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97-551: Central Thai may call the northern Thai people and their language Thai Yuan, probably derived from Sanskrit yavana meaning "stranger", which itself comes from the name of the Greek tribe of the Ionians . In everyday speech, "Tai" prefixed to some location is understood as meaning " Tai person " of that place. The British colonial rulers in neighbouring Burma (now Myanmar ) referred to them as Siamese Shan to distinguish them from

194-623: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with

291-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

388-699: A great deal of action in the 1884 Sino-French War . Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Friendship Pass ) on 23 March 1885. Following the Wuchang Uprising , Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan , initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by

485-441: A great pride in its own history and tradition could be established. At Chiang Mai University in particular, a number of scholars are dedicated to researching traditions and cultivating cultural heritage. Since then, some Northern Thai women, mainly the middle and upper classes, have been wearing the classic dresses of the north again on special occasions, made of hand-made cotton. In many public institutions and government agencies it

582-476: A mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting . General Lu's Old Guangxi clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai 's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in

679-406: A result, many Thais cannot distinguish between citizenship (san-chat) and ethnicity or origin (chuea-chat) . The Lanna script formerly in use by northern Thai people is also called Tai Tham script. The effects of Thaification in the wake of Monthon reforms have caused few northern Thai to be able to read or write it, as it no longer represents accurately the orthography of the spoken form. Despite

776-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

873-726: Is 99.7% Zhuang. The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous Yao , Miao , Kam , Mulam , Maonan , Hui , Gin , Yi , Sui and Gelao peoples. Other ethnic minorities in Guangxi include the Manchu , Mongol , Korean , Tibetan , Hlai , and Tujia people. Religion in Guangxi The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . The large Zhuang population mostly practices

970-615: Is also called the Lanna script. The script is still taught to Lao Buddhist monks. After being banned from schools as part of the thaification process, the script has recently been rediscovered by the population. It is believed by the Tai Yuan that the script has divine powers, and tattoos and amulets written in Tai Tham are thought to possess particular powers. The Tai Yuan have practiced Theravada Buddhism for several centuries. Chiang Mai

1067-506: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As

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1164-557: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

1261-490: Is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea . Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 county-level divisions (41 districts , 10 county-level cities , 48 counties , and 12 autonomous counties ). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million. The Han Chinese are

1358-461: Is customary to wear clothes made of traditional textiles on Fridays. There are regular performances of Lan Na music and dance, as well as demonstrations of traditional handicrafts. As an expression of the own regional character, signs with lettering in Lanna script are again being set up in some places. The Tai Yuan speak the Northern Thai language , also known as Kham Mueang and Lanna, which

1455-456: Is developed from the Old Mon script ). As a result, a common identity among the peoples of Lan Na became increasingly common in the 14th century, and the non-Tai peoples largely assimilated to the Tai Yuan. Anyone who integrated themselves into the communities in the river valleys and plains (Mueang) was regarded as Tai, regardless of ethnic origin, hence the self-designation Khon Mueang . Only

1552-516: Is forested. Major cities in Guangxi include Nanning , Liuzhou , Guilin , and Beihai . Notable towns include Longmen  [ zh ] , Sanjiang , and Yangshuo . The Xi River system provides waterways which connect to the Pearl River Delta . Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin include Beihai , Qinzhou , and Fangchenggang . Pinglu Canal

1649-452: Is historically one of the places where Lanna sacred art has developed the most, with ancient temples and Buddha sculptures. In Laos, religious practices have returned to normal after the obstacles posed by the communist government in the first years after the seizure of power in 1975. Traditionally the Tai Yuan, like most Tai peoples, have remained clinging to their animist roots . Small sanctuaries dedicated to this belief scattered throughout

1746-667: Is like Lao and Thai one of the Tai languages . Northern Tai is similar to the Tai Lue language , which is mainly located in the south of Yunnan but also present in the northern areas of Vietnam , Thailand, Myanmar and Laos, and to the Khün language , located in the eastern part of the Shan State of Myanmar. The Northern Tai language has its own writing system, the Tai Tham script , which

1843-415: Is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones. The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October. Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August. Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September. This

1940-400: Is reflected in various inscriptions in which the term "Thai-Tai" is used to refer to themselves. The term "Lao" is seen as an insult by Northern Thais, as it is associated with a savage and uncivilized culture. Therefore, the use of the term Khon Muang is a way for Northern Thais to assert their distinct identity and cultural heritage and to distance themselves from the negative connotations of

2037-424: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai

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2134-427: Is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and

2231-530: The 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War , Guangxi communities were important to the Chinese war effort. They supplied logistical support to the People's Liberation Army , including food and housing. Militia members from Guangxi performed tasks including building roads, bridges, trenches, other logistical efforts, and caring for the wounded. Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to

2328-653: The Chinese Civil War , but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding. In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ( Qinzhou , Lianzhou (now Hepu County ), Fangchenggang and Beihai ) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. The Guangxi Massacre , during the Cultural Revolution , involved

2425-663: The Dali Kingdom in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between

2522-488: The French protectorate of Laos . Lan Na lost its independence in 1899, when the administrative reform under King Rama V (Chulalongkorn) introduced the centralised thesaphiban -system. Chulalongkorn's son Rama VI (Vajiravudh), who ruled from 1905, endeavoured to turn the population of his empire into a nation and Thailand into a nation state . There was less and less differentiation between Siamese, Lao or Tai Yuan, and there

2619-580: The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China , located in South China and bordering Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Cao Bằng , Lạng Sơn , and Quảng Ninh Provinces ) and the Gulf of Tonkin . Formerly a province , Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning . Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on

2716-634: The Mon and Khmer Empire . The blending of peoples and the influx of Indian philosophy, religion, language, culture and customs via and alongside some Austroasiatic element enriched the culture of the Tai peoples, but the Tais remained in contact with the other Tai mueang . The presence of the Yuan in what is now northern Thailand has been documented since the 11th century. The core of their original settlement area lies in

2813-723: The Qin River and the Nanliu River both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger Xiang River in neighbouring Hunan province, and the Xi River system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the South China Sea . Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù ), which separates the two countries. About one-quarter of Guangxi's area

2910-455: The Shan proper, whom they called Burmese Shan . The Northern Thai people refer to themselves as khon muang , meaning "people of the (cultivated) land", "people of our community" or "society" ( mueang is a central term in Tai languages that has a broad meaning and is essential to the social structure of Tai peoples). With that name, they historically identified themselves as the inhabitants of

3007-525: The Song dynasty , the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Xīlù ( 廣南西路 ; 广南西路 ; 'vast south west region') and Guǎngnán Dōnglù ( 廣南東路 ; 广南东路 ; 'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngxī Lù ( 廣西路 ; 广西路 ) and Guǎngdōng Lù ( 廣東路 ; 广东路 ). Guangxi was also previously spelled as Kwangsi in postal and Wade–Giles romanizations. The spelling of

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3104-954: The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau , the Jiuwan Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains both run through the north, the Nanling Mountains form the region's north-east border, and the Yuecheng and Haiyang Mountains both branch from the Nanling Mountains. Also in the north are the Duyao Mountains . The Duyang Mountains run through the west of Guangxi. Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains . On

3201-597: The Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . The Yao , another numerous ethnic group inhabiting

3298-595: The "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao 's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing control over other warlords by the Republic of China . His was one of the few Kuomintang units free from serious Chinese Communist Party (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai massacre of 1927 . Within

3395-574: The 1920 and 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War . After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming 's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years until Li Zongren 's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong , and Bai Chongxi . Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as

3492-472: The Ai Lao, the Tai tribes began migrating into South-East Asia by the beginning of the 1st millennium, but large-scale migrations took place between the 7th and the 13th centuries AD, especially from what is now Sipsongbanna , Yunnan Province and Guangxi . The possible reasons for Tai migration include pressures from Han Chinese expansion, Mongol invasions , finding suitable land for wet rice cultivation and

3589-882: The Hundred Yue" ( 和集百越 ) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty . The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province ( 廣州 ) of the Eastern Wu , which controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies. Under the Tang dynasty , the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge 's kingdom of Nanzhao in Yunnan , which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi

3686-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

3783-523: The Lao to be like a machine which we will wheel forward or backward as we wish... but it is necessary to do this with a brain and intelligence more than power and force. Do not let the Lao think that it is force and oppression. (You) must point out what is beneficial and what is not. After Siam had to cede what is now Laos to France in 1893, the Thai government stopped designating the Lao and Tai Yuan living in Thailand as Lao to avoid justifying further expansion of

3880-466: The Northern Thai language at home. However, since 1985 the use of the language has declined. Since then, the younger generations have used the Northern Thai language less and less amd so the language was to be expected to disappear in the medium term. On the other hand, there has been a renaissance of Lanna culture since the mid-1990s. Especially around the 700th anniversary of Chiang Mai in 1996,

3977-677: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard

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4074-622: The People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising , a failed CCP revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929. In 1937, the Guangxi Women's Battalion was founded as a response to Soong Mei-ling 's appeal for women to support the Sino-Japanese War . Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students, to 500, to 800. Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during

4171-730: The Siamese dominion. Its inhabitants were considered western Lao (or "black-bellied Lao" because of the tradition of male Tai Yuan to tattoo themselves above the hips), but not as Siamese. The Tai Yuan also saw themselves more as relatives of the Lao than the Siamese of the central Thai lowlands. As recently as the 1980s, the government of Laos referred to the Tai Yuan-inhabited provinces of northern Thailand as their " lost territories ". The Siamese King Rama V (Chulalongkorn) wrote in 1883 to his high commissioner in Chiang Mai about

4268-617: The Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit . Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam , the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China. The Yuan dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of

4365-476: The Tai Yuan, which he called "Lao": We consider Chiang Mai as still not belonging to the Kingdom proper because it still is a prathetsarat (i. e. tributary state), but we do not plan to destroy the (ruling) families and to abandon prathetsarat (status). We only want to maintain and hold to the real power; that is to say whatever will be, let it be only that which we allow it to be.... To put it briefly, we want

4462-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

4559-466: The Thaification policies, the Tai Yuan have retained their own cultural identity even if that is now mostly referred to as Northern Thai) The Tai Yuan have their own dance tradition, and a cuisine very different from that of central Thailand. Even if almost all residents of northern Thailand understand and can speak the standard Thai language, which is compulsory in schools, most of them still speak

4656-529: The Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful Cen ( 岑 ) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as tusi or local rulers by the Chinese emperors. The Qing dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831

4753-431: The alluvial plains, river valleys and plateaus of their native area, where they lived in local communities, called muang , and cultivated rice on paddy fields . That distinguished them from the indigenous peoples of the area (" hill tribes "), like the Lua' , who lived in the wooded mountains practicing slash-and-burn agriculture. Membership of the Northern Thai was therefore defined by lifestyle, rather than genetics. At

4850-495: The antiviral oseltamivir . Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China. Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile . The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand

4947-402: The arrival of the Tai Yuan. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai

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5044-408: The basin of the Kok and Ing rivers in what is now Chiang Rai province . Since the Yuan, like other Tai peoples, traditionally live from wet rice cultivation, they settled only in the river plains of northern Thailand, not in the mountain ranges that run through it and make up three quarters of the area. They formed small-scale principalities ( Mueang ). The geography of the settlement area prevented

5141-442: The city Lanna, became its ruler and on his death he was placed by the citizens of Chiang Mai at the helm of the protective spirits of the city. The second legend reports that Chao Luang Kham Daeng is the lord of the ogres who guard the treasure of the sacred cave of Chiang Dao. It is assumed that the second legend comes from the tradition of the Lawa people , the people that had settled in the Chiang Mai area before its foundation and

5238-429: The city of Yonok was destroyed in an earthquake, the Tai Yuan rebuilt the city at Vieng Prueksa in present-day Mae Sai district (Chiang Rai Province), where they formed an elected monarchy. Vieng Prueksa came under the sphere of influence of the Lavo Kingdom , now Lopburi , which was a vassal state of the Khmer state of Chenla . The king of Lavo forced the accession to the throne of Lawachangkarat, who became ruler of

5335-449: The differences between them and the Siamese in Ayutthaya. Nevertheless, after the fall of Ayutthaya, the Tai Yuan nobility of Lan Na entered into an alliance with King Taksin of Thonburi (the new Siamese kingdom) and, with his support, shook off Burmese supremacy in 1774, but that was immediately replaced by that of the Siamese (from 1782 under the Chakri dynasty and with the capital of Bangkok). After conquering Chiang Saen in 1804 ,

5432-399: The fact that they see themselves and those ethnic groups as distinct entities. According to a shared legend amongst various Tai peoples , a possibly-mythical king, Khun Borom Rachathiriat of Mueang Then begot several sons that settled and ruled other mueang , or city-states, across Southeast Asia and southern China . Descended from ancient peoples known to the Chinese as the Yue and

5529-406: The fall of the states in which the Tais inhabited. < According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and the 10th centuries. The Tai assimilated or pushed out indigenous Austroasiatic Mon–Khmer peoples, and settled on the fringes of the Indianized kingdoms of

5626-428: The formation of larger communities. The Kingdom of Hiran was a state formed in the 7th century AD in what is now northern Thailand. There are no written records of Hiran prior to the reign of King Mangrai , the founder and ruler of Lan na from 1296 to 1317. In the 8th century, the city of Yonok was founded in the area of today's Chiang Saen district by subjugating the pre-existing Khmu and Lawa populations. After

5723-452: The frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of Chinese history . The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan dynasty , but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is " 桂 " ( Hanyu pinyin : Guì ; Zhuang: Gvei ), which comes from

5820-419: The indigenous peoples such as the Lawa , who lived outside the Mueang in the highlands of the mountains and practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, were not included. They were grouped together by the Tai as kha . Ethnicity was defined less by descent than by way of life. The Tai Yuan had very close ties with the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang . In 1546, Setthathirath , a Lao prince, was elected king of Lan Na. By

5917-525: The killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968. While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination. Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi. During

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6014-407: The king and pay tribute ( mandala model ). Lan Na was ethnically very heterogeneous and the Northern Thai did not constitute the majority of the population in large parts of their domain. However, the different cultures converged, so the originally animist and illiterate Tai Yuan adopted their religion, Theravada Buddhism , and their writing system from the Mon of Hariphunchai (the Tai Tham script

6111-535: The largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions. Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese . Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County , Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam. Guangxi has over 16 million Zhuangs ,

6208-458: The largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in Nanning , Liuzhou , Chongzuo , Baise , Hechi , and Laibin . The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the county-level city of Jingxi , with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population

6305-461: The last Burmese outpost in what is now Thailand, the Siamese deported thousands of Tai Yuan residents to the Siamese heartland, the Chao Phraya Basin of central Thailand. As a result, a significant number of Tai Yuan still live in the provinces of Ratchaburi and Saraburi , where in the Sao Hai District an enclave with a Tai Yuan majority still exists. Until the 19th century, Lan Na retained its own structure and autonomy in internal affairs within

6402-406: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

6499-464: The middle of the 15th century at the latest, they had the technology to manufacture and use cannons and fireworks rockets. The expansion of the sphere of influence of Lan Na reached a climax in the second half of the 15th century under King Tilok . The sphere of interest of Lan Na clashed with that of the central Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya , which resulted in several wars over the Mueang of Sukhothai , Phitsanulok and Kamphaeng Phet , that lied between

6596-453: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

6693-554: The name of the city of Guilin , the provincial capital during both the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty . Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after Yunnan , in particular, the Zhuang people , who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such as Pinghua , Zhuang , Kam , Cantonese , Hakka , and Min are spoken alongside Mandarin Chinese . " Guǎng " ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with

6790-482: The new kingdom in 638 and changed the name of the capital to Hiran. Around the year 850, the seventh king of Hiran, Laokiang, had Yonok rebuilt on the current site of Chiang Saen , which took the name of Ngoenyang and became the new capital. From then on, the Kingdom of Hiran was called the Kingdom of Ngoenyang and expanded significantly, subsequently by occupying the Laotian territories of Meuang Sua and Mueang Theng, today's Luang Prabang and Dien Bien Phu . Mangrai ,

6887-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

6984-469: The province was replaced by the pinyin spelling of Guangxi in 1958 and has been widely used internationally after 1986. The official name was also known as Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region in a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s. Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue", Vietnamese : Bách Việt ),

7081-466: The province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism . Today, there are 21 mosques in Guangxi This may include: Important crops in Guangxi include rice , maize and sweet potatoes . Cash crops include sugar cane , peanuts , tobacco , and kenaf . 85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in

7178-611: The region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty . In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo ( Vietnamese : Triệu Đà ) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering

7275-485: The region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called Liangguang ( Liangkwang ; traditional Chinese : 兩廣 ; simplified Chinese : 两广 ; pinyin : liǎng guǎng ; Cantonese Yale : léuhng gwóng ; lit. 'Two Expanses', Vietnamese : Lưỡng Quảng ). During

7372-477: The region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below). In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong . Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$ 302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP

7469-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

7566-613: The ruler of Mueang Ngoenyang , united a number of these principalities after his accession to the throne around 1259 and founded the city of Chiang Rai in 1263. Around 1292 he conquered the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai , which had dominated large parts of what is now northern Thailand in political, economic and cultural terms. That laid the foundation for the new kingdom of Lan Na ("One Million Rice Fields") when its capital, Mangrai, founded Chiang Mai in 1296. The remaining Mueang , which were dependent on Lan Na, retained their own dynasties and extensive autonomy, but had to swear loyalty to

7663-520: The same time, it was a term of dissociation from the Burmese and Siamese , who held suzerainty over the Lanna Kingdom for centuries and who were not "people of our muang ". For the same reasons, the khon muang call themselves kammuang or kham muang in which kam means language or word, and muang means town; hence, the meaning "town language", contrasts those of the many hill tribes in

7760-545: The southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains . Guangxi's highest point is Kitten Mountain , in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft). Karst landforms , characterized by steep mountains and large caverns, are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area. Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water:

7857-501: The surrounding mountainous areas. Prior to their integration into Thailand, the Northern Thais were known as Lao phung dam , or black-bellied Lao because of their tradition of tattooing their abdomens ( phung ), which contrasted with the Lao to their east, who did not have that custom. According to Jit Bhumisak , a prominent Thai historian, Northern Thais consider themselves Tai-Thai and do not refer to themselves as Lao. That

7954-467: The takeover of power by Plaek Phibunsongkhram in 1938. Phibunsongkhram decreed in 1939 that from now on, the country should be called only Thailand and its inhabitants only Thai. He forbade any ethnic or regional differentiation. The Lanna script was subsequently repressed in favour of the Thai alphabet . The use of the central Thai dialect was also promoted in the north in displace the Lanna language . As

8051-414: The term "Lao". The Northern Thais also call Central Thais "Thai" and add the word "South" to refer to Southern Thais or "Southerners" to indicate they see themselves and Central Thais as part of the larger Tai/Thai ethnic group. However, they do not use the term Tai/Thai to refer to other ethnicities that interact more closely with Lanna society, such as Tai Yai , Tai Khoen, Tai Lue people, which reflects

8148-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

8245-470: The territory are still frequented by devotees who ask for the protection of the spirits. Many of the private gardens also have a spirit house which is stocked daily with votive offerings. A widespread cult among the Tai Yuan is that of the spirit of Chao Luang Kham Daeng, which is passed down through two legends. The first describes him as a human being sent by the god Indra to become king and teach Buddhist precepts to his subjects. In this capacity he founded

8342-411: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Guangxi Guangxi , officially

8439-516: The two kingdoms. The first decades of the 16th century are considered to be the heyday of the Lan Na literature. The classical works of the time, however, were written not in the native language of the Tai Yuan but in the scholarly language of Pali . At the same time, however, Ayutthaya was expanding north and Siamese troops penetrated deep into the Yuan-inhabited area of Lan Na. The fighting

8536-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

8633-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai

8730-484: The west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast. It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south. Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ; pinyin : Guǎng ) being used in both names. Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous. The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of

8827-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

8924-617: Was constructed to connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi. Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October. Winters are mild, and snow is rare. The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F), with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F), and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). Due to frequent rain-bearing monsoon winds, average annual precipitation

9021-465: Was extremely costly, and a number of high-ranking generals and nobles of the Yuan perished. In addition to the population losses of men of armed age as a result of the war, much of the population also fell victim to natural disasters and epidemics around 1520, which initiated the decline of Lan Na. In 1558, Lan Na came under the rule of the Burmese Taungoo dynasty ( Kingdom of Ava ). As there

9118-853: Was followed by the Jintian Uprising , the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion , in January 1851 and the Da Cheng Rebellion in April 1854. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Louis Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou , the Guangxi Army saw

9215-518: Was increasingly talk of the Thai nation. Vajiravudh strove to unite the different tribes under one dominant culture. During the Monthon reforms of the north region at the turn of the 20th century, the region of Lanna was assigned to Monthon Phayap ( มณฑลพายัพ ) from the Sanskrit word for "northwest". This policy of Thaification was intensified after the end of the absolute monarchy in 1932 and

9312-472: Was often a shortage of labour in pre-modern Southeast Asia, it was customary after wars to drag parts of the population of the defeated party to the area of the victor. In the 17th century, after the subjugation of Lan Na by the Burmese, some Tai Yuan were brought to their capital Ava , where they belonged to the category of royal servants and provided lacquerware. The Burmese control over the Tai Yuan increased

9409-597: Was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning. After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong ). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to

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