nomads or as farmers near oases . Their society
1827-409: Is losing its relevance of the Kamaya ethnic group due to its lack of self-identification and it is important to note that this term was introduced and propagated by Europeans, and there is a belief that it has inaccurately misquoted, misconstrued, and distorted the sound of "y" to "dj" or "j" in the names of various clans, tribes, communities, rural areas, organisms, and numerous other entities throughout
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#17327649194851914-413: Is only a matter of time before countries like Niger lose their entire landmass to desert due to unchecked unsustainable human practices. Over-farming , over-grazing, over-population of marginal lands, and natural soil erosion , have caused serious desertification of the region. This has affected shelter construction, making it necessary to change the used materials. The Woodless Construction project
2001-422: Is only somewhat prevalent in Toubou society. The ownership of land, animals, and resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a particular clan, land, trees (usually date palms), and nearby wells may have different owners. Each family's rights to the use of particular plots of land are recognized by other clan members. Families also may have privileged access to certain wells and
2088-590: Is probably extinct in the wild , and both Pelorovis and the Bubal hartebeest are now extinct). The seasonal wetlands of the Sahel are important for migratory birds moving within Africa and on the African-Eurasian flyways . The Sahel has a tropical semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSh ). The climate is typically hot, sunny, dry and somewhat windy all year long. The Sahel's climate
2175-523: Is settled directly between the families of the victim and the murderer. Toubou honour requires that someone from the victim's family try to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts eventually end with negotiations to settle the matter. Reconciliation follows the payment of the Goroga (Islamic tenet of Diyya ), or blood money . Among the Tumagra clan of the Teda people in the Tibesti region, there
2262-461: Is similar to, but less extreme than, the climate of the Sahara desert located just to the north. The Sahel mainly receives a low to very low amount of precipitation annually. The steppe has a very long, prevailing dry season and a short rainy season. The precipitation is also extremely irregular, and varies considerably from season to season. Most of the rain usually falls during four to six months in
2349-613: The Bahr el Gazel in the south and also the Tibesti mountains and the neighbouring countries. There is a diaspora community of several thousand Daza living in Omdurman , Sudan and a couple of thousand working in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The ancient history of the Toubou people is unclear. They may be related to the 'Ethiopians' mentioned by Herodotus in 430 BCE, as a people being hunted by
2436-624: The G5 Sahel , an anti-terrorism alliance, after the military regimes in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali withdrew. On 9 July 2020, the United States raised concerns over growing number of allegations of human rights violations and abuses by state security forces in Sahel. The US response came after Human Rights Watch released documents regarding the same on 1 July. Reports in March 2022 show militants are expanding and spreading out south of
2523-644: The Garamantes , but this is speculative, as Jean Chapelle argues. Furthermore, scholars such as Laurence P. Kirwan stress that the Garamantes and the Toubou seem to occupy the same lands. Which spans from the Fezzan (Phazania) as far south as Nubia. Further evidence is given by Harold MacMichael states that the Bayuda desert was still known as the desert of Goran; a name as MacMichael has shown, connected with
2610-586: The Saharawi , and 76.0% for the Libyan. North African samples were closer to Eurasian populations than to Sub-Saharan populations, implying that the Sahara Desert might have represented a major barrier within Africa. In contrast, the three Khoisan groups presented significantly small proportions of a Eurasian component (3.83–4.11%). Toubou life centers on raising and herding their livestock , or on farming
2697-623: The Tibesti Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to Bardaï , the capital of Tibesti Sub-prefecture. Within a year, abuses of authority had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou. The derde , Oueddei Kichidemi , recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in Libya , and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Bayda , became
Teda - Misplaced Pages Continue
2784-761: The Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya (TFSL) staged an uprising in November 2008 which lasted for five days and claimed 33 lives before being crushed by government security forces. Despite resistance and public condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority in Libya. Beginning in November 2009, the government began a program of forced eviction and demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozens who protested
2871-539: The artisanal occupations, such as metal work, leather work, salt mining, well digging, dates farming, pottery and tailoring, and they have traditionally been despised and segregated by other strata of the Toubou, much like the Hadahid caste in southeastern Chad among the Zaghawa people . According to Paul Lovejoy – a professor of African History, the 19th century records show that these segregated Toubou castes followed
2958-585: The "black nomads of the Sahara". They are distributed across a large area in the central Sahara, as well as the north-central Sahel . They are particularly found north of the Tibesti mountains , which in Old Tebu means "Rocky Mountains". The first syllable "Tu" refers to the Tibesti mountains, as known by the natives (Tuda), and the second syllable "bo" refers to blood in the Kanembou language; thus, people from
3045-429: The "coldest period", the average high temperatures are between 27 and 33 °C (81 and 91 °F) and the average low temperatures are between 15 and 21 °C (59 and 70 °F). Everywhere in the Sahel, the average mean temperature is over 18 °C (64 °F). The Sahel has a high to very high sunshine duration year-round, between 2,400 hours (about 55% of the daylight hours) and 3,600 hours (more than 80% of
3132-513: The Arabic word سهل sahl "plain" instead. Around 4000 BC, the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification . This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and caused migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa . The Sahelian kingdoms were
3219-434: The Daza and Teda regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them and in 1936, the French created cantons, and appointed al-haj Kelleï Chahami from the Kamaya canton in Borkou region's Faya city the first highest official chief who executed great noble missions. Toubou legal customs are generally based on Islamic law, that allows restitution and revenge. Murder, for example,
3306-587: The Daza, or Gouran , include the Alala, Altafa, Anakaza , Ankorda, Ayya, Sharara, Sharfada, Shuna, Daza, Djagada, Dogorda, Donza, Gadwa, Gaeda, Howda, Kamaya, Kamsoulla, Kara, Ketcherda, Kokorda, Maghya, Medelea, Mourdiya, Nara, Salma, Tchiroua, Tchoraga, Wandala, Wandja, Warba, Warda, Yira and many more. The Daza cover the northern regions of Chad such as the Bourkou , the Ennedi Plateau , the northern Kanem,
3393-652: The Dazagara. The majority of Teda speak and understand Dazaga, however, the Dazagada do not always clearly grasp Tedaga. Dazaga is the most commonly used language in BET by all its inhabitants. The lowest social strata were the slaves ( Agara ). Slaves entered the Toubou Teda and Daza societies from raids and warfare on other ethnic groups in lands to their south. All slaves were the property of their masters, their caste
3480-422: The Faya palm grove oasis valley, since the suffix "dé" is appended to the solitary form of "yé". Therefore, the designation "Kamaya" refers to the natives of the valley that is situated in the palm grove of Faya oasis. In Dazaga, the community is called "Kama-yanga" which means the Kamaya canton and together with the suffix "ga" implies the dialect spoken by the Dazagada. In the linguistic context under consideration,
3567-539: The Italian colonialists' progression into southern Libya, the Fezzan region), Ouadaens from the Chad's Waddai region, prostitutes, blacksmiths etc, were also attached to the Kamaya canton. All of these individuals' concerns were conveyed to the colonizers via the Kamaya canton. The descendants of freed slaves who located in the Tibesti region for many years approach their former masters inquiring about their past. In response,
Teda - Misplaced Pages Continue
3654-490: The Kura'án of today. This reaffirms that the Kura'án (Goran) of today, occupy much of the same territory as the Garamantes once did. In Islamic literature , the earliest mention as the Toubou people is perhaps that along with the Zaghawa people in an 8th-century text by Arabic scholar Ibn Qutaybah . The 9th century al-Khwarizmi mentions the Daza people (southern Teda). During the expansive era of Trans-Saharan trade ,
3741-410: The Sahel region has experienced frequent droughts and megadroughts . One megadrought lasted from 1450 to 1700, 250 years. There was a major drought in the Sahel in 1914 caused by annual rains far below average, leading to large-scale famine. From 1951 to 2004, the Sahel experienced some of the most consistent and severe droughts in Africa. The 1960s saw a large increase in rainfall in the region, making
3828-473: The Sahel. The area has also seen a high prevalence of coups d'état , with military juntas currently ruling in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. The violent herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria , Mali , Sudan and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by climate change , land degradation , and rapid population growth . Droughts and food shortages have been also linked to
3915-456: The Teda deliberately allege their identity as "Kamadja" to their freed captives, who question about the significance of this designation. The Teda respond that they know the freed captives' people led them to assume this title. However, once the descendants of freed slaves embrace this belief and depart, the Teda proceed to use insulting terms such as "blind," "stupid," and "unintelligent," as well as other terms that are demeaning. The term "Kamadja"
4002-417: The Tibesti region are referred to as Tubou." Their name is derived from this. The Teda are found primarily in the Sahara regions around the borders of southeast Libya, northeast Niger and northern Chad . They consider themselves a warrior people. The Daza live towards the Sahel region and are spread over much of north-central Chad. The Daza consist of numerous clans. Some major tribes, clans, societies of
4089-713: The Toubou inhabited lands which were frequently used by merchant caravans, specifically along the Kufra oasis routes. It is unknown if the Toubou enganged with the caravans. According to a study published in The American Journal of Human Genetics (Haber et al. 2016) that examined Y-DNA haplogroups from samples obtained from 75 Toubou men, haplogroups associated with paternal Eurasian ancestry were present at rates of 34% for R1b (R1b-V88), 31% for T1a , and 1% for J1 . The North African associated haplogroup E-M78 were present at rates of 28%, while E-M81 appeared at
4176-721: The Yira clan as Jira, the Yenoa clans as Jenoa, the Yin oasis as Jin, the Yarda oasis as Jarda, the Faya oasis as Faja, the Bidayet community as Bidajet, and the Goli Yeskou as Goli Jeskou (Black snake), many more other carelessness. These oversights and misinterpretations are notable in the exploration literatures. The term "Kamadja" has become somewhat entrenched a certain level of permanence but
4263-442: The challenges faced by French colonists while attempting to articulate the phoneme represented by the letter "y" in the alphabet. As a replacement, they frequently resorted to apply the phonetic sounds of "dj" or "j". Moreover, the explorers who visited Borkou before the French colonization made contributions to the misinterpretation of various expressions, as evidenced by Gustav Nichtigal's works. These inaccuracies include referring to
4350-419: The citizens of the aforementioned canton are referred to as "Kamay" in the singular form for males, while the singular form for females may be either "Kamaydo" or "Kamayro", with the vocalization of the suffix varying across specific regions and individuals' accents, ranging from "do" to "ro" which is only the "d" and "r". The plural form of the female noun may be expressed as either "Kamayda" or "Kamayra", whereas
4437-534: The daylight hours). The sunshine duration in the Sahel approaches desert levels, and is comparable to that in the Arabian Desert , for example, even though the Sahel is only a steppe and not a desert. The cloud cover is low to very low. For example, Niamey , Niger has 3,082 hours of bright sunshine; Gao , Mali has near 3,385 hours of sunshine; Timbuktu , Mali has 3,409 sunny hours, and N'Djamena , Chad has 3,205 hours of sunlight. For hundreds of years,
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#17327649194854524-587: The destruction were arrested, and families who refused to leave their homes were beaten. In the Libyan Civil War , Toubou tribespeople in Libya sided with the rebel anti-Gaddafi forces and participated in the Fezzan campaign against forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi , briefly capturing the town of Qatrun and claiming to capture Murzuk for the rebel movement a month later. In March 2012, bloody clashes broke out between Toubou and Arab tribesmen in
4611-431: The entirety of Chad. On the other end of the spectrum, the nomenclature of Kamaya has signification, value, and historical origins rooted in the expression "Kama-dro-yédé". This expression pertains to the inhabitant of the Faya oasis in the accent of Kanem Dazaga, where "Kama" describes a valley, "dro" implies interior, and "yédé" denotes an occupant. In this context, "yé" indicates the act of dwelling, while "dé" stands as
4698-492: The founding of the International Fund for Agricultural Development . Between June and August 2010, famine struck the Sahel. Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat, 350,000 faced starvation, and 1,200,000 were at risk of famine. In Chad the temperature reached 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) on 22 June in Faya-Largeau , breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, also on 22 June, at 47.1 °C in Bilma . That record
4785-635: The giant prehistoric buffalo ( Pelorovis ) , and Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) , along with large predators, such as the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) , the Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) , the Northeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) , and the lion (Panthera leo) . The larger species have been greatly reduced in number by over-hunting and competition with livestock, and several species are vulnerable (Dorcas gazelle, cheetah, lion and red-fronted gazelle), endangered ( Dama gazelle and African wild dog ), or extinct (the Scimitar-horned oryx
4872-399: The heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger, and in northern Niger about 20 people reportedly died of dehydration by 27 July. The Sahel region faces environmental issues that are contributing to global warming . If the change in climate in the Sahel region "is not slowed-down and desertification possibly reversed through sustainable practices and any form of reforestation , it
4959-418: The horses and camels were susceptible to the humidity and diseases of the tropics. The Western Sahel fell to France in the late 19th century as part of French West Africa . Chad was added in 1900 as part of French Equatorial Africa . The French territories in the Sahel were decolonized in 1960. The Sahel's easternmost region did not fall to the European powers but to the Khedivate of Egypt when it
5046-400: The indicator of a singular form. Thus, the expression "Kama-dro-yédé" may be interpreted as "the individual who dwells in the valley" of the palm grove situated in the Faya oasis. The ancient designation for the clans of Kamaya was "Kamayada", with "ya" denoting habitation and "da" indicating plurality. Conversely, "Kamayédé" is the singular and authentic noun used to refer to an occupant of
5133-580: The leadership of Muammar Gaddafi as well as after the Libyan civil war . In a report released by the UNHCR , the Society for Threatened Peoples (STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides in the southeastern corner of the country around the oasis town of Kufra . In December 2007, the Gaddafi government stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were not Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to education and healthcare. In response, an armed group called
5220-498: The male plural and as general and "Kamadji" for the male singular, are used as generic phrases. It is worth noting that these terms lack inherent significance. The solitary form of the female term, "Kamadjedo" or "Kamadjero", might be seen as implausible and without coherence, whilst the plural form of the female term, "Kamadjeda", has an exceptionally peculiar and irrational quality. These terms are devoid of any discernible significance. The mispronunciation in question may be attributed to
5307-406: The middle of the year, while the other months may remain absolutely dry. The interior of the Sahel region generally receives between 200 mm and 700 mm of rain yearly. A system of subdivisions often adopted for the Sahelian climate based on annual rainfall is as follows: the Saharan-Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 100 and 200 mm (such as Khartoum , Sudan),
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#17327649194855394-580: The most common, along with Senegalia senegal and Senegalia laeta . Other tree species include Adansonia digitata , Commiphora africana , Balanites aegyptiaca , Faidherbia albida , Borassus aethiopum , Vitellaria paradoxa , Olea europaea , Arbutus unedo , Phoenix canariensis , Hyphaene compressa , Cupressus sempervirens , Quercus coccifera , Quercus suber , Pinus nigra , Populus nigra , Ceratonia siliqua , Salix alba , Afzelia africana , Kigelia africana , Sclerocarya birrea , and Boscia senegalensis . In
5481-412: The north of the Sahel to around 700–1,000 mm (28–39 in) in the south. The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland. Grass cover is fairly continuous across the region, dominated by annual grass species such as Cenchrus biflorus , Schoenefeldia gracilis and Aristida stipoides . Species of acacia are the dominant trees, with Acacia tortilis
5568-433: The northern drier region more accessible. There was a push, supported by governments, for people to move northwards. When the long drought period from 1968 through 1974 began, grazing quickly became unsustainable and large-scale denuding of the terrain followed. Like the drought in 1914, this led to a large-scale famine, but this time somewhat tempered by international visibility and an outpouring of aid. This catastrophe led to
5655-500: The northern part of the Sahel, areas of desert shrub, including Panicum turgidum and Aristida sieberiana , alternate with areas of grassland and savanna. During the long dry season, many trees lose their leaves and the predominantly annual grasses die. The Sahel was formerly home to large populations of grazing mammals, including the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) , dama gazelle (Gazella dama) , Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) , red-fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrons) ,
5742-438: The parental clan, it provides ties. The third factor is protective relationships at the primary residence. Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial period (and since independence in 1960), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional groupings by dividing
5829-519: The plural form for males and as a general reference is "Kamaya". The Teda, in particular, forbids marriage between cousins, up to 9 generations unrelated, a tradition prevalent with many Muslim ethnic groups in Africa, however, the Daza of Kanem, Bahr el-Ghazal, and certain clans of Borkou and Ennedi marry close cousins since it is not prohibited in the Quran, they also doubt the origins of individuals and misalliance. A man may marry and have multiple wives according to Islamic tenets, however, this practice
5916-413: The protection of the Kamaya canton and they were subsequently emancipated by the esteemed chief, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, who granted them land that enabled them to settle, and this district was formerly referred to as "Ni-Agaranga" in Dazaga, which literally translates to "country of slaves" in the Faya-Largeau city. However, the Borkou municipality opted to rechristen it as "Quartier Huit" (Eighth Quarter) as
6003-424: The region lies between 200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft) in elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel (e.g. Marrah Mountains , Aïr Mountains , Ennedi Plateau ), but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands (e.g. East Saharan woodlands ). Annual rainfall varies from around 100–200 mm (4–8 in) in
6090-514: The region, resulting in a rapid increase in population. In recent times, various coups , insurgencies , terrorism and foreign interventions have taken place in many Sahel countries, especially across former Françafrique . The Sahel spans 5,900 km (3,670 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east, in a belt several hundred to a thousand kilometers (c. 600 miles) wide. It covers an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers (1,178,850 sq mi). Representing
6177-416: The right to a part of the harvest from the fields irrigated by their water. Within the clan and family contexts, individuals also may have personal claims to palm trees and animals. Much of the political class of Chad are drawn from Dazzaga. During the First Chadian Civil War (1966–1979), the derde came to occupy a more important position. In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over
6264-539: The same customs and traditions as the rest of the Toubou, but they were independent in their politics and beliefs, much like the artisan castes found in many ethnic groups of western Chad such as the Kanembou , Yedina , Arab, Kouri and Danawa. Marriage between a member of the Azza and a member from a different strata of the Toubou people has been culturally unacceptable. The Azza are Dazaga-speaking people who sprang from
6351-404: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Teda . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teda&oldid=926594366 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6438-413: The scattered oases where they cultivate dates , grain and legumes . Their herds include dromedaries , goats, cattle, donkeys and sheep. Livestock is a major part of their wealth, and trade. Livestock is also used as a part of dowry payment during marriage, either as one where the groom's family agrees to pay to the bride's family in exchange for the bride, or it is given by the bride's kin to supply
6525-481: The southern city of Sabha, Libya . In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribes in Libya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw as "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou and declaring "We announce the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition group active in the unrest of 2007–2008 that
6612-511: The strict Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 700 mm (such as Niamey , Niger) and the Sahelian-Sudanese climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 700 and 900 mm (such as Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso). The relative humidity in the steppe is low to very low, often between 10% and 25% during the dry season and between 25% and 75% during the rainy season. The least humid places have
6699-533: The two Northeastern Sub-Saharan samples, this Western Eurasian ancestry in their Toubou sample was 31.4%, and it was 14.9% for the East African Bantu. The Toubou also maintained similar genetic distance to other Sub-Saharan samples, but was also genetically close to North African and non-African samples. The Eurasian component in the North African individuals was present at high rates of 84.9% for
6786-611: The two groups, the Daza, found to the south of the Teda, are more numerous. The Toubou people are also referred to as the Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, 'Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, or Gorane people. The Daza are sometimes referred to as Gouran (or Gorane, Goran, Gourane), an Arabian exonym. Many of Chad's leaders have been Toubou (Gouran), including presidents Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré . The Toubou people have historically lived in northern Chad, northeastern Niger, and southern Libya. They have sometimes been called
6873-709: The violence, extremism and instability of the region. In March 2020, the United States sent a special envoy for the Sahel region to combat the rising violence from terrorist groups. The Catholic charity Aid to the Church in Need has highlighted the fact that the Sahel has become one of the most dangerous regions in the world for Christians. As of 2024, a wave of new military juntas in Africa, favoring Russian mercenaries over Western forces and UN peacekeepers, has intensified violence. This led Mauritania and Chad to disband
6960-562: The world's fastest-growing terrorist organization. In 2023, fatalities from conflict in the central Sahel rose by 38%, according to data from the research organization Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project. In the wake of the Libyan Crisis beginning in 2011, terrorist organizations operating in the Sahel, including Boko Haram , Islamic State and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), have greatly exacerbated
7047-409: The young couple with economic resources in order to start a family. In a few places, the Toubou also mine salt and natron , a salt-like substance which is essential in nearly all components of Toubou life from medicine, as a mixture in chewing tobacco, preservation, tanning, soap production, textiles and for livestock. Literacy rates among the Toubou are quite low. Many Toubou people still follow
7134-407: Was conquered by Muhammad Ali in the 1820s. By 1899 it came under British rule until granted independence at Egypt's behest in 1956. According to The Economist , in recent years the Sahel has become the epicenter of terrorist violence , contributing to 35% of all global deaths from terrorism by 2021, with Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin , an al-Qaeda-affiliated group, identified as
7221-472: Was "ruthlessly persecuted" by the Gaddafi government. Sahel The Sahel region ( / s ə ˈ h ɛ l / ; from Arabic ساحل ( sāḥil [ˈsaːħil] ) 'coast, shore'), or Sahelian acacia savanna , is a biogeographical region in Africa . It is the transition zone between the more humid Sudanian savannas to its south and the drier Sahara to the north. The Sahel has
7308-597: Was broken the next day, when Bilma hit 48.2 °C (118.8 °F). The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on 25 June, at 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) in Dongola , breaking a record set in 1987. Niger reported on 14 July that diarrhoea , starvation, gastroenteritis , malnutrition and respiratory diseases had sickened or killed many children. The new military junta appealed for international food aid and took serious steps to call on overseas help. On 26 July,
7395-484: Was endogamous, and their status was inherited by birth. In the year 1953, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, a highly esteemed privileged chieftain of the Kamaya canton, an agreement with the French colonizers decreed the emancipation of all slaves and suppressed the use of captives in the Borkou region, while slaves from the contiguous regions, such as Tibesti and Ennedi, uncovered the liberation center situated in Borkou. Several of these slaves escaped and sought refuge in Borkou under
7482-624: Was introduced in Sahel in 1980 by the Development Workshop, achieving since then a high social impact in the region. A major initiative to combat desertification in the Sahel region via reforestation and other interventions is the Great Green Wall . Major dust storms are a frequent occurrence as well. During November 2004, a number of major dust storms hit Chad , originating in the Bodélé Depression . This
7569-539: Was to become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Another northerner, Hissène Habré of the Dazagra, replaced Goukouni of the Teda in 1982, and eventually lost power to the Zaghawa Idriss Déby after 8 years. The Toubou minority in Libya suffered what has been described as "massive discrimination" both under
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