Misplaced Pages

#59940

122-522: The railway has been out of service since 1984, and has been partly dismantled. There has been talk about restoring the railway, but there is currently no indication of any restorative work underway. As of 2023, there are still freight train services between Los Andes and Río Blanco on the Chilean side running on the Transandine railway tracks. The Transandine Railway was first projected in 1854, but

244-402: A legacy of anti-corruption and increasing Argentina's sovereign marketability , but has been criticized for failing to materially reform the economy, falling short of containing inflation , and building up external debt . Real wages declined during his term in office and a large number of small and medium-sized companies went out of business. In the 2019 general election , he became

366-532: A 21st-century style of education and for everyone to have a roof, water and sewer" and greeted his electoral rivals. He later went to the Casa Rosada and received the presidential sash in the White Hall from Senate President Federico Pinedo, accompanied by Michetti, Chamber of Deputies President Emilio Monzó and Supreme Court President Ricardo Lorenzetti . Minutes later, Macri went to the balcony and told

488-526: A ballotage round on 22 November. Massa finished third with 21 percent of the vote, and the other two candidates contended for his voters. Scioli and Macri were polarized about the presidency of Cristina Kirchner; Scioli wanted to keep most Kirchnerite policies, and Macri wanted to change them. In the legislative elections, the Front for Victory (FPV) lost its majority in the Chamber of Deputies but kept it in

610-487: A businessman, and Franco expected his son to succeed him as leader of his firms. Macri preferred his uncle's company to constant scrutiny by his father. He was educated at Colegio Cardenal Newman , and received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina . At this time Macri became interested in neoliberalism and joined the now-defunct Union of

732-403: A colorful port city. In becoming a World Heritage Center, Valparaíso is tasked with maintaining its cultural heritage, through the maintenance of its historic infrastructure, like its Ascensores . On 13 April 2014, a huge brush fire burned out of control, destroying 2,800 homes and killing 16 people, forcing President Michelle Bachelet to declare it a disaster zone. In early February 2024,

854-459: A decade of announcements and good intentions from both countries, the Transandine train that Argentina and Chile had been promoting since 2006 was finally postponed and without a recovery date. The Government of Chile decided that the private initiative project presented by the Eurnekián group among other holdings, was not among its priorities in the plan to improve border crossings. This statement

976-691: A desired stopover for ships rounding South America via the Straits of Magellan and Cape Horn . It gained particular importance supporting and supplying the California Gold Rush (1848–1858). As a major seaport, Valparaíso received immigrants from many European countries, mainly from Britain , Germany , France , Switzerland and Italy . German, French, Italian and English were commonly spoken among its citizens, who founded and published newspapers in these languages. Valparaíso found maritime competition with Callao (Perú). Both cities sought to be

1098-428: A fleet of modern cars from the national government; Line H also received new cars. Madrid Metro rolling-stock purchases for Line B were criticised, despite their technical superiority, for having a limited compatibility with the line and costing more than new trains for the city's commuter-rail network . Buenos Aires, initially a federal district with limited autonomy, had become an autonomous city with

1220-430: A huge brush fire burned through Valparaiso and central Chile, killing at least 131 people. Valparaíso is located in central Chile, 120 km (75 mi) to the north west of the capital Santiago . Valparaíso, like most of Chile, is vulnerable to earthquakes. Before the earthquake of February 27, 2010 , which measured 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale , the last catastrophic earthquake to strike Valparaíso devastated

1342-668: A junior analyst and became a senior analyst. In 1984, he worked in the credit department of Citibank Argentina in Buenos Aires. Macri joined Socma Group the same year, and became its general manager in 1985. In 1992, he became vice president of Sevel Argentina (then manufacturing Fiat and Peugeot automobiles under licence in Argentina as part of Socma), and became president two years later. Macri intended to run for chairman of sports club Boca Juniors in 1991, but his father convinced him to keep working at Sevel. He tried to buy

SECTION 10

#1732775400060

1464-553: A magnet for European immigrants, when the city was known by international sailors as "Little San Francisco " and "jewel of the Pacific ". Notable acquisitions from this golden age include Latin America 's oldest stock exchange , the continent's first volunteer fire department , Chile's first public library , and the oldest Spanish language newspaper in continuous publication in the world, El Mercurio de Valparaíso . In 2003,

1586-507: A major distribution center for container traffic, copper , and fruit exports. It also receives growing attention from cruise ships that visit during the South American summer. Most significantly, Valparaíso has transformed itself into a major educational and entertainment hub, with four large traditional universities , and several large vocational colleges . While the city is well-known for its artisans and bohemian culture , it

1708-609: A meteor trail was visible from Quillota to Valparaíso, seen as a religious experience for much of the population. In 1826, the Royal Navy Great Britain established a South America Station in Valparaíso to maintain British naval interest in the region. It would remain until 1837, when it was relocated to Esquimalt, British Columbia . 12 September 1827 saw the establishment of El Mercurio de Valparaíso ,

1830-404: A new transandine railway that would start at the south of Mendoza, where mountain passes have lower heights. The new project planned to connect both countries at "Paso del Planchón" which is located 2,370 mt above sea level, less than other passes that connect Argentina and Chile such as Agua Negra , Las Leñas , or Los Libertadores . This alternative would help reduce the cost of construction of

1952-627: A problem, with a rate of 25% in 2017, second only to Venezuela in South America and the highest rate in the G20 . On 28 December, the Central Bank of Argentina together with the Treasury announced a change of the inflation target . This was seen by the market as a relaxation of the monetary policy . They attempted to reduce it to 15%, but these efforts failed. Between 2017 and 2018

2074-563: A survivor of this attack, would retire to Portersville, Indiana , and request changing the name to Valparaiso , commemorating the only naval battle he ever lost. By 2 August 1820, the Liberating Expedition of Peru sailed from Valparaíso. At 10:30 pm on the evening of 19 November 1822, Valparaíso experienced a violent earthquake that left the city in ruins; of the 16,000 residents, casualties included at least 66 adults and 12 children, as well as 110 people wounded. The next day,

2196-471: A tense situation that led to serious violence on 12 May. There were protests and the burning of the CSAV offices and several people were shot and killed. All this prompted intervention by the state. This protest was important for the future of Trade Unionism in the country. That same year, electric trams were introduced. The 1906 Valparaíso earthquake caused severe damage throughout the city on 16 August, which

2318-491: A total of 287, anchored in its port. The British settled on Cerro Alegre (Mount Pleasant) and Cerro Concepción. The Association of Voluntary Firemen was created in 1851, a telegraph service to Santiago was operating by 1852, and Chile's first telephone service was set up in 1880. The British Hospital was founded in 1897, and the British Arch, Arco Británico , was erected in 1911. However, by 1895, Italian immigrants exceeded

2440-509: A violent earthquake. Valparaíso has a very mild Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ). The summer is essentially dry, but the city is affected by fogs from the Humboldt Current during most of the year. In the winter, rainfall can occasionally be extremely heavy when a powerful frontal system crosses central Chile, but frequency of such rains varies greatly from year to year. Monthly average temperatures vary just around 6°C between

2562-524: Is a developing country , a global drop in commodity prices reduced trade revenue. One of Macri's first economic policies was the removal of currency controls, allowing Argentines to freely buy and sell foreign currencies. Argentina has had a floating exchange rate since then, with intervention from the Central Bank, and the Argentine peso was devalued by 30 percent. Another early policy

SECTION 20

#1732775400060

2684-600: Is also an important hub for container freight and exports many products, including wine, copper, and fresh fruit. Mauricio Macri Mauricio Macri ( Spanish pronunciation: [mawˈɾisjo ˈmakɾi] ; born 8 February 1959 ) is an Argentine businessman and politician who served as President of Argentina from 2015 to 2019. He has been the leader of the Republican Proposal (PRO) party since its founding in 2005. He previously served as Chief of Government of Buenos Aires from 2007 to 2015, and

2806-554: Is also famous as the home of several highly-regarded music festivals and other artistic events. The largest, and arguably most iconic, is the annual Viña Del Mar International Song Festival (often simply called "Viña" or "Viña Del Mar"). Typically held in March, in a recently-refurbished, 40,000-capacity amphitheater , "Viña" is one of the biggest annual economic boosts to the region, as the event usually sells-out completely, and thousands of attendees and workers will travel to and stay in

2928-473: Is lacking. The Bay of Valparaíso's first ethnically identifiable population were Picunche natives, known for their agriculture. Spanish explorers, considered the first European discoverers of Chile, arrived in 1536, aboard the Santiaguillo , a supply ship sent by Diego de Almagro . The Santiaguillo carried men and supplies for Almagro's expedition, under the command of Juan de Saavedra , who named

3050-592: The Chilean Navy headquarters since 1817, as well as being the seat of the Chilean National Congress (since 1990). Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century when it served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via the Straits of Magellan . The area experienced rapid growth during its golden age as

3172-474: The 1994 amendment of the Constitution of Argentina . The Argentine Federal Police , under national-government jurisdiction, still worked in the city and disputes over a potential transfer to a local force were unresolved when Macri was elected. He unsuccessfully tried to negotiate a transfer with President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . As an alternative, in 2008 Macri proposed a bill for the creation of

3294-429: The 2014 Brazilian general election . The ballotage was held on 22 November. Scioli conceded with 70 percent of the votes counted and provisional results of 53 and 47 percent. The gap between the candidates slowly narrowed over the next few hours, giving Macri a smaller margin of victory than most exit polls suggested. His election ended a dozen years of Kirchnerism in Argentina. For The Economist , this

3416-628: The Beagle conflict , all international railway use of the Transandine Railway was suspended. Fearing an invasion from Argentina that could take advantage of the railway, the Chilean military prepared to destroy key sections of the Transandine. However, road traffic including buses, automobiles, and similar vehicles was conducted through the railway's "Cumbre" tunnel: since the railway tunnel was not wide enough for two-way vehicle transit, groups of vehicles were controlled and ran alternately from

3538-685: The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police to work with federal police in the city. The bill, supported by the PRO and the Kirchnerite blocs, was rejected by Civic Coalition blocs and those aligned with Ibarra. Elisa Carrió , leader of the Civic Coalition, thought that Macri had abandoned the transfer request, and Ibarra said that the forces' duties would overlap. The Metropolitan Police began with nearly 1,000 officers;

3660-690: The Deportivo Español team, but could not get support from the team's board of directors. Macri supported Boca Juniors, paying coach César Luis Menotti 's salary and buying players for the team (including forward Walter Perazzo ). Franco, skeptical about his son's prospects for success, later allowed him to run Boca Juniors. He instructed aide Orlando Salvestrini to work with Mauricio for two reasons: to help him and to monitor his activities. Mauricio met with former Boca Juniors chairmen Antonio Alegre and Carlos Heller , and tried to convince them to work with him; both rebuffed him. Macri later sought

3782-539: The Dissidents' Cemetery . Football (soccer) was introduced to Chile by English immigrants ; and the first private Catholic school in Chile, Le Collège des Sacrés Cœurs ("Sacred Hearts College") and its accompanying Sacred Hearts Church , by French immigrants . Immigrants from Scotland and Germany founded the first private secular schools ( The Mackay School and Die Deutsche Schule , respectively). Immigrants formed

Transandine Railway - Misplaced Pages Continue

3904-695: The European Union and closer ties with the Pacific Alliance . During the first week in office, Macri annulled the Memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran , which would have established a joint investigation into the 1994 bombing with AMIA , a terrorist attack on a Jewish organization for which Argentina blamed Hezbollah and Iran . His legislative pursuits varied in efficacy and received mixed reception from Argentines and globally. His presidency has been praised for leaving

4026-694: The Greater Valparaíso metropolitan area, including the neighbouring cities of Viña del Mar , Concón , Quilpué and Villa Alemana , is the second largest in the country (951,311 inhabitants). According to the 2017 census of the National Statistics Institute , the commune of Valparaíso spans an area of 401.6 km (155 sq mi) and has 296,655 inhabitants (144,945 men and 151,710 women). Of these, 295,918 (99.8%) lived in urban areas and 737 (0.2%) in rural areas . The population grew by 7.49% (20,673 persons) between

4148-564: The Peru-Bolivian Confederation , considered a turning point of Chilean public opinion and the purpose of the war. By 1851, the first fire brigade in the country was formed. The next year potable running water became available, as well as the first telegraph service in Latin America, between the city and Santiago . It would be another four years before streetlights, with 700 gas lanterns, were installed. In 1861

4270-668: The Radical Civic Union (UCR), the Civic Coalition (CC) and some socialist parties, made a political coalition, the Broad Front UNEN . This coalition disbanded before the elections, and the UCR and CC made a coalition with the PRO, named Cambiemos (English: Let's change ). Macri supported Horacio Rodríguez Larreta against Gabriela Michetti in the PRO primary elections for mayor of Buenos Aires. Larreta won

4392-514: The Senate , the commune is represented by Francisco Chahuán ( RN ), Kenneth Pugh ( RN ), Isabel Allende (PS), Juan Latorre (FA), and Ricardo Lagos Weber ( PPD ) for the 2018–2026 term, as part of the 6th senatorial constituency (Valparaíso Region). The Chilean Congress meets in a modern building in the Almendral section of Valparaíso, after relocation from Santiago during the last years of

4514-467: The break-of-gauge at these points. In comparison, the 5,630 km (3,500 mi) journey by sea between the same two points, around Cape Horn , took eleven days. Valparaiso Valparaíso ( Spanish: [balpaɾaˈiso] ) is a major city, commune , seaport and naval base facility in Valparaíso Region , Chile . Greater Valparaíso is the second-largest populace in

4636-409: The fiscal deficit . He aligned the country with gradualist neoliberalism and re-opened Argentina to international markets by lifting currency controls (which he reinstated shortly before his term ended), restructuring sovereign debt , and pressing free-market solutions . Domestically, he pursued moderate socially liberal policies, and liberalized the energy sector . Macri strongly opposed

4758-531: The murder of Axel Blumberg (for which he was acquitted). His appointment was controversial; Palacios had been investigated for concealing evidence of the 1994 AMIA bombing , and he resigned a short time later. The transfer of police protection to the city was completed during the Larreta administration. A gay couple, José María Di Bello and Alex Freyre, started a judicial case so that they could get married in Buenos Aires. They challenged articles 172 and 188 of

4880-460: The stock exchange , selling shares of active football players owned by the club. Macri's first coach was Carlos Salvador Bilardo , who brought 14 new players to the team and finished the 1996 Apertura league in 10th place. His second coach, Héctor Veira , also performed poorly. New coach Carlos Bianchi helped Juan Román Riquelme improve his performance, and had Martín Palermo and Guillermo Barros Schelotto as effective forwards. They won

5002-422: The 1980s after the restoration of democracy in Argentina; highly controversial at first, it was eventually accepted. A federal law permitting same-sex marriage was passed the following year. Macri's refusal to appeal the sentence affected his relationship with Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio (who later became Pope Francis ). Bergoglio opposed same-sex marriage, and expected Macri to appeal the ruling. According to

Transandine Railway - Misplaced Pages Continue

5124-410: The 2002 and 2017 censuses. Residents of Valparaíso are commonly called porteños (feminine: porteñas ), spanish for "port dweller". As a commune, Valparaíso is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. Since 14 November 2024, the mayor's position has been vacant. For the 2021–2024 term,

5246-493: The 31 July runoff against Filmus with 64.25 percent of the vote. Macri's administration worked on public transport in an attempt to reduce auto traffic in Buenos Aires. One project was the Metrobus , a bus rapid transit system added to the city's main streets. By the end of Macri's term as mayor, the 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) system had five lines and 113 stations. Other streets have bikeways to promote cycling, and

5368-513: The British, and both the Italians and Germans were in larger numbers by 1907. By 1920, both the Italians and Spanish outnumbered the British, and the primary British community within Chile resided in Santiago. International immigration transformed the local culture from Spanish origins and Amerindian origins, in ways that included the construction of the first non-Catholic cemetery of Chile ,

5490-518: The Cambiemos ticket. Macri declined this proposal, kept Vidal as the party's candidate for governor, and Massa ran for president with his own party. Macri, Carrió and Ernesto Sanz ran in the primary elections, which Macri won. Pre-election polls indicated that Scioli would win by a wide margin, possibly avoiding a ballotage . The final results showed Scioli finishing first with 37.08 percent, just ahead of Macri's 34.15 percent, leading to

5612-520: The Chilean and Argentine sides of the tunnel. With the relative normalization of relations between the two countries, railway passenger service through the tunnel was resumed for a short period ending in 1979. The last freight train using the tunnel was in 1984. In 2006, both the Argentine and Chilean governments agreed to refurbish the railway and make it functional by the year 2010, at an estimated total cost of US$ 460 million. In 2016 and after almost

5734-558: The Chilean side, the section between the town of Los Andes and a point above the old station of Río Blanco continues to be used for transport of copper mining materials (acids, copper, copper concentrates). At Río Blanco there is a rail connection to the Codelco mine at Saladillo. Modern diesel-electric locomotives are used. Another meeting between authorities from Argentina and Chile was held in Curicó in 2022. Both parties committed to build

5856-753: The Democratic Centre and a think tank led by former minister Álvaro Alsogaray . In 1985, he briefly attended Columbia Business School , the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and the Universidad del CEMA in Buenos Aires . Macri's professional experience began at SIDECO Americana, a construction company which was part of his father's Socma Group (Sociedad Macri) holding company , where he worked for three years as

5978-527: The FPV. Several politicians and FPV institutions had issued warnings about what might happen if Macri were elected president. According to Scioli, the campaign was intended to encourage public awareness. It was rumored that the campaign might have been suggested by Brazilian political consultant João Santana, who had organized a similar campaign in Brazil during the ballotage of Dilma Rousseff and Aécio Neves in

6100-569: The Federal Police had 17,000 officers working in the city. As a result, the metropolitan police worked on a small scale during the transition and more complex tasks were reserved for the federal police. Jorge Alberto Palacios was the first chief of the Metropolitan Police. A member of the police unit which rescued Macri from his kidnappers, Palacios was fired by then-President Néstor Kirchner for his alleged involvement in

6222-691: The Hospital Carlos Van Buren in 1912. The golden age of Valparaíso's commerce ended after the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. Shipping shifted to the canal as captains sought to avoid the risks of the Strait of Magellan. The port's use and traffic declined significantly, causing a decline in the city's economy. The opening of the Panama Canal was one of the most critical events in the shaping of Valparaío's economy. Since

SECTION 50

#1732775400060

6344-605: The INDEC figures ended, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) declared in November 2016 that Argentine statistics were again in accordance with international standards. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimated that Argentina would emerge from recession in 2017 or 2018, and lowered its country risk classification from seven points to six. Inflation continued to be

6466-554: The Kirchners lost their majority in both chambers of the Congress. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, whose public image was good after the death and state funeral of Néstor Kirchner in late 2010, ran for re-election. Macri, who was considered a likely candidate for the opposition, ran for re-election as mayor instead. He won the first round on 10 July 2011 with 47.08 percent of the vote against Filmus's 27.78 percent, and then

6588-921: The National Customs Service, the National Fish and Aquaculture Ministry, the Ministry of Culture and the Barracks General of the Chilean Navy are sited in the city. In addition to the capital of the Valparaíso Region hosts the Regional Administration and government. In 2003, Valparaíso became an UNESCO World Heritage Centre . This title was awarded to Valparaiso for its unique urban form, as well as its clear maintained historical background as

6710-809: The National Steamship Company and Chilean Steamship Company, the South American Steamship Company was created as a national response to the increasing dominance of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company in 1872. In 1880 the Chilean Telephone Company was formed by Americans Joseph Husbands, Peter MacKellar, James Martin, and the US consul Lucius Foot, the first official telephone company in the country. Three years later on

6832-557: The Pacific Ocean, Valparaíso has a labyrinth of streets and cobblestone alleyways, embodying a rich architectural and cultural legacy. Valparaíso is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Since its status as a World Heritage Site, Valparaíso has made several changes to its urban fabric in the process of maintaining its cultural heritage. Landmarks include: Although technically only Chile's sixth largest city, with an urban area population of 295,918 (296,655 in municipality ),

6954-503: The Plaza during the inauguration were rumoured, and it was unclear who would control the police during the ceremony. Judge María Servini de Cubría ruled that Kirchner's term of office ended at midnight on the morning of 10 December, and provisional Senate president Federico Pinedo was in charge of the executive branch for the 12 hours between the end of Kirchner's term and Macri's swearing-in. Kirchner left Buenos Aires that day to attend

7076-907: The Seafarers. Fire of the South American Company. Assault on the printing press of El Mercurio . Fire of the Malecon. Attitude of the Authority. The troops arrived from Santiago. The calm is restored. Meetings in the Municipality. It reaches an Arrangement. The Court of Appeals. The city in State of Siege. The twentieth century began with the first big protest of dockworkers, Chile on 15 April 1903, due to complaints by dockers about their excessive working hours and demands for higher wages, requests that were ignored by employers, creating

7198-449: The Senate. Scioli did not participate in the first presidential debate , which was held with the other five candidates. When the ballotage was confirmed, Macri agreed to a debate with Scioli. Two debates were planned: one by the Argentina Debate NGO and another by TV news channel Todo Noticias (TN) . Macri preferred a single debate, and opted for the one organized by Argentina Debate. He criticized Scioli for negative campaigning by

7320-421: The World Monuments Fund declared Valparaíso's unusual system of funicular lifts (steeply inclined carriages) one of the world's 100 most endangered historical treasures. In 1998, grassroots activists convinced the Chilean government and local authorities to apply for UNESCO world heritage status for Valparaíso. Valparaíso was declared a World Heritage Site in 2003. Built upon dozens of steep hillsides overlooking

7442-518: The archbishop, a lower-court judge should not establish the constitutionality of a law and Macri should have appealed the ruling in a higher court. Bergoglio was also annoyed by what he considered a lack of communication between himself and Macri. Macri ran for president of Argentina in 2015 . With President Cristina Kirchner unable to run, early opinion polls indicated a close three-way race between Macri, Kirchnerite governor Daniel Scioli and Tigre mayor Sergio Massa . Other minor parties, such as

SECTION 60

#1732775400060

7564-433: The center of the city to extend the Belgrano Sur Line , and raising the San Martín Line to eliminate level crossings. Macri proposed the Red de Expresos Regionales project to link the city's main railway terminals and lines with a series of tunnels; as of 2018, in the term of his successor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta , the project is still in the planning stages. The Buenos Aires Underground , initially maintained by

7686-401: The city (Pedro Montt) was laid and Plaza O'Higgins was created; a hill was removed to allow the passage of Colon Street. The damaged Edwards mansion was demolished and in its place, the present Cathedral of Valparaíso was built and, among many other works, this gave shape to the Almendral Valparaíso area. In 1910, the port expansion work of the city, which ended in 1930, began. A long breakwater

7808-439: The city and metro area. In addition to showcasing numerous performers of many styles, and awarding various prizes, the internationally-televised and live-streamed festival is typically headlined by superstar musicians, from both the Spanish- and English -speaking worlds. Some older works starting with Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1869) claim that Valparaíso was within the range of the Chango people , but clear evidence for this

7930-460: The city created its EcoBici bicycle-sharing scheme. By the end of Macri's administration, about 155 km (96 mi) of bicycle lanes were constructed and 49 of the planned 200 automated bicycle-sharing stations were built. Several level crossings on the city's commuter-rail network were replaced by tunnels to improve road and rail traffic flow. Under Macri, the city committed to two large rail-infrastructure projects: running viaducts through

8052-405: The city in August 1906 , killing nearly 3,000 people. Other significant earthquakes to affect the city were the 1730 Valparaíso earthquake and the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake . Because of Valparaíso's proximity to the Peru–Chile Trench , the city is vulnerable to earthquakes. The Peru–Chile Trench stores large amounts of energy for a very long time and sometimes ruptures after short intervals in

8174-413: The civil code, which restrict marriage to people of different genders, as unconstitutional. Judge Gabriela Seijas agreed, and the couple married in 2009. It was the first same-sex marriage in Argentina . Macri did not appeal the ruling, saying that same-sex marriage was becoming universally accepted and individuals had a right to happiness. He compared the controversy with the sanctioning of divorce during

8296-576: The communal council has the following members: Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Valparaíso is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Andrés Celis ( RN ), Hotuiti Teao (Ind./ EVOP ), Luis Sánchez ( REP ), Tomás Lagomarsino (PR), Tomás de Rementería (PS), Camila Rojas (FA), Jorge Brito (FA), and Luis Cuello (PCCh) for the 2022–2026 term, as part of the 7th electoral district, together with Juan Fernández , Isla de Pascua , Viña del Mar , Concón , Algarrobo , Cartagena , Casablanca , El Quisco , El Tabo , San Antonio , and Santo Domingo . In

8418-400: The company had been taken over by the British-owned Argentine Transandine Railway Company. The line followed roughly the ancient route taken by travellers and mule-trains crossing the Andes between Chile and Argentina and connected the broad gauge , 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ), railway networks of the two countries, rising to a height of almost 3,200 metres at Las Cuevas where

8540-438: The construction in Los Andes until 1887. The section between Mendoza and Uspallata was opened on 22 February 1891 and extended to Rio Blanco on 1 May 1892, to Punta de Vacas on 17 November 1893, to Las Cuevas on 22 April 1903. On the Chilean side the section from 'Santa Rosa de Los Andes' to 'Hermanos Clark' was opened in 1906, and extended to Portillo in February 1908. The entire line was first opened to traffic in 1910. By then

8662-489: The construction of the line came many years later. It was initiated by Juan and Mateo Clark, Chilean brothers of British descent, successful entrepreneurs in Valparaiso who in 1871 built the first telegraph service across the Andes, between Mendoza in Argentina and Santiago in Chile. In 1874 the Chilean government granted them the concession for the construction of the rail link. Because of financial problems, their company, Ferrocarril Trasandino Clark , did not begin work on

8784-570: The coolest and the warmest month, from 17 °C (63 °F) in January to 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in July. Snowfall occurs rarely in the highest parts of the city. In winter, strong winds can lead to wind chill temperatures below freezing. Nicknamed "The Jewel of the Pacific", Valparaíso was declared a world heritage site based upon its improvised urban design and unique architecture. In 1996,

8906-638: The country, as well as the second-largest city in the Greater Valparaíso metro area (behind Viña del Mar ). Valparaíso was named originally for Valparaíso de Arriba , in Castile-La Mancha , Spain . It is located about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Santiago , by road, and is one of the Pacific Ocean 's most important seaports. Valparaíso is the capital of Chile's second most-populated administrative region and has been

9028-1005: The crowd in the Plaza de Mayo that "Argentines deserve to live better, and we are about to start a wonderful period for our country. I promise to always tell the truth and show where our problems are". He called on "all Argentines to follow [his] administration and alert them when [the government] makes mistakes". After his swearing-in, Macri hosted a reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ' San Martín Palace for heads of state Michelle Bachelet ( Chile ), Horacio Cartes ( Paraguay ), Juan Manuel Santos ( Colombia ), Rafael Correa ( Ecuador ), Evo Morales ( Bolivia ), Dilma Rousseff ( Brazil ) and King Juan Carlos I of Spain , and representatives of other countries who attended his inauguration. Macri began his presidency with economic difficulties carried over from previous governments. The Central Bank of Argentina 's reserves were depleted; inflation

9150-447: The dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet . Although congressional activities were to be legally moved by a ruling in 1987, the newly built site only began to function as the seat of Congress during the government of Patricio Aylwin in 1990. Major industries include tourism, culture, shipping and freight transport. Approximately 50 international cruise ships call on Valparaíso during the 4-month Chilean summer. The port of Valparaíso

9272-551: The dominant port on the Pacific Coast of South America during the period of time known as the High Trade (1880–1930). The British community , La Colonia Britanica , prospered in Valparaíso between the 1820s and 1920s. Firms such as Antony Gibbs & Sons , Duncan Fox, and Williamson-Balfour Company were doing business in the town, which had become a significant trading center by 1840, with 166 British ships, out of

9394-625: The end of the Argentine default, which had begun in 2001. On 19 January 2016, Macri attended the World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland, with opposition figure Sergio Massa and part of his cabinet, in a search for investors. He was one of the best-known figures at the meeting, along with Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau and US vice president Joe Biden . It was the first time since 2003 that Argentina had participated in

9516-724: The first incumbent president in Argentina to lose reelection to a second term and was defeated by Alberto Fernandez . Macri was born in Tandil in the province of Buenos Aires, the son of Italian-born tycoon Francesco "Franco" Macri (owner of the Philco affiliate in Argentina) and Alicia Blanco-Villegas Cinque. The family moved to Buenos Aires a short time later, and kept their houses in Tandil as vacation properties . His father, and his uncle Jorge Blanco Villegas, influenced Macri to become

9638-565: The first of December, Concepción funicular opened, the first of many hydraulic systems. After the country's independence and its consequent openness to international trade, Valparaíso became an important port of call on trade routes through the Eastern Pacific. Many immigrants settled there, mostly from Europe and North America, who helped include Valparaíso and Chile in the Industrial Revolution sweeping other parts of

9760-597: The first tram company was formed, mostly using horses or mules to draw them, and fully established over the next few years. In 1852, British shipping company Williamson, Balfour & Cía was established in Valparaíso to handle trade in the region. Taking advantage of the total lack of defenses, a Spanish fleet commanded by Casto Méndez Núñez bombarded the city during the Chincha Islands War in 1866. Chilean merchant ships were sunk, except for those vessels whose captains hoisted foreign flags. A merger of

9882-494: The first two tournaments, beginning a record 40-match unbeaten run. During his tenure at the helm of Boca Juniors, the xeneize team obtained sixteen titles, which established him as the president of the institution that has obtained the most football titles, displacing Alberto J. Armando to second place, with twelve total titles. Macri has been trying to reform the Argentine soccer statutes for almost two decades to allow clubs to become sports limited companies. In 1991, Macri

10004-502: The first volunteer fire-fighting units (still a volunteer activity in Chile). Their buildings reflected a variety of European styles, making Valparaíso more varied than some other Chilean cities. On 18 August 1906, a major earthquake struck Valparaíso; there was extensive property damage and thousands of deaths. The Chilean doctor, Carlos Van Buren, of U.S. descent, was involved in the medical care of earthquake victims. He later established

10126-441: The forum. During Macri's first year, economic recovery was slow. Unemployment and inflation remained high and growth did not come as expected. Kirchner's Careful Pricing price-control program, which benefited small and medium-sized enterprises , was kept with a revision of its included products. The government began several public-works projects to stimulate the economy and help the construction sector. Political intervention in

10248-436: The government cut import tariffs on capital goods and eliminated tariffs on the importation of technology products to encourage investment. The deregulation area allowed the incorporation of low cost airlines , such as JetSmart , Norwegian and Flybondi . The economy worsened in 2018: inflation remained high, due in part to a trade deficit. The production of soy, the country's main export, had been reduced by

10370-645: The government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela for human rights abuses and called for a restoration of democracy in the country. He recognized Juan Guaidó , who was elected President of Venezuela by the National Assembly during the Venezuelan presidential crisis of 2019 . Macri improved the relations with the United States and from Mercosur achieved a free trade agreement with

10492-458: The historic quarter of Valparaíso was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The twentieth century was unfavorable to Valparaíso, as many wealthy families abandoned the city. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the associated reduction in ship traffic, dealt a serious blow to the region's shipping- and port-based economy. By the 21st century, the port of San Antonio had surpassed Valparaíso in trade volume ( TEU ) handled, leading to

10614-489: The inauguration of sister-in-law Alicia Kirchner as governor of Santa Cruz Province . Macri took office on 10 December. He took the oath of office at the National Congress of Argentina after Vice President Gabriela Michetti . Macri delivered a 27-minute speech pledging "support for an independent judiciary, to fight corruption and drug trafficking, the internal union of Argentina, universal social protection,

10736-606: The land reclamation work that now comprises the city's commercial centre. In 1814, the naval Battle of Valparaíso was fought offshore of the town, between American and British ships involved in the War of 1812 . After Chile's independence from Spain (1818), beginning the Republican Era , Valparaíso became the main harbour for the nascent Chilean navy, and opened international trade opportunities that had been formerly limited to Spain and its other colonies. Valparaíso soon became

10858-418: The legend about Cueva del Pirata . In 1810, a wealthy merchant built the first pier in the history of Chile and the first during the colonial era. In its place today, stands the building of El Mercurio de Valparaíso. The ocean then rose to this point. Reclamation of land from the sea moved the coastline five blocks away. Between 1810 and 1830, he built much of the existing port of the city, including much of

10980-563: The likely presidential candidate Jorge Sobisch , the governor of Neuquén Province , to create a national right-wing political coalition. This conflicted with Macri's alliance with Ricardo López Murphy, who also intended to run for president and had denounced Sobisch for corruption. Later that year, Sobisch's image was severely tarnished when teacher Carlos Fuentealba was killed during a union demonstration in Neuquén . He immediately backed out of his pact with Sobisch and remained neutral during

11102-431: The line were protected by snowsheds and tunnels. The Chilean Transandine railway was originally worked by Kitson-Meyer 0-8-6-0s rack and adhesion locomotives, two examples of which survive in Chile. The line was electrified in 1927 with Swiss-built electric locomotives. A glacial flood in 1934 destroyed 124 km (77 mi) of the Argentine section, which was later rebuilt. When the entire Argentine railway network

11224-657: The line. Works have an estimated cost of US$ 1,000 million. The Transandine completed a 1,408 km (875 mi) rail link between the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires and the Chilean port of Valparaiso, and provided the first rail route linking the southern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This journey involved the use of services operated by the following five railway companies: Passenger service between Buenos Aires and Valparaiso took about 36 hours, including changes of train in Mendoza and Los Andes, required because of

11346-399: The national election, which was won by Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of the Front for Victory (FPV). In February 2007, Macri announced that he would run again for mayor of Buenos Aires, heading the PRO slate with Gabriela Michetti . In the 2 June 2007 first round, he received 45.6 percent of the vote and defeated government-backed Daniel Filmus (who received 23.8 percent of

11468-478: The national government, was the subject of a year-long dispute between him and the Fernández de Kirchner government . The national government sought to transfer it to the city, which Macri supported, but the budget and length of the transition period were contested. He announced that the city would take over the underground on 13 November 2012. Line A , which was using wooden cars almost a century old , received

11590-572: The oldest circulating newspaper in the Spanish language worldwide. In May 1828, a constitutional convention began regular meetings in the church of San Francisco . By August 9, the Constitution of the Republic of Chile was fully drafted and disseminated. On 6 June 1837, Minister Diego Portales was shot at the port outside of Baron Hill on suspicion of promoting conspirators who opposed

11712-412: The presidency by attaining 48.1% of the vote to Macri's 40.4%, exceeding the threshold required to win without the need for a ballotage . Alberto Fernández emerged from an electrifying election night as Argentina's next president, without the need for a ballottage, despite Mauricio Macri's surprising rebound from the primaries. Macri announced his cabinet on 25 November 2015, about two weeks before he

11834-471: The president were not open to debate or amendment. Ibarra was impeached and removed from office in 2006 as a result of the República Cromañón nightclub fire , and his term was completed by vice-chief of government Jorge Telerman . During 2006, Macri worked both on his political activities as deputy and with his presidency of Boca Juniors. Before the 2007 general elections , he negotiated with

11956-435: The primary and general elections, and Michetti was selected as Macri's vice-presidential candidate. María Eugenia Vidal , Macri's deputy mayor, ran on the Cambiemos ticket for governor of Buenos Aires Province , a populous province which was strategic to the elections. Macri and Massa negotiated a coalition against Kirchnerism, which would have seen Massa withdraw from the presidential race to run for governor of Buenos Aires on

12078-462: The prior ruling on its payments be lifted. Although Cambiemos did not have a majority in either house of Congress, the bill was approved in March and Argentina faced a court hearing in New York on 13 April. The court upheld judge Thomas P. Griesa 's ruling, allowing Argentina to pay the 2005 and 2010 bondholders to whom it was still in default. The payment, made with a bond sale, was reportedly

12200-505: The questioning of its traditional moniker of Puerto Principal ("principal port") of Chile. Between the years of 2000 to 2015, the city experienced a recovery, attracting artists, tourists, and cultural entrepreneurs, who settled after they were attracted by the city's hillside historic districts. Today, many thousands of people visit Valparaíso each month, from Chile and abroad, to enjoy the city's labyrinth of cobbled alleys and colorful buildings. The Port of Valparaíso still continues to be

12322-423: The second round. On 11 August 2019, Macri scored the primary election which gave him renomination as his party's candidate in the 2019 general election . He was renominated, but scored only 32%, compared to 47% to populist Peronist Alberto Fernández and his running mate, two-term former president Cristina Kirchner , in their primary for Frente de Todos . In the 27 October general election , Fernández won

12444-482: The support of other groups in Boca Juniors, eventually winning the team's internal elections in 1995 with 7,058 votes. His first years were unsuccessful; the team's performance was poor, players frequently complained about salaries and bonuses, and Macri changed coaches three times. The only initial improvement was a partial reconstruction of the stadium. He arranged for the Boca Juniors institution to operate on

12566-571: The town after his native village of Valparaíso de Arriba in Cuenca Province , Spain. During Spanish colonial times, Valparaíso remained a small village, with only a few houses and a church. On some occasions she was attacked by English pirates and privateers, such as Francis Drake with his ship Golden Hind in 1578 and later his cousin Richard Hawkins with his ship Dainty in 1594. Drake's sack of Valparaíso gave origin to

12688-520: The track entered the Cumbre tunnel, about 3.2 km long, on the international border. Nine sections of rack were laid in the last 40 km of track on the Argentine approach to the tunnel, ranging from 1.2 km to 4.8 km in length, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 17 (5.88%). On the Chilean side there were seven sections of rack in just 24 km, of which one section was 16 km long with an average gradient of 1 in 13 (7.69%). Sections of

12810-452: The trains were not uncommon. Trains would get stuck in snowbanks and passengers would be stranded, sometimes for days. Due to the limitations on freight and passenger-carrying capacity, and later due to competition from motor vehicle transport, along with the dangers and relative discomfort as well as slow movement of the trains, the Transandine railway was never a commercial success. During tensions between Chile and Argentina in 1977–78 due to

12932-516: The turn of the 21st century, shipping has increased in the last few decades with fruit exports, opening the Chilean economy to world commerce, and larger-scale, Post-Panamax ships that do not fit the Panama Canal. On 28 March 1814, the USS Essex was defeated by British frigates Phoebe and Cherub during the War of 1812 , leading to the deaths of 58 US Marines. Captain David Porter ,

13054-483: The vote); incumbent Jorge Telerman finished third. In the 24 June runoff election, Macri defeated Filmus with 60.96 percent of the vote. For the 2009 midterm elections , he allied with Francisco de Narváez and Felipe Solá . The alliance was successful; De Narvaez defeated former president Néstor Kirchner in Buenos Aires Province and Gabriela Michetti won the city election. With this defeat,

13176-563: The world. This created a different city with civil, financial, commercial and industrial institutions, many of which still exist today. All this resulted in a population increases. The city reached more than 160,000 inhabitants in the late nineteenth century, making it necessary to use the steep hills for more houses, mansions and even cemeteries. The lack of available land caused the city authorities and developers to reclaim low lying tidal marshland (polders) upon which to build administrative, commercial and industrial infrastructure. The Strike of

13298-521: Was nationalised in 1948, the Transandine Railway became part of the Belgrano Railway . The Mendoza-Paso de los Andes section was named "A12 branch" and the Paso de los Andes-Las Cuevas "A16". The Transandean railway could transport only limited amounts of cargo. The original passenger wagons were made of lightweight construction to keep the dead weight to a minimum. Accidents due to derailing of

13420-456: Was a member of the Chamber of Deputies representing Buenos Aires from 2005 to 2007. Ideologically, he identifies himself as a liberal and conservative on the Argentine centre-right . Born in Tandil , Macri trained as a civil engineer at the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina and attended Columbia University for business school. After embarking on a business career, he

13542-419: Was at that time the heart of the Chilean economy. The damage was valued at hundreds of millions of pesos of the time, and human victims were counted at 3,000 dead and over 20,000 injured. After the removal of the debris, reconstruction work began. This included the widening of streets, culverting and covering streams, (Jaime and Delicias – creating the avenues Francia and Argentina respectively). The main street of

13664-750: Was built, along with piers and docking terminals. The Imperial German East Asia Squadron engaged the British West Indies Squadron on 1 November 1914 at the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Valparaiso, sinking two British cruisers. After the battle the East Asia Squadron stayed in Valparaiso Harbor before continuing to the Falklands. Chile's legislature along with other institutions of national importance like

13786-619: Was due to take office. The presidential transition was difficult. Macri and Kirchner met briefly; she provided no help to the new administration, and spoke only about the inauguration ceremony. They disagreed about its location; Kirchner wanted it to take place at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress , and Macri favoured the White Hall of the Casa Rosada . Plans for violence against Macri supporters near

13908-457: Was elected in 2007 and won re-election in 2011 . Four years later he was elected president of Argentina in the 2015 general election – the first presidential runoff ballotage in Argentine history. The presidency of Macri focused on reforming the national economy and improving diplomatic relations . He moved from a fixed exchange-rate system to a floating one, and removed taxes on exports and reduced subsidies on energy to reduce

14030-574: Was endorsed by the Argentine government then led by Mauricio Macri . The Trasandino was removed from the list of border union issues, focusing on announcements related to improvements for car traffic in the bi-oceanic corridor. The project included a 52-km line between Luján de Cuyo in Mendoza Province and the Chilean Andes. The train was expected to transport 72 million tons per year, with an initial cost of U$ S 3,000 million. On

14152-460: Was intended to be a source of new politicians, since the major parties were discredited after the December 2001 riots . Later that year, Macri ran for mayor of Buenos Aires, alongside Horacio Rodríguez Larreta . Although he won the first round of the election with 37 percent of the vote, he lost the runoff election with 46 percent of the vote going to sitting mayor Aníbal Ibarra , who

14274-513: Was kidnapped for 12 days by officers of the Argentine Federal Police . Kept in a small room with a chemical toilet and a hole in the roof to receive food, he was freed when his family reportedly paid a multimillion-dollar ransom. Macri has said that the ordeal led him to enter politics. Macri entered politics in 2003, founding the centre-right party Commitment to Change ( Spanish : Compromiso para el Cambio ). The party

14396-492: Was kidnapped in 1991. The experience prompted him to enter politics, after being released by his captors. He served as president of football club Boca Juniors from 1994 to 2007, reestablishing its profitability which raised his public profile. In 2003 he launched the Commitment for Change , eventually developing it into the modern PRO party. Following an unsuccessful bid for Chief of Government of Buenos Aires in 2003, Macri

14518-433: Was over 30 percent, although the widely discredited National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina (INDEC) provided a lower figure. The country had the highest tax rates in its history, but the government budget balance had an eight-percent deficit. There had been a sovereign default since 2001, and a conflict existed with hedge funds ; tight currency controls had been in place since 2011. Since Argentina

14640-425: Was re-elected. In 2005, Macri joined Ricardo López Murphy of Recrear in a political coalition, the Republican Proposal (PRO), and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 33.9 percent of the vote. His campaigns were managed by Jaime Durán Barba . According to a 2007 report, Macri had participated in only 44 of 321 votings; he countered that he had become disappointed with Congress, since bills sent by

14762-403: Was the "end of populism ." Macri's victory could transform his country and the region. Macri owed his victory to Córdoba , the second-largest province, swinging dramatically to support him; he carried the province by over 930,000 votes in the second round, far exceeding his nationwide margin of 680,600 votes. Buenos Aires also swung hard to Macri, giving its mayor over 64 percent of the vote in

14884-417: Was the removal of export quotas and tariffs on corn and wheat. Tariffs on soybeans , the most lucrative Argentine export, were reduced from 35 to 30 percent. Macri wanted to negotiate with holdouts and end the default to return to the international capital markets and strengthen the national economy. Argentina offered to pay $ 6.5 billion to settle lawsuits on 5 February 2016, requesting that

#59940