121-693: Thokur (Thokur-(10), Thokuru, or Thokooru in Tulu) is a village located in Mangalore Taluk of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka . Around 448 families reside in Thokur-(10) village. Thokur-(10) village is administered by Sarpanch(Head of village) who is elected every five years. This article related to a location in Dakshina Kannada district , Karnataka , India is
242-527: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mangalore Mangalore ( / ˈ m æ ŋ ɡ ə l ɔːr , ˌ m æ ŋ ɡ ə ˈ l ɔː r / MANG -gə-lor, - LOR ), officially known as Mangaluru ( Kannada: [mɐŋɡɐɭuːru] ), is a major industrial port city in the Indian state of Karnataka and on the west coast of India . It is located between the Laccadive Sea and
363-497: A tantric deity whose secret practices and tantric sadhanas would be used by monks and yogis in order to develop her awakened qualities in themselves, ultimately leading to Buddhahood . Another quality which Tara shares with feminine spirits (such as dakinis ) is playfulness. As John Blofeld explains in Bodhisattva of Compassion , Tārā is frequently depicted as a young sixteen-year-old girlish woman. She often manifests in
484-499: A 315 km (196 mi)-long National Highway connects Mangalore to Tumkur . NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-66 and BC Road junction on NH-75 . Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP),
605-533: A 37.5 km (23 mi) stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four. Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA). Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in
726-415: A Tārā mantra is termed a "vidyā" (the proper term for a mantra of a female deity). The main vidyā mantra of Tārā is: Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture svāhā. This is the most popularly recited mantra of the deity and is her root (mula) mantra. Tāre tuttāre ture is in the vocative case . Tāre is the basic name of the deity ("O Tara"). Tuttāre (prefixed by ud-) refers to Tara as "the one who helps [beings] to cross"
847-678: A bodhisattva, Tārā remains very popular in Tibet (and Tibetan communities in exile in Northern India), Mongolia , Nepal , Bhutan , Sikkim and is worshiped in many Buddhist communities throughout the world (though in East Asian Buddhism , Guanyin is the most popular female deity). In Tibet, Green Tārā was also considered to have manifested as the Nepalese Princess ( Bhrikuti ), and White Tārā's manifestation as
968-689: A branch in this city. IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University have been constructed. An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has planned to invest ₹ 500 crore (US$ 59.91 million) and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore. KEONICS has planned to build an IT park at Derebail in Mangalore, similar to Electronic City , spanning an area of 100 acres. Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL)
1089-530: A female bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism. In Vajrayana Buddhism, Green Tara is a female Buddha who is a consort of Amoghasiddhi Buddha . Tārā is also known as a saviouress who hears the cries of beings in saṃsāra and saves them from worldly and spiritual danger. In Vajrayana, she is considered to be a Buddha , and the Tārā Tantra describes her as "a mother who gives birth to the buddhas of
1210-698: A form of the goddess Durga . Tārā is worshiped both in Buddhism as well as in Shaktism (Hinduism) as one of the ten Mahavidyas . According to Beyer, the enlightened feminine makes its first appearance in Mahayana Buddhism as Prajñāpāramitā Devi , the personified Perfection of Wisdom , who is also called mother of Buddhas. Tara eventually came to be considered the "Mother of all Buddhas" by Indian tantric Buddhists, taking on this epithet from Prajñaparamita. The term mother of Buddhas usually refers to
1331-418: A male to progress further. At this point she lets the monks know in no uncertain terms that it is only "weak minded worldlings" who see gender as a barrier to attaining enlightenment . She sadly notes there have been few who wish to work for the welfare of sentient beings in a female form, though. Therefore, she resolves to always be reborn as a female bodhisattva, until samsara is no more. She then stays in
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#17327722567931452-436: A mother does for her children. Tārā is most often shown with the blue lotus or night lotus ( utpala ), which releases its fragrance with the appearance of the moon and therefore Tārā is also associated with the moon and night. In general, Tārā is especially seen as a savior who provides salvation and protection from the eight fears (aṣṭabhaya) or eight dangers (aṣṭaghora). This is a common theme in her iconography and she
1573-455: A palace in a state of meditation for some ten million years, and the power of this practice releases tens of millions of beings from suffering. As a result of this, Tonyo Drupa tells her she will henceforth manifest supreme bodhi as the Goddess Tārā in many world systems to come. A similar story is told by the 14th Dalai Lama : There is a true feminist movement in Buddhism that relates to
1694-404: A receptive heart then. For in this openness and receptivity her blessings can naturally unfold and her energies can quicken the aspirants spiritual development. Tārā as a focus for tantric deity yoga can be traced back to the time period of Padmasambhava . There is a Red Tārā practice which was given by Padmasambhava to Yeshe Tsogyal . He asked that she hide it as a treasure . It was not until
1815-794: A small group of Urdu -speaking Dakhini Muslims . The Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent . Mangalore contains a Gurdwara and Baháʼí prayer centre established in 1972. Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken. The city is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary, Mangalapuram in Malayalam, and Mangaluru in Kannada. Among most of
1936-526: A tantric practice quickly spread from around the 7th century CE onwards, and remains an important part of Vajrayana Buddhism to this day. The practices themselves usually present Tārā as a tutelary deity (thug dam, yidam ) which the practitioners sees as being a latent aspect of one's mind, or a manifestation in a visible form of a quality stemming from Buddha Jnana . As John Blofeld puts it in The Tantric Mysticism of Tibet : The function of
2057-497: A transcendent awakened wisdom, though it also echoes the ancient Indian motif of the Mother Goddess ( Devi Mata). Tārā became a very popular Vajrayana deity with the rise of tantric Buddhism in north India. Tārā worship also spread to other parts of India, as well as to Nepal , Sri Lanka and Indonesia , where depictions of the deity have been discovered by archeologists. With the movement of Indian Buddhism into Tibet,
2178-429: A woman. Tārā, then, embodies certain ideals which make her attractive to women practitioners, and her emergence as a Bodhisattva can be seen as a part of Mahayana Buddhism's reaching out to women, and becoming more inclusive even in 6th-century CE India . Tārā's name literally means "star" or "planet", and therefore she is associated with navigation and travel both literally and metaphorically as spiritual crossing to
2299-596: A young princess who lives in a different world system, millions of years in the past. Her name is Jñanachandra or Yeshe Dawa, which means "Moon of Primordial Awareness". For quite a number of aeons she makes offerings to the Buddha of that world system, whose name was Tonyo Drupa. She receives special instruction from him concerning bodhicitta —the infinitely compassionate mental state of a bodhisattva. After doing this, some monks approach her and suggest that because of her level of attainment she should next pray to be reborn as
2420-543: Is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on 19 November 1974. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40 °C (104 °F). The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of
2541-535: Is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January. Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night. The driest and least humid months are from December to February. During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below 34 °C (93 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night. The lowest temperature recorded at Panambur
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#17327722567932662-536: Is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka. Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port. Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore. Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance while Pilivesha (tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami . Karadi Vesha (bear dance)
2783-614: Is Tārā scriptures used as Tantric sadhanas. For example, a Tārā sadhana was revealed to Tilopa (988–1069 CE), the human father of the Karma Kagyu . Atisa , the great translator and founder of the Kadampa school of Tibetan Buddhism, was a devotee of Tārā. He composed a praise to her, and three Tārā Sadhanas. Martin Willson's work also contains charts which show origins of her tantras in various lineages, but suffice to say that Tārā as
2904-524: Is a Sanskrit hymn which contains a set of 108 names and epithets for the deity. Buddhist studies scholars generally agree that the worship of Tara began growing in popularity in India during the 6th century. Tārā came to be seen as an expression of the compassion of perfected wisdom only later, with her earliest textual reference being the Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa ( c. 5th –8th centuries CE). The earliest, solidly identifiable image of Tārā
3025-445: Is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangalore, and Konkani is the second most spoken language in Mangalore. Mangalore has a city area of 170 km (65.64 sq mi). Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east. Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it
3146-403: Is a startup incubation centre situated in the city. Corporation Bank , Canara Bank , and Vijaya Bank were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Mangalore is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank . The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd., Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd., and SCDCC Bank were
3267-495: Is also connected to Chennai , Mumbai , Pune , Bhatkal, Karwar , Surat, Ajmer , and Margao through the Konkan Railway . Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes, and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers. The Indian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port. The artificial harbour
3388-477: Is also revered in Newar Buddhism . Tārā is considered to have many forms or emanations, while Green Tara emanates twenty-one Tārās , each with different attributes—colors, implements, and activities such as pacifying ( śānti ), increasing ( pauṣṭika ), enthralling ( vaśīkaraṇa ), and wrathful ( abhicāra ). The Green Tara (or "blue-green", Skt. Samayatara or śyāmatārā ) remains the most important form of
3509-505: Is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents. In 2021 the population of Mangalore city was 724,159. According to the 2011 Indian census , the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent. About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years. The death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively. About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangalore city which
3630-585: Is another well-known dance that is performed during Dasara . Tara (Buddhism) Samding Dorje Phagmo Tara ( Sanskrit : तारा , tārā ; Standard Tibetan : སྒྲོལ་མ , dölma ), Ārya Tārā (Noble Tara), also known as Jetsün Dölma (Tibetan: rje btsun sgrol ma, meaning: "Venerable Mother of Liberation"), is an important female Buddha in Buddhism , especially revered in Vajrayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism . She may appear as
3751-415: Is chanted to invoke Tārā's protection. In Tibetan Buddhism, each of these outer dangers is also associated with an inner psychological meaning. As such, lions represent pride, wild elephants represent delusion, fires represent anger, snakes represent jealousy, bandits represent wrong views, bondage represent avarice, floods represent desire and attachment, and evil spirits and demons represent doubts. With
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3872-423: Is further associated with longevity, countering illness, and purification. Red Tārā meanwhile is associated with power, controlling and influencing others as well as with the transformation of desire into compassion. The manifestation of Blue Tārā ( Ekajati ) is a ferocious female protector whose invocation destroys all obstacles. Tārā is also a forest goddess, particularly in her form as Khadiravani , "dweller in
3993-522: Is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers. During the first century CE, the Roman historian Pliny the Elder referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity, while Greek second-century historian Ptolemy referenced a place named "Nitra". These references were probably about an area with
4114-501: Is known as Jetsun Drölma ( རྗེ་བརྩུན་སྒྲོལ་མ།།, སྒྲོལ་མ , Wylie: rje btsun sgrol ba ), meaning "Venerable Saviour" which is derived from the Tibetan verb sgrol ba meaning "to save, rescue, liberate; to carry, transport, or cross; and to expel or drive away [evil]". The name Tārā may also mean "star" or "planet" (since they are celestial bodies which cross the sky and are thus literally "crossers"). In East Asian Buddhism she
4235-423: Is known as 多羅菩薩 ( Pinyin : Duōluó Púsà ), with Púsà indicating bodhisattva status. In Japanese she is 多羅菩薩 たらぼさつ Tara Bosatsu. The name means "Bodhisattva who catches many" or "Bodhisattva who collects numerous [sentient beings]", derived from the characters : 羅, "to catch, gather, collect, sift," and 多 "many; much; a lot of; numerous". The Tārāṣṭottaraśatanāmāvalī , "108 Names of [Divine Personage] Tara",
4356-569: Is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre. It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East. It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka. New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements. This airport is accredited by the Airports Council International (ACI) under
4477-479: Is located on the western coast of India at 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88 in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state. It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level. The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre. Mangalore is bounded by
4598-647: Is most likely that which is still found today at cave 6 within the rock-cut Buddhist monastic complex of the Ellora Caves in Maharashtra ( c. 7th century CE ). Her worship was well established by the onset of the Pala Empire in Eastern India (8th century CE). The origin of Tārā is unclear and remains a source of inquiry among scholars. Mallar Ghosh believes her to have originated as
4719-460: Is one of the fastest developing cities in India . The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore. Mangalore is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub. Mangalore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration which manages
4840-420: Is one of the most popular deities which are appealed to by laypersons and monastics alike for aid. Tara's main form is depicted as dark green in color, which is associated with awakened activity. In Himalayan Buddhist iconography, each color is typically associated with a specific kind of activity (for example white is pacification and red is power). Because dark green is seen as a combination of all other colors,
4961-634: Is one of the most popular systems in Tibetan Buddhism. The main source for this system is Atiśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna’s (982–1054 CE) Sādhana of the Twenty-One Tārās ( sgrol ma nyi shu rtsa gcig gi sgrub thabs ). Thus, in Atiśa's tradition, the mantra of Swift and Heroic Tārā (used for subduing enemies and hindrances) is Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture vāśaṃ kuru svāhā, the mantra of White Tārā (for healing and longevity): Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture śāntiṃ kuru svāhā and
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5082-478: Is sometimes depicted in a specific iconographical style called "Tara who protects from the eight dangers" (Tārāṣṭaghoratāraṇī). According to The Noble Sūtra “Tārā Who Protects from the Eight Dangers” (* Āryatārāṣṭaghoratāraṇīsūtra ), the eight dangers (aṣṭaghora) are: lions, elephants, fire, snakes, robbers, waters, infectious diseases, and demons. This sutra also contains an incantation ( dharani ) which
5203-466: Is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe , 14 km (9 mi) from Mangalore. The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system. The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in
5324-440: Is the municipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are called corporators , one from each of the city's 60 wards . A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor. MCC's headquarters are at Lalbagh . Mangalore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of
5445-478: Is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline. Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub. Mangalore
5566-471: Is tāṃ. This seed syllable is often visualized in Tara sadhanas (meditative rites. spiritual practices). This seed syllable may also appear in longer Tārā mantras. For example, there is a common Red Tārā mantra which goes: Oṃ tāre tāṃ svāhā. Some traditions also contain a mantra for each of the twenty one Tārās, which are used to invoke a specific activity of Tara, like Atiśa's lineage of Tara practice, which
5687-615: The Gulf countries . Deralakatte is a main healthcare hub of Mangalore. In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM). Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants . Potable water
5808-489: The KMC Hospitals , Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI), AJ Hospital, and Wenlock Hospital . Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of KMC Mangalore has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts. Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries. From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across
5929-562: The Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Mangalore City South , Mangalore City North , and Mangalore . The Mangalore City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police. Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western districts of Karnataka and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP). The city is served by various hospitals such as
6050-679: The Legend of Cheraman Perumals , the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty , who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad , the Masjids at Kodungallur , Kollam , Madayi , Barkur , Mangalore, Kasaragod , Kannur , Dharmadam , Panthalayani ( Koyilandy ), and Chaliyam , were built during
6171-564: The Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha constituency . After the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency was replaced with Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency , resulting in Mangalore being represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). Additionally Mangalore sends three members to
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#17327722567936292-770: The Maurya Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha . From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara , ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers. From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers, who ruled over
6413-713: The Mauryan empire , Kadambas , Alupas , Vijayanagar Empire , and Keladi Nayaks . The city was a source of contention between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956. Mangalore
6534-640: The North Malabar region of Kerala . During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju . The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta , who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the Estuary of the wolf , which
6655-468: The Tibetan culture as oṃ tāre tu tāre ture soha . The literal translation would be "Oṃ O Tārā, I pray O Tārā, O Swift One, So Be It!" Tārā ( Devanagari : तारा) is a feminine noun derived from the root √tṝ , "to cross." It is causative , and as such means "to cause to cross," i.e., "to rescue." This is why the name is sometimes translated as "savioress" or "rescuer". For example, in Tibetan, she
6776-475: The Western Ghats about 352 km (219 mi) west of Bangalore , the state capital , 14 km north of Karnataka – Kerala border and 297 km south of Goa . Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 according to the 2011 national census of India. It is known for being one of
6897-482: The anglicised version Mangalore became the official appellation. According to historian George M. Moraes , however, the word Mangalore is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru . The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652 Sanson Map of India. Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. In Tulu , which is the region's primary spoken language,
7018-588: The de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore, which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783, but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad". The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan and
7139-673: The media of instruction are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities. Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals. Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards. Here are some of
7260-630: The "other side" of the ocean of existence (enlightenment). Hence she is known literally as "she who saves" in Tibetan. In the 108 Names of the Holy Tara , Tara is "Leader of the caravans ..... who showeth the way to those who have lost it" and she is named as Dhruva , the Sanskrit name for the North Star . Due to her association with navigation and travel, she is thus popular as a savior and protector from danger. In modern Tibetan Buddhism , Tārā
7381-552: The 20th century, that a great Nyingma lama, Apong Terton rediscovered it. It is said that this lama was reborn as Sakya Trizin , present head of the Sakyapa sect. A monk who had known Apong Terton succeeded in retransmitting it to Sakya Trizin, and the same monk also gave it to Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche , who released it to his western students. Martin Willson in In Praise of Tārā traces many different lineages of Tārā Tantras, that
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#17327722567937502-582: The 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangalore. Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL) (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site near Tannirbavi in Mangalore. Global inspection, testing, verification and certification companies such as SGS and Bureau Veritas have their offices in Mangalore. Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys , Cognizant , and Thomson Reuters have their offices at Mangalore. Mphasis ' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has
7623-413: The 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil. Mangalore is included as one of the cities in the Smart Cities Mission list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level . It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of
7744-505: The Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme. State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport. Five National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH-66 (previously known as NH-17 ), which runs from Panvel , Maharashtra , to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu , passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction. NH-75 (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to Bangalore and Vellore . NH-169 (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangalore to Shimoga . NH-73 ,
7865-409: The Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura ( Mangala means 'auspicious'). In the Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru , a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city). Mangalore was historically an important centre of Indian Ocean trade on the Malabar coast . Hence, it was also known by the name Manjalūr in Arabic . During British rule from 1799,
7986-478: The British East India Company on 11 March 1784. After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War , the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency. Francis Buchanan , a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade. The main commodity of export was rice; it went to Muscat , Bombay , Goa , and Malabar . Supari ( Betel-nut )
8107-408: The Chinese princess Kongjo ( Princess Wencheng ). Tārā has many origin stories which explain her origin as a bodhisattva . According to one story, Tārā arose from Avalokiteshvara's compassionate tears when he wept on seeing all the suffering of all the beings in samsara . His tears turned into a lotus, out of which Tārā arose. The Indian master Sūryagupta explains this myth as follows: What
8228-463: The Khadira forest" and is generally associated with plant life, flowers, acacia (khadira) trees and the wind. Because of her association with nature and plants, Tārā is also known as a healing goddess (especially as White Tārā) and as a goddess of nurturing quality and fertility. Her pure land , Paradise Arrayed in Turquoise Petals, in Mount Potalaka (Avalokiteshvara's Pure Land) is described as "Covered with manifold trees and creepers, resounding with
8349-447: The Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east. As a municipal entity the city spans 170 km (65.64 sq mi). The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city. The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea. Coconut, palm , and ashoka trees comprise
8470-452: The Netravati River which flows through Mangalore. In his sixth-century work Christian Topography , Cosmas Indicopleustes (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper. According to Kerala Muslim tradition, the Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in Indian subcontinent . According to
8591-463: The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at the nearby St Mary's Islands , just after his arrival at Koyilandy , Kozhikode . The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century. Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese, whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and Mappila trade. In 1524, Vasco da Gama ordered
8712-660: The Western Ghats. The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October. The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 mm (13 in) on 22 June 2003. In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52 mm (198 in). Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy. The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has
8833-670: The Yidam is one of the profound mysteries of the Vajrayana...Especially during the first years of practice the Yidam is of immense importance. Yidam is the Tibetan rendering of the Sanskrit word "Iṣṭadeva"—the in-dwelling deity; but, where the Hindus take the Iṣṭadeva for an actual deity who has been invited to dwell in the devotee's heart, the Yidams of Tantric Buddhism are in fact the emanations of
8954-664: The adept's own mind. Or are they? To some extent they seem to belong to that order of phenomena which in Jungian terms are called archetypes and are therefore the common property of the entire human race. Even among Tantric Buddhists, there may be a division of opinion as to how far the Yidams are the creations of individual minds. What is quite certain is that they are not independently existing gods and goddesses; and yet, paradoxically, there are many occasions when they must be so regarded. The various systems of Vajrayana Tārā practice contain numerous mantras for Tara. Technically speaking,
9075-630: The authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur. In 1448 Abdur Razzaq who was the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand , visited Mangalore en route to the Vijayanagara court. The Italian traveller Ludovico di Varthema , who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore. In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when
9196-481: The blank here, depending on what activity is required, such as grahān (evil spirits), vighnān (hindering demons), vyādhīn (diseases), upadravān (injuries), akālamṛtyūn (untimely deaths), duḥsvapnān (bad dreams), cittākulāni (confusions), śatrūn (enemies), bhayopadravān (terrors and injuries), duṣkṛtāni (evil deeds). Thus, for example, if one wanted to pacify evil spirits, one could recite: Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture sarva grahān śāntiṃkuru svāhā. Other appendixes may be added to
9317-736: The blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of Kozhikode had agents at Mangalore and Basrur . In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore. The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands. In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara. By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara. The 16th century work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be
9438-796: The city are handled by the French company Suez Environnement . Mangalore's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor. The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department. Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka. Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services. Prominent broadband internet service providers in
9559-595: The city in the Seismic III Zone. Under the Köppen climate classification , Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of the southwest monsoon . It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March. Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August. The maximum average humidity
9680-412: The city include Airtel and DataOne by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited . The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India. Deralakatte is a university and Medical town in Mangalore where Universities like Mangalore University , Nitte , Yenepoya , Father Mullers , and Kanachur are situated. In schools and colleges which are below university-level,
9801-470: The city is called Kudla , meaning junction because it is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers. In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodiyal and the Beary name for the city is Maikala . In Malayalam , the city is called "Mangalapuram". Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014. Mangalore's historical importance
9922-557: The city's largest Christian community. Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Tulu and Kannada. Anglo-Indians were also part of the Mangalorean Christian Community. Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities. Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys who speak the Beary language. Most of them follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Mangalore also has
10043-544: The city's name was in 715 CE when Pandyan King Chettian called the city Mangalapuram . The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom. According to K.V. Ramesh , president of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE during Vijayanagara rule. Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city as Mangalapura . During
10164-657: The city. The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA. The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL). Until the Delimitation commission 's revised the Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha ; one for the southern part of the city that fell under
10285-463: The city. Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the United States . At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19. The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from
10406-402: The city. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses. KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state. KSRTC JnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits. Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907; the city was
10527-575: The deity in Tibetan Buddhism. A practice text entitled Praises to the Twenty-One Taras is a well known text on Tara in Tibetan Buddhism and in Tibet, recited by children and adults, and is the textual source for the twenty-one forms of Green Tārā. The main Tārā mantra is the same for Buddhists and Hindus alike: oṃ tāre tuttāre ture svāhā . It is pronounced by Tibetans and Buddhists who follow
10648-426: The development of esoteric or tantric Buddhism , two main ways of approaching Tara developed. In one, common folk and lay practitioners continued to directly appeal to her for protection and aid in worldly affairs, often chanting prayers, dharanis , or mantras to her and doing puja (worship rites). Tara's mantra and her twenty one verses of praise are widely learned and chanted by Tibetan laypersons. Tara also became
10769-498: The earliest schools and colleges established in Mangalore, and their years of establishment Kasturba Medical College which was established in 1953, was India's first private medical college and Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS) was established in the city in 1987. A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at Mannagudda . Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980 to fulfil
10890-661: The era of Malik Dinar ; they are among the oldest Masjid s in Indian Subcontinent . It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. Three of them, Mangalore, Barkur , and Kasaragod , are in Tulu Nadu . Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. In the third century BCE, the town formed part of
11011-579: The first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Tulu Nadu and Malabar coast . After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565,
11132-571: The founder of the Nath tradition. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi . She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way. When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour. The city was named for the temple. One of the earliest references to
11253-488: The goddess Tārā. Following her cultivation of bodhicitta, the bodhisattva's motivation, she looked upon the situation of those striving towards full awakening and she felt that there were too few people who attained Buddhahood as women. So she vowed, "I have developed bodhicitta as a woman. For all my lifetimes along the path I vow to be born as a woman, and in my final lifetime when I attain Buddhahood, then, too, I will be
11374-453: The higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts. It is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution. NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched by ISRO . Mangalore is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. Mangalore International Airport ( IATA : IXE, ICAO : VOML)
11495-582: The highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore. The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port. It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts. The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of ₹ 4.47 billion (US$ 53.56 million) during 2012–13 and ₹ 27.91 billion (US$ 334.41 million) during December 2018 . During 2012–13, MRPL and MCF contributed ₹ 501 million (US$ 6.00 million) and ₹ 373 million (US$ 4.47 million), respectively, to
11616-676: The lives of dharma practitioners when they take themselves, or the spiritual path too seriously. There are Tibetan tales in which she laughs at self-righteousness, or plays pranks on those who lack reverence for the feminine. In Magic Dance: The Display of the Self-Nature of the Five Wisdom Dakinis , Thinley Norbu explores this as "playmind". Applied to Tārā one could say that her playful mind can relieve ordinary minds which become rigidly serious or tightly gripped by dualistic distinctions. She takes delight in an open mind and
11737-424: The locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves . The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a new port was constructed in 1968 and has since become a major port of India that handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest container port . Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including
11858-492: The main form of Tārā, Green Tārā, is considered to be the source of all beneficial activities. Within Tibetan Buddhism, Tārā appears in many forms, each tied to certain colors, symbols, and beneficial activities. As Green Tārā she offers succor and protection from all the unfortunate circumstances one can encounter in the world of suffering. As White Tārā she expresses maternal compassion and offers healing to beings who are hurt or wounded, either mentally or psychically. White Tara
11979-436: The mantra in the same manner. For example, sarvapāpaṃ āvaraṇa viśuddhe (cleanse all evil and obscurations), or dhanaṃ me dehi (give me wealth). Other extensions of the basic vidyā mantra include a common mantra for wrathful forms of Tārā: Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture hūṃ phaṭ, and a common mantra for White Tārā used to increase lifespan is: Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture mama ayuḥ punya jñānā puśtiṃ kuru svāhā. Tara's seed mantra ( bijamantra )
12100-463: The mantra of Golden Tara (for increasing and wealth): Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture puṣṭīṃ kuru svāhā. Other Atiśa tradition Tārā mantras require one to insert a specific name into it. For example, the mantra of Tārā who utters hūṃ allows you to influence or seduce a person, and thus is structured as follows: Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture [name of person] ākarṣaya hrī svāhā. There are various prayers, odes ( stotras ) and dharanis associated with Tara. The most famous
12221-442: The ocean of saṃsāra, and who "pulls [them] up" ( ut-tārā ). Turā, the third epithet, means "swift." Many Tārā mantras build off this base vidyā mantra by adding various mantric words which activate different functions of the deity, such as pacification or subjugation. As Beyer notes, one way to do this is to add a phrase like "sarva ____ śāntiṃkuru" (pacify all ____ ) in between ture and svāhā. Different terms may be inserted into
12342-445: The primary vegetation of the city. The city's topography consists of a plain that stretches up to 30 km (18.64 mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats. The local geology is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore. The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised
12463-552: The region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami , Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta , Chalukyas of Kalyani , and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra . An Old Malayalam inscription (part of the Ramanthali inscriptions which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore. It can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty ) near Cannanore , in
12584-607: The region. The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation. Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made Mangalore tiles . When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara, which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara
12705-567: The residents of the city, Kudla is the most commonly used name to refer to it. There are also smaller communities of Tuluva Jains , Gujaratis , Tamils , and Marathis . Tulu is a predominant language in Mangalore and Kannada is the administrative language of Mangalore, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census, Tulu is spoken as a first language by 33.7% of the population, Konkani by 14.03%, Kannada by 12.45%, Malayalam by 5.64%, and other languages are spoken by 34.18%. Unlike other cities in Karnataka where Kannada
12826-481: The rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region. They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist. The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province. The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623–1624. In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade. In 1763, Hyder Ali ,
12947-456: The scheduled banks established in Mangalore. Syngene International which is a contract research arm of Biocon , has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangalore. Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor. The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04. New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during
13068-400: The sound of many birds, And with murmur of waterfalls, thronged with wild beasts of many kinds; Many species of flowers grow everywhere." Her association with the wind element (vaayu) also means that she is swift in responding to calls for any aid. According to Miranda Shaw , " Motherhood is central to the conception of Tara". Her titles include "loving mother", "supreme mother", "mother of
13189-566: The southwest monsoon. It has its own International Airport which is around 15 km from the city centre. Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi Temple , or a synonym of the goddess Tara of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath ,
13310-556: The starting point of India's longest rail route. The city has three railway stations; Mangalore Central at Hampankatta, Mangalore Junction at Padil, and Surathkal railway station . A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with Sakleshpur and Hassan . The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006 and passenger traffic in December 2007. Mangalore
13431-813: The state's revenue. Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka. Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, liquefied petroleum gas , and timber. The city's major chemical industries include BASF , Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) , Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) , Total Oil India Limited , and Hindustan Unilever . The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangalore and Padur to ensure energy security. Out of
13552-427: The subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country. Mangalore was a major source of educated workers to Bombay , Bangalore, and the Middle East by the early 20th century. The States Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka. Mangalore
13673-995: The three times" who is also "beyond saṃsāra and nirvāṇa ." She is one of the most important female deities in Vajrayana and is found in sources like the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa , and the Guhyasamāja Tantra . Key Indic Vajrayana texts which focus on Tārā include the Tantra Which is the Source for All the Functions of Tārā, Mother of All the Tathagatas (Skt. Sarvatathāgatamātṛtārāviśvakarmabhavanāmatantra ) and Tārā’s Fundamental Ritual Text ( Tārāmūlakalpa ). Both Green and White Tārā remain popular meditation deities or yidams in Tibetan Buddhism , and Tara
13794-506: The world", "universal mother" and "mother of all Buddhas". As such, Tārā embodies many of the qualities of feminine principle. She is known as the Mother of Mercy and Compassion. She is the source, the female aspect of the universe, which gives birth to warmth, compassion and relief from bad karma as experienced by ordinary beings in cyclic existence. She engenders, nourishes, smiles at the vitality of creation, and has sympathy for all beings as
13915-405: The worship and practices of Tārā became incorporated into Tibetan Buddhism as well. As the worship of Tārā developed, various prayers, chants and mantras became associated with her. These came out of a felt devotional need, and from her inspiration causing spiritual masters to compose sadhanas , stotras , or tantric meditations. Independent of whether she is classified as a deity, a Buddha, or
14036-491: The years 2017–18. Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions. Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi , coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction. The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories. The city's suburb Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarns while beedi rolling
14157-424: Was 1.55 percent of the total population. The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015 . Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangalore, and Devadiga , Mogaveera , Billavas , Ganigas , Bunts , Vishwakarma , Padmashali , Brahmins , and Daivadnyas are the major communities among Hindus. Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society; Mangalorean Catholics comprise
14278-615: Was Her origin? - Arya-Lokesvara, the Lord and Refuge of the Three Realms, Desire, Form, and Formless, which depend on the five or [in the Formless Realm] four aggregates that perish in an instant, saw that however many migrating beings he removed from samsara, they grew no fewer, and He wept. Tara sprang from the opening filaments of his face - of an utpala (blue lotus) that grew in the water of His tears. Another tale begins with
14399-455: Was exported to Bombay, Surat , and Kutch . Sandalwood and black pepper were exported to Bombay. Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there. After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in
14520-414: Was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar. By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control. During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur . Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas ; when
14641-635: Was transferred to the Bombay Presidency . On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865). The Italian Jesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare. Mangalore was linked to the Southern Railway in 1907 and
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