95-724: The Tijuana Country Club ( Club Campestre de Tijuana ) is a country club located in Tijuana, Mexico . The country club was the site of the historic Agua Caliente Open and Tijuana Open Invitational , former golf tournaments on the PGA Tour . The country club, as well as the accompanying golf course, is located in Boulevard Agua Caliente. The golf course was originally designed in 1927 by William P. Bell . Famous professional golf players like Gene Sarazen , Paul Runyan , Dutch Harrison , and Ernie Vossler have played at
190-495: A Feria Típica Mexicana – Typical Mexican Fair. This included curio shops, regional food, thermal baths, horse racing and boxing. The first professional race track opened in January 1916, just south of the border gate. It was almost immediately destroyed by the great " Hatfield rainmaker " flood of 1916. Rebuilt in the general area, it ran horse races until the new Agua Caliente track opened in 1929, several miles south and across
285-557: A delegado . Tijuana's climate is a semi-arid ( Köppen climate classification BSh ), with about 231 mm (9.09 in) of annual precipitation, and generally mild to warm weather year-round. It has characteristics of the Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) found to the immediate north, east, and south east, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter, between the months of November and March. Between November and March, storms originate from fronts entering off of
380-593: A Mexican singer and performer, stated in 2020 that "because of the war with drug cartels, each day it becomes more and more dangerous to ... travel to remote towns and sing. It is not only frustrating, it is scary." Mexican law enforcement is divided between federal, state, and municipal entities. Estimates range between 1,600 and 3,000 different police forces in total. There are over 350,000 police agents in Mexico. At all levels, policing in Mexico tends to maintain separate forces for patrol/response (preventive) policing on
475-442: A deleterious effect on Mexico's Federal Representative Republic. Drug trafficking and organized crime have been a major source of violent crime . Drug cartels and gangs have also branched out to conduct alternative illegal activities for profit, including sex trafficking in Mexico . Some of the most increasingly violent states in Mexico in 2020 included Guanajuato , Zacatecas , Michoacán , Jalisco , and Querétaro . Some of
570-407: A different level of jurisdiction and authority, and those levels often overlap. The Procuraduría General de la República (Federal Attorney General's office) along with the law enforcement agencies Policia Federal Preventiva and Agencia Federal de Investigación , has responsibility for overseeing law enforcements across the entire country. In addition, there are several police organizations at
665-423: A different purpose on the international border. The area had been populated by ranchers, but Tijuana developed a new social economic structure which were farming and livestock grazing, plus as a transit area for prospectors. Urban settlement began in 1889, when descendants of Santiago Argüello and Augustín Olvera entered an agreement to begin developing the city of Tijuana. The date of the agreement, 11 July 1889,
760-636: A growing presence and escalation in the armed conflicts between CJNG and Cárteles Unidos on regions bordering the neighboring state of Jalisco. CJNG is also currently battling the Los Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa Cartel in the North Mexican region of Sonora . Mexico has experienced increasingly high crime rates , especially in major urban centers. The country's great economic polarization has stimulated criminal activity mainly in
855-485: A high level of violent crime related to gang violence, in part derived from the Mexican drug war and human trafficking . Homicides peaked in 2010, when 844 people were killed, compared with 355 in 2004 and 349 in the first eight months of 2011. Reportedly, the wave of violence resulted from a turf war as the administration of President Felipe Calderón weakened the local Arellano Félix cartel; violence slowed when
950-493: A large and rapidly growing population of Americans , mostly from Southern California. Many Latin Americans, notably Cubans , and Guatemalans , have made Tijuana their home. The city also has many Lebanese , Italian, French and Spanish citizens. Recently, the city has received a large influx of Haitian immigrants. The majority of Tijuana's migrant Mexican population hail from Sinaloa , Michoacán , Jalisco , Oaxaca , and
1045-467: A large number of Mexican citizens relocating to Tijuana, the city's population grew from 21,971 to 65,364 between 1940 and 1950. With the decline of nightlife and tourism in the 1950s, the city restructured its tourist industry, by promoting a more family-oriented scene. Tijuana developed a greater variety of attractions and activities to offer its visitors. In 1965, the Mexican federal government launched
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#17327911424261140-593: A major producer of amphetamines and other synthetic drugs in the North American market (e.g. crystal ), especially in the states of Guerrero, Michoacán, Jalisco and the Distrito Federal. Since early 2007, the export of manufactured drugs has been controlled by the Beltran-Leyva brothers (Sonora-Sinaloa-DF) and "la Familia de Michoacán". These two crime groups have controlled the corridors from
1235-587: A new ministry of Security and Police, doubled the pay for police officers, and committed to other ethics reforms. President Fox also cited drug trafficking and drug consumption as the top cross-border priority issue. During the first three years of Fox's government, the official number of reported kidnappings showed a slight decrease, from 505 in 2001 to 438 in 2003. The new Federal Investigation Agency ( Procuraduria de Justicia ) reported dismantling 48 kidnapping rings and saving 419 victims. In 1996, Mexico changed its policy to allow extradition of its citizens to
1330-593: A restoration proposal from Mexican native golf architect Agustin Pizá "Agustin Pizá was commissioned to develop a restoration masterplan for the Tijuana Country Club" . First Call . June 7, 2022 . Retrieved 2023-03-12 . </ref> Erik Anders Lang walked the property and promoted Pizá's Tijuana Country Club restoration project in his Adventures in Golf series on United Airlines. Tijuana Tijuana
1425-770: A result of the Mexican–American War with the United States, Mexico lost Alta California. While the majority of the 1,000 Hispanic families living in Alta California stayed on the American side, some moved south to Tijuana to remain inside Mexico, which was now in Baja California as the division between the Californias moved north in between San Diego and Tijuana. Because of this Tijuana gained
1520-506: A result of the drug war . There were 492 murders in 2013, a 48% increase in the homicide rate between 2012 and 2013. This was the highest number of murders since 2010. By the end of 2017, the number of murders in Tijuana increased to 1,744, which was almost double those in 2016. In 2018, OECD data recorded 2,253 homicides in Tijuana, equivalent to 129.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. In May 2022, Statista data reported Tijuana as having
1615-496: A rise in violent crime in the region of Tijuana , considered one of the five most violent areas of the country by the U.S. State Department , mayor Jorge Hank Rhon deployed a massive technology update to the city's police force in February 2006. The technology includes surveillance equipment, handheld computers, and alarm systems. Since tourism is a staple of the economy in Tijuana, the mayor has tried to make reforms to highlight
1710-481: A tourist destination, Tijuana is a hotbed of crime, especially violent crime , due to the extensive presence of organized crime and Mexican cartels . It regularly ranks among the most violent cities by homicide rate. According to Statista in August 2023, Tijuana presently has the second highest homicide rate in the world . The U.S. State Department maintains a travel advisory warning as of September 2023 relating to
1805-568: Is a major tourist destination, with 42 million people traveling there in 2018; US citizens alone usually make up 15–16 million annually. Because cartel-related violence in Mexico is highly geographically limited, the US State department has issued "do not travel" advisories for only five states as of November 2021: Colima , Guerrero , Michoacán , Sinaloa and Tamaulipas . Even in areas with high levels of violent crime, tourists are rarely targeted as conflicts are usually between rival gangs and/or
1900-609: Is according to the Corruption Perceptions Index , which is based on 13 different surveys and includes police, business, and political corruption. The war was characterized by a backlash against the active student movement of the late 1960s which ended in the Tlatelolco massacre at a 1968 student rally in Mexico City . The organization of police forces in Mexico is complex; each police force has
1995-587: Is more prevalent in regions along the Mexico-US border and in areas of high drug trading activity and drug violence. The phenomenon of the female homicides in Ciudad Juárez involves the violent deaths of hundreds of women and girls since 1993 in the northern Mexican region of Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , a border city across the Rio Grande from the U.S. city of El Paso, Texas . As of February 2005,
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#17327911424262090-466: Is recognized as the founding of the city. Tijuana saw its future in tourism from the beginning. From the late 19th century to the first few decades of the 20th century, the city attracted large numbers of Californians coming for trade and entertainment. The California land boom of the 1880s led to the first big wave of tourists, who were called "excursionists" and came looking for echoes of the famous novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson . In 1911, during
2185-491: Is seldom severe and in recent years has lessened due to cleaner car engines. Frost and snow are rare phenomena in the city as temperatures are usually well above freezing. Yet, in December 1967, snow fell in the city and in January 2007 feather light snow fell in the east of the city. However, excessive amounts of snow fall have never been recorded in the city. On 14 February 2008, a winter storm caused an unusual snowfall in
2280-512: Is smuggled through Mexico. Mexico is the largest foreign supplier of marijuana and the largest source of heroin for the U.S. market. The majority of methamphetamine sold in the United States is made in Mexico, and Mexican-run methamphetamine labs that operate north of the border account for much of the remainder. Mexican drug cartels play a major role in the flow of cocaine , heroin , and marijuana transiting between Latin America and
2375-626: Is the fifth largest skyline in Mexico and is located in the Zona Rio and to a smaller extent, Playas de Tijuana. In the Zona Rio the buildings are concentrated on the Tijuana River, lined parallel to the river; and on the edges of the Tijuana Country Club. In Playas the high rises are currently focused on the coast. Recent construction on high rises has begun in the aforementioned areas, as buildings such as New City Residential and Grand Hotel Tijuana have been developed and taken prominent places in
2470-646: Is the most populous city in the state of Baja California , located on the northwestern Pacific Coast of Mexico . Tijuana is the municipal seat of the Tijuana Municipality and the hub of the Tijuana metropolitan area. It has a close proximity to the Mexico–United States border , which is part of the San Diego–Tijuana metro area. Tijuana is the 27th largest city in the Americas and is
2565-548: Is typical in most countries, the United States–Mexico border has also been a problematic area. In 2017, Mexico witnessed a record number of murders with 29,158 homicides recorded. Mexico is Latin America's most dangerous country for journalists according to the Global Criminality Index 2016. Many of these crimes go unpunished, which has led to campaigns in the press and demonstrations highlighting
2660-472: The Federal District . Because of the diversity of Mexico and the influx of immigrants from almost every region in the country, there are no accurate estimates on ethnicity or race of the current population. The heavy influx of immigrants to the city and municipality of Tijuana has led to job creation in the form of over 700 twin-plant (maquiladora) factories, which serve as the basis of employment for
2755-588: The Mexican Revolution , revolutionaries claiming loyalty to Ricardo Flores Magón took over the city for shortly over a month. Federal troops then arrived. Assisted by the "defensores de Tijuana", they routed the revolutionaries, who fled north and were promptly arrested by the United States Army . The Panama–California Exposition of 1915 brought many visitors to the nearby California city of San Diego. Tijuana attracted these tourists with
2850-631: The Mexican War on Drugs have relied on trafficking as an alternative source of profit to fund their operations. The cartels and gangs also abduct women and girls to use as their personal sex slaves . As of 2014, Mexico has the 16th highest rate of homicides committed against women in the world. This rate has been on the rise since 2007. According to the 2013 Human Rights Watch, many women do not seek out legal redress after being victims of domestic violence and sexual assault because "the severity of punishments for some sexual offenses contingent on
2945-559: The Pacific Ocean . January is the wettest month of the year for the city and during this time a periodic event, similar to June Gloom , is observed created by marine layer . January is the coolest month, during which temperatures average 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). In the city April signifies the end of winter and the start of Santa Ana winds . Though the daytime highs are generally around 20 °C (68 °F), heat waves can reach up to 33 °C (91 °F). The hottest months in
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3040-519: The United States . These drug cartels often use Mexican-American and other Latino gangs to distribute their narcotics in United States. Mexican drug cartels also have ties to Colombian drug traffickers, and other international organized crime. A sharp spike in drug-related violence has some analysts worrying about the 'Colombianization' of Mexico. According to the DEA , about 93% of cocaine in
3135-447: The legal profession , difficulties and harassment faced by lawyers, poor trial procedures, poor access to the justice system for indigenous peoples and minors, and lacklustre investigation of many crimes. A significant increase in violent crime against journalists has been encountered in the country in recent years. Although the problem has existed since at least 1970, the amount of violence against journalist has intensified since
3230-430: The "chastity" of the victim" and "those who do report them are generally met with suspicion, apathy, and disrespect." According to a 1997 study by Kaja Finkler, domestic abuse "is embedded in gender and marital relations fostered in Mexican women's dependence on their spouses for subsistence and for self-esteem, sustained by ideologies of romantic love, by family structure and residential arrangements." Gender violence
3325-613: The 5.6 in New York City but much less than the 14.8 in Atlanta . In Mexico City, the area of Iztapalapa has the highest rates of rape , violence against women , and domestic violence in the capital. According to the CNDH , only one out of every ten crimes is reported in Mexico; this is due to lack of trust from citizens to the authorities. Furthermore, only one out of 100 reported crimes actually goes to sentencing. Mexico
3420-531: The Baja California and Alta California, awarded a large land grant to Santiago Argüello in 1829. This large cattle ranch, Rancho Tía Juana , covered 100 km (40 sq mi). Although "Tia Juana" means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, the name was actually an adaptation of the word 'Tihuan' or 'Tijuán' in the Kumeyaay language, the name of a nearby Kumeyaay settlement and whose meaning is disputed. In 1848, as
3515-497: The Border Industrialization Program to attract foreign investment. Tijuana and other border cities became attractive for foreign companies to open maquiladoras (factories), and the Tijuana economy started to diversify. Manufacturing jobs attracted workers from other parts of Mexico and the city's population grew from less than half a million in 1980 to almost 1 million in 1985. In 1972, work began on
3610-685: The Cerro de las Abejas. The city is located near the terminus of the Tijuana River and within the Tijuana River Basin. The Tijuana River is an intermittent river , 195 km (121 mi) long, on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in Mexico and Southern California in the United States. It drains an arid area along the California–Baja California border, flowing through Mexico for most of its course and then crossing
3705-491: The San Diego-Tijuana region. Urban legend, on the other hand, states that Tía Juana , which means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, was a real person whose inn provided food and lodging to travelers. There is, however, no record of such an inn; in fact, the first building in the area was built by Argüello in any case, after naming his ranch Rancho Tía Juana. In California , Tijuana is often referred to as T.J. The land
3800-487: The United States . Many of the deaths are from an extremely potent opioid, fentanyl , which is trafficked from Mexico. High levels of corruption in the police, judiciary, and government in general have contributed greatly to the crime problem. Corruption is a significant obstacle to Mexico's achieving a stable democracy. Mexico is ranked the 138th least corrupt country in the world which makes them less corrupt than Papua New Guinea but more corrupt than Lebanon . This
3895-581: The United States border, as well as more moderate weather. Tijuana today is one of the fastest-growing cities in Mexico, with an average of 80,000 people moving to Tijuana yearly. In terms of area, the city grows by approximately three hectares a day, mostly east and south as the city is mostly built out to the beach already with the exception of some canyons. Along with settlements separated from Tijuana proper and other communities unimproved land, big business moves in providing supermarkets and retail to marginal areas, along with paved roads. The city experiences
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3990-463: The United States comes from Colombia and is smuggled across the Mexico–United States border . Some illegal drugs are also produced in Mexico, including significant amounts of opium poppy , and marijuana in the western Sierra Madre Mountains region. In 2017, the INL estimated that "between 90 and 94 percent of all heroin consumed in the United States comes from Mexico." Mexico has increasingly become
4085-648: The United States to face trial . Previously, the Constitution had forbidden its citizens to be extradited. In 2005, the U.S. State Department defended efforts by the two countries to reduce violence and drug trafficking on the border following decisions by governors in the U.S. states of Arizona and New Mexico to declare an emergency in their border counties. The two governors stated, "the federal government's inability to control crime and violence related to illegal immigration had forced them to take matters into their own hands". The Mexican government criticized
4180-539: The beginning of the Mexican Drug War , with at least 90 journalists murdered or disappeared in Mexico since 2006. Few of the perpetrators have been brought to justice. One of the more prominent cases was that of syndicated columnist Francisco Arratia Saldierna , a prominent and well-known journalist who wrote a column called Portavoz (or "Spokesman"). The column featured topics such as corruption, organized crime, and drug trafficking. Arratia's murder, which
4275-476: The border for the last 8 km (5 mi) of its course where it forms an estuary that empties into the ocean. The city's skyscraper history is relatively recent. Some of the first highrise building complexes constructed in the city were the twin towers of Grand Hotel Tijuana . Tijuana experienced a building boom that was brought to a halt by the Great Recession . Among buildings that succumbed to
4370-473: The channeled Tijuana River . Housing development in the Tijuana Hills has led to eradication of many seasonal mountain streams. This lack of natural drainage makes places within the city vulnerable to landslides during the rainy season. The varied terrain of Tijuana gives the city elevation extremes that range from sea level to 790 meters (2,590 ft). As downtown Tijuana was built at the bottom of
4465-871: The city are August and September, during which temperatures average 22.0 °C (71.6 °F). Summers are by far the driest time of year since influences from the California Current and the North Pacific High suppress the formation of rainfall caused by the North American Monsoon . Tropical cyclones do impact the city from time to time, however. The most recent to do so was Hurricane Hilary in 2023, which dumped torrential that caused widespread flash floods and landslides. As in coastal Southern California, air pollution sometimes occurs during periods of temperature inversion, especially during summer and fall, but (unlike Mexico City)
4560-551: The city has improved its image before the world, standing out as a competitive city for investment. Currently, the commercial and business sector is committed to the boom in the gastronomic industry, craft beer, entertainment, and real estate, as well as medical tourism, to attract visitors and investors. Tijuana is the westernmost city in Mexico, and consequently in Latin America , and the second-largest city in northern Mexico. Located about 210 kilometers (130 mi) west of
4655-536: The city was founded as “Tijuana” in 1889, "Tia Juana" remained the English-language name for the river, as well as a U.S. settlement that is now part of San Ysidro , until approximately 1916. The commonly accepted theory among historians is that Tía Juana , as Argüello named his rancho, is derived from the word Tiwan ("by the sea") in the language of the Kumeyaay —the First Nations people of
4750-502: The city will become the second-largest in Mexico and anchor to the fourth largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The suburban sprawl observed in Tijuana leaves the downtown and beach areas relatively affluent. While the INEGI Census 2010 placed Tijuana's population at 1.3 million, only two percent more than in 2005 Census, Tijuana City Council estimates from 2010 place the population closer to two million, at 1.6 million. As of 2005
4845-482: The city's "non-tourist areas". Incidents involving the murder or kidnapping of foreigners since the 2000s have also sparked travel fears and affected Tijuana's status among international tourists. The city's name comes from the rancho that Santiago Argüello Moraga established in 1829 on his Mexican land grant, naming it Rancho Tía Juana . The first Spanish mission referred to the settlement variously as Rancho Tía Juana , Tihuan and finally, Tijuana . While
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#17327911424264940-509: The club. Though the clientele has become increasingly Mexican over the years, it remains popular with golfers across the border in California . 34-year-old Ivan Escobosa was abducted from the club in 2005. PGA Tour pro Cesar Sanudo was introduced to golf when he started working as a caddie at the club. Real estate developers have put the property under redevelopment pressure, but some progress to retain urban greenspace has been made with
5035-402: The conflict. Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City . The actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime." Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite
5130-533: The construction of 26,000 new settlers a year that has led to the unregulated, illegal squatter homes that takes place in the hills and valleys of ever expanding Tijuana, most of these areas are still without city services like sidewalks, paving, streetlights, and public transit. This is an ongoing process: as older and existing squatter areas are brought into the city services, more marginal areas become occupied by squatters. National Population Council (CONAPO) data has estimated that by 2030, growth rates maintaining,
5225-584: The deep sea port of Lázaro Cárdenas in Michoacán, where precursor products to manufacture synthetic drugs are imported from Asia. Marijuana, crack cocaine, methamphetamine , and other drugs are increasingly consumed in Mexico, especially by youths in urban areas and northern parts of the country. Border towns on the Mexico–United States border have been negatively affected by the Opioid epidemic in
5320-534: The division of the Californias after the American Conquest of California , Tijuana found itself located on an international border, giving rise to a new economic and political structure. The city was incorporated on 11 July 1889 as urban development began. The city has served as a major tourist destination since the 1880s. Today, Tijuana is a dominant manufacturing center for North America, hosting facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies. In
5415-461: The early 21st century, Tijuana has emerged as the medical device manufacturing capital of North America and is increasingly recognized as an important cultural Mecca for the border region of The Californias. The city is the most visited border city in the world, sharing a border of about 24 km (15 mi) with its sister city San Diego . More than fifty million people cross the border between these two cities every year. Despite its popularity as
5510-432: The emigration to San Diego County has transformed the demographic and cultural character of some cities to a degree. In recent years, Tijuana has become an important city of commerce and migration for Mexico and US. In spite of the violence and border crossing issues, the city has received a large number of tourists from US, China, Japan and the south of Mexico. Thanks to the realization of cultural and business festivals,
5605-638: The first concrete channeling of the Tijuana River ; previously the river would flood across a wide plain east and southeast of downtown, inundating an area of cardboard and metal shacks called Cartolandia (“Paperland”). The project removed the shacks and added 1.8 million sq. m. of usable land, on which the Zona Río was built. With the 1981 opening of the Plaza Río Tijuana mall and the 1982 Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT), Zona Río became
5700-503: The guilty party then fabricate the evidence. This issue is a major problem throughout Mexico as many of the actual police force are the ones involved in the crimes or are trying to cover up their poor police work. A United Nations Special Rapporteur undertook a mission to Mexico in 2002 to investigate reports by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that the country's judiciary and administration of law
5795-414: The high crime rate. Since many crimes go unreported, the rates may be much higher than reported by the government. The murder rate in 2023 was 23.3 per 100,000. Most of the crime is committed by a small proportion of the population involved in the drug trade with about half of murders drug related. Assault and theft make up the vast majority of crimes. While urban areas tend to have higher crime rates, as
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#17327911424265890-507: The highest number ever. However in 2019, homicides were on track to reach 35,000 in 2019 which is even higher than the 2018 year record. The state of Chihuahua ranked number one with the most homicide in the country, the least was Baja California Sur . The United States is a lucrative market for illegal drugs . The United Nations estimates that nearly 90% of cocaine sold in the United States originates in South America and
5985-526: The large majority of the city's population, 96%, adhere to the beliefs of Christianity . The denominations are further divided into followers of Catholicism – 61% – and of Protestantism – 35%. While other beliefs occupying a 4% margin in the city include Taoism (among other Asian and European religions), atheism and agnosticism is also found. Tijuana is the birthplace and base of the Tijuana Cartel . From 2007 through 2010, Tijuana experienced
6080-421: The larger Sinaloa cartel took control. During the peak years of violent crime in the city, gun battles between rival cartels, and between cartels and the police, erupted in public. In April 2008, police found 1,500 shell casings on various streets after one battle left 13 suspected drug traffickers dead. In 2009 and depending on the source, Tijuana Municipality experienced either 556 or 1,118 murders, mostly as
6175-523: The largest bi-national conurbation that is shared between US and Mexico. The city is one of the fastest-growing metro areas in the country and rated as a "High Sufficiency" global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias . Following
6270-477: The lower socioeconomic strata, which include the majority of the country's population. Crime is increasing at high levels, and is repeatedly marked by violence, especially in the cities of Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez , and the states of Baja California , Durango , Sinaloa , Guerrero , Chihuahua , Michoacán , Tamaulipas , and Nuevo León . Other metropolitan areas have lower, yet still serious, levels of crime. Low apprehension and conviction rates contribute to
6365-523: The majority of the working-class people in northern Mexico. The high poverty level in Tijuana is attributed to the city's "magnet status" for people who have come from the poorer south of the nation and citizens from other nations seeking to escape from extreme poverty. Tijuana holds a status that provides the possibility of employment as well as higher education and the dream of crossing the border. Tijuana and Baja California in general have much stronger economies and higher incomes than other Mexican cities along
6460-473: The nation's 31 states. The key demand was that violent crimes against journalists be made federal crimes, so they would be investigated and prosecuted by federal officers and not by local officials whom the letter claims could be the same people who commit the crimes. The effect of these crimes has been the self-censorship of many journalists, due to fears of retribution from criminals. The situation has earned attention from prominent global organizations such as
6555-495: The new commercial center of a modern Tijuana, and with its new boulevards with monument-filled glorietas (roundabouts), reminiscent of the grand Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City, the city created the new image and allure of a modern, large city, rather than just a border town focused on tourism and vice. In 1994, PRI presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio was assassinated in Tijuana while making an appearance in
6650-557: The number of murdered women in Ciudad Juarez since 1993 is estimated to be more than 370. In 2005, journalist Lydia Cacho published a book, Demons of Eden , exposing Mexican politicians and business leaders' large roles in a child sex trade spanning Mexico. She was abducted and harassed by police officers in response. Women in the Mexican Drug War (2006–present) have been raped, tortured, and murdered in
6745-734: The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the Center for Journalism and Public Ethics (CEPET). Amerigo Incalcaterra of the OHCHR advocated the protection of journalists and the preservation of freedom of speech , calling it "essential for the consolidation of democracy and the rule of law in this country". Over 30,000 people in Mexico have been reported missing in 2016. Mexican citizens and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Mexico . Drug cartels and gangs fighting in
6840-418: The one hand and investigative (judicial) policing on the other. In June 2005, the government deployed federal forces to three states to contain surging violence linked to organized crime. At a news conference in Mexico City, presidential spokesman Rubén Aguilar told reporters that the new deployment was the result of evidence that organized crime has penetrated some local police departments. In response to
6935-807: The plaza of Lomas Taurinas, a neighborhood nestled in a valley near Centro. The shooter was caught and imprisoned, but doubts remain about who the mastermind might have been. After 9/11 , tighter US border controls resulted in hours-long waits to return to the US. The number of US visitors dropped sharply due to this factor, as well as subsequent drug violence. Around 2008, thousands of Tijuana's elite bought houses in and moved to Bonita and Eastlake in Chula Vista, California , to escape violence, kidnapping and other crimes taking place during that period. An article in The Los Angeles Times reported that
7030-476: The police. Pickpocketing and other forms of petty theft are generally the main concerns for travelers to Mexico. Before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, tourist numbers were increasing. In 2015, Verdugo-Yepes, Pedroni and Hu applied a panel structural vector autoregression model to model the effects of crime on GDP growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) at the state and national level. Chela Rivas ,
7125-567: The radio. A singer known as "la Faraona" got shot in a love-triangle and gave birth to the myth of a beautiful lady ghost. Remnants of the Agua Caliente casino can be seen in the outdoor swimming pool and the "minarete" (actually a former incinerator chimney) nearby the southern end of Avenida Sanchez Taboada, on the grounds of what is now the Lázaro Cárdenas educational complex. A replica of the iconic bell tower (which once stood at
7220-475: The resort entrance) now stands at the beginning of Boulevard Agua Caliente, about two miles west of the old resort. In 1935, President Cárdenas decreed an end to gambling and casinos in Baja California, and the Agua Caliente complex faltered, then closed. In 1939, it was reopened as a junior high school (now, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). The buildings themselves were torn down in the 1970s and replaced by modern scholastic architecture. With increased tourism and
7315-435: The rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the city police force. Mexico City currently has one of the highest police officer to resident ratios in the world, with one uniformed police officer per every 100 citizens. The murder rate in 2009 was 8.4 per 100,000 — by comparison, higher than
7410-625: The river on higher ground. Legal drinking and gambling attracted U.S. nationals in the 1920s during Prohibition . The Avenida Revolución area became the city's tourist center, with casinos and the Hotel Caesar's, birthplace of the Caesar salad . In 1925, the city by presidential decree changed its name to Ciudad Zaragoza , but its name reverted to Tijuana in 1929. In 1928, the Agua Caliente Touristic Complex
7505-590: The river valley, the district is subject to seasonal flooding created by drain-off from the Tijuana Hills. During this time, east-bound portions of the Via Rapida (east–west highway) may be blocked off by the Tijuana Police due to hazardous conditions. Tijuana is noted for its rough terrain, which includes many canyons, steep hills, and mesas. Large hills in Tijuana include the Cerro Colorado and
7600-402: The safety of tourist areas. Tijuana has installed a sophisticated public-security system, but city officials don't seem to know details about how it is funded or the background of the company that supplied it. President Vicente Fox took power in December 2000 promising to crack down on crime and improve a judicial system rife with corruption and ineptitude. Upon taking office, he established
7695-479: The second highest homicide rate in the world at 138 per 100,000 inhabitants. Crime in Mexico Crime is one of the most urgent concerns facing Mexico , as Mexican drug trafficking rings play a major role in the flow of cocaine , methamphetamine , fentanyl , heroin , and marijuana transiting between Latin America and the United States . Drug trafficking has led to corruption , which has had
7790-649: The skyline as the tallest buildings. From Tijuana's skyline the San Diego skyline can also be seen, although the reverse is mostly not true on account of the high hills surrounding central Tijuana. The municipality of Tijuana is divided into eight administrative boroughs, or Delegaciones . The Tijuana metropolitan area occupies all of borough seats. The boroughs are in turn divided into colonias or ejidos . These boroughs offer administrative services such as urban planning , civil registry , inspection, verification, public works and community development and are served by
7885-472: The state capital, Mexicali , the city is bordered to the north by the cities of Imperial Beach , and the San Diego neighborhoods of San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, California. To the southwest of the city is Rosarito Beach , while to the south is unincorporated territory of Tijuana Municipality. The city is nestled among hills, canyons, and gullies. The central part of the city lies in a valley through which flows
7980-407: The state, district, and city level. Since pay is generally poor (U.S.$ 285–$ 400 per month), police officers are more likely to accept bribes to protect criminals or ignore crime entirely. Law enforcement personnel are often presented with the option of choosing " Plata o Plomo "; meaning they can either accept a bribe ( plata , for silver) or they will be killed ( plomo , for lead). Corruption plagues
8075-558: The supposed ' impunity ' of those responsible for murdering investigative journalists. as well as Mexico Crime Report (2020) In 2012, Mexico had a murder rate of 21.5 per 100,000 population. There were a total of 26,037 murders in Mexico in 2012. Between 2000 and 2013, 215,000 people in Mexico were murdered. By 2013 there were only 30,800 people incarcerated for murder, showing that many murders go unsolved. In October 2017, Mexico suffered its deadliest month since it started keeping such data in 1997, with 2,371 murder investigations. 2017
8170-537: The time period was the Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico that would have been located in Playas and reached 98 m (322 ft). Currently the tallest building, and soon to be the largest complex in footage, New City Residential reaches 102 m (335 ft). Overall, the city maintains 33 completed structures with other proposed and under-construction skyscrapers. The Tijuana skyline
8265-421: The upper reaches of the hills of the city. The record low temperature recorded in the city was −6 °C (21 °F), while the highest was 49 °C (120 °F). Tijuana has a diverse cosmopolitan population which includes migrants from other parts of Mexico and from all over the world. Tijuana has one of Mexico's largest Asian populations, predominantly consisting of Chinese immigrants. Tijuana also has
8360-460: The various levels of police, and is frequently difficult to track down and prosecute since police officers may be protected by district attorneys and other members of the judiciary. The problem is especially pronounced in northern border areas such as Tijuana, where police are engaged by drug traffickers to protect and enforce their illicit interests. The Mexican police force often do not investigate crimes, will generally randomly select someone to be
8455-532: The westernmost city in Mexico. As of 2024, the population of Tijuana has increased to 2,297,000, reflecting a growth of 1.63% since 2023. While the city was second-largest nationally with 1,810,645 inhabitants. The international metropolitan region was estimated at 5,158,459 in 2016, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in The Californias , 19th-largest metropolitan area in the Americas , and
8550-522: The world's most violent cities are reportedly within the state of Guanajuato with extortion from criminal groups (such as CSRL and CJNG ) now being commonplace. The state of Zacatecas is said to be valuable to multiple organized crime groups (including the Sinaloa Cartel and CJNG) for drug trafficking, specifically methamphetamine to the United States. As of 2021, Michoacán is experiencing increased instances of extortion and kidnapping due to
8645-509: Was Mexico's deadliest year on record, with 31,174 murders recorded, leading to a murder rate of 25 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017, compared with 19.4 in 2011. In May 2018, Mexico broke the previous deadliest month on record set in October with 2,530 reported cases of intentional homicides during the month, or 93 per day. In 2018, Mexico broke the previous deadliest year record, with Mexican authorities opened 33,341 murder investigations in 2018,
8740-435: Was not independent. During the course of his visit to a number of cities, the rapporteur observed that corruption in the judiciary had not been reduced significantly. One of the principal issues is that, because the federal courts operate at a relatively high level, most citizens are compelled to seek justice in the inadequate state courts. Additionally, the rapporteur expressed concerns about such issues as disorganization in
8835-415: Was opened, including hotel, spa, dog-track, private airport, golf course and gambling casino. A year later, the new Agua Caliente Racetrack joined the complex. During the eight years it operated, the Agua Caliente hotel, casino and spa achieved a near mythical status, with Hollywood stars and gangsters flying in and playing. Rita Hayworth was discovered there. Musical nightclub productions were broadcast over
8930-556: Was originally inhabited by the Kumeyaay , a tribe of Yuman -speaking hunter-gatherers. Europeans arrived in 1542, when colonist Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo toured the coastline of the area, which Sebastián Vizcaíno mapped in 1602. In 1769, Juan Crespí documented more details about the area that was later called the Valley of Tijuana. Further settlement took place near the end of the mission era when José María de Echeandía , governor of
9025-452: Was particularly brutal, and others like it, sparked demands from other journalists that then-President Vicente Fox do more to enforce security and bring those responsible for the murders to justice. In 2004, a group of 215 reporters and editors sent an urgent letter to President Fox and other federal authorities, demanding that they address these concerns. The letter represented a massive communication effort coming from professionals from 19 of
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