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117-572: The New York Post ( NY Post ) is an American conservative daily tabloid newspaper published in New York City . The Post also operates three online sites: NYPost.com; PageSix.com, a gossip site; and Decider.com, an entertainment site. The newspaper was founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton , a Federalist and Founding Father who was appointed the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington . The newspaper became

234-652: A Page Six TV nightly gossip show based on and named after the Post's gossip section. A test run in July would occur on Fox Television Stations . The show garnered the highest ratings of a nationally syndicated entertainment newsmagazine in a decade when it debuted in 2017. With Page Six TV ' s success, the New York Post formed New York Post Entertainment, a scripted and unscripted television entertainment division, in July 2018 with Troy Searer as president. In 2017,

351-452: A totalitarian ruler, but a monarch, or a traditionalist who acts like one. Many such movements in Spain, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Italy have been explicitly monarchist […] The supporters of these movements differ from those of the centrists, tending to be wealthier, and more religious, which is more important in terms of a potential for mass support. Edmund Fawcett states that fascism

468-414: A "right-wing viewpoint occupying the political spectrum between [classical] liberalism and fascism ". Conservatism has been called a "philosophy of human imperfection" by Noël O'Sullivan , reflecting among its adherents a negative view of human nature and pessimism of the potential to improve it through 'utopian' schemes. Thomas Hobbes , the "intellectual godfather of the realist right", argued that

585-652: A badge of honor". Despite this, the descriptor has been adopted by intellectuals such as the Italian esoteric traditionalist Julius Evola , the Austrian monarchist Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , the Colombian political theologian Nicolás Gómez Dávila , and the American historian John Lukacs . Religious conservatism principally applies the teachings of particular religions to politics—sometimes by merely proclaiming

702-709: A co-owner and editor of the Post , eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 and 1835. Two additional co-owners of the paper were John Bigelow and Issac Henderson. Born in Malden-on-Hudson, New York , Bigelow graduated in 1835 from Union College, where he was a member of the Sigma Phi Society and the Philomathean Society, and was admitted to

819-580: A consultant for five years. In 2005, it was reported that Murdoch bought the newspaper for US$ 30.5 million. The Post at this point was the only surviving afternoon daily in New York City and its circulation under Schiff had grown by two-thirds, particularly after the failure of the competing World Journal Tribune ; however, the rising cost of operating an afternoon daily in a city with worsening daytime traffic congestion, combined with mounting competition from expanded local radio and TV news cut into

936-530: A cub reporter. In the winter of 1867–1868, he traveled in Germany; and gave an account of his interview with Otto von Bismarck in his Reminiscences . He spoke against "repudiation" of war debts and for "honest money"—code for going back on the gold standard—during the presidential campaign of 1868. In 1868, he was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri , becoming

1053-663: A degree of religious toleration . Burke ultimately justified the social order on the basis of tradition: tradition represented the wisdom of the species, and he valued community and social harmony over social reforms. Another form of conservatism developed in France in parallel to conservatism in Britain. It was influenced by Counter-Enlightenment works by philosophers such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald . Many continental conservatives do not support separation of church and state , with most supporting state cooperation with

1170-665: A legal practice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin . He also became a strong advocate for the anti-slavery movement and joined the newly organized Republican Party, unsuccessfully running for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. After briefly representing the United States as Minister (ambassador) to Spain , Schurz served as a general in the American Civil War , fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg and other major battles. After

1287-442: A moderate alternative to the extremes of right-wing nationalism and left-wing communism. Christian-democratic parties were especially popular among European women, who often voted for these parties to a large extent due to their pro-family policies. Social conservatives believe that society is built upon a fragile network of relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values, and established institutions; and that

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1404-483: A powerful reactionary movement was German Romanticism , which centred around concepts of organicism, medievalism , and traditionalism against the forces of rationalism, secularism, and individualism that were unleashed in the French Revolution . In political discourse, being a reactionary is generally regarded as negative; Peter King observed that it is "an unsought-for label, used as a torment rather than

1521-477: A respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post (originally New-York Evening Post ). Its most notable 19th-century editor was William Cullen Bryant . In the mid-20th century, the newspaper was owned by Dorothy Schiff , who developed the tabloid format that has been used since by the newspaper. In 1976, Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp bought the Post for US$ 30.5 million (equivalent to $ 163 million in 2023). As of 2023,

1638-526: A speaker on behalf of Lincoln—mostly in German —which raised Lincoln's popularity among German-American voters. In 1858, Schurz was admitted to the Wisconsin bar and began to practice law in Milwaukee . Beginning 1859, his law partner was Halbert E. Paine . With Paine's encouragement, Schurz took more of an interest in politics and public speaking than in law. In the state campaign of 1859, Schurz made

1755-584: A speech attacking the Fugitive Slave Law , arguing for states' rights . In Faneuil Hall , Boston , on April 18, 1859, he delivered an oration on "True Americanism", which, coming from an alien, was intended to clear the Republican party of the charge of " nativism ". Wisconsin Germans unsuccessfully urged his nomination for governor in 1859. In the 1860 Republican National Convention , Schurz

1872-495: A staff revolt against the Hoffenberg-Hirschfeld partnership, which included publication of an issue whose front page featured the iconic masthead picture of founder Alexander Hamilton with a single teardrop running down his cheek, the Post was again purchased in 1993 by Murdoch's News Corporation. This came about after numerous political officials, including Democratic governor of New York Mario Cuomo , persuaded

1989-1402: A stream of anti-rationalist, romantic conservatism, but would still stay separate. Whereas Burke was more open to argumentation and disagreement, Maistre wanted faith and authority, leading to a more illiberal strain of thought. Authoritarian conservatism refers to autocratic regimes that portray authority as absolute and unquestionable. Authoritarian conservative movements show strong devotion towards religion, tradition, and culture while also expressing fervent nationalism akin to other far-right nationalist movements. Examples of authoritarian conservative dictators include Marshal Philippe Pétain in France, Regent Miklós Horthy in Hungary, General Ioannis Metaxas in Greece, King Alexander I in Yugoslavia, Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal, Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria, Generalissimo Francisco Franco in Spain, King Carol II in Romania, and Tsar Boris III in Bulgaria. Authoritarian conservative movements were prominent in

2106-523: A top editor at The Sun , another Murdoch-owned tabloid, was appointed as the editor in chief of the New York Post Group. Around the same time, at least eight journalists had left the paper. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Conservative Conservatism

2223-588: A wide-scale inspection of the service, dismissed several officials, and began civil service reforms whereby positions and promotions were to be based on merit not political patronage. Schurz's leadership of the Indian Affairs Office was at times controversial. While certainly not an architect of forced displacement of Native Americans, he continued the practice. In response to several nineteenth-century reformers, however, he later changed his mind and promoted an assimilationist policy. Upon leaving

2340-485: Is "resting on an established belief in the sanctity of immemorial traditions and the legitimacy of those exercising authority under them". Alexandre Kojève distinguishes between two different forms of traditional authority: Robert Nisbet acknowledges that the decline of traditional authority in the modern world is partly linked with the retreat of old institutions such as guild , order , parish , and family —institutions that formerly acted as intermediaries between

2457-407: Is a cultural , social , and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions , customs , and values . The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilisation in which it appears. In Western culture , depending on the particular nation, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as

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2574-435: Is a strand in conservatism which reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically and that members within them have obligations towards each other. There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation ( noblesse oblige ) of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society, which is consistent with principles such as duty , organicism , and hierarchy . Its proponents often stress

2691-402: Is less an attempt to uphold old institutions and more "a meditation on—and theoretical rendition of—the felt experience of having power, seeing it threatened, and trying to win it back". On another occasion, Robin argues for a more complex relation: Conservatism is a defense of established hierarchies, but it is also fearful of those established hierarchies. It sees in their assuredness of power

2808-404: Is necessary to ensure law and order, and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation. Originally opposed to capitalism and the industrial revolution , the conservative ideology in many countries adopted economic liberalism , especially in the United States where this ideology is known as fiscal conservatism . National conservatism prioritises

2925-504: Is now WNYW , and four other stations from Metromedia to launch the Fox Broadcasting Company , Murdoch was forced to sell the paper for $ 37.6 million in 1988 (equivalent to $ 96.9 million in 2023) to Peter S. Kalikow , a real-estate magnate with no experience in the media industry. In 1988, the Post hired Jane Amsterdam , founding editor of Manhattan, inc. , as its first female editor, and within six months

3042-410: Is strongly influenced by liberal stances. It incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal economic interventionism , meaning that individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference. However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, liberal conservatives believe that a strong state

3159-584: Is totalitarian, populist, and anti- pluralist , whereas authoritarian conservatism is somewhat pluralist but most of all elitist and anti-populist. He concludes: "The fascist is a nonconservative who takes anti-liberalism to extremes. The right-wing authoritarian is a conservative who takes fear of democracy to extremes." During the Cold War , right-wing military dictatorships were prominent in Latin America, with most nations being under military rule by

3276-685: The 1876 presidential election , he appointed Schurz as his Secretary of the Interior . Schurz sought to make civil service based on merit rather than political and party connections and helped prevent the transfer of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the War Department . Schurz moved to New York City after Hayes left office in 1881 and briefly served as the editor of the New York Evening Post and The Nation and later became

3393-545: The Catholic Church , such as had existed in France before the Revolution. Conservatives were also early to embrace nationalism , which was previously associated with liberalism and the Revolution in France. Another early French conservative, François-René de Chateaubriand , espoused a romantic opposition to modernity, contrasting its emptiness with the 'full heart' of traditional faith and loyalty. Elsewhere on

3510-549: The Enforcement Acts . In 1872, he presided over the Liberal Republican Party convention, which nominated Horace Greeley for President . Schurz's own choice was Charles Francis Adams or Lyman Trumbull , and the convention did not represent Schurz's views on the tariff . Schurz campaigned for Greeley anyway. Especially in this campaign, and throughout his career as a Senator and afterwards, he

3627-472: The Evening Post . She was one of the first women to hold an editorial role at the newspaper, During her time at the Evening Post , she was the only female first-string critic on a New York newspaper. She was preceded by Clara Savage Littledale , the first woman reporter ever hired by the Post and the editor of the woman's page in 1914. In 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to

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3744-535: The Federal Communications Commission to grant Murdoch a permanent waiver from the cross-ownership rules that had forced him to sell the paper five years earlier. Without this FCC ruling, the paper would have shut down. In December 2012, Murdoch announced that Jesse Angelo had been appointed publisher. Various branches of Murdoch's media groups, 21st Century Fox 's Endemol Shine North America , and News Corp 's New York Post created

3861-479: The German revolutions of 1848–1849 as a member of the academic fraternity association Deutsche Burschenschaft . After Prussia suppressed the revolution Schurz fled to France . When police forced him to leave France he migrated to London . Like many other " Forty-Eighters ", he then migrated to the United States, settling in Watertown, Wisconsin , in 1852. After being admitted to the Wisconsin bar, he established

3978-592: The New York Post is the fourth-largest newspaper by print circulation among all U.S. newspapers. The Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 183,120 in 2023) from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as the New-York Evening Post , a broadsheet . Hamilton's co-investors included other New York members of the Federalist Party , including Robert Troup and Oliver Wolcott who were dismayed by

4095-411: The New York Post was reported to be the preferred newspaper of U.S. president Donald Trump , who maintains frequent contact with its owner Murdoch. The Post promoted Trump's celebrity since at least the 1980s. In October 2020, the Post endorsed Trump for re-election, citing his "promises made, promises kept" policy. Weeks after Trump was defeated and sought to overturn the election results ,

4212-430: The New York Post , and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. For four months of that same year, future U.S. Senator from Alaska Ernest Gruening was an editor of the paper. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper. Her husband George Backer was named editor and publisher. Her second editor and third husband Ted Thackrey became co-publisher and co-editor with Schiff in 1942. Together, they recast

4329-420: The Post ' s profitability, though it made money from 1949 until Schiff's final year of ownership, when it lost $ 500,000. The paper has lost money ever since. In late October 1995, the Post announced plans to change its Monday through Saturday publication schedule and begin issuing a Sunday edition, which it last published briefly in 1989. On April 14, 1996, the Post delivered its new Sunday edition at

4446-565: The Post published a front-page editorial, asking Trump to "stop the insanity", stating that he was "cheering for an undemocratic coup", writing, "If you insist on spending your final days in office threatening to burn it all down, that will be how you are remembered. Not as a revolutionary, but as the anarchist holding the match." The Post characterized Trump attorney Sidney Powell as a "crazy person", and his former national security advisor Michael Flynn 's suggestion to declare martial law as "tantamount to treason." In January 2021, Keith Poole,

4563-711: The Rockingham branch of the Whig party . Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom. Burke's views were a mixture of conservatism and republicanism. He supported the American Revolution of 1775–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution of 1789–1799. He accepted the conservative ideals of private property and the economics of Adam Smith , but he thought that capitalism should remain subordinate to

4680-751: The Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862. He was promoted to major general in 1863 and was assigned to lead a division in the XI Corps at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg , both under General Oliver O. Howard . A bitter controversy began between Schurz and Howard over the strategy employed at Chancellorsville, resulting in the routing of the XI Corps by the Confederate corps led by Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson . Two months later,

4797-586: The Southern United States during Reconstruction . Schurz chaired the 1872 Liberal Republican convention , which nominated a ticket that unsuccessfully challenged President Grant in the 1872 presidential election . Schurz lost his own 1874 re-election bid and resumed his career as a newspaper editor. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1878. After Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won

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4914-508: The gymnasium by passing a special examination and then entered the University of Bonn . At Bonn, he developed a friendship with one of his professors, Gottfried Kinkel . He joined the nationalistic Studentenverbindung Burschenschaft Franconia at Bonn, which at the time included among its members Friedrich von Spielhagen , Johannes Overbeck , Julius Schmidt , Carl Otto Weber , Ludwig Meyer and Adolf Strodtmann . In response to

5031-413: The nuclear family , organised religion , the military , the nation-state , property rights , rule of law , aristocracy , and monarchy . Conservatives tend to favour institutions and practices that enhance social order and historical continuity. Edmund Burke , an 18th-century Anglo-Irish statesman who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of

5148-607: The social transformation of society. In popular usage, reactionism refers to a staunch traditionalist conservative political perspective of a person who supports the status quo and opposes social, political, and economic change. Some adherents of conservatism, rather than opposing change, seek to return to the status quo ante and tend to view the modern world in a negative light, especially concerning mass culture and secularism , although different groups of reactionaries may choose different traditional values to revive. Some political scientists, such as Corey Robin , treat

5265-432: The state of nature for humans was "poor, nasty, brutish, and short", requiring centralised authority with royal sovereignty to guarantee law and order . Edmund Burke , often called the father of modern conservatism, believed that human beings are steeped in original sin and that society therefore needs traditional institutions, such as an established church and a landed aristocracy , in order to function. Despite

5382-559: The 21st century, the authoritarian style of government experienced a worldwide renaissance with conservative statesmen such as President Vladimir Putin in Russia, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán in Hungary, Prime Minister Narendra Modi in India, and President Donald Trump in the United States. Liberal conservatism is a variant of conservatism that

5499-616: The Committee on Foreign Affairs where Schurz opposed Grant's Southern policy as well as his bid to annex Santo Domingo . Schurz was identified with the committee's investigation of arms sales to and cartridge manufacture for the French army by the United States government during the Franco-Prussian War . In 1869, he became the first U.S. Senator to offer a Civil Service Reform bill to Congress. During Reconstruction , Schurz

5616-566: The Fusion anti- Tammany Hall ticket in New York City. He opposed William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896 , speaking for sound money and not under the auspices of the Republican party; he supported Bryan four years later because of anti-imperialism beliefs, which also led to his membership in the American Anti-Imperialist League . True to his anti-imperialist convictions, Schurz exhorted McKinley to resist

5733-633: The Interior , following much of his advice in other cabinet appointments and in his inaugural address. In this department, Schurz put into force his belief that merit should be the principal consideration in appointing people to jobs in the Civil Service . He was not in favor of permitting removals except for cause, and supported requiring competitive examinations for candidates for clerkships. His efforts to remove political patronage met with only limited success, however. As an early conservationist, he prosecuted land thieves and attracted public attention to

5850-586: The Interior Department in 1881, Schurz moved to New York City . That year German-born Henry Villard , president of the Northern Pacific Railway , acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation and turned the management over to Schurz, Horace White and Edwin L. Godkin . Schurz left the Post in the autumn of 1883 because of differences over editorial policies regarding corporations and their employees. In 1884, he

5967-642: The Schurzes moved to Watertown, Wisconsin , where Carl nurtured his interests in politics and Margarethe began her seminal work in early childhood education. In Wisconsin, Schurz soon became immersed in the anti-slavery movement and in politics, joining the Republican Party . In 1857, he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for lieutenant governor. In the Illinois campaign of the next year between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas , he took part as

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6084-514: The South to study conditions. They then quarreled because Schurz supported General Slocum's order forbidding the organization of militia in Mississippi . Schurz delivered a report to the U.S. Senate documenting conditions in the South which concluded that Reconstruction had succeeded in restoring the basic functioning of government but failed in restoring the loyalty of the people and protecting

6201-785: The Spanish authorities regarding the conflict. He returned to the US in early 1862 to join the Union army. During the American Civil War , Schurz served with distinction as a general in the Union Army. Persuading Lincoln to grant him a commission, Schurz was made a brigadier general of Union volunteers in April 1862. In June, he took command of a division , first under John C. Frémont , and then in Franz Sigel 's corps, with which he took part in

6318-485: The United Kingdom with exponents such as Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin , Neville Chamberlain , Winston Churchill , and Harold Macmillan . In 19th-century Germany , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck adopted a set of social programs, known as state socialism , which included insurance for workers against sickness, accident, incapacity, and old age. The goal of this conservative state-building strategy

6435-518: The XI Corps again broke during the first day of Gettysburg. Containing several German-American units, the XI Corps performance during both battles was heavily criticized by the press, fueling anti-immigrant sentiments. Following Gettysburg, Schurz's division was deployed to Tennessee and participated in the Battle of Chattanooga . There he served with the future Senator Joseph B. Foraker , John Patterson Rea , and Luther Morris Buchwalter, brother to Morris Lyon Buchwalter . Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA)

6552-412: The bar in 1838. From 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of the Evening Post . In 1877, this led to the involvement of his son Isaac Henderson Jr., who became the paper's publisher, stockholder, and member of its board, just five years after graduating from college. Henderson Sr.'s 33-year tenure with the Evening Post ended in 1879, when it was learned that he had defrauded Bryant

6669-540: The class basis of right-wing extremist politics in the 1920–1960 era. He reports: Conservative or rightist extremist movements have arisen at different periods in modern history, ranging from the Horthyites in Hungary, the Christian Social Party of Dollfuss in Austria, Der Stahlhelm and other nationalists in pre-Hitler Germany, and Salazar in Portugal, to the pre-1966 Gaullist movements and

6786-502: The conservative social ethic and that the business class should be subordinate to aristocracy. He insisted on standards of honour derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition and saw the aristocracy as the nation's natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive. He favoured an established church, but allowed for

6903-611: The continent, German thinkers Justus Möser and Friedrich von Gentz criticised the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen that came of the Revolution. Opposition was also expressed by German idealists such as Adam Müller and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , the latter inspiring both leftist and rightist followers. Both Burke and Maistre were critical of democracy in general, though their reasons differed. Maistre

7020-413: The cost of 50 cents per paper by keeping its size to 120 pages. The amount, significantly less than Sunday editions from The New York Daily News and The New York Times , was part of the Post ' s efforts "to find a niche in the nation's most competitive newspaper market". Because of the institution of federal regulations limiting media cross-ownership after Murdoch's purchase of WNEW-TV, which

7137-458: The defence of national and cultural identity , often based on a theory of the family as a model for the state . National conservatism is orientated towards upholding national sovereignty , which includes limited immigration and a strong national defence. In Europe, national conservatives are usually eurosceptics . Yoram Hazony has argued for national conservatism in his work The Virtue of Nationalism (2018). Paternalistic conservatism

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7254-612: The early events of the revolutions of 1848 , Schurz and Kinkel founded the Bonner Zeitung , a paper advocating democratic reforms. At first Kinkel was the editor and Schurz a regular contributor. These roles were reversed when Kinkel left for Berlin to become a member of the Prussian Constitutional Convention. When the Frankfurt rump parliament called for people to take up arms in defense of

7371-431: The editorial writer for Harper's Weekly . He remained active in politics and led the " Mugwump " movement, which opposed nominating James G. Blaine in the 1884 presidential election . Schurz opposed William Jennings Bryan 's bimetallism in the 1896 presidential election but supported Bryan's anti-imperialist campaign in the 1900 presidential election . Schurz died in New York City in 1906. Carl Christian Schurz

7488-448: The election of Thomas Jefferson as U.S. president and the rise in popularity of the Democratic-Republican Party . At a meeting held at Archibald Gracie 's weekend villa, which is now Gracie Mansion , Hamilton recruited the first investors for the new paper. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor. The most notable 19th-century Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant . So well respected

7605-525: The entire time. Henderson Jr. sold his interest in the newspaper in 1881. In 1881, Henry Villard took control of the Evening Post and The Nation , which became the Post ' s weekly edition. With this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz , Horace White , and Edwin L. Godkin . When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief. White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. In 1897, both publications passed to

7722-413: The established institutions of their time. According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959: "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself." Conservatism is often used as a generic term to describe

7839-511: The execution of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and other top-ranking Romanian fascists. The exiled German Emperor Wilhelm II was an enemy of Adolf Hitler and stated that Nazism made him ashamed to be a German for the first time in his life. The Catholic seminarian António de Oliveira Salazar , who was Portugal's dictator for 40 years, denounced fascism and Nazism as a "pagan Caesarism " that did not recognise legal, religious, or moral limits. Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset has examined

7956-401: The first German American in that body. He earned a reputation for his speeches, which advocated fiscal responsibility, anti-imperialism, and integrity in government. During this period, he broke with the Grant administration, starting the Liberal Republican movement in Missouri, which in 1870 elected B. Gratz Brown governor. After William P. Fessenden 's death, Schurz became a member of

8073-512: The forefathers of conservative thought in the 1790s along with Savoyard statesman Joseph de Maistre . The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with François-René de Chateaubriand during the period of Bourbon Restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution and establish social order. Conservatism has varied considerably as it has adapted itself to existing traditions and national cultures. Thus, conservatives from different parts of

8190-550: The government has a role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or practices. A social conservative wants to preserve traditional morality and social mores , often by opposing what they consider radical policies or social engineering . Some social-conservative stances are the following: Traditionalist conservatism, also known as classical conservatism, emphasises the need for the principles of natural law , transcendent moral order, tradition , hierarchy , organicism , agrarianism , classicism , and high culture as well as

8307-428: The importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty, supporting limited redistribution of wealth along with government regulation of markets in the interests of both consumers and producers. Paternalistic conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 's " One Nation " Toryism . There have been a variety of one-nation conservative governments in

8424-461: The intersecting spheres of loyalty . Some traditionalists have embraced the labels reactionary and counter-revolutionary , defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the Enlightenment . Having a hierarchical view of society, many traditionalist conservatives, including a few notable Americans such as Ralph Adams Cram , William S. Lind , and Charles A. Coulombe , defend

8541-399: The lack of a universal definition, certain themes can be recognised as common across conservative thought. According to Michael Oakeshott : To be conservative […] is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the sufficient to the superabundant, the convenient to

8658-523: The management of Villard's son, Oswald Garrison Villard , a founding member of both the NAACP and the American Anti-Imperialist League . Villard sold the newspaper in 1918 following widespread allegations of pro- German sympathies during World War I hurt the newspaper's circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont , a senior partner in the Wall Street firm of J.P. Morgan & Co. Unable to stem

8775-492: The middle of the 1970s. One example of this was General Augusto Pinochet , who ruled over Chile from 1973 to 1990. According to Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , military dictatorships arise in democratic systems in order to stop leftist parties from becoming totalitarian. The most recent instance occurred in Bolivia in 2024, when General Juan José Zúñiga staged a coup in order to overthrow the far-left president Luis Arce . In

8892-414: The monarchical political structure as the most natural and beneficial social arrangement. Conservative parties vary widely from country to country in the goals they wish to achieve. Both conservative and classical liberal parties tend to favour private ownership of property, in opposition to communist , socialist , and green parties, which favour communal ownership or laws regulating responsibility on

9009-402: The monarchists in contemporary France and Italy. The right extremists are conservative, not revolutionary. They seek to change political institutions in order to preserve or restore cultural and economic ones, while extremists of the centre [fascists/Nazis] and left [communists/anarchists] seek to use political means for cultural and social revolution. The ideal of the right extremist is not

9126-399: The most popular columnists of the time, such as Joseph Cookman , Drew Pearson , Eleanor Roosevelt , Max Lerner , Murray Kempton , Pete Hamill , and Eric Sevareid , theatre critic Richard Watts Jr. , and gossip columnist Earl Wilson . In November 1976, it was announced that Australian Rupert Murdoch had bought the Post from Schiff with the intention that Schiff would be retained as

9243-618: The movement pushing for a larger congressional role in Reconstruction and holding Southern states to higher standards. In 1866, Schurz moved to Detroit , where he was chief editor of the Detroit Post . The following year, he moved to St. Louis , becoming editor and joint proprietor with Emil Preetorius of the German-language Westliche Post (Western Post), where he hired Joseph Pulitzer as

9360-581: The necessity of forest preservation. During Schurz's tenure as Secretary of the Interior, a movement to transfer the Office of Indian Affairs to the control of the War Department began, assisted by the strong support of Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman . Restoration of the Indian Office to the War Department, which was anxious to regain control in order to continue its "pacification" program,

9477-527: The new German constitution, Schurz, Kinkel, and others from the University of Bonn community did so. During this struggle, Schurz became acquainted with Franz Sigel , Alexander Schimmelfennig , Fritz Anneke , Friedrich Beust , Ludwig Blenker and others, many of whom he would meet again in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War. During the 1849 military campaign in Palatinate and Baden, he joined

9594-437: The newspaper into its modern-day tabloid format. In 1948, The Bronx Home News merged with it. In 1949, James Wechsler became editor of the paper, running both the news and the editorial pages. In 1961, he turned over the news section to Paul Sann and stayed on as editorial page editor until 1980. Under Schiff's tenure the Post was seen to have liberal tilt, supporting trade unions and social welfare, and featured some of

9711-484: The paper had toned down the sensationalist headlines. Within a year, Amsterdam was forced out by Kalikow, who reportedly told her "credible doesn't sell...Your big scoops are great, but they don't sell more papers." In 1993, after Kalikow declared bankruptcy, the paper was temporarily managed by Steven Hoffenberg , a financier who later pleaded guilty to securities fraud , and for two weeks by Abe Hirschfeld , who made his fortune building parking garages. Following

9828-681: The paper's financial losses, he sold it to a consortium of 34 financial and reform political leaders, headed by Edwin Francis Gay , dean of the Harvard Business School , whose members included Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1924, conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis , publisher of the Ladies Home Journal , purchased the Evening Post and briefly turned it into a non-sensational tabloid nine years later, in 1933. In 1928, Wilella Waldorf became drama editor at

9945-399: The part of property owners. Where conservatives and liberals differ is primarily on social issues, where conservatives tend to reject behaviour that does not conform to some social norm . Modern conservative parties often define themselves by their opposition to liberal or socialist parties. The United States usage of the term conservative is unique to that country, where its first modern usage

10062-487: The perfect, present laughter to utopian bliss. Such traditionalism may be a reflection of trust in time-tested methods of social organisation, giving 'votes to the dead'. Traditions may also be steeped in a sense of identity . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism, some left-wing political theorists like Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defence of social and economic inequality . From this perspective, conservatism

10179-613: The police forced him to leave France on the eve of the coup d'état of 1851 , and he migrated to London . Remaining there until August 1852, he made his living by teaching the German language . While in London, Schurz married fellow revolutionary Johannes Ronge 's sister-in-law, Margarethe Meyer , in July 1852 and then, like many other Forty-Eighters , migrated to the United States. Living initially in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ,

10296-806: The rank of colonel and became the commanding officer of the 34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War; Mathilde Anneke contributed to both the abolitionist and suffrage movements of the United States. When the revolutionary army was defeated at the fortress of Rastatt in 1849, Schurz was inside. Knowing that the Prussians intended to kill their prisoners, Schurz managed to escape and travelled to Zürich . In 1850, he returned secretly to Prussia, rescued Kinkel from prison at Spandau and helped him to escape to Edinburgh, Scotland . Schurz then went to Paris , but

10413-553: The revolutionary army, fighting in several battles against the Prussian Army. Schurz was adjunct officer of the commander of the artillery, Fritz Anneke , who was accompanied on the campaign by his wife, Mathilde Franziska Anneke . The Annekes would later move to the U.S., where each became Republican Party supporters. Anneke's brother, Emil Anneke , was a founder of the Republican party in Michigan. Fritz Anneke achieved

10530-469: The rights of the newly legally emancipated who were still considered the slaves of society. It called for a national commitment to maintaining control over the South until free labor was secure, arguing that without national action, Black Codes and violence including numerous extrajudicial killings documented by Schurz were likely to continue. The report was ignored by the President, but it helped fuel

10647-799: The role of religion in public life. Christian democracy  is a moderately conservative centre-right ideology inspired by Christian social teaching . It originated as a reaction against the industrialisation and urbanisation associated with laissez-faire -capitalism . In post-war Europe, Christian-democratic parties dominated politics in several nations—the Christian People's Party in Belgium, CDU and CSU in Germany, Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil in Ireland, and Christian Democracy in Italy. Many post-war Europeans saw Christian democracy as

10764-460: The same era as fascism , with which it sometimes clashed. Although both ideologies shared core values such as nationalism and had common enemies such as communism , there was nonetheless a contrast between the traditionalist and elitist nature of authoritarian conservatism and the revolutionary and populist nature of fascism—thus it was common for authoritarian conservative regimes to suppress rising fascist and Nazi movements. The hostility between

10881-516: The social hierarchy, which includes factors such as age, experience, and wisdom. Conservatives often glorify hierarchies, as demonstrated in an aphorism by conservative philosopher Nicolás Gómez Dávila : "Hierarchies are celestial. In hell all are equal." The word hierarchy has religious roots and translates to 'rule of a high priest.' Authority is a core tenet of conservatism. More specifically, conservatives tend to believe in traditional authority . According to Max Weber , this form of authority

10998-434: The source of corruption, decadence and decline. Ruling regimes require some kind of irritant, a grain of sand in the oyster, to reactivate their latent powers, to exercise their atrophied muscles, to make their pearls. In Conservatism: A Rediscovery (2022), political philosopher Yoram Hazony argues that, in a traditional conservative community, members have importance and influence to the degree they are honoured within

11115-484: The state and the individual. Hannah Arendt argues that the modern world suffers an existential crisis with a "dramatic breakdown of all traditional authorities," which are needed for the continuity of an established civilisation. Edmund Burke has been widely regarded as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism. He served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to

11232-843: The successful campaign of Rutherford B. Hayes to regain the office of Governor of Ohio . In 1877, Schurz was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by Hayes, who had been by then been elected President of the United States . Although Schurz honestly attempted to reduce the effects of racism toward Native Americans and was partially successful at cleaning up corruption, his recommended actions towards American Indians "in light of late twentieth-century developments" were repressive. Indians were forced to move into low-quality reservation lands that were unsuitable for tribal economic and cultural advancement. Promises made to Indian chiefs at White House meetings with President Rutherford B. Hayes and Schurz were often broken. In 1876, he supported Hayes for President, and Hayes named him Secretary of

11349-764: The term has been used to describe a wide range of views . Conservatism may be either libertarian or authoritarian , populist or elitist , progressive or reactionary , moderate or extreme . Scholars have tried to define conservatism as a set of beliefs or principles. Andrew Heywood argues that the five central beliefs of conservatism are tradition, human imperfection, organic society, authority/hierarchy, and property. Russell Kirk developed five canons of conservatism in The Conservative Mind (1953): Some political scientists, such as Samuel P. Huntington , have seen conservatism as situational. Under this definition, conservatives are seen as defending

11466-480: The two ideologies is highlighted by the struggle for power in Austria, which was marked by the assassination of the ultra-Catholic dictator Engelbert Dollfuss by Austrian Nazis . Likewise, Croatian fascists assassinated King Alexander I of Yugoslavia . In Romania, as the fascist Iron Guard  was gaining popularity and Nazi Germany was making advances on the European political stage, King Carol II ordered

11583-632: The urge to annex land following the Spanish–American War . He authored an opinion piece warning that prominent imperialists would take in "Spanish- Americans, with all the mixtures of Indian and negro blood, and Malays and other unspeakable Asiatics, by the tens of millions!" In the 1904 election he supported Alton B. Parker , the Democratic candidate. Carl Schurz lived in a summer cottage in Northwest Bay on Lake George, New York which

11700-455: The value of those teachings, at other times by having those teachings influence laws. In most democracies, political conservatism seeks to uphold traditional family structures and social values. Religious conservatives typically oppose abortion, LGBT behaviour (or, in certain cases, identity), drug use, and sexual activity outside of marriage. In some cases, conservative values are grounded in religious beliefs, and conservatives seek to increase

11817-589: The war, Schurz established a newspaper in St. Louis , Missouri , and won election to the U.S. Senate , becoming the first German-born American elected to that body. Breaking with Republican President Ulysses S. Grant , Schurz helped establish the Liberal Republican Party . The party advocated civil service reform, sound money, low tariffs, low taxes, and an end to railroad grants, and opposed Grant's efforts to protect African-American civil rights in

11934-550: The words reactionary and conservative as synonyms. Others, such as Mark Lilla , argue that reactionism and conservatism are distinct worldviews. Francis Wilson defines conservatism as "a philosophy of social evolution, in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict". Some reactionaries favour a return to the status quo ante , the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics absent from contemporary society. An early example of

12051-414: The world, each upholding their respective traditions, may disagree on a wide range of issues. One of the three major ideologies along with liberalism and socialism , conservatism is the dominant ideology in many nations across the world, including Hungary , India , Iran , Israel , Italy , Japan , Poland , Russia , Singapore , and South Korea . Historically associated with right-wing politics ,

12168-585: Was a Congressional observer during the Chattanooga Campaign. Later, he was put in command of a Corps of Instruction at Nashville . He briefly returned to active service, where in the last months of the war he was with Sherman 's army in North Carolina as chief of staff of Henry Slocum 's Army of Georgia . He resigned from the army after the war ended in April 1865. In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson sent Schurz through

12285-770: Was a leader in the Independent (or Mugwump ) movement against the nomination of James Blaine for president and for the election of Grover Cleveland . From 1888 to 1892, he was general American representative of the Hamburg American Steamship Company . In 1892, he succeeded George William Curtis as president of the National Civil Service Reform League and held this office until 1901. He also succeeded Curtis as editorial writer for Harper's Weekly in 1892 and held this position until 1898. In 1895 he spoke for

12402-676: Was a target for the pen of Harper's Weekly artist Thomas Nast , usually in an unfavorable way. The election was a debacle for the Greeley supporters. Grant won by a landslide, and Greeley died shortly after election day in November, before the Electoral College had even met. Schurz lost the 1874 Senatorial election to Democratic Party challenger and former Confederate Francis Cockrell . After leaving office, he worked as an editor for various newspapers. In 1875, he assisted in

12519-593: Was born on March 2, 1829, in Liblar (now part of Erftstadt ), in Rhenish Prussia , the son of Marianne (née Jussen), a public speaker and journalist, and Christian Schurz, a schoolteacher. He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne , and learned piano under private instructors. Financial problems in his family obligated him to leave school a year early, without graduating. Later he graduated from

12636-551: Was built by his good friend Abraham Jacobi . Schurz died at age 77 on May 14, 1906, in New York City, and is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery , Sleepy Hollow, New York . Schurz's wife, Margarethe Schurz , was instrumental in establishing the kindergarten system in the United States. Schurz is famous for saying: " My country, right or wrong ; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right." He

12753-525: Was for pro-free enterprise opponents of the New Deal . Imperial China Republic of China (before 1949) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (centrist) Carl Schurz Born in the Kingdom of Prussia 's Rhine Province , Schurz fought for democratic reforms in

12870-452: Was opposed by Schurz, and ultimately the Indian Office remained in the Interior Department. The Indian Office had been the most corrupt office in the Interior Department. Positions in it were based on political patronage and were seen as granting license to use the reservations for personal enrichment. Because Schurz realized that the service would have to be cleansed of such corruption before anything positive could be accomplished, he instituted

12987-460: Was opposed to federal military enforcement and protection of African American civil rights , and held nineteenth century ideas of European superiority and fears of miscegenation . In 1870, Schurz helped form the Liberal Republican Party , which opposed President Ulysses S. Grant 's annexation of Santo Domingo and his use of the military to destroy the Ku Klux Klan in the South under

13104-464: Was pessimistic about humans being able to follow rules, while Burke was sceptical about humans' innate ability to make rules. For Maistre, rules had a divine origin, while Burke believed they arose from custom. The lack of custom for Burke, and the lack of divine guidance for Maistre, meant that people would act in terrible ways. Both also believed that liberty of the wrong kind led to bewilderment and political breakdown. Their ideas would together flow into

13221-491: Was portrayed by Edward G. Robinson as a friend of the surviving Cheyenne Indians in John Ford 's 1964 film Cheyenne Autumn . Schurz published a volume of speeches (1865), a two-volume biography of Henry Clay (1887), essays on Abraham Lincoln (1899) and Charles Sumner (posthumous, 1951), and his Reminiscences (posthumous, 1907–09). His later years were spent writing the memoirs recorded in his Reminiscences which he

13338-788: Was progressive conservative, and he described himself as a believer in progressive conservatism. President Dwight D. Eisenhower also declared himself an advocate of progressive conservatism. In Canada , a variety of conservative governments have been part of the Red Tory tradition, with Canada's former major conservative party being named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003. Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen , R. B. Bennett , John Diefenbaker , Joe Clark , Brian Mulroney , and Kim Campbell led Red Tory federal governments. Reactionary conservatism, also known as reactionism, opposes policies for

13455-422: Was spokesman of the delegation from Wisconsin, which voted for William H. Seward . Despite this, Schurz was on the committee which brought Lincoln the news of his nomination. After Lincoln's election and in spite of Seward's objection, Lincoln sent Schurz as minister to Spain in 1861, in part because of Schurz's European record as a revolutionary. While there, Schurz did not manage to cause any lasting impact on

13572-538: Was the Evening Post under Bryant's editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill , in 1864. In addition to literary and drama reviews, William Leggett began to write political editorials for the Post . Leggett's espoused a fierce opposition to central banking and support for the organization of labor unions. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party . In 1831, he became

13689-540: Was to make ordinary Germans, not just the Junker aristocracy, more loyal to state and Emperor . Chancellor Leo von Caprivi promoted a conservative agenda called the "New Course". In the United States, President Theodore Roosevelt has been identified as the main exponent of progressive conservatism. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand". The Republican administration of President William Howard Taft

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